Daylight design

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HORSENS CAMPUS, DENMARK

Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management 7th semester dissertation

DAYLIGHT DESIGN

Author: Lucie Linderova Consultant: Torben Lundberg 30th December 2016

Lucie Linderova

30th September 2016

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS

TITLE PAGE DISSERTATION TITLE: Daylight design

CONSULTANT: Torben Lundberg

AUTHOR: _______________________________________

DATE/SIGNATURE: _______________________________

STUDENT IDENTITY NUMBER: 231628

NUMBER OF COPIES: 1

NUMBER OF PAGES: 69 ( 58 039 characters)

All rights reserved – no part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author. NOTE: This dissertation was compiled as part of an Architectural Technology and Construction Management degree course – no responsibility is taken for any advice, instruction or conclusion given within! 1

Lucie Linderova

30th September 2016

PREFACE This report is elective programme element of 7th semester of Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management at VIA University College. The report should show the ability of collecting, analysing, managing and applying information on profession bachelor level and ability of using knowledge-based research and analytic methods relevant to the topic. The topic of Daylight design reflects to alternative ways how to bring daylight into the building such as skylights, light wells, light tubes, perforated and other light permeable panels, etc. The report is analysing structural and material-based properties of these solutions and investigating the importance of day light in the building by using analytical research. The text is completed by sketches, drawings and illustrations with Harvard style referencing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Torben Lundberg for consultations and guidance of the report. And also thanks to my study team for discussions and to all the people who filled in the daylight questionnaire. ABSTRACT I choose the subject of daylight in architecture concerning alternative ways how to bring daylight into our buildings. The daylight is not always available especially in large scale buildings or underground areas. Unfortunately the Earth is not expanding and the density of people is increasing so we are force to build higher and lower into ground. And the more floors we get the more shadow we have in our buildings and it is more complicated to catch the daylight. Besides in cities the building density is so heavy that we don’t have possibility of windows from each side of the building. But we don’t want dark and unventilated rooms; means we need to use other systems than windows or curtain walls there. I am also focusing on importance of daylight and its factors, the impact of energy in the building and social improvement of indoor environment. I investigate various solutions how to bring light within structure of the building. I search for different design and available products on the market and analyse their structural and material-based properties. I am using constructive analytical method to gather mostly qualitative data to make an overview which are our possibilities and how much we can change and influence the space by light. I also use quantitative data gained by Daylight questionnaire to find out what local people thinks about importance of daylight on everyday basis and which are their preferences according to day lit rooms and structures. I evaluate why we can see still see mostly windows as solution for daylight and its economic and ecological factor in comparison with other solutions. KEY WORDS: Light in architecture, Daylight, Indoor environment, Visual comfort, Glare and Reflectance, Regulations, Daylight structures, Technical details

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CONTENT 1. Introduction with the problem formulation 1.1. Problem background 1.2. Choice of the subject and profession relevance 1.3. Specific problem statement / research questions 1.4. Delimitation 1.5. Theoretical basis and source of data 1.6. Research methodology 1.7. Structure of the report

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2. Importance of daylight 2.1. Daylight 2.1.1. Electromagnetic spectrum 2.1.2. Sunlight/Daylight 2.1.3. Daylight benefits 2.1.4. Transmittance 2.2. Regulations, standards 2.2.1. Required light conditions 2.2.2. Daylight calculation 2.2.3. Guide to design day lit buildings 2.3. Indoor environment 2.3.1. Visual comfort 2.3.2. Glare 2.3.3. Reflectance 2.3.4. Daylight/Electric lighting 2.3.5. Daylight questionnaire 2.3.6. Aesthetic qualities 2.4. Part conclusion

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3. Structures 3.1. Skylights 3.1.1. Flat 3.1.2. Longlight 3.1.3. Wall-mounted longlight 3.1.4. Northlight 3.1.5. Ridgelight 3.1.6. Atrium 3.1.7. Pyramid 3.1.8. Polygon 3.1.9. Dome

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3.1.10. Round 3.1.11. Barrel vault 3.2. Light wells 3.3. Solar tubes 3.4. Top lit 3.5. Perforation 3.6. Profiles glass/Translucent panels 3.7. Translucent wall 3.8. Display window 3.9. Glazed shell structure 3.10. Part conclusion

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4. Justification

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5. Conclusion List of Illustrations List of References List of Enclosures Appendix

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2. INTRODUCTION WITH THE PROBLEM FORMULATION 1.1. PROBLEM BACKGROUND This is the 7th semester dissertation for the Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management education. I will be concerned about the daylight in architecture especially about alternative ways how to bring it into buildings. I will focus on importance of daylight, regulations which determines how much we need it and how it improves indoor environment. I will investigate different solutions how to bring daylight within structure of the building. I will search for different design and available products on the market and analyse their structural and material-based properties. I will try to create an overview of possible solutions and compare them so I can find the best solution for specific situation. 1.2. CHOICE OF THE SUBJECT AND PROFESSION RELEVANCE During my practical placement we were designing the complex of administration and residential buildings on the plot in the block of building. There were many requirements according to daylight and distance we had to fulfil. And we were solving the problem that we cannot place windows on each side of the building but we need to have rooms with daylight. Solution chosen was atrium with some light wells to let the daylight in. And then I have realized how much the light can change the space and how many possibilities we have now. So I will focus more on how we can modify the light flow and which structures we can use to bring the light into buildings. This information will help me in designing future buildings because light is changing how we perceive the indoor environment but we need to think about it from the beginning and understand how it works. I will use gained knowledge also for my Bachelor project where I have chosen to design gallery which is partly underground so I will have to solve how to bring the daylight in. 1.3. SPECIFIC PROBLEM STATEMENT I will try to find out how important the daylight is for us in the buildings, how much it influences us and how it improves the indoor environment. I will investigate how we as architects who design buildings can improve the daylight in the building and what all we need to take into consideration to set pleasant daylight condition. I will put together some alternative solutions and create an overview from their requirement so we can find the best solution for specific situation in the future. RESEARCH QUESTIONS MAIN QUESTION: To provide daylight in buildings windows are often seen as the most important factor in the design process. How big effect have other related factors like room size and orientation, structures, colours, materials, reflections, etc. to the final indoor environment in a building, when you as a designer want to make the most optimal daylight? SECONDARY QUESTIONS:  How is the daylight important in the buildings?

