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Lucas Koleits Studio E 297120
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“New York was decidedly not the ultra-modern metropolis that I had expected, but an immense horizontal and vertical disorder attributable to some spontaneous upheaval of urban crust rather than to the deliberate plan of builders. Here, mineral strata, ancient or recent, were still intact in spots; while elsewhere peaks emerged from the surrounding magma like witnesses to different eras which followed one another at an accelerated rhythm.� Claude Levi Strauss – New York in 1941
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Contents
4
PIN G
M A P S 1 2
Political Geographies of the Internet
C Y B E R
16
W A R F A R E 2 0
D ATA
S T O R A G E 2 2
D ATA
G R O W T H 3 4
Data Growth Projections 36
IC E L AN D I C
P O L I T I C S 3 8
G E O G R A P H Y 4 2 Iceland Critical Mapping 44
G E OT HE R M AL
P O W E R 5 2
Geothermal Rig 55
L A N D S C A P E S 5 6 P R E C E D E N T S 6 8 E A R LY
D E S I G N S 7 8
D A T A S C A P E S 1 0 4
CONTENTS
Geothermal Node 111 Glacier Interface 120 Technology Transition 127 Organic Data Storage 131
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The Internet is perceived as a ‘cloud’ – lacking materiality, with no scale, comprised of ephemeral processes. The reality is that the Internet is comprised of an immense infrastructure of fiber optic cables, data centers and power stations. With Iceland positioning itself globally as a data haven, a safe location for sensitive data, the exponential increase in data is set to transform the Icelandic landscape. Our cultural production will have a very real impact on the world - data storage will grow to a size greater than cities. In the next twenty years, we will begin to see the rise of Datascapes.
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Data is a politicized resource. By promising data privacy, countries such as Iceland are establishing themselves as ‘Data Havens’ , where users around the world may store data with governmental protections to privacy. As the global cultural climate around data privacy becomes a more contentious issue, data storage in Iceland begins to develop as a strong economic model. The rapid rise of the Internet over the last 20 years has led to the invention of a new type of space, built with a new type of resource. For the last two decades, digital space has been perceived as infinite and scale less, the Internet as a ‘Cloud’; ethereal and liberated from physicality. But as an exponentially growing human population increases its digital presence, the true physicality of the Internet is becoming apparent. Digital space is far from infinite, it is constructed from, and limited by, a new type of resource; the capacity to store data, data space.
ABSTRACT
The scale of the data to be stored in the near future dwarfs anything that we have ever built before. At current rates and with current technology, we will need to build a facility ten times larger than New York City to accommodate the data generated over the next two decades. With data centers today moving towards an automated mode of operation, data space moves beyond out control, creating a new type of landscape, somewhere between the urban and the natural.
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Data as Matter Data is trafficked, hoarded, protected, hidden, distributed, packaged and traded everyday, at speeds close to the speed of light. But how does this actually happen? How does the data of a Youtube clip storage in a Google data center in Ireland reach your personal computer of phone? Thinking about this question it helps to think of data in a slightly different way than normal. What if we thought of data as matter - not an intangible recording of 1’s and 0’s, but a physical resource that is vital to the operation of our modern society. This shift in perspective begins to illuminate some of the issues that we will face in the near future - exponential increase in data use and demand for internet access, and critically, the increased demand for data storage facilities.
DATA
AS
MAT TER
Considering data as matter means it has a location. The Youtube clip is located in Ireland, and is copied to Melbourne temporarily at my request. If data is matter then this journey is a significant one, especially considering it happens seemingly instantaneously.
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P I N G
M AP S
Ping Maps To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e j o u r n e y t h a t d a t a p a c k e t s t a k e , data requests were tracked with ‘pings’ small packets of data that can be tracked as they are bounced off different IP addresses around the world. Th e s e I P a d d r e s s e s c a n b e t r a c e d , a n d h e r e h a v e been mapped to develop an atlas of data journeys to different politically motivated sites. Th e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e j o u r n e y s b e g i n s t o illuminate the political dimension of the internet. For example, a ping request sent to the wikileaks server was bounce to many more servers, spread around the world in places like Hong Kong, Germany and Mauritius, than requests to websites such as Google. Unlike other matter, each piece of data has a different political dimension. It may be welcomed in some parts of the world, or blocked in others. In this way data is unlike no other resource in the world, imbued with an inherent political ambiguit y.
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www.theguardian.co.uk www.nsa.gov www.thepriatebay.se www.google.com www.wikileaks.org
DATA
AS
MAT TER
In visiting 5 websites in 60 seconds: 242,000 km travelled through 2.42 million tons of cable at a 336ms average response time visiting 22 cities in 12 different countries.
