TOWARDS A TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE RE-INTRODUCING IN MONG
PUBLIC KOK, HONG
MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE
Luke Kam Lung Kong | 4064794 DIA 2017/18 1st Advisor | Prof. Ivan Kucina 2nd Advisor | FAKT: Sebastian Ernst + Jonas Tratz
SPACE KONG
“All architecture has a public nature, I believe, so I would like to make a public space.�
- Tadao Ando
CONTENT 0.0 Abstract
5
1.0 Introduction
7
2.0 What is the situation of Hong Kong ?
15
3.0 What is Public Space?
23
4.0 What is Bamboo Scaffolding?
41
5.0 Site
51
6.0 Keywords, Questions & Collage
71
7.0 Programmatic Diagram
85
8.0 Idea
91
9.0 Design
109
Bibliography
125
3
ABSTRACT
Hong Kong is facing many social issues beyond the image of commercially oriented city. People need public space as buffer zone to release and relieve their negative side but there is no official definition of public space in Hong Kong.
can participate to build their own mix-used temporary public spaces by using simple but fast modular system. It enhances the sense of belongings and helps to understand their neighbours, community and even society more. It is possible that people can feel the true image The aim of this study is to re-introduce the of Hong Kong through the temporary public concept of public space and its usage to Mong space. Kok and Hong Kong by creating temporary public space. To this end, the research question is as follows: How people can re-build the bondings and relationships between the neighbours and even the society through temporary public space? How can temporary public space reappear the true image of Hong Kong? In these contexts, Hong Kong situation, public space situation in Hong Kong, and bamboo scaffolding are important elements to study, decode and transform them into localised temporary public space. The research questions are answered though the collage, programmatic diagram and design. The collage and programmatic diagram represent the summary of the research part. It can be found that Hong Kong not only has no official definition for public space but also most of them are underused with many restrictions. At the meantime, Hong Kong is a city that is not enough space neither for commercial nor nonprofit, private nor public to construct or demolish any building for public space development. Fortunately, bamboo scaffolding is widely use in Hong Kong. It can be used in construction, event or even protest because of its advantages. Therefore, a temporary public space can be introduced to fill the gap between buildings, people and time in form of the temporary structure of bamboo scaffolding. It is not only for recreational but also for mix-used and can be fitted into anywhere and anytime by different performances of bamboo scaffolding and using modular system. On this basis, it is concluded that public space is more than recreational use and has unlimited possibilities for all activities. Moreover, everyone 5
1.0 INTRODUCTION
MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE
More than meets the eye, an idiom, means something is more than there appears to be at first1. There is hidden values or facts regarding something or someone2. The idiom could be understood as subject, objects, and predicate which are the three different components when breaking down this idiom. The subject means people have their hidden meaning, history and culture beyond dialogue. The object means a material thing that can be seen and touched and a thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed. There are hidden facts beyond appearance. Lastly, the predicate means architectural solution which is local application. It can be seen that a hidden pattern or style could be found beyond facade.
Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has been losing collective memories and core values, and many social issues have been happening beyond appearance of high GDP driven city. Moreover, Victoria harbour is one of the most beautiful scene in the world which is surrounded by skyscrapers. The harbour should belongs to all because it is public space which acts as buffer zone to relieve social stress but it lost its identity and power. It has been violently divided by the government and property developers. It can be seen that the value of public space is not important to the government. Therefore, I was interested in re-introducing localised public space which is a good qualify of public space being a medium to create more positive environment.
To myself, the idiom, more than meets the eyes, remind me my hometown, Hong Kong and
GDP Per Capita
5x Hong Kong USD 48.8K
China USD 10.1K
Fig. 1 Comparison of GDP per capita between Hong Kong and China3,4
Hong Kong Median Monthly Income
44x Richest HKD 112.4K
Poorest HKD 2.6K
Fig. 2 Comparison of median monthly income between richest and poorest in Hong Kong5 8
1 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/more%20than%20meets%20the%20eye 2 https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/more+than+meets+the+eye 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China 5 http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2097715/what-hope-poorest-hong-kong-wealth-gap-hits-record-high
1989 - After British Colonized
1950 - After China Civil War
1980 - Economic Take-off
Present
Fig. 3 Development of Victoria Harbour at 1889 to present, 1:50000
Fig. 4 Victoria Harbour Source: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/au/promotions/experience-hongkong/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/Victoria-Harbour9
KEYWORDS, SENTENCES & COLLAGE
Keywords
10
1.
Vertical
Dimension
2.
Architecture
Memory
3.
Harbour
Enjoy
4.
Re-introduce
Public Life
5.
Urban Planning
Connected
6.
Multi-scale
Improvise
7.
Hidden
Release
8.
People
Fun
9.
Public Space
Buffer Zone
10.
Void
Disappear
Sentences 1. Vertical x Dimension - Vertical City is not the only one solution. We can design architecture into different dimensions which may transform historical or cultural architectural ideas and methods into existing situation. 2. Architecture x Memory - Architecture represents the times and culture but we are not able to conserve our history and our collective memories which are gradually lose from our life. 3. Harbour x Enjoy - Harbour which is belonged to all is a place to enjoy freely but not only for commercial activities. 4. Re-introduce x Public Life - Why not re-introduce the public life into different parts of the architecture and the urban planning? 5. Urban Planning x Connected - Different zonings should be connected in a urban planning. The planning should be driven by people and is allowed people to enjoy and live meaningfully instead of only being commercial only. 6. Multi-scale x Improvise - More multi-scale approaches are applied, more possibilities can happen. We do not need to demolish the existing architecture but we can improvise the existing functions and activities by using different scales of spaces. 7. Hidden x Release - Meaningful activities are hidden, which may be illegal, and they should be released from existing regulation. 8. People x Fun - In a space, it is not the only function for people to work, but people can have fun in it. 9. Public Space x Buffer Zone - Public space plays an important role as a buffer zone for relieving from stressful society. 10. Void X Disappear - Void does not mean disappear. Lost does not we cannot find it out and remake it.