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Which are the alternative solutions to bring the daylight into the buildings and which are their requirements? 1.4. DELIMINATION According to importance of daylight I will use situation in Denmark, Danish regulations and Danish standards. I will not consider windows and curtain walls as an alternative solution how to bring the daylight into the building. 1.5. THEORITICAL BASIS AND SOURCE OF DATA The theory and analysis will be based on Danish Building Regulations, European Standards, Danish Building Research Institute (SBi). And data will be collected from architectural and technical books, expert articles and internet research. 1.6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY I will use the constructive analytical research methodology. I will collect existing facts and information and make it easy to use for future with fully understanding and gaining new knowledge for myself. I will work with primary qualitative data because I want to go in-depth of the subject. Just for investigating my first research question about importance of daylight I will use secondary data in form of questionnaire to get to know what general opinion is. 1.7. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT This report has a 3-part structure consist of: Introduction – Problem background (Section 1.1.) where I specify the scope of the project, Choice of the subject and profession relevance (Section 1.2.) where I explain topics importance, Specific problem statement (Section 1.3.) where I specify my concerns, Theoretical basis and source data (Section 1.5.) where I determine based facts and Research methodology (Section 1.6.) where I explain research process Main section –research and analysis of the problem statement with part conclusions Conclusion –answer to my research questions

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2. IMPORTANCE OF DAYLIGHT 2.1. DAYLIGHT 2.1.1. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Energy radiates through space and with it also part of sunlight penetrates on the Earth´s surface. The daylight falling on the Earth´s surface is called electromagnetic spectrum. It is collective term for electromagnetic radiation of all frequencies [f] and their linked wavelengths [λ] and the energy of photons [E]. Photon is unit of electromagnetic radiation. There is relation between these three physical properties: c E hc f= f= E= λ h λ where: c = 299792458 m/s is the speed of light in a vacuum h = 6.62606896(33)×10−34 J·s = 4.13566733(10)×10−15 eV·s is Planck's constant The wavelength determines the colour of light and subjects are showing in their colours so the task of light source is by luminous flux to precisely submit the reflection of subject. The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into class according to their frequencies and wavelengths:

Fig. 01 NASA, 2007, A diagram of electromagnetic spectrum Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#/media/File:EM_Spectrum_Pro perties_edit.svg> [Accessed 1.9.2016]

The visible radiation (light) is between 380 nm and 760 nm. This is the light recognised by human eye. It is the daylight source for illumination of interiors. Each wavelength represent particular colour. Changing brightness and colour of sky is the result of light beams scattering atmosphere. The lower the sun is the longer path of 7

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the beam is and there is bigger scattering. A rainbow shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. In its each end are located neighbour radiations: infrared and ultraviolet. These are referred as optical light too; humans can feel them like warm. White light is a combination of all wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Color Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Wawelenght [nm] 380-450 450-495 495-570 570-590 590-620 620-750 Fig. 02 Rainbow,

Available at: <http://pngimg.com/upload/rainbow_PNG5584.png> 2.1.2. SUNLIGHT/DAYLIGHT Daylight It is natural light the combination of direct sunlight and diffused sky radiation and its reflections entering building provide satisfactory illumination during daytime (from sunrise to sunset). Sunlight It refers to direct sunshine, the portion of electromagnetic spectrum given off by Sun, especially that in visible spectrum but also infrared and ultraviolet light. It is much brighter than daylight.

Fig. 03 Hand sketch, Daylight and sunlight division

Satisfactory level of daylight is required factor for new developments while sunlight is desirable but not the determining factor. 2.1.3. DAYLIGHT BENEFITS Daylight has positive influence to human organism:  Reducing stress  Destroying bacteria  Restricting insomnia problems 8

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Supporting production of antibody Supporting vitamin D production – bone heath Supporting releasing of serotonin – better mood, concertation

Reduce excess of melatonin production – dark supports of releasing melatonin - people are more sleepy and can be more susceptible to breast cancer (night shift workers)  Biological processes are regulated by 24-hours light-dark cycles, when we are not exposed to daylight our sleep-wake cycle can move by two hours per day, can lead to sleep disorder  Speed-up the healing process  Free energy source - increasing energy saving Daylight may increase productivity and concentration of people same as health and well-being. Especially in northern countries where long days or long nights can disrupt the normal light-dark cycle. There are existing studies proving that people with lack of daylight are more susceptible to cancer (breast, colon, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, Hodgkin's lymphoma) and other diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroiditis). But excess of sunlight can cause the skin cancer. The exposure to bright light needs to be in appropriate time and duration. 2.1.4. TRASMITTANCE Daylight is entering rooms through openings according to properties of materials. It can be absorbed, reflected or transmitted. Transmittance refers to percentage of radiation which can pass through glazing.  Reflected light– reflects from glazing to exterior, subject gains brightness thanks to reflected light  Absorbed light–the glazing absorbs part of radiation, which could be then transformed into heat, converted away or reradiated into room  Transmitted light– go through the glazing, the largest amount

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Incident angle -the angle between a beam of light and line perpendicular to surface - when surface directly faces to sunlight, the incident angle is zero → highest illuminance - when the beams fall obliquely, patch of light larger → smaller illuminance (effects absorption, scattering) - 56° for glass medium→ light is fully transmitted with no reflection Fig. 04 Hand sketch, Material trasmittance

Type of glass influences the effectiveness of light transmission. With recent technologies we can control how different materials behave in different areas of spectrum. According to that we can divide materials in building industry as:  Transparent – allowing light passing through material without big loss or distortion; express transparency (we can see objects through); the most optimized for daylight  Translucent – allowing light passing through material but the light is scattered, doesn´t form the image  Perforated – is opaque material with openings allowing light to go through  Opaque – no transmittance 2.2. REGULATIONS, STANDARDS 2.2.1. REQUIRED LIGHT CONDITIONS Danish Building Regulations 2015, 2016, 6.5. Lighting conditions, DK: Byggecentrum Rooms needed satisfactory lighting: Workrooms Occupiable rooms Habitable rooms Share access route

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Rooms needed sufficient daylight: Workrooms - examination rooms Habitable rooms– bedrooms, living rooms, inpatient rooms, restrooms (in building without daylight) Teaching rooms - classrooms, lecture halls, day rooms for preschool education Dining areas and kitchens Sufficient daylight means glass area of windows min 10% of internal net floor area and in case of roof light min 7% with light transmittance of panel glazing no less than 0,75 in normal conditions or with day factor of 2% in half of room or working area. Rooms needed view of surrounding: Workrooms Habitable rooms Generally the light conditions are depending on activities in the rooms, rooms where we are spending our time need to be illuminated and where we are working, resting or there is permanent stay of people need the daylight. Openings to provide sufficient light doesn´t have to be necessary the same as for offering view. 2.2.2. DAYLIGHT CALCULATION To be able to calculate daylight in the building we are dividing it into Lighting zones which have different daylight admission and lighting conditions. Zones are divided by daylight access, where is it located in the room, and by placement of lighting controls. Between each zone the desired lighting level decreases of at least 25 %.

Fig. 05 Hand sketch, Lighting zones

Daylight control To be able to set stable lighting conditions we need to have daylight control. Especially for direct sunlight is control necessary because there could arise overheating. It is always good to give people control of the environment.