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www.google.com
Dublin, Ireland 85.33, -6.24 209.85.142.11
Canberra, Australia -35.87, 149.98 203.50.80.11
Mountain View, California 37.38, -122.09 72.14.222.54 St Kilda, Australia -37.87, 144.98 203.45.255.1
Sydney, Australia -33.87, 151.21 203.50.11.124
Mountain View, California 37.38, -122.09 216.58.220.100
www.theguardian.co.uk Hong Kong, China 22.28, 114.17 202.84.249.57 202.84.140.142 202.84.40.149.66
London, England 51.53, -0.01 217.163.45.90 77.91.521.10
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 40.44, -79.99 4.69.139.102 St Kilda, Australia -37.87, 144.98 203.45.255.1 203.50.80.1
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Sydney, Australia -33.87, 151.21 203.50.11.124 203.50.13.70
www.thepiratebay.se
Minato, Tokyo, Japan 35.66, 139.744 202.192.167.86 203.192.167.86
Canberra, Australia -35.87, 149.98 203.50.80.11
Sydney, Australia -33.87, 151.21 203.50.11.122 203.50.20.64
Brisbane, Australia -27.47, 151.21 139.130.94.34
San Fransisco, California 37.76, -122.34 173.245.61.146
Plaines Wilhems, Mauitius -20.24, 57.49 154.54.7.53 154.54.29.117 154.54.31.14 154.54.31.15 154.54.42.17 154.54.39.18 154.54.74.126
Hong Kong, China 22.28, 114.17 202.84.223.46 202.84.249.50 202.84.251.174
www.wikileaks.org
Altenberge, Germany 52.02, 7.497 195.35.109.53 Amsterdam, Holland 52.37, 4.89 149.6.116.138
Taipei, Taiwan 25.05, 212.54 134.159.63.198
Oslo, Norway 59.93, 10.79 31.169.49.89 178.255.148.14
St Kilda, Australia -37.87, 144.98 203.45.255.1 203.50.80.1
Sydney, Australia -33.87, 151.21 203.50.11.122 203.50.20.64
DATA
AS
Adelaide, Australia -34.92, 144.93 203.50.11.124
MAT TER
St Kilda, Australia -37.87, 144.98 203.45.255.1
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Political Geographies of the Internet
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DATA
AS
MAT TER
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Th e D e e p We b Due to the political nature of the Internet, and the increase in national surveillance practices, there are a s p e c t s o f t h e I n t e r n e t d e d i c a t e d t o a n o n y m i t y. Th e best place to operate anonymously on the Internet is the deep web, the large proportion of the internet that is not indexed by major search engines. Th i s i s a n e w a p o l i t i c a l c y b e r t e r r a i n , w h e r e y o u r i d e n t i t y i s p ro t e c t e d a n d f re e d o m s u p h e l d . Wh i l e this can foster sinister activites, such as the establishment of global drug trade via the website the silk road, much of the deep web is not illicit, simply unindexed and uncatalogued. L a r g e s e a r c h e n g i n e s , s u c h a s Ya h o o a n d G o o g l e are working toward s indexing more and more of the Internet, with the help of algorithms called ‘crawlers’ that follow links in websites, and index key information for use by their search engine in the future. Wh i l e t h e I n t e r n e t c a n b e a h i g h l y p o l i t i s i e d s p a c e , it can also facilitate certain freedoms.
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C YBE R
WA R FA R E
C y b e r Wa r f a r e As we have become more dependent on the Internet to manage aspects of our lives, the danger of aggression through the digital medium increases. Th e e a r l i e s t c o m p u t e r v i r u s e s w e r e l i t t l e m o r e than annoyances, minor exploitations of a newly developing system. But as we began to rely on the net for the transfer on money, storage of personal information and the management of infrastructure net works, the threat of cyber attacks increase greatly. At tacks such as cr yptolocker viruses that encrypt your personal files and hold them to ransom, or bot net viruses that recruit a percentage of your processing power for other sinister cyber activites. Th e m o s t p r o m i n e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e c y b e r t h r e a t i s the revelation that US and Israeli forces developed a virus called stuxnet, that had the capability of infecting computers systems that maintained t h e I r a n i a n U r a n i u m e n r i c h m e n t f a c i l i t i e s . Th e y systematically targets these infrastructures and c a u s e d t h e m t o s h u t d o w n . Th e t h r e a t s i n c y b e r s p a c e had for the first time, crossed over into the physical domain. For as the world around us becomes more integrated within the global net work, the realit y is that we become ever more vulnerable to cyber attacks.
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DATA
AS
O p e r a t i o n C u p c a k e ( 2 011 )
Replaced an Al Qaeda bomb recipe wih one for cupcakes
Th e G r e a t A f r i c a n B o t n e t
N e t T r a v e l l e r ( 2 01 0 )
U N K N O W N
MAT TER
Recruits machines to the STORM botnet
STO R M w o r m ( 20 07 )
ILOVEYOU (2000)
H A C K E R S
The first metamorphic coded virus
W i n 32 / S I M I L E ( 20 0 2 )
First malware targeted children
Pickachu (2000)
Encoded a direct message to Bill Gates
Locks files and demands a Bitcoin ransom
C R Y P T O L O C K E R ( 2 013 ) Blaster Worm (2003)
Cyber-propaganda attack
S o u t h K o r e a F i n a n c i a l H a c k ( 2 013 )
K O R E A
S O N Y h a c k ( 2 014 )
Extorts through access to brower history
IS cyberarmy K E N Z E R O ( 2 01 0 )
Chinese cyber-militant group
APT1 (2006)
U S A r m y T w i t t e r H a c k ( 2 014 )
Estimated to be 50,000 PCs strong
DPRK Botnet
N O R T H
Targeting US defence contractors including NASA
Titan Rain (2003)
C Y B E R T E R R O R I S M
Used to distribute multiple Malware types
Directly attacked firewall protocols
Witt y (2004)
GameoverZeus Botnet
Unkown numbers of hijacked machines around the globe
Unkown botnets
Integrates machines into Botnets
CONFIKER VIRUX (2008)
Malware with a social engineering component
M o r r i s I n t e r n e t W o r m ( 19 8 8 )
E A R L Y
First virus to affect mobile phones
Cabir (2004)
First malware to use Google to find hosts
SANTY (2004)
Espionage targeting high profile individuals across the globe
Powerful enough to force entire countries offline
N E T W O R K S
STO R M b o t n e t ( 20 07 )
Operation Aurora (2009)
Evolved from APT1
P L A U n i t 613 9 8 ( 2 014 )
Extensive botnet facilitating DDoS attacks, located in China
Nitol botnet (2009)
C H I N A
Attack on Google networks, including Ai Weiwei’s accounts
Facilitates the takeover of untargeted computer systems
Ghostnet (2009)
Infiltrated Ukrainian and Polish utilities operators
S a n d w o r m ( 2 014 )
Intelligence gathering targeting NATO and EU
Probing of the Pentagon’s digital defences
M o o n l i g h t M a z e ( 19 9 8 )