11
In order to repair the social rifts and dig out hidden Hong Kong core value, localised public space should be re-introduced as a medium for relieving social stress. Therefore, the study should be broken down into three different components. Firstly, what is the situation of Hong Kong? Secondly, what is public space to Hong Kong? Lastly, what is the local architectural idea and method which could be re-introduced and transformed? Through these components, how people can re-build the bondings and relationships between the neighbours and even the society through these three comments? How can we reappear the true image of Hong Kong?
2.0 WHAT IS THE SITUATION OF HONG KONG?
BACKGROUND OF HONG KONG
Hong Kong is a extreme densely populated city with 7.3 million of people in a land of 1,104 km2, the fourth most densely populated region in the world. Before being a world’s famous financial centre, Hong Kong originally was fishing village and became a colony of the United Kingdom later. After British colonized, Hong Kong became GDP driven city by mainly financial institutions and property developers, which can clearly demonstrate by the property skyline in either side of Victoria Harbour. The city is one of the most important financial centres in the world which posses the highest Financial Development Index score and the world’s most
competitive economy6. However, there is over crowded with no true public space for people, only limited government owned open space with many restrictions where even booking required or privately owned commercialized private space where occupied by whom can pay for their return of investment.
1842 - Fishing Village 2,000 people
1898 - After British Colonized 100,000 people
1950 - After China Civil War 2,200,000 people
Present 7,300,000 people
Fig. 5 Population Growth of Hong Kong at 1842 to present, 1:10000007 16
6 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&oldid=821083823 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong
5.0
Commercial / 428% 4.0
Industrial / 308%
3.0
Transportation / 278%
2.0
Residential / 194% Open Space / 189% Institutional / 164%
1.0 1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Fig. 6 Hong Kong land usage at 1988-2016
8
Commercial 2.1%
Open Space 11.9%
Residential 35.6%
Existing Hong Kong Land Usage
Transportation 26.8%
Institutional 11.9%
Industrial 11.9%
Fig. 7 Proportion of existing Hong Kong land usage8
8 https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/
17
Doubtless, Hong Kong is a relatively rich place, no starvation and no war, but most of Hong Kong people are stilling unhappy, especially after returning Hong Kong to China in 1997. Most of Hong Kong people feel sad and are disappointed on the society because of the quality of life. It can be seen that people in Hong Kong facing many issues, for example, crowded living environment, huge stress and wide wealth gap. Hong Kong’s Wealth gap has widened to a historic high, with the richest household now earning about 44 times5 what the poorest family scrapes together, despite government efforts to alleviate poverty. People fight for smaller and smaller personal space and many social problematic issues occurs. Umbrella revolution demonstrated to the world the stress Hong Kong people are within. They need that public space to compensate, and to stretch, relax, play and interact with our communities.
Hong Kong 15 m2
Besides, Hong Kong government wants to maintain the success of Hong Kong as a shopper’s paradise, and the policies tend to ban many activities because these activities may affect the city beauty and tourists. However, many of these activities are full of collective memories and carried out in the public spaces, for example, hawkers and twilight markets (Hui). The government just grouped these activities into a mix-use building while people have no chance to enjoy and participate these lively activities in the public space.
Germany 55 m2
Australia 89 m2
Fig. 8 International comparison of average floor area per person9
Cage Home 1.1 m2
Share Dormitory 4.6 m2
Subdivided Flat 5.3 m2
Maximum Security 7 m2
Average Floor Area 15 m2
Fig. 9 Comparison of different types of average floor areas per person in Hong Kong5,9,10,11
18
9 http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/how-big-is-a-house 10 https://www.csd.gov.hk/ 11 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2084971/Hong-Kongs-cage-homes-Tens-thousands-living-6ft-2ft-rabbit-hutches.html
Fig. 10 Subdivided flat in Hong Kong Source: http://static3. businessinsidercom/im age/57ebd8a8b0ef97 37018b8b74-2400/rtr 4r1cg.jpg
Fig. 11 Protest Umbrella Revolution, Hong Kong (2014) Source: https:// s3.reutersmedia.net/ resources/r/?m=02&d =20141001&t=2&i=98 0226602&r=LYNXNPE A901Y5&w=1280
Fig. 12 Collective memory - street vendor (Prohibited) Source: https://hexapost. files.wordpress. com/2016/05/854b98 9cb48e4536b3873e9 7 6 2 2 1 4 2 1 2 . jpg?w=1280&h=1271 &crop=1 19
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF OPEN SPACE
Provision Required
Currently, Hong Kong planning standard for open space is 2 m2 per person and now just reached the basic requirement, which is 2.7 m2 per person12. Compared to Singapore, which is also a small and crowded Asian city, Singapore government provides 7.4 m2 of open space per
Required
Provision
2 m2/person
2.7 m2/person
Tokyo
-
5.8 m2/person
Seoul
6 m /person
6.1 m2/person
Hong Kong
Hong Kong 2.7 m2/person
2
Singapore
6.1 m2/person
7.4 m2/person
Shanghai
-
7.6 m2/person
Tokyo 5.8 m2/person
person13. It can be seen the standard of open space in Hong Kong is very low. Open spaces and even public space in Hong Kong are not enough and are just pocket space.
Seoul 6.1 m2/person
Singapore 7.4 m2/person
Shanghai 7.6 m2/person
Fig. 13 International comparison of open space between major Asian cities
Hong Kong 6,700/km2
Tokyo 6,200/km2
Seoul 16,000/km2
Singapore 7,800/km2
Shanghai 2,100/km2
Fig. 14 International comparison of population density between major Asian cities14,15,16,17 20
12 Carine Lai, Unopened Space: Mapping Equitable Availability of Open Space in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Civic Exchange, 2017), 20. 13 Lai, Unopened Space, 29. 14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density 15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo 16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul
OPEN SPACE VS PUBLIC SPACE
In Hong Kong standards and regulations, there open spaces are public spaces, public space is no definition of public space. The concept of can be designed inside, on or outside building public space is interpreted as open space. as part of development19. Refer to Hong Kong Town Planning Board, open space means any land with the minimum of building structure which has been reserved for either passive or active recreation and provides major or minor recreational facilities, which may be of local or district significance, which is for the use and enjoyment of the general public. It includes park and garden, playground/playing field, promenade, pavilion, sitting out area, pedestrian area and bathing beach18 . It can be found that the concept of open space more focuses on “minimum of building structure” and “recreation” which are spatial usage and no more development for conservation and recreation purpose. The concept is different from the concept of public space. Although most of
Open Space
Public Space Road Bridge
Developmet
Open Space Park Garden
Structure Library Freedom
Ouside
Museum
Conservation
Recreation Inside Flexibility Market
Public Space
Fig. 15 Illustration for difference between public space and open space 17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai 18 http://www.info.gov.hk/tpb/en/forms/dot_revised_index_ftoo.html 19 http://www.hkpsi.org/eng/publicspace/concepts/
21
Although Hong Kong is a well-developed city, unfortunately, public space has no offical definition in Hong Kong standards and regulations. Only definition of open space can be found which is different to that of public space. Moreover, these open spaces are underused and pocket spaces only. Open Space ≠Public Space
3.0 WHAT IS PUBLIC SPACE?
WHAT IS PUBLIC SPACE?