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Without daylight control (U) Manual operation (M) – lighting level is higher (typically 200 lux) than needed before it turns off so when it is turn on again it has demanding value Automatic on-off regulation (A) – control can maintain the lighting level with slight difference of ¹ 100 lux of demand Continuously automatic regulation (K)

There are two ways how to calculate daylight. 1) by using luminous quantities - the external conditions are set and we are calculating the result of internal illuminance Luminous flux=Luminous power ɸ [lumen] Luminous flux measures the amount of visible light which light source emits. 1 W high-output white LED= 25–120 lumens 100 W incandescent lamp= 1750 lumens 100 W fluorescent lamp= 8000 lumens Luminous intensity I [candela] It is measure of luminous flux emitted by light source in a particular direction per solid angle in a particular direction. When we put the values of luminous intensity into round diagram we get its direction characteristic which determines direction, concentration and strength of light.

Fig. 06 Hand sketch, Luminous intensity

đ??ź=

dɸ đ?‘‘đ?œ”

where: ɸ= luminous flux ω(sometimes marked Ί)= solid angle; it is two-dimensional angle in three-

đ??´

dimensional space under which you can see the lit subject; ω = đ?‘&#x;2 Fig. 07 Hand sketch, Solid angle

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Luminance=Brightness L [candela/m2] Brightness is influenced by scattering of light. It determines the scale for light perception of luminous surface by human eye. It measures the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. đ?‘‘đ??ź đ??ż= đ?‘‘đ?‘†´ where: I= luminous surface’s luminous intensity in the fixed direction S´= area of luminous surface in the fixed and vertical direction S´=S*cosθ

Fig. 08 Hand sketch, Luminance

Limits of ratios of average brightness in the visual field of viewer

Fig. 09 Hand sketch, Luminance ratios

Illuminance=Lighting level E [lux] Illuminance is photometric quantity defined as quantity of luminous flux falling on surface per unit area. Illuminance is widely used term when required for lighting conditions. It´s unit is lux.

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Fig. 10 Hand sketch, Illuminance

đ??¸=

đ?‘‘ɸ đ?‘‘đ?‘†

where: ɸ = luminous flux

l= area; for point source: đ??¸ =

; for plane source đ??¸ =

đ??źâˆ—đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘ đ?œ€ đ?‘&#x;2

đ??żđ?‘†2 đ?‘…2

Fig. 11 Hand sketch, Point source of illuminance

Fig. 12 Hand sketch, Plane source of illuminance

Common-lighting requirements: Workrooms, classrooms - ≼200 lux ‌like extreme dark storm Access routes, corridors and staircases - ≼50 lux‌like fully overcast, sunset/sunrise 10 000 – 25 000 lux‌typical overcast day, midday 110 000 lux‌bright sunlight

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Luminous flux, intensity, Illuminance and Luminance interaction:

Fig. 13 Hand sketch, Luminous quantities interaction

2) by using relative values – comparing exterior and internal illuminance Daylight factor DF [%] Daylight factor is a measure of the illumination level when the sky is overcast (the worst conditions). It shows the relation between lighting inside measured basically on working tables (0,85m) and lighting outside on horizontal free plane. According to daylight factor we are placing working places. It can be measured on the site, on model situation or determined by calculation. Eindoor đ??ˇđ??š = ∗ 100% Eoutdoor where: Eindoor is the illuminance due to daylight at a point on a given plane indoors (lux) Eoutdoor is the simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky (lux) Daylight factor consists of 3 components:  Direct = Sky component  Externally reflected component  Internally reflected component

Fig. 14 Hand sketch, Daylight factor components

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Graphic expression is by daylight factors contours – lines with the same daylight factor.

Fig. 15 Hand sketch, Daylight factor contours

Daylight factor depends on glass area, glass type, room geometry, room colour and permanent shadows. It is independent of the orientation window. When it is 10,000 lux in the outdoors and 200 lux inside the daylight factor of is 2%. Rooms with 2% of DF are considered as day lit, rooms with more than 5% of DF are strongly day lit – no need for daylight electric lighting.

Fig. 16 The typical profile of daylight factor through room. SBi, 2013 cited in SBi 2013 p. 14

The daylight factor is the factor closest to the window and the ratio between the highest and lowest daylight factors will typically be 20:1 and most often 50:1. 2.2.3.

GUIDE TO DESIGN DAY LIT BUILDINGS 1) We are starting designing with determination of location and shape of the building. For that we need to consider shading of surrounding build-up areas. Buildings cannot cast the shadow one to another. The ground shadows are the biggest when the sun is low. We can minimise this shadow to shape the building and by fulfilling the required distances.

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Location

Fig. 17 AutoCAD drawing, Required distances

Shape

Fig. 18 AutoCAD drawing, Shapes of buildings and their shading

2) Then we are setting the orientation of building. We need to count with geometry of sunlight. It is changing over a period of day and year. In summer the sun is higher and in winter it gets lower. The daily sun path is circular loop across the sky. The best solutions for residential building are with east-west orientation.

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Sun path diagram – there is more types of diagram, this is the easier one

considering shading of neighbouring buildings; counted for 1st of March – the Fig. 19 Photoshop image, Sun path diagram Diagramconditions available through website <http://images.slideplayer.cz/11/3302495/slides/slide_9.jpg> worst Modern software like Revit is able to model sun path directly in our project. Sun path analysis is important for passive solar buildings. 3) Now we have good skylight conditions and we need to let the light into the building. It depends mainly on layout plans and structural solutions of the building. The flat is day lit when day lit habitable rooms are at least 1/3 of total flat area. To design right number and size of openings for day lit rooms we are using the Thumb rule. The minimum dimension of opening must be at least 900 mm, for roof windows 700 mm.

Fig. 20 Tolu, 2015, Window and glass presentation Available through student website <https://studienet.via.dk> 18

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Fig. 21 AutoCAD drawing, Day lit room calculation

Living room is considered as sun lit when the sun is fall into it under certain angles.

Fig. 22 AutoCAD drawing, Effective angles

4) Faรงade gets the visual effect of the building but also influence the light penetration into the building. The choice of material solution and structural system are important as they directly control how much light will be transmitted. According to placement of light openings in the construction we are dividing the lighting systems into:

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 Sided – openings are on the façade one or more sides

Fig. 23 AutoCAD drawing, Sided lighting

Top – openings are in the ceiling (roof), according to placement of glazing we are dividing them to one-sided, more-sided or zenith

Fig. 24 AutoCAD drawing, Top lighting

Combined –openings from side and top of the room

Fig. 25 AutoCAD drawing, Combined lighting

Special focus for shading our façade should have balconies and basements according to fig. 26,27.