Russian Signals Intelligence
B l a c k E n e r g y ( 2 014 )
Large scale expionage operation targeting embassy networks
C O M M E N D E E R ( 2 014 )
A G E N T S
Espionage targeting former USSR countries
R e d O c t o b e r ( 2 013 )
80% of the continents PC’s infected with botnet malware
D U Q U ( 2 011 ) Infomation gathering mutation of Stuxnet
Facilitates remote access to machines
FOXACID (2009)
Shutdown Iran’s enrichment facilites
S T U X N E T ( 2 01 0 )
S n a k e ( 2 014 )
R U S S I A
Georgia Shutdown (2008)
Targets ultities and governmental departments
Espionage directed at Middle eastern countries
F L A M E ( 2 012 )
B O T N E T
Developed by the UK for espionage
R e g i n ( 2 012 )
D A R K H O T E L ( 2 01 0 )
U K
Cyberattack suite
QUANTUM (2005)
Espionage malware that propagateiis through hotel wireless networks
GCHQ
T A O ( 19 9 8 )
U S A
I S R A E L
Information gathering operation of the NSA
NSA
Mossad Cyber
Tactical disruption of Syrian radar systems
O p e ra t i o n O rc h a rd ( 20 07 )
E s t o n i a n D D o S a t t a c k s ( 20 07 )
D ATA
STO R AGE
Data Storage As digital technologies have developed over t i m e , t h e y h a v e p r o g r e s s i v e l y g o t t e n s m a l l e r. Th i s is well documented by what is known as Moore’s Law, which predicted that the number of capacitors that fit onto a computer chip will roughly double e v e r y y e a r. Th i s p r e d i c t i o n h a s h e l d t r u e f o r t h e last twenty years. Data storage does not follow this e x a c t s a m e p a t t e r , h o w e v e r. Wh i l e d a t a s t o ra g e technologies are getting smaller, they are lagging b e h i n d t he ra t e f o r c o m p u t i n g p o w e r. As more data is produced with ever more powerful computers, the need for data storage infrastructure i s g ro w i n g . Wh i l e p e r s o n a l d a t a w a s e a s i l y s t o re d locally on PCs in the past, now people have to look toward cloud computing solutions, or off site data storage and access, to manage their informational n e e d s . Th i s h a s g i v e n r i s e t o t h e d a t a c e n t e r , a n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l t y p o l o g y o f t h e 21 s t c e n t u r y . Data centers are getting bigger and bigger, as the production of data grows. At current rates of increase, data storage requirements will soon dwarf entire cities, even when one takes into account the technological a d v a n c e s p r e d i c t e d b y M o o r e ’s l a w. Th i s r a i s e s a n interesting question - where does all this data go? And how will it be stored in the future?
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DATA
STORAG E
AT&T Long Lines Th e f o r m e r AT & T L o n g L i n e s b u i l d i n g a t 33 Th o m a s s t r e e t , N e w Yo r k , w a s o n e o f t h e w o r l d ’ s f i r s t d a t a centers. Functioning as a telephone exchange for N e w Yo r k , i t h a s c o n t a i n e d u p t o 4 m a j o r e x c h a n g e s w i t c h e s i n t h e p a s t . Th e a r c h i t e c t u r e b o t h i n s i d e a n d out is not welcoming to humans. Outside the lack of windows or human scale give the impression of some k i n d o f m o d e r n i s t f o r t re s s . Wh i l e i n s i d e , f l o o r t o floor heights are optimised for electrical equipment, resulting in larger spaces with heights of around 5.5 meters.
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DATA
STORAG E
NSA´s Bluf fdale Facilit y Th e N a t i o n a l S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N S A ) i s a n intelligence organization charged with responsibilit y over the flow of data into and out of the United States. Notorious for carrying out hacking and cyber warfare operations against other countries around the world, and for its extensive surveillance operations, the NSA ‘s activities are now under close public scrutiny due to revelations from whistle blowers such as Edward Snowden. Th e N S A ’s d a t a s u r v e i l l a n c e o p e r a t i o n i n v o l v e s the collection of vast amounts of data to be analyzed, stored for future reference, or to be run t h r o u g h e n c r y p t i o n b r e a k i n g s u p e r c o m p u t e r s . Th i s kind of operation requires an immense amount of infrastructure. Th e B l u f f d a l e r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t y i n U t a h i s t h e N S A ’s newest facility, capable of storing over 1 exabyte o f d a t a . C o m p l e t e d i n l a t e 2 014 , t h i s f a c i l i t y u t i l i z e s the most advanced data storage technologies and most efficient supporting infrastructures. As such, it is a good precedent to use when calculating some of the spatial and infrastructural requirements of big data storage.
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PRECEDENTS
Google’s Hamina Facilit y Google has been building data centers all around the world for many years now, but one of the most recent new additions, and one of the most interesting, is the data center in Hamina, Finland. Housed in a former Alvar Aalto designed lumber mill, the data center is unique in it innovative use of the cold northern climate to reduced the running costs of the facilit y. Th e h i g h t e c h c o o l i n g s y s t e m u t i l i z e s n e a r b y seawater which significantly reduces cooling c o s t s . Th e l o c a t i o n a n d a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e surrounding also create a perfect environment for e f f i c i e n t c o o l i n g . Th i s i s a g r e a t e x a m p l e o f s o m e o f the technological innovations being made within the data construction industr y.
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PRECEDENTS
Svalbard Seed Vault An alternative interpretation of a data center, the Svalbard Seed vault is a global project that collects seeds of various plant life from around the world, and aims to store them indefinitely in an underground, protected vault on the remote island o f S v a l b a r d i n t h e A r c t i c O c e a n . Th e v a u l t b e c o m e s an important repositor y of biological data, and the vault itself is fortified against a multitude of natural disasters. Th e v a u l t i s a l s o d e c o r a t e d a n d d i s p l a y e d a s a public artwork, illuminated by fiber optic cables in t he w i n t e r. Th e S v a l b a r d s e e d v a u l t a i m s f o r t h e l o n g t e r m storage of biological data, so that in the case of a d i s a s t e r , k e y s p e c i e s c a n b e r e p l e n i s h e d . Th e idea of the storage of data within biological media, in particular DNA, is currently being explored by scientists for its feasibilit y.