Definition of Public Space Public Space
Some of public spaces are symbolic importance as a representative of that district, such as Central Park in New York. People go there to celebrate festivals and participate events. Some of them play an important roles as a buffer zone for people to escape for the stress of the daily life10. People can enjoy the their public life there.
Public Space is a place that free to accessible for all. The term “Public” means these spaces are belongs to all no matter they are young or old, rich or poor, not particular owned by individuals or companies10, for example, roads, bridges, public squares, parks and beaches. It is a social space that people have social interact Privately owned public space (POPS) with neighbours and strangers and is a gathering space for people to meet up with friends20. Privately owned public space is a public space that is open to the public, but owned by a In addition, public space is a place for people private entity, typically a commercial property to enjoy their coexistence and represent developer22. their collectivity and common interest without drowning or disaggregating their diversity21. They are used by all where people have freedom of speech and assembly.
Public Space
Public
Belong to All
Young & Old
Rich & Poor
Space
Accessible to all
Social Space
Use
Gathering Place
Is used by all
Freedom of speech
Symbolic Importance
Act as buffer zone
Freedom of Assembly
Fig. 16 Mindmap for definition of public space
24
20 Hadley Dyer, Watch This Space: Designing, Defending and Sharing Public Spaces. Toronto (Canada: Kids Can Press Ltd, 2010), 10 21 https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=public%20space 22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_owned_public_space
POPS
Pedestrian Road
Road
Garden & Sitting-out Area
Government Building E.g. Library, Museum
Park Bridge Fig. 17 Illustration for definition of public space, 1:400 25
WHY PUBLIC SPACE IS IMPORTANT?
Importance of Public Space
Individual Dimension
URBAN DISTRICT
INDIVIDUAL
Importance of Public Space
26
Fig. 18 Three dimensions of public space importance
Fig. 19 Illustration for extending private space from living environment to public space
Public space is a fundamental element of the city. The importance of public space can be categorised into three dimensions - individual, district and urban which are co-related to each other.
Most of Hong Kong people live in a crowded living environment and public space is a place for everyone to carry out different activities which is not allowed in the private space. Therefore, public space can extend the living space from a congested environment23.
23 http://www.hkpsi.org/eng/publicspace/significance/
District Dimension
Urban Dimension
Fig. 20 Illustration for public life in a public space
Fig. 21 Victoria Harbour at Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade
Public space acts as a medium for people to enjoy public life to be part of the community. Many events and activities carry out in public spaces which promote interweaving between one and others. It, therefore, helps to bond the sense of community, and even sense of recognition and belonging23.
Public space is the key to balance the development in cultural, environmental and economical aspects. Public space acts an exhibition to display artworks and promote cultural exchange when street performances take place in different pedestrian zones to enhance the cultural value of a city. Public space is also a important medium to express opinions. Moreover, public space plays the role of environment aspect. It acts as a buffer zone for the densely populated city to provide a space for enjoying natural environment. Also, the greenery in the public spaces acts as urban lung to purify the air. Lastly, public space plays an important part of tourism industry, such as, Sydney Opera House. It serves as a magnet to attract people to visit and carry out different activities which helps local business opportunities23.
27
TYPOLOGY OF PUBLIC SPACE IN HONG KONG
Transdisciplinary Typology of Public Space in Hong Kong Scale Grey Space Grey /Green Space Green Space Green space Green Space represents “a subset of open space, consisting of any vegetated land or structure, water, or geological feature within urban areas24. Grey Space Grey Space refers to more civic-oriented spaces such as“urban squares, market places and other paved or hard landscaped areas24.
Urban
District
Transport Facility
Airport
Cargo Pier, Harbour, Pier
Institution
Museum Library
Library
Commercial
Food Court, Hawker Street, Wet MarketBuilding, Wet Market-Street
Street
Pedestrian Zone, Pedestrian Road, Bridge
Plaza
POPS, Square
Recreation Space Form
Beach, Performance Venue, Sport Centre, Stadium, Waterfront
Incidental Space Incidental space means as any green or grey space located on the margins of other spaces or buildings that is either ignored or not intended for a specific use other than safety, visual amenity, or physical functional classification24.
Food Production
Alley
Barbecue Site, Basketball Court, Holiday Camp, Open Air Theatre, Performance Venue, Playground, Safety Town, Soccer Pitch, Sport Centre, Sport Ground, Swimming Pool, Waterfront
Incidental Space Park and Garden
Building
Back Lane, Void Deck Park, Zoo
Garden & Sittingout Area, Lookout, Park, Pet Garden, Podium Garden, POPS Community Garden
Table 1 Transdisciplinary Typology of Public Space in Hong Kong
28
24 Benjamin W. Stanley, ed., Urban Open Spaces in Historical Perspective: A Transdisciplinary Typology and Analysis (ResearchGate, 2012)
Urban
District
Fig. 22 Hong Kong Space Museum
Fig. 23 Hong Kong Central Public Library
Fig. 24 Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade
Fig. 25 Basketball Court
Fig. 26 Park
Fig. 27 Garden & Sitting-out Area
Grey Space
Grey / Green Space
Green Space
29
However there are many Rules, Rules & Rules
Fig. 28 Rules in Park
Open Space / Public Space in HK = Prison
It can be seen that Hong Kong has different typology of public space based on the definition of public space. However, the quality of these public spaces are questionable. This is explain why Hong Kong people do not spend their time in the open space or public space but it can be found people prefer to gather in the shopping malls. It seems shopping malls in Hong Kong become kind of public space but are these shopping mall public space? Shopping Mall = Public Space ?