Fig. 26 AutoCAD drawing, Balcony shading

Fig. 27 AutoCAD drawing, Basement placement of window

5) And in the end we are solving our surroundings, the landscaping of our plot. Light condition of interior can be influenced by configuration of terrain and

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reflection of materials too. It is better to have diffused light then direct to light up our rooms to prevent overheating. We can reach it by different ways:  By green area around the building – diffusing light  Reflective surface beneath the window  Orientation of building or possible shading of windows  Light-coloured ceiling

Fig. 28 AutoCAD drawing, Landscaping

2.3. INDOOR ENVIRONMENT 2.3.1. VISUAL COMFORT The goal of designing buildings is to let the daylight into rooms and create visual comfort. Visual comfort is nice psychophysical condition needed for efficient work and rest complying hygienic requirements, which depends on luminous intensity, illuminance, architectural design of space and eyes condition. For induction of visual comfort we need the daylighting. Criteria and limits of daylighting are defined by:  daylight factor- for permanent stay of people DF≥1,5%  even distribution of illuminance – is settled on flat working surface in interior or its functional part as the maximum and minimum value of DF; values ≥0,2 according to class visual activity  distribution of luminous flux –preference illuminance is from right, left or front; direction of luminous flux shouldn’t cast a shadow on working space by person of observer or interior equipment  distribution of brightness of surfaces in visual field – for hard work the high contrast of subject and background is needed 

glare presence 21

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 colourful arrangement of interior The criteria for light condition depend on visual difficulty and it is changing according to size of detail, observing distance and contrast of background. This division is marked to different visual activity classes. 2.3.2. GLARE Direct sunlight has more negative effect on visual comfort. Glare is unfavourable condition of eyes which makes vision worse or impossible. We cannot calculate it or prove it, during designing we are following certain principles like:  not placing lighting areas into visual field of worker  shiny surfaces may glare by reflection – not suitable in interior  protecting interior from glaring by appropriate orientation of windows or shading 2.3.3. REFLECTANCE Thanks to reflect light the subject gaining its brightness. It has influence to amount of light. Each surface reflecting light is becoming the secondary light source. Pale surface reflects more than dark and different colours of surface reflects different part of light spectrum. Matte surface – reflect disperse light Shiny surface – reflect direct light, mirroring – worse visual comfort, could be used on purpose of revival space or creating fancy atmosphere Reflectance is connected to colours of surface. It is measured by light reflectance value. White … 0,75-0,8 Brick … 0,25 Yellow … 0,60 Marble … 0,55-0,80 Red … 0,30-0,40 Wood … 0,10-0,50 Green … 0,20-0,45 Grass … 0,05-0,10 Blue … 0,20-0,40 Concrete … 0,30 Brown… 0,12-0,25 Soil … 0,08-0,20 Light grey … 0,40-0,60 Steel … 0,28 Dark grey … 0,15-0,20 Aluminium … 0,75-0,85 Black … 0,01-0,03 Glass … 0,10 Mirror … 0,80-0,90 Snow … 0,75-0,80 For civil buildings are recommended bright ceilings with light reflectance value of 0,75 and for wall 0,5.

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2.3.4. DAYLIGHT/ELECTRIC LIGHTING It is always better to have daylight but sometimes we are just not able to reach it. There could be several reasons like the dense building development or buildings underground. Especially is used for deep plan rooms. To achieve the sufficient illuminance, we are combining daylight with electrical lighting. It is needed mainly after sunset when daylight disappears. Electrical lighting can account for 50% of energy use in buildings especially in administrative buildings. But we can find some more sustainable solutions than classic light bulbs:  LED diodes (Light-emitting diode) – extremely reducing the energy requirements for energy, high luminous efficiency and long life  Occupancy sensors – controlling the light according to motion of object relative to its surrounding, turning the lights on/off, saving energy  Solar lamps – collecting the solar energy through solar panels during daytime and then turns on light at dark, common for exterior application 2.3.5. DAYLIGHT QUESTIONNARE I have assembled the questionnaire regarding general opinion on daylight in building on the everyday basis. I have got responses from 80 people around Horsens which formed in these graphs:

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This shows that for 70% of people daylight for working or studying is very important. The main factor for choosing housing is location but the rest is equal divided by view, size and sufficient daylight. The most desired is daylight in living rooms and kitchens, the rest is matching the regulations and standards requirements. The interesting is that for 19% of people are necessary to have daylight also in bathrooms which are not needed according to regulations. Almost 40% of people are able to pay 70% more to rent for housing with daylight in each room, 66% are able to pay 50% more. These are really interesting factors for planning the budget of the building. We are still a bit conservative society because 60% of people still prefer just classic windows and only 25% prefer alternative solutions for daylighting. 2.3.6. AESTHETIC QUALITIES Daylight can model the surface and form. Through light environment we are evaluating the living environment. Daylight can change the perception of building, and creates variability of interior. Phototropic reflex Eye is automatically turning to the brightest place or to the place with the highest contrast in visual field. We can use it for supporting concentration. There are several factors influencing the interior lighting conditions: Urbanistic  location of building,      

orientation to cardinal points dimensions and proportions of buildings shape mutual distances configuration of terrain reflective properties of terrain and building 25

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Structural and architectural design  interior condition  plan layouts  structural solution – structural height, depth of tracts  dimensions and proportions of internal areas  reflection of surfaces and equipment Façade  structural and material solution  measurement of perforation of openings  size, shape, location of openings and its structure These factors we need to process during designing phase of the building. 2.4. PART CONCLUSION What is the daylight and how it behaves? The daylight is part of visible electromagnetic spectrum including direct sunlight and diffused sky radiation and its reflections. For day lit rooms is more pleasant the diffused light and it is influenced by transmittance of materials it goes through. On the interface of two materials light can get reflected, absorbed or transmitted and according to which effect we want we are choosing the different type of material. Materials can affect the glare and reflectance of light which could have negative effect on visual comfort. Especially shiny and bright materials are reflecting direct sunlight and can cause the overheating. To avoid direct sunlight we are using orientation to cardinal point, shaping the building or landscaping the surrounding. On the other hand sometimes we need to manage the problem where we don’t have enough daylight in rooms. To prevent that, we try to design our building to not be shaded by surrounding. This can influent location of building, its façade and balconies or other projecting structure causing shading. How much we need it? The quantity of required daylight depends on activity in the room. For all visual activities and for habitable, teaching and workrooms or rooms with permanent stay of people we need sufficient daylight. We are determining the right amount of daylight by several factors: luminous flux, luminous intensity, illuminance, luminance and daylight factor. The sufficient illuminance we can calculate or measure by graphic methods. We are always counting with the worst conditions because then the rest has always better result. How it improves our environment? Thanks to light we are evaluating the living environment. Daylight can change the perception of building, and creates variability of interior. It has many health benefits, helping people concentrate, reducing stress, creating better mood even can prevent diseases and also has the environmentally friendly benefits like destroying bacteria or energy saving for building as light is the natural source of energy. How is it important? I made a questionnaire for local people and thanks to their responses we can see how the daylight is important on everyday basis. The most of the 26

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people need the daylight for working and studying to be able to focus properly. It is also the second most important factor by choosing new housing and majority of people is able to pay 50% more for rent extraordinary day lit housing. These are factors we should involve in design process and budget of the building. We shouldn´t go just for minimum requirements because for better quality we can see people are able to pay more.