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PRECEDENTS
D a t a S t o r a g e Te c h n o l o g i e s Data storage technologies are developing rapidly. Over the past 20 years the abilit y to store a large amount of data in a small space has increased dramatically. However over that time the technology has been based on the same scientific principles, centered around the manipulation of magnetic d o m a i n s . Wh i l e o u r c a p a b i l i t y a t m a n i p u l a t i n g smaller and smaller domains has increased, scientists and engineers are looking at different forms of data storage. One of the most novel and promising technologies is the storage of data in biological molecules, specifically DNA. We already understand that DNA has an excellent capacit y to store large amounts of data in a remarkably small volume. Recent studies into the manipulation of DNA to store data suggest that the current densit y of storage that can be achieved with this method is one petabyte in 1 gram of DNA, which equates to one zettabyte stored in o n e m e t r i c t o n o f p u r e g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l . Th i s i s f a r denser than current technology today; which would require 5 million tons of hard drives to store he same amount. However the DNA needs to be encased in a chemically secure solution called a sol-gel, and sealed in glass, significantly adding to the size and capacity of storage.
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D ATA
G R OWT H
Data Growth To b e g i n t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e i m p a c t d a t a w i l l h a v e o n the Icelandic landscape, we must first understand t h e s c a l e o f t h e i s s u e . A t t h e e n d o f 2 012 , i t w a s estimated that globally 2.8 zettabytes of data was stored . 1 zettabyte is equivalent to one sextillion b y t e s , o r a o n e f o l l o w e d b y 21 z e r o s . A t c u r r e n t compression rates, 1 zettabyte of audio data would take roughly t wo billion years to listen to. Using data from the last 7 years , and t wo for ward projected estimates, we can plot an exponential growth of data that has been consistent over the l a s t 2 0 y e a r s ( R e s e a r c h e x e r c i s e 1 ) . Th i s s u g g e s t s that within the next decade, global data will surge t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 91 z e t t a b y t e s . B y t h e y e a r 2 0 3 7, only 22 years away, we can expect global data s t o r a g e t o b e a ro u n d 10 , 0 0 0 z e t t a b y t e s . H o w e v e r these measurements are somewhat arbitrar y when a s k i n g q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e p h y s i c a l w o r l d . To g a i n an understanding of data’s impact in the physical, data volume was translated into required space occupied by using the NSA’s new Bluf fdale Data Fa c i l i t y a s a p r e c e d e n t . Th i s f a c i l i t y w a s c o m p l e t e d i n l a t e 2 014 , u s i n g t h e b e s t d a t a s t o r a g e t e c h n o l o g y at the time. By assessing the data hall space and the infrastructure support required for this facilit y, these comparisons can be attributed to the growth in data to get an idea about the amount of space required to store zettabytes of data. However this would be an incomplete picture, for as data grows, advancements
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DATA
GROWTH
are made in technology. Moore’s law is a well known principle that predicts that the number of capacitors capable of integration into a circuit b o a rd d o u b l e s ro u g h l y e v e r y 1. 5 y e a r s . Wh i l e n o t directly applicable to increases in data storage, a similar relationship exists where the space required to store a specific volume of data decreases roughly e v e r y t w o y e a r s . Th i s m a t h e m a t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s built into the predictive equation for required data storage space, resulting in a shallower exponential curve than the curve describing the increase of data. Th e r e s u l t s a r e s t i l l s t a g g e r i n g ; w i t h d a t a s t o r a g e p re d i c t e d t o c o v e r o v e r 10 , 0 0 0 k m 2 – a s p a c e occupying more than ten times the metropolitan a r e a o f N e w Y o r k - b y t h e y e a r 2 0 3 7. C l e a r l y , the facilitation of data storage in the near future will have significant impacts on the landscape, occupying a significant amount of space.
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Data Growth Projections
z e taby te s / km 2 25, 000
20, 000
15, 000
10,000 5, 000
2015
34
2 02 0
2 02 5
Da ta gro wth f o re cas t d= 0 .0 0 5 e . 371t w here d = d a t a in ze taby te s an d t = tim e in y e ars t o ns
5000
4000
3000
D a t a sp a c e forec a st s=0. 0026e . 319 t where s = sp a c e re q ui red for d a t a c ent re s i n km 2 a nd t = t i m e i n ye a rs
2000 10 0 0
2 0 35
2040 - 10 0 0
Rut hi ni u m de ple tio n f o re cas t r= 5 0 0 0 - ( 0 .3 874 Δd) w he re Δd = ch an ge in data b et w ee n t he cu rre n t an d pre vio u s y e ar.
-3000 -4000
GROWTH
-2000
DATA
2030
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I C E L AN D I C
P O L IT ICS
Icelandic Politics I n 2 0 01 , t h e m a j o r I c e l a n d i c b a n k s b e g i n a l a r g e scale deregulation process, giving themselves greater freedom to increase the of lending and investment both domestically and internationally. Seven year later, three of the major banks, Glitnir, Landsbanki and Kaupthing collectively profit a p p r o x i m a t e l y 11 t i m e s t h e n a t i o n a l I c e l a n d i c G D P meaning there is no hope of a governmental bailout when the countr y’s economy was severely af fected by the global financial crisis of 2008. After falling into economic recession, protests against the role the government played began, climaxing with a three thousand strong protest outside Icelandic parliament, where protesters banged pots and pan and threw snowballs at p o l i t i c i a n s . Th e t h e n P r i m e M i n i s t e r , G e i r H a a r d e , resigns after 3 days of the protests. Th e n e w l y f o r m e d l e f t w i n g g o v e r n m e n t b e g i n s the process of constitutional reform to ensure the economic crisis does not repeat itself. 25 nonpolitically aligned individuals were selected from t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o d r a f t u p a n e w c o n s t i t u t i o n . Th e y u s s o c i a l m e d i a p l a t f o r m s , s u c h a s Tw i t t e r a n d Facebook to gauge public opinion and source ideas.