PUBLIC SPACE VS PRIVATE SPACE
Public-private Partnership (3P)
The coming question is who may enter it? A public space is freely accessible to all no matter A public–private partnership is a cooperative local or outsider. However, some are owned by arrangement between two or more public and government but not open for public because private sectors, typically of a long-term nature25. they may be high-sensitive facilities, such as military bass. Private Space Sometimes private space may be practically Private Space is often governed by the law- “public”, such as shopping malls which are open spaces which are owned by particular groups or for public. These places look like public spaces individuals but not the community, and are meant where people can meet them, gather them for private use where entry of certain people can and sit them. They seems have many similar theoretically be restricted by their owners19. characteristic to the public space but they have different requirements governed by the private In order to distinction between public space and owners, for example, forbidden beggar from private space, there are two questions. The first entering. Not any group of people can freely question is who owns it? Public space is usually enter the places. owned and managed by the government and belongs to people. However, some of them are Although these shopping malls have similar owned by private individuals or groups, or non- characteristics of public space, they are not profit organisations while they are required to public space. They are owned by property open for all because of public-private partnership developers and has a huge of restrictions which (3P) between the government and private sector. prohibits different group of people, so it is These public spaces are called privately owned important to find the value of public space and public space (POPS). how to make a good public space.
Fig. 29 Example of POPS - Busking in Time Square, Hong Kong Source: https://i.ytimg.com/ vi/ZwjMlLIEXWg/ maxresdefault.jpg 32
25 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public–private_partnership
Fig. 30 Flowchart for distinction between public space and private space
Fig. 31 Flowchart for distinction of shopping mall out of public space
33
Public space is definitely important to people but the existing planned one is not good. Does another kind of public space exist in Hong Kong? Fortunately, Hong Kong has evolved public spaces which are hidden in the history and daily life.
PLANNED VS NATURALLY EVOLVED
Public spaces are formed by two different mechanisms which are planned and evolved naturally. The evolved one is developed spontaneously by repeating using in a specific function or by constantly gathering because of an attraction. It causes the place becomes a place that people using for meeting, relaxing, protesting or trading26, such as dawn market in Hong Kong.
Planned public spaces are similar functions to the unplanned one. They may be designed and planned by the urban planners, architects and government. Most of them are taken account of merging to the different uses which may be residential or commercial. This results in the planned usually surrounded by buildings, such as parks.
Fig. 32 Dawn Market Source: http://www. publicspace.org/app/webroot/files/bucharest.JPG
Fig. 33 Hawker Stall Source: http:// img.mp.itc.cn/upload/20170222/ fc5fe90c0d304e1b9e9156170c246ad4_th.jpg
Fig. 34 Street Vendor Source: https://cdn. thestandnews.com/media/photos/cache/ha1_ ftnhI_1200x0.png
Fig. 35 Chinese Opera in bamboo theatre Source: http://www.master-insight.com/sites/default/files/img/ N2.jpg
26 Stephen Francis Carr, ed., Public Space: Environment and Behaviour (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 51-52.
35
WHAT IF THERE IS NO RULE?
Natural evolved public space in Umbrella Revolution
36
Fig. 36 Illustration for normal use on Harcourt Road, 1:300
Fig. 37 Illustration for occupied and informal uses on Harcourt Road, 1:300
37
There is unlimited possibilities of uses of public space in the case of the Umbrella Revolution
Fig. 38 Activities happened during Umbrella Revolution
It can seen that what if there is no more ridiculous rule governed by the government, and uses of public space can be controlled by people themselves, activities were introduced which are spontaneously developed and fitted their needs whatever physical or psychological.
Unfortunately, mainly spaces are commercial and residential uses in Hong Kong. It is hard to find any space neither public or private space. Therefore, it is important to find a way to reintroduce temporary public space which also can represent Hong Kong. How about “Bamboo Scaffolding�?
4.0 WHAT IS BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING?
WHAT IS BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING?
Bamboo scaffolding is one type of scaffolding using bamboo. Many famous Chinese architecture, such as The Great Wall of China was built using bamboo scaffolding. It is a temporary structure to support people and materials when constructing or renovating architecture27. In the 19the century, bamboo scaffolding was first introduced into the building industry in Hong Kong. Instead of the steel or aluminium structures used as scaffolding in Europe and the Western Hemisphere, the majority of houses, multi-story buildings and skyscrapers built in Hong Kong used scaffolding systems constructed out of bamboo. Bamboo scaffolding also is popular for short-term construction project as temporary structure in Hong Kong, such as Chinese opera theatre27. To create the structures, the high strength, lightweight material is strapped together with
plastic ties, nylon by construction crews, who also use the structure as a ladder for scaling the building. Crews are able to construct up to 100m2 of bamboo scaffolding in just one day. To protect the structure, nylon gauze is sometimes draped along the outside28.
Fig. 39 Bamboo scaffolding used in traditional Chinese architecture Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Qingming_ Festival_Detail_2.jpg
100% Use in Hong Kong / 95% 80%
60%
Use in China / 0%
40%
20%
0% 1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Fig. 40 Comparison of bamboo scaffolding use between Hong Kong and China at 1988-Present
42
27 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding#Bamboo_scaffolding 28 https://www.archdaily.com/793364/watch-how-bamboo-scaffolding-was-used-to-build-hong-kongs-skyscrapers
Nylon Plastic Tie
Detail of Tie, 1:20 Fig. 41 Illustration for use of bamboo scaffolding in Hong Kong, 1:75
43
WHERE DOES BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING USE?