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3. STRUCTURES To choose the right product there are several criteria we should be aware of. The dominant is which type of structure we want to use. The measurement needs to be precise because most of the products have fixed size. But then according to place and location where you live, what you want to achieve and how much you want to spend you also need to decide: Glazing types:  Acrylic – the most economical and widely used synthetic glazing, UV resistant, single or double glazed  Lexan – synthetic glazing, resistance against wind-borne debris, Hurricane Markets  Glass – laminated glass, not used for organic shapes, low E coatings, reflective coatings, a variety of tints and inert gas fillings, versatile and durable Glazing option:  Single glazing – mainly used for porch or overhang, available in Acrylic, Lexan and Laminated Glass  Dual glazing – less energy use, insulates more – air space, better sound reduction, available in Acrylic and Lexan Glass  Insulated glass – available in glass only with the air space between the glass Frame types:  Self-Curbing – with mounting flange, attack directly to the roof deck , easy installation for new development

Fig. 29 DWG drawing, Self-curbing skylight detail Available at: <http://www.cad-detail.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

Curb Mount – easier in case of replacement, attach to an independent roof curb, roof curb anchored to roof deck

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Fig. 30 DWG drawing, Curb mounted skylight detail Available at: <http://www.cad-detail.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

3.1. SKYLIGHTS 3.1.1. FLAT

Fig. 31 Flat skylight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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Fig. 32 Revit drawing, Flat skylight Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.1. + All kind of roofs Good lighting conditions

Limited dimensions according to contractor Possibility of water and snow retention

Outdoor view Better for smaller construction Cheapest solution Can be controlled according to weather conditions - operating 3.1.2. LONGLIGHT (5-25°)

Fig. 33 Longlight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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Fig. 34 Revit drawing, Longlight Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.2. + Opening width: 1050(1200 venting) mm Opening length: 640(730)- mm

Only flat roof and low pitch roofs More expensive than flat and barrel vault skylights – large scale

Module height: 1200-3000(2400) mm Stunning lighting conditions Modular design for easy installation Outdoor view Can be controlled according to weather conditions - operating 3.1.3. WALL-MOUNTED LONGLIGHT (5-40°)

Fig. 35 Wall-mounted longlight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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Fig. 36 Revit drawing, Wall-mounted longlight Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.3. + Opening width: 1150(1370 venting)3000(3150) mm Opening length: 640(730)- mm

Only pitched roofs to 40° More expensive than flat and barrel vault skylights – large scale

Module height: 1200-3000(2400) mm Stunning lighting conditions Modular design for easy installation Outdoor view Can be controlled according to weather conditions - operating

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3.1.4. NORTHLIGHT (40-90°)

Fig. 37 Northlight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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Fig. 38 Revit drawing, Northlight Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.4. + Opening width: 1150(1370 venting)3000(3100) mm Opening length: 640(805)- mm Module height: 1200-3000(2400) mm Good lighting conditions Modular design for easy installation Can be controlled according to weather conditions - operating

Only pitched roofs more than 40° Large scale – more expensive

3.1.5. RIDGELIGHT (25-40°)

Fig. 39 Ridgelight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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Ridge mount (25-40°)

Ridge light with beam (5°)

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Fig. 40 Revit drawing, Ridgelight Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.5. + Unlimited width Good illuminative properties Outdoor view

Ridge mount – only pitched roofs Ridge light – only flat roofs More expensive than flat and barrel vault skylights – large scale

Can be controlled according to weather conditions - operating 3.1.6. ATRIUM

Fig. 41 Atrium Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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We have two kinds of atrium:  Longlight atrium

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Ridgelight atrium

Fig. 42 Atrium Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

Structure is the same as Longlight (Section 3.1.2.) or Ridgelight (Section 3.1.5.) See structural details in Appendix 3.1.6. + Unlimited dimensions Best illuminative properties Stunning outdoor view Low water and snow retention Can cover large areas

Very expensive– large scale No control of amount of heat

3.1.7. PYRAMID

Fig. 43 Pyramid skylight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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Fig. 44 Revit drawing, Pyramid skylight Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.7. + For all types of roofs Good illuminative properties Outdoor view Low water and snow retention

Limited dimensions No control of amount of heat

3.1.8. POLYGON

Fig. 45 Polygon skylight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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Fig. 46 Revit drawing, Polygon skylight Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.8. + For all types of roofs Good illuminative properties Outdoor view Low water and snow retention

Limited dimensions No control of amount of heat

3.1.9. DOME

Fig. 47 Dome skylight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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Fig. 48 Revit drawing, Dome skylight Component available at: <http://www.arcat.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.9. + For all types of roofs Good illuminative properties Outdoor view Cheaper solution – not big scale

Limited dimensions No control of amount of heat

3.1.10. ROUND

Fig. 49 Round skylight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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Fig. 50 Revit drawing, Round skylight Component available at: <http://www.arcat.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.10. + For all types of roofs Good illuminative properties Outdoor view Cheaper solution – not big scale

Limited dimensions No control of amount of heat

3.1.11. BARELL VAULT

Fig. 51 Barrel vault skylight Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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Fig. 52 Revit drawing, Barrel vault skylight Component available at: <http://www.arcat.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

See structural details in Appendix 3.1.11. + Unlimited width Stunning illuminative properties Outdoor view Prevents water and snow retention Ventilation possibility Beneficial thermal and heat parameters No air resistance Easily washed by rain – easy and cheap maintenance Can cover large areas

Just for flat roofs Large scale – more expensive

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3.2. LIGHT WELLS

Fig. 53 Light well Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

Fig. 54 Photoshop picture, Light well Base available at: <https://mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net/project_modules/disp/1cd46838998005.5606a16606b63.jpg> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

+ Bringing diffuse light into dark space Effective for more floors Offering view outside – upper floor Ventilation Possibility of vegetation growing Aesthetic qualities Size and shape flexibility

Expensive - glass vertical panels Needs proper moisture resistance

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3.3. SOLAR TUBES = Solar tunnel

Fig. 55 Solar tunnel Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

Fig. 56 Photoshop picture, Solar tube Base available at: <http://www.core77.com/posts/16469/Ross-Lovegroves-sun-tunnel-for-Velux> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

+ Bringing diffuse light into dark space Easier to install than skylight

Easier to leak-proof

Not offering view outside Good to add reflector which bounces the light back on the ceiling – multiplying sunshine effect Small dimensions – limited amount of light 45

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Good to add reflector which bounces the light back on the ceiling – multiplying sunshine effect No heat loss

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No ventilation

Effective only for upper floors

3.4. TOP LIT

Fig. 57 Top lit Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

Ponzo illusion The converging light carry an association with increasing distance so subject in different layers seems to have different sizes.