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POLITICS
Th e I M M I I n J u n e 2 01 0 , t h e n e w c o n s t i t u t i o n i s a c c e p t e d b y the government. It calls for limited terms for Prime Minister and President declares all of Iceland’s natural resources public propert y, and obliges the state to provide access to the internet for all its citizens. It also lays the foundations for the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative, or IMMI. Th e I M M I i s a g o v e r n m e n t b o d y t h a t e x p l o r e s t h e political potential of engagement with digital technologies. It is run by members of the ‘ P i r a t e P a r t y ’, a p o l i t i c a l g r o u p w i t h c l o s e t i e s t o Wikileaks and campaigns for freedom and privacy o f t h e i n t e r n e t . Th e I n i t i a t i v e a i m s t o m a k e i n t e r n e t access a priority for all Icelanders, and implement certain elements of governmental transparency while maintaining personal privacy. As a result of this program, Iceland is beginning to position itself as a prime location for data center construction. Protections for data privacy, the cold climate and abundance of reliable, green energy makes Iceland one of the best places in the world to construct new colocation data centers. Iceland has seized upon this opportunity, as a sustainable source of foreign investment in a rapidly growing market.
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POLITICS
G E O G R AP HY
Geography of Iceland By critically mapping the natural geology and ecology of Iceland, and overlaying that with current technological features, one can begin to speculate upon the impact data space will have upon this landscape. Iceland has an abundance of space, with the center of the island mostly u n o c c u p i e d d e s e r t . Th e M i d - A t l a n t i c r i d g e f a u l t l i n e cuts Iceland in half from North to South, where the American and European plates are in the process of s e p a r a t i n g . Th i s c r e a t e s t h i n w e a k c r u s t t h r o u g h o u t Iceland, perfect conditions for the harnessing of g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y. Th e f a u l t i n t e r a c t s w i t h s e v e r a l large glaciers and ice caps, which in some cases completely cover active volcanoes. Th e c r i t i c a l m a p p i n g o f t h e p h y s i c a l a n d d i g i t a l geographies of Iceland was an essential exercise to help understand how data would begin to occupy the landscape. In the following exercise, topography, geography, cultural oddities, geological features and digital infrastructures were overlaid to gain critical insight into the spatialisation of immense data growth across the Icelandic landscape.
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GEOG RA PHY
Iceland Critical Mapping
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G E OT HE R MA L
POWER
Geothermal Power Geothermal is a critical component of Iceland’s e n e r g y i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . Th e a b u n d a n c e o f t e c t o n i c activit y in Iceland results in a relatively thin crust with high temperatures found close to the surface. Th i s a l l o w s f o r w a t e r t o b e p u m p e d i n t o t h e s e h o t rocks, creating cracks a fissures that are filled by t h e w a t e r. Th i s w a t e r h e a t s u p q u i c k l y , t r a n s f o r m s into steam and is collect by production wells, dilled i n t o t h e g r o u n d a t o p t i m u m l o c a t i o n s . Th i s s t e a m i s then used to drive turbines to generate electricit y. Geothermal energy is considered on of the most reliable sources of renewable energy, but there are some concerns with its impact on the environment. Th e w a t e r i n j e c t i o n p r o c e s s i s s i m i l a r t o a f r a c k i n g process, and often produces a mineral rich overflow, creating artificial lakes of light blue, silica rich w a t e r. Th e r e a r e a l s o c l a i m s t h a t s o m e i n j e c t i o n operations have led to the production of small artificial earthquakes in the region. For data center use, the most at tractive benefit of geothermal power is its reliabilit y, and in Iceland, it’s cheap price. As data begins to make a home in Iceland, geothermal reserves will be exploited further, with more facilities built in currently untapped areas of the Icelandic landscape.
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GEOTHERMA L
POW ER
With the rapid increase of data production, if Iceland was to house this data the supporting infrastructure would need to be established at a fast pace. An early research exercise involved conceiving of a unitized geothermal rig that can be quickly constructed or deployed withing the landscape to exploit geothermal reserves, and efficiently establish an infrastructure for data storage growth. Th i s w a s a c h i e v e d b y a p p r o p r i a t i n g t h e e l e m e n t s o f a standard geothermal plant, and imaging how they m a y w o r k t o g e t h e r i n o n e u n i t . Th e r i g i t s e l f b u i l d s up vertically in response to the vertical movement of the steam from the production wells. It connects with the ground through hydraulic supports that are designed to dampen any artificial or natural e a r t hq u a ke s t h a t m a y o c c u r.
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Geothermal Rig
Cooling Tower Generators Turbine Transformer Water pumps Condensor Input channel Output channel Hydraulic footings
Geothermal Rig
Technology used in geothermal electricity generation and oil drilling has been combined, creating a veratile unit capable o exploiting geothermal resources quickly and cheaply.
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Previous Iterations
POW ER
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Landscapes Th e p r o d u c t i o n o f d a t a a n d t h e n e e d f o r s t o r a g e is a large scale problem, and as one explores the possibility of this kind of volume of data storage establishing itself in Iceland, landscape becomes a c r i t i c a l f a c t o r . To b e g i n t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t k i n d of interactions a technologically driven landscape might have with a natural one, the natural Icelandic landscaped were studied thoroughly. Iceland is home to incredibly dynamic, spectacular landscapes. Canyons, glaciers, fjords, waterfalls and lava flows combine to create an incredibly unpredictable landscape. Much of the landscape in Iceland is determined by geological activity on a time scale much shorter than anywhere else on earth. A fitting location for data, that is itself increase at an unprecedented rate. Part of this landscape study sought to find precedents and analogies for the occupation and growth of data storage across the landscape.