Building Construction
Fig. 42 New development under construction Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/2/26/BambooConstructionHongKong.jpg
Renovation - Attached
Fig. 44 Attached on a unit Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/HK_ HangingBambooScaffolding.JPG
44
Renovation - Cantilever
Fig. 43 Cantilevered from the facade Source: https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/ HK_SignBambooScaffolding_Mongkok.JPG
Booth
Fig. 45 Booth in Lunar New Year Eve Fair Source: https://scontent-frx5-1.cdninstagram.com/ vp/3686411e582e43c66209d5fbfaea39cc/5B32C E97/t51.2885-15/e35/27879568_2091178229765 67_2291426191275458560_n.jpg
Chinese Opera Theatre
Chinese Opera Theatre
Fig. 46 Construction for Chinese festival Source: https://2.bp.blogspot.com/7sRx4F3ufeMWWDkTNKETSI/AAAAAAAAHqQ/ pOLHEoUUVP48PoRva46Kvb0XYaW3mNIy QCLcBGAs/s1600/2015-09-13_%25E7 %25AB%25B9%25E6%25A3%259A%2B11.58.02.jpg
Fig. 47 Chinese opera happening in the bamboo scaffolding Source: http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/ lifestyle/20160308/photo/0308-00480-003b2.jpg
Flower Plaque
Special Structure Bun Tower for Bun Festival
Fig. 48 Flower Plaque used as announcement Source: https://webmedia.westkowloon.hk/media/ w1400h1400/smithsonian1.jpg
Fig. 49 Bun Tower built for Bun Festival Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xck51uZQg1s/VVjiOHfarGI/ AAAAAAAASQk/zOAeOcfnCpE/s640/DSC08190.JPG 45
WHY BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING IS A GOOD LOCAL ARCHITECTONIC AND STRATEGY?
Flexibility
Bamboo is easy to cut, blend and tailor-made to fit any structure. Bamboo scaffolding can also be constructed any part of the building regardless stretching a few floors or cantilevering from the facade29.
Cost Effectiveness
A typical piece of bamboo is only about 6% the cost of a similar length of steel scaffolding. This is why bamboo scaffolding is widely used in Hong Kong29.
Speediness
Bamboo is a light-weight material which is easy to manually manipulate, and the construction of bamboo scaffolding requires relatively low technology. Therefore, bamboo scaffolding can be constructed and dismantled much quicker compared to other type of scaffolding29. Compared to steel scaffolding Construction : 6X Dismantlement :12X
46
29 Aiyin Jiang, An Sustainable Scaffolding Alternative_Bamboo Scaffolding. University of Cincinnati
HOW DOES BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING IS TRANSFORMED? Precedents
Event Space
Outdoor Bar
Fig. 50 Umbrella Revolution, 2014 Source: https:// Fig. 51 Umbrella Revolution, 2014 Source: http:// images.adsttc.com/media/images/5837/dbf3/e58e/ hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/lifestyle/20160429/photo/ ce93/1c00/0093/slideshow/ZCBBambooPavilion_03. bkn-20160429155606442-0429_00982_001_01b. jpg?1480055783 jpg?20160429161056
Installation
Fig. 52 Umbrella Revolution, 2014 Source: http:// hkteatime.com.hk/ckfinder/userfiles/images/生活/169「 搭棚」搭出聖誕樹%20%20%2022米高竹棚聖誕樹現文化 中心/搭棚」搭出聖誕樹.JPG
Protest - Road Block
Fig. 53 Umbrella Revolution, 2014 Source: https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/ Umbrella_Revolution_Admiralty_Site_Construct_ Bamboo_20141013.jpg
47
Bamboo scaffolding can be found and seen everywhere in Hong Kong. It is considered as flexible without being old-fashioned, economical without being impracticable and time-saving without being insecure. It can be said that bamboo Scaffolding absolutely represent the spirit of Hong Kong, malleable, efficient and fast.
Bamboo Scaffolding = Cultural Iconic of Hong Kong
What if we make use of local architectural concepts of evolved public space and local architectonics of bamboo scaffolding to reintroduce localized public space? Moreover, these public spaces are designed as temporary performance to fill the gap of space, people, time, Mong Kok and even Hong Kong.
5.0 SITE
BACKGROUND OF MONG KOK
Mong Kok is an area in the Yau Tsim Mong District, on the western part of Kowloon in Hong Kong. It is one of the major shopping areas and is characterized by a mixture of old and new multistory buildings consisting of shops, restaurants, commercial, entertaining and residential units. Most of shops and restaurants are at the street level and commercial and residential units are
above. It can be seen that almost all buildings are mixed with commercial and residential use. With its extremely high population density of 130,000 km2, it is recognised as the busiest district in the world by the Guinness World Records30.
Fig. 54 Aerial View of Mong Kok Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Mong_Kok_ Pano_201504.jpg
Fig. 55 Street View of Mong Kok Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Sai_Yeung_ Choi_Street_South_2008_Night.jpg 52
30 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Kok
Fig. 56 Map of Mong Kok Source: Apple Maps
MOST DENSE
World
55
People / km2 31
130,000
People / km2 30 (Guinness World Records)
World 55/km2
Mong Kok Causeway Bay Tsim Sha Tsui Kowloon Tong Discovery Bay 17,106/km2 130,000/m2 48,602/km2 10,418/km2 2,523/km2
Fig. 57 Population density comparison between the world and districts in Hong Kong
54
31 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density
MULTI-LAYERING
Mixed-use Commercial Residential Infrastructural Educational Recreational
Fig. 58 Land uses, 1:10000
55
CARNIVAL OF STREET LIFE
1
2
3
6
56
Fig. 59 Street life, 1:10000
4
5
1
Fig. 60 Flower Market Road Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ Flower_Market_Road_201504.jpg/1599px-Flower_ Market_Road_201504.jpg
3
Fig. 62 Sai Yeung Choi Street South (Pedestrian Zone) Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BUSY_Mong_Kok. jpg/1600px-BUSY_Mong_Kok.jpgStreet_201405.jpg
5
Fig. 64 Sneakers Street Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ Fa_Yuen_Street_201405.jpg/1920px-Fa_Yuen_ Street_201405.jpg
2
Fig. 61 Goldfish Street Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Mk_ goldfishstreet.jpg
4
Fig. 63 Ladies’ Market Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Kowloon_ Tung_Choi_Street.jpg
6
Fig. 65 Portland Street (A red-light district) Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/2/27/HK_Portland_Street_Night.jpg
57
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
High End
New
Fig. 66 Langham Place Source: Fig. 67 Office buildings in Mong Kok Source: https://upload.wikimedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Langham_ org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/HK_ PlaceEnterance2007.jpg Mong Kok_Argyle_Street_Langham_ Place_Hotel_n_Langham_Place_ Office_Tower_blue_sky.JPG
v
Low End
58
Old
Calm
Fig. 68 Maid occupied bridfe in holidays Source: https://i.redd. it/9zb9ni9kfvkx.jpg
s
Violence
Fig. 69 Ladies’ Street Source: http:// Fig. 70 Tenement Building in Mong Fig. 71 Umbrella Revolution www.guideguide.hk/wp-content/ Kok Source: http://1.bp.blogspot. Source: https://grassmediaction. uploads/2016/01/R0040161.jpg com/-L5ZGOPRACuk/UvS6TxduReI/ files.wordpress.com/2014/09/ AAAAAAABAzs/OFt_tQ94miA/ img_20140929_183124.jpg s1600/Shanghai+Street_600626+Shanghai+Street.JPG
VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES
Fig. 72 Air pollution Source: http:// static.panoramio. c o m / p h o t o s / large/97991992.jpg
Shopping
Fig. 73 Light pollution Source: https://i0.wp. com/csrbegood. com/wp-content/ uploads/2017/01/ hk-light-pollutionMong Kok. jpg?fit=1200%2C801
Performance
Fig. 74 Noise pollution Source: http:// www.ejinsight.com/w p-content/uploads/20 17/10/1679024_3c5e 5d62a12a165328a20 1517fd2e41a.jpg
Protest 59
OPEN SPACE COMPARISON OF DISTRICTS IN HONG KONG
Mong Kok, which is one of the major district in Hong Kong, just has 0.6 m2 of open space per person with the most extremely densely population in the world32. Compared to current planning standard, the situation of the district is far too low. Because of lack of public space, this is why the quality of public space is important.