Fig. 58 Tregenza,Wilson, 2011, Ponzo illusion, Daylighting; Architecture and lighting design (VIA Library )

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Fig. 59 Photoshop picture, Top lit Base available at: <http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Skylight_Installation_Procedures.php> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

+ Bringing diffuse even light into dark space Spiritual atmosphere – can be used for churches, exhibition, galleries Can reach huge proportions Aesthetical qualities

Not offering view outside No ventilation Verity self-load-bearing structure of element at larger scales Can affect plan layout – well till floor

3.5. PERFORATION

Fig. 60 Perforation Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 9.9.2016]

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Fig. 61 AFF architekten,2010, School in Berlin (in DETAIL Building Simply Two)

+ Bringing diffuse light Sunlight emphasising the texture Creating façade of building Aesthetical qualities Relatively low cost

Not offering view outside No ventilation

3.6. PROFILED GLASS/TRANSLUCENT PANELS

Fig. 62 Deppich Architekten, Joiner´s work near Freisig (in DETAIL Building Simply Two)

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Fig. 63 Deppich Architekten, Joiner´s work near Freisig (in DETAIL Building Simply Two)

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+ Providing diffuse lighting Flexibility Keeps interior cool Creating faรงade of building Aesthetical qualities Cheaper solution

Not offering view outside No ventilation

3.7. TRANSLUCENT WALL

Fig. 64 Candela,2010, The lightcatcher,Whatcom museum, Washington (Detail in Contemporary Lighting Design)

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Fig. 65 Candela,2010, Section of glass wall (Detail in Contemporary Lighting Design)

+ Providing ambient and exhibit lighting Energy saving light fixture Keeps interior cool Creating façade of building Aesthetical qualities

Not offering view outside No ventilation Expensive – large scale

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3.8. DISPLAY WINDOW

Fig. 66 Herzog and de Meuron, 2003, Prada Aoyama Epicenter (Glass construction manual 2nd revised andexpanded edition)

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Fig. 67 Herzog and de Meuron, 2003, Prada Aoyama Epicenter (Glass construction manual 2nd revised andexpanded edition)

+ Organic appearance Offering view Sunlight emphasising the texture No size limitation Creating façade of the building Aesthetical qualities Earthquake resistant framework

No ventilation Expensive – large scale + concave and convex glass Heat loss

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3.9. GLAZED SHELL STRUCTURE

Fig. 68 Knippers, Helbig, 2008, Close-up of internal view (edition DETAIL Components and Systems, Modular construction, Design structure, New technologies)

Fig. 69 Knippers, Helbig, 2008, View of the building site from crane, top left the palettes of nodes, Westfield, London (edition DETAIL Components and Systems, Modular construction, Design structure, New technologies)

+ Offering view Huge scales possible No shape limitation Aesthetical qualities

Heat loss No ventilation Bringing direct light - glare Expensive – large scale 55

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3.10.

PART CONCLUSION By choosing the right daylight structures for our building we need to consider several factors like types of roof structures, types of load-bearing structures, appropriate scale and size but also and mainly economic and ecological element. Usually the bigger glazing and larger scale the more material we need and the bigger the price is. So we need to establish our budget first. And then we are determining which light we need, for workroom is better diffuse light because it doesn´t create glare and it is more suitable for monitors plus it doesn´t cause the heat loss. This is the question of material used for glazing. We need to choose the gas between glasses and the number of glasses. The more glasses we use the more energy efficient the component will be. And then we can choose the structure which comply our aesthetic requirement. Because as I said before daylight can form and change the interior and create new dimension of how we are feeling in the space.

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4. JUSTIFICATION - Office in Debrecen      

Architects: Archiko Kft Location: Debrecen, Ötmalom utca 5, 4029 Hungary Area: 237.0 m2 Project Year: 2014 Photographs: Tamás Bujnovszky Manufacturers: ESSMANN Hungária Kft., HELLA ÁNR Árnyékolástechnika Kft., HÖRMANN Magyarország, INTERNORM, Sto Corp

All images are used from project article at Archdaily portal; Bujnovszky, 2016, Office in Debrecen / Archiko Kft; available at < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecenarchiko-kft > complemented by notes and marking. Fig. 70 Archiko Kft, 2014, Model Available at: < http://www.archdaily.co m/786089/office-indebrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016]

Fig. 71 Archiko Kft, 2014, Sie plan Available at: < http://www.archdaily.co m/786089/office-indebrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016]

Evaluating the distances from boundary and shape of the building. 57

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Fig. 72 Bujnovszky, 2014, Office in Debrecen Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016]

Fig. 73 Archiko Kft, 2014, Floor plan Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016]

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Defining which rooms needed daylight – kitchen, dining room, workrooms/offices. These rooms are orientated to south which is not so good because south has direct sunlight. That´s why there have openings to east and west and opaque wall on south façade. In case of roof light the orientation doesn´t matter.

Fig. 74 Archiko Kft, 2014, Section Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016]

Suitable combination of daylight structures bringing the daylight into rooms which need it. The sufficient amount of daylight is determining by ratio of room are by glazed area and have to be at least 10%.

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Fig. 75 Bujnovszky, 2014, Office in Debrecen Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016]

This building is example of successful combination of windows and other daylight structure providing day lit rooms. This building creates nice, pleasant and calm environment for undisturbed work with green area which helps to relaxed atmosphere.