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LANDS CAP ES
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LANDS CAP ES
Volcanic Landscapes Iceland is positioned on the break bet ween the North American and the European tectonic plates, and as a result, is a highly tectonically and v o l c a n i c a l l y a c t i v e p l a c e . Th e r e a r e s e v e r a l a c t i v e volcanoes in Iceland, with major eruptions quite c o m m o n o n t h e i s l a n d . Th e p o p u l a t i o n o f I c e l a n d is quite small and concentrated in Reykjavik, far removed from any currently active volcano, so the majorit y of the population is same from such eruptions. Volcanic eruptions can have far reaching ef fects, a s w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d i n 2 01 0 w h e n a s h f r o m a n Icelandic volcano was carried across the Atlantic and over Europe, which resulted in the grounding a thousands of international and domestic flights for up to five days. Th e s e i n c r e d i b l y v i o l e n t p r o c e s s e s a l s o p l a y a k e y role in the creation of Iceland’s landscapes. As the North American Plate and the European plate are moving away from each other, magma is forced to surface where the crust is weakest, creating great expansive lava flows, generally towards the uninhabited center of the island.
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LANDS CAP ES
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LANDS CAP ES
Glacial Landscapes Ice and volcanic activit y interacts to create incredibly unique formations and landscapes, with evidence of volcanic eruptions recorded through glacier patterning, streaks of dark ash clearly visible from aerial photography. Glaciers are the other important natural process that shapes t h e I c e l a n d i c l a n d s c a p e . Th e p r e s e n c e o f s e v e r a l icecaps produce hundreds of glaciers that have slowly ground away at the mountainous terrain for millions of years. Wh i l e m a n y o f t h e g l a c i e r s a re d e c re a s i n g , a n d s o m e entire icecaps melted, glaciers still for a prominent p a r t o f t h e l a n d s c a p e . Th e y a r e f o r m e d b y a p r o c e s s of accumulation and growth; not unlike the increase o f d a t a . Th i s g r o w t h b y a c c u m u l a t i o n c r e a t e s immense force that begin to shape the landscape around it. In this sense, glacier are an important natural precedent, both for systematic process and form, for the design of data infrastructure in Iceland.
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P R E C E D E N TS
To w e r o f B a b e l Described in the book of Genesis as a tower built by the people of Babel to reach the heavens. Built by a united people speaking the same language, the story explains that once God saw the capabilities of the united human race, he came down from heaven and scat tered people’s speech, creating multiple different languages. Th e i d e a o f t h e p o w e r o f g l o b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n echoes strongly in our modern world, with the proliferation of the internet and other digital technologies. Th e r e a r e a l s o m a n y h i s t o r i c a l p a r a l l e l s , o n e o f t h e strongest being the ziggurats built by the ancient S u m e r i a n s . Th e s e w e r e b u i l d i n g s c o m p r i s e d o f t h e accumulation of landscape (clay bricks) that through the result of human construction, radically altered t h e l a n d s c a p e a r o u n d i t f o r t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s . Th i s idea of a building of accumulation is relevant to the accumulation of data that we face in the future.
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PRECEDENTS
Library of Babel Th e L i b r a r y o f B a b e l i s a m a t h e m a t i c a l l y i n s p i r e d fiction, describing an infinite librar y, where ever y possible combination of letters is bound into an infinite number of books. Within this library is every book that has ever been written, and every book that ever will be written. However, these are hidden amongst the vast majorit y of the books, which are nothing more than gibberish. W r i t t e n i n 19 41 b y A r g e n t i n e a u t h o r J o r g e L u i s Borges, this stor y has deep philosophical and architectural implications. Philosophically it begins to touch upon the ideas of Immanuel Kant and our mental construction of realit y, while simultaneously the author´s description of infinite network of hexagonal rooms adds an element of architectural intrigue. Th i s a l s o h a s m o d e r n p a r a l l e l s w i t h t h e s t r u c t u r e o f the Internet; seemingly infinite, ever expanding and desired information is often buried within a great deal of undesired information.
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Geofluidic Landscape Landscape Architecture firm Smout Allen’s geofluidic landscape is a truly environmentally responsive building. Situated in a Nor wegian fjord, the building is built around a system of water gates and counter weights that allow the watter to interact with the computer in a way that begins to mimic a computer a system of binar y switches that are playing our on a different physical and temporal scale. Of particular interest here is the georesponsive element and the possibilities offered by creating a building that can respond directly to the landscape.
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Plug in City Archigram’s Plug in Cit y was a completely new approach to urbanism at the time of its conception. Th e c i t y w a s d r i v e n b y i n f r a s t r u c t u r e - t h e s t r u c t u r e s that facilitated the movement of resources from o n e p o i n t t o a n o t h e r. Th e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e w a s t h e a r c h i t e c t u r e s , i t w a s t h e d e s i g n . Th e h o u s e s a n d human occupied spaces were then ‘plugged-in’ to the system. Th i s d e s i g n b e g a n t o t a l k t o i d e a s o f n o m a d i s m , the suburban spread, and the integration and importance of technology in the modern way of life. It also begins to elude to an architecture of automation, and could be read as an early foray into parametric architectural systems.
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Th e C o n t i n u o u s M o n u m e n t S u p e r s t u d i o ’ s 19 6 9 p r o j e c t w a s a w e l l e x e c u t e d critique of the spread of modern globalised culture. In terms of architecture, this was most easily seen in the spread of suburbs of comprising of identical renderings of the American dream. However the design moves well past just architecture, and begins to comment on all aspect of globalised culture. A two key elements of the design is the ignorance of natural topology and the continuous growth. As the monument grows, it maintains a level grid as i t s p r e a d s o v e r d e s e r t , m o u n t a i n s a n d s e a s . Ye t i t remains indistinguishably the same. It is completely ignorant of context.