Hong Kong 2.7 m2
Hong Kong
2.7 m2
Mongkok
0.6 m2
Causeway Bay
1.0 m2
Tsim Sha Tsui
5.9 m2
Kowloon Tong
7.7 m2
Discovery Bay
16.5 m2
Mong Kok 0.6 m2
Causeway Bay Tsim Sha Tsui Kowloon Tong Discovery Bay 5.9 m2 1.0 m2 7.7 m2 16.5 m2 Fig. 75 Comparison of districts in Hong Kong
60
32 Lai, Unopened Space, 44
TYPOLOGY OF PUBLIC SPACE IN MONG KOK
Scale Urban
District
Building
Grey /Green Space
Transport Facility Institution
Library
Commercial
Food Court, Hawker Street, Wet MarketBuilding, Wet Market-Street
Street
Pedestrian Zone, Pedestrian Road, Bridge
Plaza
POPS, Square
Form Recreation Space
Sport Centre, Stadium
Park and Garden
Green Space Green space
Alley
Back Lane Garden & Sittingout Area, Park
Food Production Table 2 Transdisciplinary Typology of Public Space in Mong Kok
Green Space represents “a subset of open space, consisting of any vegetated land or structure, water, or geological feature within urban areas24. Grey Space
Basketball Court, Open Air Theatre, Playground, Soccer Pitch, Sport Centre
Incidental Space
Grey Space
Grey Space refers to more civic-oriented spaces such as“urban squares, market places and other paved or hard landscaped areas24. Incidental Space Incidental space means as any green or grey space located on the margins of other spaces or buildings that is either ignored or not intended for a specific use other than safety, visual amenity, or physical functional classification24.
61
PUBLIC SPACE = TINY SPACE / LEFT OVER SPACE
62
Fig. 76 Recreational uses, 1:10000
Fig. 77 Hamilton Street Rest Garden Source: https://artsalison. files.wordpress. com/2016/05/ img_1766.jpg
Fig. 78 Sitting-Out Area Source: https:// upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/d/ d 9 / H K _ M o n g _ Ko k _ Nullah_Road_SittingO u t _ A re a _ e v e n i n g _ Sept-2012.JPG
Fig. 79 Thistle Street Rest Garden Source: https://routes-photos. s3.amazonaws. com/6225-vertice99c12620-fd88-11e58a86-b73bca0cd6e6. jpg 63
It can been seen that most of public spaces in Mong Kok are tiny spaces or are less used.
?
Fig. 80 Illustration for existing situation of public space using in Mong Kok
64
More seriously, though someone uses the public spaces, no one uses the middle parts of these spaces in the most of the time.
What if we make use of these left over spaces?
65
PROPOSED TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE MacPherson Playground
Site Data Gross Floor Area :
7,147m2
Usage :
Open Space
Facilities:
Football Court, Basketball Court, Park
Fig. 81 Key Plan, 1:30000
Fig. 82 Footbttball Court in MacPherson Playground
66
Fig. 83 Basketball Court in MacPherson Playground
Fig. 84 Axonometric view, 1:1200
67
EXISTING USAGE IN MACPHERSON PLAYGROUND
Football / Basketball League 5 months
Existing
Normal Use 7 months Fig. 85 Existing usage in MacPherson Playground
68
PROPOSED PROGRAMME FOR TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE
Constructing Temporary Public Space 1 month
Football / Basketball League 5 months
Using Temporary Public Space 3 months
Proposed
Normal Use 3 months
Fig. 86 Proposed programme for temporary public space in MacPherson Playground
69
How to crossover public space, bamboo scaffolding and site - Mong Kok?
70
6.0 APPLICATION
KEYWORDS, QUESTIONS & COLLAGE
Keywords
72
1.
Platform
Social
2.
Balance
Strengthen
3.
Public
Private
4.
Planned
Naturally Evolved
5.
Right
Gathering
6.
Comfortable
Attractive
7.
Flexible
Lively
Questions 1. Platform x Social - How to find the vitality in the public space? 2. Balance x Strengthen - What elements can make public space reappear? 3. Public x Private - How ambiguity can interweave the boundaries of different uses? 4. Planned x Naturally Evolved - How to interact between people and community in the public space? 5. Right x Gathering - What can we do in the public space? 6. Comfortable x Attractive - How to re-form public space in a congested city? 7. Flexible x Lively - What elements make people feel good in a temporary structure?
73
PLATFORM X SOCIAL
How to find the vitality in the public space?