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5. CONCLUSION There are several factors involved in designing day lit building and just small part is about openings like windows or other solutions. The proper daylight should be considered from the beginning of design process starting with location and shape of the building which has already certain role in proper daylight in our rooms. Considering surrounding, the green areas around which are diffusing light and creating pleasant visual comfort against road which reflects the direct light is also needed. All possible shadows from other buildings, surrounding and from the building itself has to be eliminated to reach more daylight. According to room activity certain cardinal point is preferred; east and west are suitable for habitable rooms, south causes the heat losses and north prevents glare thanks to mostly diffuse light is preferable for workroom where we need suitable light for screens. Materials and its colours and surfaces are also important; in interior materials should be matte and pale which does not reflect unwanted direct light. Shiny and black materials reflect direct light which can achieve fancy atmosphere when its properties like mirroring are well used. The size of glazing determines the room as day lit by ratio of room area and glazed area. The type of glazing is important; there could be different gas between glasses with different properties. The more layers the glass is composed of the smaller heat loss is created that means more efficient energy consumption. Anyway the daylight is needed to be combined with electrical lighting to cover hours of the day when daylight is not provided and to improve lighting conditions for extra demanding spots like desks in workrooms. It is not always possible to create proper day lit room by using windows sometimes there needs to be used alternative structures which could have also aesthetical reasons. The space is formed by light and according to light the indoor environment is evaluated. There are countless solutions and new ones are still growing. I have created an overview of our possibilities consisting skylights, solar tubes, light wells, different types of panels and glazed facades. But new solution can be innovated by using different material or developing new structural system. According to the Daylight questionnaire the classic windows are still preferred by majority but this can be changed by designing more buildings with new daylight structures to have more examples around, get used to it and discover its advantages. Economy is the main reason why we are usually tend to windows solution. The more glazing is used the more material is needed and more expensive the development is. And cost of the additional daylight is easy to measure, but the value of daylight is hard to grade. It is something too individual. That´s why developers are stuck to minimal requirements so the cost of the flat is minimal too. But why not to get inspired and try to cover also extraordinary and functional solutions into our buildings and not be leaded just by minimal needed requirement s.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 01 NASA, 2007, A diagram of electromagnetic spectrum, Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#/media/File:EM_Spectrum_Pr operties_edit.svg> [Accessed 1.9.2016] Fig. 02 Rainbow, Available at: <http://pngimg.com/upload/rainbow_PNG5584.png> Fig. 03 Hand sketch, Daylight and sunlight division Fig. 04 Hand sketch, Material trasmittance Fig. 05 Hand sketch, Lighting zones Fig. 06 Hand sketch, Luminous intensity Fig. 07 Hand sketch, Solid angle Fig. 08 Hand sketch, Luminance Fig. 09 Hand sketch, Luminance ratios Fig. 10 Hand sketch, Illuminance Fig. 11 Hand sketch, Point source Illuminance Fig. 12 Hand sketch, Plane source Illuminance Fig. 13 Hand sketch, Luminous quantities interaction Fig. 14 Hand sketch, Daylight factor components Fig. 15 Hand sketch, Daylight factor contours Fig. 16 The typical profile of daylight factor through room. SBi, 2013 cited in SBi 2013 p. 14 Fig. 17 AutoCAD drawing, Required distances Fig. 18 AutoCAD drawing, Shapes of buildings and their shading Fig. 19 Photoshop image, Sun path diagram, Diagram available through website <http://images.slideplayer.cz/11/3302495/slides/slide_9.jpg> Fig. 20 Tolu, 2015, Window and glass presentation, Available through student website <https://studienet.via.dk> Fig. 21 AutoCAD drawing, Day lit room calculation Fig. 22 AutoCAD drawing, Effective angles Fig. 23 AutoCAD drawing, Sided lighting Fig. 24 AutoCAD drawing, Top lighting Fig. 25 AutoCAD drawing, Combined lighting Fig. 26 AutoCAD drawing, Balcony shading Fig. 27 AutoCAD drawing, Basement placement of window Fig. 28 AutoCAD drawing, Landscaping Fig. 29 DWG drawing, Self-curbing skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.caddetail.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 30 DWG drawing, Curb mounted skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.caddetail.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 31 Flat skylight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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Fig. 32 Revit drawing, Flat skylight, Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 33 Longlight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 34 Revit drawing, Longlight, Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 35 Wall-mounted longlight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 36 Revit drawing, Wall-mounted longlight, Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 37 Northlight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 38 Revit drawing, Northlight, Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 39 Ridgelight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 40 Revit drawing, Ridgelight, Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 41 Atrium, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 42 Atrium, Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 43 Pyramid skylight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 44 Revit drawing, Pyramid skylight, Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 45 Polygon skylight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 46 Revit drawing, Polygon skylight, Component available at: <http://www.cadforum.cz/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 47 Dome skylight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 48 Revit drawing, Dome skylight, Component available at: <http://www.arcat.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 49 Round skylight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 50 Revit drawing, Round skylight, Component available at: <http://www.arcat.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 51 Barrel vault skylight, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 52 Revit drawing, Barrel vault skylight, Component available at: <http://www.arcat.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 53 Light well, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 54 Photoshop picture, Light well, Base available at: <https://mir-s3-cdncf.behance.net/project_modules/disp/1cd46838998005.5606a16606b63.jpg> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 55 Solar tunnel, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 56 Photoshop picture, Solar tube, Base available at: <http://www.core77.com/posts/16469/Ross-Lovegroves-sun-tunnel-for-Velux> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 57 Top lit, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 8.9.2016] 63

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Fig. 58 Tregenza,Wilson, 2011, Ponzo illusion, Daylighting; Architecture and lighting design (VIA Library ) Fig. 59 Photoshop picture, Top lit, Base available at: <http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Skylight_Installation_Procedures.php> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 60 Perforation, Available at: <https://cz.pinterest.com/> [Accessed 9.9.2016] Fig. 61 AFF architekten,2010, School in Berlin (in DETAIL Building Simply Two) Fig. 62 Deppich Architekten, Joiner´s work near Freisig (in DETAIL Building Simply Two) Fig. 63 Deppich Architekten, Joiner´s work near Freisig (in DETAIL Building Simply Two) Fig. 64 Candela,2010, The lightcatcher,Whatcom museum, Washington (Detail in Contemporary Lighting Design) Fig. 65 Candela,2010, Section of glass wall (Detail in Contemporary Lighting Design) Fig. 66 Herzog and de Meuron, 2003, Prada Aoyama Epicenter (Glass construction manual 2nd revised andexpanded edition) Fig. 67 Herzog and de Meuron, 2003, Prada Aoyama Epicenter (Glass construction manual 2nd revised andexpanded edition) Fig. 68 Knippers, Helbig, 2008, Close-up of internal view (edition DETAIL Components and Systems, Modular construction, Design structure, New technologies) Fig. 69 Knippers, Helbig, 2008, View of the building site from crane, top left the palettes of nodes, Westfield, London (edition DETAIL Components and Systems, Modular construction, Design structure, New technologies) Fig. 70 Archiko Kft, 2014, Model, Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016] Fig. 71 Archiko Kft, 2014, Sie plan, Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016] Fig. 72 Bujnovszky, 2014, Office in Debrecen, Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016] Fig. 73 Archiko Kft, 2014, Floor plan, Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016] Fig. 74 Archiko Kft, 2014, Section, Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016] Fig. 75 Bujnovszky, 2014, Office in Debrecen, Available at: < http://www.archdaily.com/786089/office-in-debrecen-archiko-kft > [Accessed 12.9.2016] Fig. 76 DWG drawing, Skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.cad-detail.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 77 Velux technical handbook, Longlights detail, Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical _handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 78 Velux technical handbook, Wall-mounted longlights detail, Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical _handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016] 64

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Fig. 79 Velux technical handbook, Northlights detail, Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical _handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 80 Velux technical handbook, Ridgelights details, Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical _handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 81 Velux technical handbook, Atrium details, Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical _handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016] Fig. 82 Buy skylight, Pyramid skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 83 Buy skylight, Polygon skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 84 Buy skylight, Dome skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 85 Buy skylight, Round skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016] Fig. 86 Buy skylight, Barrel vault skylight detail, Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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LIST OF REFERENCES Standards:  The Building Regulations 2015 (BR15) 2016, DK: Byggecentrum  European Standard, 2002, EN 12464-1 Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 1: Indoor work places, Brussel: European Committee for Standardization  Danish Standard, 2011, DS/EN 12665 Light and lighting – Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements, Brussel: European Committee for Standardization  Danish building research institute, 2013, SBi 2013: 26 Daylight calculations in practice, Aalborg: Danish Building Research Institute  Danish building research institute, 2013, SBi 213: Energy requirements for buildings, PC-program and calculation guide, Calculation guide, Aalborg: Danish Building Research Institute Books:             