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PRECEDENTS
E A RLY
D E S I G N S
Early Designs Some of the early designs were iterations to gain insight into the systems, processes and problems involved in the growth of data infrastructure in the Icelandic landscape. Th e e a r l i e s t e x p l o r e d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e d a t a c a b l e itself, experimenting with the different forms of energy given off by the process of transmitting data. Quick sketches began to imaging how one might visualise and interact with such a system. Th e i d e a o f i n f r a r e d s e n s i t i v e p h o t o g r a p h y l e d t o the exploration of this data network as a hidden infrastructure, only visualised through the infra red scatterings that are produced when information in sent through a fiber optic cable. Th i s w a s a n i n t e r e s t i n g f i r s t s t e p , a n d f r o m t h i s platform further experiments are the more physical needs of the system were undertaken.
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DES IGNS
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PROPOS AL
Artificial Mountains On of the first design iterations involved the g r o u p i n g o f d a t a s t a c k s i n t o m o u n t a i n o u s f o r m s . Th e y are orientated to take advantage of the cold strong w i n d s a b u n d a n t i n t h e I c e l a n d i c l a n d s c a p e . Th i s c a n greatly assist the colling of these structures. Th e c u r v a t u r e a n d a s s e m b l y o f t h e f o r m w a s a n attempt for integration within the landscape, as the conceptual direction was moving towards the re4presentation of data infrastructure as a l a n d s c a p e . Th e s e b e c o m e m o c k m o u n t a i n s w i t h t h e s e experimental renders helping to illuminate how these forms visually and systematically integrate into the landscape. Th e f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e f o r m s w e r e p e r h a p s too geomorphic, and needed to be driven by availabilit y of resources and environmental factors.
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DES IGNS
An early iteration for a geothermal pumping s t a t i o n . Th e s t a t i o n i s s i t u a t e d n e x t t o a l a k e of geothermal overflow water, which has a high silica content giving it a highly opaque, b l u e c o l o u r. Th e s e e x p e r i m e n t s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h a t c o n di t i o n w i t h i n g t he Vu e re n d e re r a t dif ferent times of day.
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Data Monoliths Th e n e x t i t e r a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n l a r g e m o n o l i t h i c structures designed to efficiently house large a m o u n t s o f d a t a . Th e s e w e r e a t a c o m p l e t e l y inhuman scale, but were discrete and disconnected a c r o s s t h e l a n d s c a p e . Th e t o w e r c o n t a i n e d large pillars approximately 2 meters wide, with infrastructure, particularly coolant pipes, inhabiting t h e s p a c e s b e t w e e n t h e s e p i l l a r s . Th i s a l l o w e d f o r the utilization of Iceland’s cool climate to assist in the cooling processes of the facilit y. However there were certain aspects of this design that failed to properly harness and represent different aspects of the system. Other infrastructures, such as fiber connectivit y, power generation and transport, as well as the source of water for coolant, were not properly represented in this iteration. As the design progressed, these features became driving factors of the design.
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DES IGNS
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DES IGNS
Data Landscapes As the system became more dependent on the local conditions and resources, the design began to spread o u t a n d g ro w t o i m m e n s e s c a l e s . Wh i l e t h e h a r n e s s i n g o f local resources such as water, geothermal energy and cool katabatic winds began to take precedence as driving factors for design, the nature of growth itself became important. Wh e re d o e s t h e g ro w t h b e g i n ? H o w f a s t d o e s i t o c c u r ? Wh a t r e s o u r c e s a r e r e q u i r e d f i r s t ? Th e n e x t f e w p a g e s o u t l i n e some of the formal experiments that attempt to answer some of these questions. One important finding was the role of automation in the project; as automation of data centers is a blossoming technology, it would be reasonable to assume that this w i l l b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n f u t u r e d a t a l a n d s c a p e s . Th i s began to inform the way data storage grew. It may grow in a grid, that is optimised for robotic operation, or begin to parametrically seek ‘data micro climates’ withing the environment, locations where the resource a v a i l a b i l i t y i s o p t i m a l . Th i s i s a p r o c e s s t h a t c o u l d b e driven by automation, and led to some interesting design developments. Th e f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h e x e r c i s e f o c u s e d o n o n e l o c a t i o n in Iceland, at the foot of the Myrdalsjökull glacier and Katla volcano, due to the proximit y to existing net work connections and the geothermal potential of the area. Here a series of spatial and formal experiments were undertaken to help understand how such a volume of data could be integrated into the landscape. On such as large scale, architecture becomes responsive in the same way as Smout Allen’s Geofluidic Landscape, or Lebbeus Woods’ Te r r a i n , a s y s t e m o f a n t h r o p i c t e c h n o l o g y o p e r a t i n g w i t h t h e g r e a t e r f o r c e s o f t h e n a t u r a l w o r l d . Th e c o n t e x t i n w h i c h the architecture is positioned governs not only the form, but also the operation.
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D ATAS C AP E S
Datascapes Extensive investigations into the systematic processes of the design led to a design that was p r i m a r i l y d r i v e n b y t he a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o w a t e r. A condition that is interesting, as this is arguably the first resource required for human cities, and here in the cit y without humans, that same resource is key. Using water was a starting point, the system was a s s e m b l e d i n o r d e r o f l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t . Wa t e r is transported from glaciers that are melting, moved to the areas of high geothermal activit y, where it is pumped into the ground and used to generate e l e c t r i c i t y. Th i s e l e c t r i c i t y p r o v i d e s a s t a r t i n g p o i n t for the development of data storage, once internet connectivit y is established. From these points where connectivit y, energy and water converge, that data storage system begins to grow out ward, seeking to orientate themselves to take advantage of the cooling winds that will pass throughout t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . Th i s r e s u l t e d i n a n d a l m o s t organic, parametric system of growth that created a continually growing, sprawling, datascape.