Well linked public spaces or nodes
Versatile public life through varied typologies of bamboo scaffolding
Create a series of public space system
Invite all
74
Active throughout day and year
BALANCE X STRENGTHEN
What elements can make public space reappear?
(Top Left) Fig. 87 Goldfish Street Source: https://youimg1.cctrip.com/target/fd/tg/ g3/M03/04/F1/CggYG 1W_mN6AXYQsAAGps hIEGNE309.jpg
Re-form Local Identity
(Top Right) Fig. 88 Flower Market Source: http://1.bp.blogspot. com/-4sf8W1R3PxM/ TxV0HxwzRNI/ AAAAAAAACRg/3Pdyt ZmxQo/s1600/ flmart+2+orange.JPG
Re-organize Public Life of Mong Kok
(Bottom Left) Fig. 89 Pedestrian Zone Source: http:// the-sun.on.cc/cnt/ news/20131122/ photo/1122-00407010b3.jpg
Characterize District
Build up personality and identity
Create Social Dynamics
(Bottom Right) Fig. 90 Sneakers Street Source: http://1. bp.blogspot.com/g8Qhz_0ycik/ U2ssxMzutgI/ AAAAAAAAP8w/uQA1fjwqmo/s1600/ P1090577.JPG
Cultural Specificities
75
PUBLIC X PRIVATE
How ambiguity can interweave the boundaries of different uses?
Profit
Temporary Transformation
Non-profit
+
Building Level
Room Level Different Scale
76
Human Level
PLANNED X NATURALLY EVOLVED
How to Interact between people and community in the public space?
Find out activities happening in Mong Kok
Bar & Cafe
Stage
Diversity of Use
Re-organize Street Vendor (Prohibited)
Hawker Stalls (Existing)
Find out possibilities of localized public space
77
RIGHT X GATHERING
What can we do in the public space?
Many
Resting & Relaxing
Communicating
Gathering
Waiting
Bar & Cafe
Active Facade
Trading Hawker
One
Festival (Seasonal) Stage
78
Performance (Daily)
Protest
COMFORTABLE X ATTRACTIVE
How to re-form public space in a congested city?
SOLID
Enclosed
Attached
Extended
VOID
Self-support
79
FLEXIBLE X LIVELY
What elements make people feel good in a temporary structure?
Upgrade
+
+ +
Shelter
Street Furniture
Greenery
80
Public Space x Mong Kok x Bamboo Scaffolding ↓
↓
↓
Localized Public Space
7.0 PROGRAMMATIC DIAGRAM
PROPOSAL
PROFIT
Entertainment Promotion
Service Promotion
Photography Service
NONPROFIT
Government / NGO Promotion
Street Performance
Political
Resting & Relaxing
Sitting
Reading
Eating
Waiting
Communicating
Human
Trading
Activity Leisure Walk
OTHER
Shelter
Stage
Booth
Signage
Street Furniture
Negative Space
Enclosed
Attached
Extended
Material Attribute
Immaterial Performance
86
Self-support
OVERALL
Fig. 91 Programmatic Diagram - Overall
87
PROFIT ACTIVITY
Fig. 92 Programmatic Diagram - Profit Activity
88
NON-PROFIT ACTIVITY
Fig. 93 Programmatic Diagram - Non-profit Activity
89
OTHER ACTIVITY
Fig. 94 Programmatic Diagram - Other Activity
90
8.0 IDEA
SPATIAL SIZE OF ACTIVITY
Human Level
Room Level
Building Level
Shelter
Service Promotion, Trading Resting & Relaxing, Sitting, Reading, Eating, Waiting, Communicating
Photography Service, Trading Political Resting & Relaxing, Sitting, Reading, Eating, Waiting, Communicating
Political
Stage
Street Performance
Entertainment Promotion Government / NGO Promotion, Street Performance, Political
Entertainment Promotion Government / NGO Promotion, Political
Booth
Service Promotion, Photography Service, Trading Government / NGO Promotion, Street Performance, Political Reading
Entertainment Promotion, Photography Service, Trading Government / NGO Promotion, Street Performance, Political Reading
Political
Service Promotion, Trading Government / NGO Promotion, Political
Entertainment Promotion, Trading Government / NGO Promotion, Political
Entertainment Promotion, Government / NGO Promotion, Political
Street Furniture
Street Performance Resting & Relaxing, Sitting, Reading, Eating, Communicating
Street Performance Sitting, Reading, Eating, Communicating
Negative Space
Service Promotion, Photography Service Government / NGO Promotion Resting & Relaxing, Leisure Walk, Waiting, Communicating
Entertainment Promotion, Photography Service Government / NGO Promotion, Street Performance, Political Resting & Relaxing, Leisure Walk, Waiting, Communicating
Signage
92
Entertainment Promotion Government / NGO Promotion, Political
Table 3 Activity in different spatial size of bamboo scaffolding
Fig. 95 Spatial size of different activities
93
POSSIBILITY OF SPATIAL SIZE
Public Building Level Social Room Level Personal Human Level
Fig. 96 Social distance in different scale
Size : Height : Level: 94
Human Level
Room Level
Building Level
0.8m 3m 1
5.8m 9m 3
23.0m2 18m 5
2
2
Fig. 97 Spatial size of square form
Size : Height : Level:
4.8m2 9m 3
19.2m2 18m 5
Size : Height : Level:
2.9m2 9m 3
11.5m2 18m 5
15.4m2 18m 5
0.6m2 3m 1
Fig. 98 Spatial size of other forms
4.5m2 9m 3
18.1m2 18m 5
95
ADJACENCY MATRIX OF ACTIVITY
Direct Relationship Indirect Relationship
Entertainment Promotion Service Promotion Photography Service Trading Government / NGO Promotion Street Performance Political Resting & Relaxing Sitting Reading Leisure Walk Eating Waiting Communicating Table 4 Adjacency matrix of relationship between different activities
96
CONCEPT OF SPATIAL CONNECTION
Fig. 99 Concept of spatial connection for different activities types of activities
Fig. 100 Concept of spatial connection for different activities types of activities in tower 97
ORIGIN OF SPATIAL CONNECTION
Possibility 1
Possibility 2 Fig. 101 Concept of spatial connection for different activities
98
POSSIBILITY OF SPATIAL CONNECTION
Fig. 102 Possibility of spatial connection for different activities
99
Entrance Entrance
Entrance
Entrance
100
Fig. 103 Spatial digram, 1:800
Entrance Entrance
Entrance
Entrance
Fig. 103a Spatial digram, 1:800
101
ARCHITECTONIC OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING
Shelter Enclosed
Stage
Attached
Booth
Extended Signage
Self-supported 102
Fig. 104 Possibilities of bamboo scaffolding
Street Furniture Fig. 105 Manipulation of bamboo scaffolding
Cover
Signage
Wall
Table
Seat
Staircase
Floor