Tregenza, Wilson, 2011, Daylighting; Architecture and lighting design, Oxon: Routledge Baker, Steemers,2002, Daylight design of buildings, London: James and James Littlefair, 2011, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight; A guide to good practice, Watford: HIS BRE Press Entwise, 2011, Detail in contemporary lighting design, London: Laurence King Publishing University textbook CTU, Weiglová, Kaňka, 2014, Stavební fyzika 10, Prague: CTU publishing University textbook CTU, Weiglová / Bedlovičová,Kaňka, 2005, Stavební fyzika 1- Denní osvětlení a oslunění budov, Prague: CTU publishing Marsh, 2011, Arkitektur og energi: mod en 2020-lavenergistrategi, Hørsholm: Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, Aalborg Universitet Marsh, Larsen, Lauring, Christensen, 2006, Arkitektur og energy, Hørsholm: Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, Aalborg Universitet Marsh, Larsen, Lauring, Christensen, 2007, Dagslys, arkitektur og energy, DK: Kontorbelysning Henning Larsen Architects, Hvad med daglys? – designmanual med forslag til helhedsrenovering, DK: Realdania Schittich,Staib, Balkow, Schuler, Sobek, 2007 2nd edition, revised and expanded, Glass Construction Manual, Munich: Redaktion DETAIL Staib, Dorrhofer, Rosenthal, 2008, Components and Systems, Modular construction, Design structure, New technologies, Munich: Redaktion DETAIL 66

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Schittich, 2012, Building Simply Two, Munich: Redaktion DETAIL Entwistle, 2012, Detail in Contemporary Lighting Design, London: Laurence King Publishing PDFs, Articles:  TOLU, 2015, Windows and Glass presentation, Available through student website < https://studienet.via.dk>  Wikipedia, 2016, Daylighting, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting>  Wikipedia, 2016, Daylight, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight>  Wikipedia, 2016, Electromagnetic spectrum, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Electromagnetic_spectrum>  Wikipedia, 2016, Transparency and translucency, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Transparency_and_translucency>  Wikipedia, 2015, Illuminance, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Illuminance >  Wikipedia, 2016, Luminous intensity, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Luminous_intensity >  Wikipedia, 2016, Luminous flux, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Luminous_flux >  Wikipedia, 2016, Solid angle, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Solid_angle>  Wikipedia, 2015, Daylight factor, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Daylight_factor>  Wikipedia, 2015, Occupancy sensor, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Occupancy_sensor>  Wikipedia, 2015, Light-emitting diode, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Light-emitting_diode>  Wikipedia, 2015, Solar lamp, Available through website <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Solar_lamp>  Humboldt State University, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Available through website <http://gsp.humboldt.edu/olm_2015/Courses/GSP_216_Online/lesson12/spectrum.htmlfactor>  Lighting Ever, 2014, Luminous Intensity in Our Daily Life and for Home Use, Available through website < http://blog.lightingever.co.uk/luminousintensity/>  CLEAR (Comfort Low Energy Architecture), Daylight factors, Available through website < http://www.newlearn.info/packages/clear/visual/daylight/analysis/hand/daylight_factor.ht m> 67

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CLEAR (Comfort Low Energy Architecture), Daylighting and Visual Comfort, Available through website < http://www.newlearn.info/packages/clear/interactive/matrix/d/shading/daylight_analysis. html> Architectural Lighting, 2014, The Benefits of Natural Light, Available through website < http://www.archlighting.com/technology/the-benefitsof-natural-light_o> Heathline, 2015, What Are the Benefits of Sunlight?, Available through website < http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/benefitssunlight#Overview1> Windows for high-performance commercial buildings, 2015, Transmittance, Available through website <http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php> Buy skylights, Skylight tutorial, Available through website <http://www.buyskylights.com/tutorial.html> How to series, Installing skylights, Available through website < http://millardlumber.com/HowTo/skylights/skylight.htm> InspectApedia, 2015, Skylight Installation Procedures, Available through website < http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Skylight_Installation_Procedures. php> Velux, Available through website < http://www.velux.co.uk/> Eskade system, Available through website < http://www.eskade.pl/en,index.html> DIY explore, Benefits and drawbacks from home skylights, Available through website < http://www.diyexplore.com/skylight/benefits-anddrawbacks-from-home-skylights> Core77, 2010, Ross Lovegrove's sun tunnel for Velux, Available through website < http://www.core77.com/posts/16469/Ross-Lovegroves-suntunnel-for-Velux> House energy, 2013, Solar tubes vs common glass and plastic skylights, Available through website <http://www.houseenergy.com/Skylights/Tubular.htm>

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LIST OF ENCLOSURES Enclosure 1: VIA University College’s official title sheet - to be included after the front cover. Enclosure 2: Daylight questionnaire – Section 2.3.5. Available at: < https://goo.gl/forms/H8LdEgWswMAbKW2K3>

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APPENDIX 3.1.1. Flat skylight details - Fixed

Operating

Fig. 76 DWG drawing, Skylight detail Available at: <http://www.cad-detail.cz/> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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3.1.2. Longlight details

Fig. 77 Velux technical handbook, Longlights detail Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical_ handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016] 71

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3.1.3. Wall-mounted longlight details

Fig. 78 Velux technical handbook, Wall-mounted longlights detail Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical_ handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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3.1.4. Northlight details

Fig. 79 Velux technical handbook, Northlights detail Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical_ handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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3.1.5. Ridgelight details – Ridge mount details

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Ridge light details

Fig. 80 Velux technical handbook, Ridgelights details Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical_ handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016] 75

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3.1.6. Atrium details – Atrium longlight

Atrium Ridgelight

Fig. 81 Velux technical handbook, Atrium details Available at: <http://www.velux.co.uk/~/media/marketing/uk/vms/velux_modular_skylights_technical_ handbook.pdf> [Accessed 7.9.2016]

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3.1.7. Pyramid skylight details

Fig. 82 Buy skylight, Pyramid skylight detail Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

3.1.8. Polygon skylight details

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Fig. 83 Buy skylight, Polygon skylight detail Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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3.1.9. Dome skylight details

Fig. 84 Buy skylight, Dome skylight detail Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

3.1.10. Round skylight details

Fig. 85 Buy skylight, Round skylight detail Available 3.1.11. at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> Barrel vault skylight details [Accessed 8.9.2016] 79

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Fig. 86 Buy skylight, Barrel vault skylight detail Available at: <http://www.buyskylights.com/index.html> [Accessed 8.9.2016]

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