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Geothermal Nodes
Connectivity Network
Aqueduct Network
DATAS CAP ES
Data Storage
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DATAS CAP ES
Geothermal Nodes Th e g e o t h e r m a l n o d e s a r e r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f a geothermal plant conditioned for a tectonically a c t i v e , c o n s t a n t l y c h a n g i n g e n v i r o n m e n t . Th e s e a r e a critical point in the system, providing a great deal o f t h e p o w e r f o r t h e a c c e s s a n d s t o r a g e o f d a t a . Th i s image also shows some of the storage components themselves, in the earliest developmental stage. Th e s p a c e i s c r a m p e d , d a r k , a n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e harsh Icelandic winter, incredibly cold. Ideal c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e s t o r a g e a n d a c c e s s f o r d a t a . Th e storage system is elevated from the water logged ground, a result of runoff from the injection well of t h e g e o t h e r m a l p l a n t . Th i s o v e r f l o w o f g e o t h e r m a l l y warmed water creates a temperature differential between the cold surface air and the water itself, resulting in the production of steam around the base of these structures. Lining the sides of the data storage system are rails and small robotic arms that allow for the routine maintenance and construction of the system. As time moves on, technologies evolve leaving old systems defunct. With the speed of technological development and data production, it becomes more economical to leave the old infrastructure to decay, and building new technologies at the edge of growth.
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DATAS CAP ES
Geothermal Node
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Th e s e n o d e s c o l l e c t w a t e r f r o m t h e a q u e d u c t s t h a t spread throughout the glacial valley, pumping it in to the geothermally active ground below through injection wells. Production wells are then drilled down to collect the steam that is generated, transporting it into a turbine that then drives a g e n e r a t o r. Th e p o w e r i s c o n d i t i o n e d t h r o u g h transformers at the top of the structure, where power is then delivered to the beginning of the data storage network. Hot water is cooled with the cooling towers and then pumped back into the injection wells, conserving t h e a m o u n t o f w a t e r c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e g l a c i e r s . Th i s system is by no means waste less; often there is an over injection of water resulting is common spillages and pooling of geothermally heated water collecting a ro u n d t he b a s e o f t he t o w e r.
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DATAS CAP ES
Previous iterations
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DATAS CAP ES Previous iterations
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Previous iterations
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DATAS CAP ES Previous iterations
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Glacial Interface Th e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e s y s t e m i n v o l v e s t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f w a t e r f r o m t h e r u n o f f o f I c e l a n d i c g l a c i e r s . Th e s e glaciers are a significant source of water, and are increasingly producing more melt water as the Icelandic landscape begins to be impacted from anthropogenic climate change. Large concrete aqueducts are built up to the key runoff points of the glacier tongue. Here the water is collected and transported down the valley, with small hydroelectric plants positioned at topographic c h a n g e s . Th i s p r o v i d e s a n d i n i t i a l p o w e r s o u r c e that drives the early stages of the automated growth of the system, a critical component to begin the automated construction of geothermal nodes throughout the environment. Th e s e h y d r o e l e c t r i c p l a n t s u s e t h e f l o w o f t h e m e l t water to drive small turbines, running generators which produce electricit y that is converted through transformers and run down along the walls of the aqueducts to other parts of the system.
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Tr a n s f o r m e r s
Generator
Tu r b i n e
Aqueduct Structure
DATAS CAP ES
Wa t e r o u t l e t s
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Glacier Interface
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DATAS CAP ES
Previous iterations
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DATAS CAP ES Previous iterations
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Te c h n o l o g y Tr a n s i t i o n As data grows, the technology used to store it also changes. Over the last 20 years, there has been a radical decrease in the storage space required to store data. However the technology’s fundamental o p e r a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s h a v e r e m a i n e d t h e s a m e . Th e y still use magnetic based storage methods. However recent developments in data storage technology suggest that magnetic data storage will not be used too far into the future, with DNA storage being far more efficient. Recent research has demonstrated the abilit y to store and retrieve data in DNA. Using recent developments in DNA encoding and sequencing technologies, a speculation has been formulated that proposed that the next step of data storage is organic.
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DATAS CAP ES
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DATAS CAP ES
Technology Transition
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Organic Data Storage Information is stored in a living mutation of the native juniper berr y bush, to ensure the most e f f i c i e n t a n d r e s i l i e n t f o r m o f d a t a s t o r a g e . Th e encoding of data uses machinery that can quickly produce short strains of encoded DNA using e n g i n e e r e d p o l y m e r a s e s . Th i s d a t a i s d u p l i c a t e d and inserted into a branch of the organism using a g e n e g u n . Th e t r a n s l a t i o n a n d a c c e s s i n g o f t h e d a t a is then achieved through a nanopore sequencing t e c h n i q u e . Th i s i n v o l v e s i n s e r t i n g a e n g i n e e r e d protein channel within the genetically engineered c e l l s s t o r i n g d a t a . Th i s a l l o w s f o r q u i c k a n d e f f i c i e n t translation of the data stored within the cells. Storing data within organic material is already within our reach, and considering the rapid increase of digital technologies, may be widely i m p l e m e n t e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . Th e s p e c u l a t i o n for this technology results in a hybrid biological and technological system that utilizes DNA for its capacit y to store data, and the genetic modification of localized plants that allow them to thrive in a c e r t a i n e n v i r o n m e n t . Th i s i s j u s t a n o t h e r w a y t h a t data begins to produce its own landscape - even its own ecosystem.
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Biological Data Storage Mass
Nanopore sensors to read encoded information
Data Cables
DATAS CAP ES
Gene guns for biological coding
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