Column Fig. 106 Composition of bamboo scaffolding manipulation
103
PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING Modular system
Size of Modules
Fig. 107 Different sizes of bamboo scaffolding modules
Joint
Tie in X & Y Axis 104
Tie in Z Axis
Combine
Fig. 108 Joints of bamboo scaffolding modules
PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING Formation
Seat
Platform
Table
Bookshelf
Column
Cover
Staircase
Signage
Wall
Fig. 109 Possible formation of bamboo scaffolding modules
105
POSSIBILITY OF ARCHITECTONIC OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING Profit Activity
Entertainment Promotion / Room Level Building Level
Service Promotion / Human Level
Shelter
Stage
Attached / Mid Extended / Mid Self-support / Mid
Booth
Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Self-support / Mid
Attached Self-support
Self-support
Signage
Photography Service / Human Level Room Level
Trading / Human Level Room Level
Attached / Mid
Enclosed / Mid Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Street Furniture
Table 5 Profit Activity vs Architectonic of Bamboo Scaffolding 106
Attached Self-support
POSSIBILITY OF ARCHITECTONIC OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING Non-profit Activity
Government / NGO Promotion / Human Level Room Level Building Level
Street Performance / Human Level Room Level
Shelter
Political / Human Level Room Level Building Level
Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Stage
Attached / Mid Extended / Mid Self-support / Mid
Enclosed / Low Attached / Low Self-support / Low
Attached / Mid Extended / Mid Self-support / Mid
Booth
Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Enclosed / Mid Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Signage
Street Furniture
Attached Self-support
Attached Self-support
Enclosed Attached Self-support
Attached Extended Self-support
Table 6 Non-profit Activity vs Architectonic of Bamboo Scaffolding 107
POSSIBILITY OF ARCHITECTONIC OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING Other Activity
Shelter
Resting & Relaxing / Human Level Room Level
Sitting / Human Level Room Level
Reading / Human Level Room Level
Enclosed / Mid Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Enclosed / Mid Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Enclosed / High Attached / High Self-support / High
Stage
Booth
Attached / High Self-support / High
Signage
Street Furniture
Attached Extended Self-support
Attached Extended Self-support
Attached Extended Self-support
Table 7 Other Activity vs Architectonic of Bamboo Scaffolding 108
Leisure Walk
POSSIBILITY OF ARCHITECTONIC OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING Other Activity
Shelter
Eating / Human Level Room Level
Waiting / Human Level Room Level
Communicating / Human Level Room Level
Enclosed / Mid Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Enclosed / Low Attached / Low Self-support / Low
Enclosed / Mid Attached / Mid Self-support / Mid
Stage
Booth
Signage
Street Furniture
Attached Extended Self-support
Attached Extended Self-support
Table 7 Other Activity vs Architectonic of Bamboo Scaffolding 109
9.0 DESIGN
112
Fig. 110 Axonometric View, 1:1200
Fig. 110a Axonometric View, 1:1200
113
ACTIVITY IN TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE
Square
114
Fig. 111 Demonstration of protest, 1:75
ACTIVITY IN TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE Trapezoid
Fig. 112 Demonstration of idol performance, 1:75
115
ACTIVITY IN TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE
T-shaped
116
Fig. 113 Demonstration of promotion, 1:75
ACTIVITY IN TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE Rectangle
Fig. 114 Demonstration of reading, 1:75
117
ACTIVITY IN TEMPORARY PUBLIC SPACE
Circle
118
Fig. 115 Demonstration of street performance, 1:75
Fig. 116 Perspective - Group of towers
119
120
Fig. 117 Close up perspective - Negative space in between towers
Fig. 118 Close up perspective - Circulation between towers
121
Fig. 119 Close up perspective - Ground Floor
122
Fig. 120 Close up perspective - Top
Bamboo Scaffolding As Mix-used Public Space
123
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Building Department. Guidelines on the Design “Significance of Public Space.” Hong Kong and Construction of Bamboo Scaffolds. Hong Public Space Initiative. http://www.hkpsi.org/ Kong: Building Department, 2016. eng/publicspace/significance/. (accessed November 6, 2017) Carr, Stephen Francis, ed. Public Space: Environment and Behaviour. Cambridge, United So, Yu Shing. Scaffolding Systems in Hong Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Kong - Current Practice and Development of MBMSS. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Lo, K.M. Claire. A Critical Study of the Public Kong, 2009. Space in Hong Kong. Hong Kong, 2013 Stanley, Benjamin, ed. Urban Open Spaces Dyer, Hadley. Watch This Space: Designing, in Historical Perspective: A Transdisciplinary Defending and Sharing Public Spaces. Toronto, Typology and Analysis. ResearchGate, 2012. Canada: Kids Can Press Ltd, 2010. “The Concepts of Public Space.” Hong Kong Gehl, Jan. Life Between Buildings: Using Public Public Space Initiative. http://www.hkpsi. Space. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 2011. org/eng/publicspace/concepts/. (accessed November 6, 2017) “Ideal Public Space.” Hong Kong Public Space Initiative. http://www.hkpsi.org/eng/publicspace/ Wikipedia contributors, ideal/. (accessed November 6, 2017) “Scaffolding,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/ Jiang, Aiyin. An Sustainable Scaffolding index.php?title=Scaffolding&oldid=836126947 Alternative_Bamboo Scaffolding. University of (accessed April 13, 2018). Cincinnati. Wikipedia contributors, “Public space,” Labour Department. Code of Practice for Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https:// Bamboo Scaffolding Safety. Hong Kong: Labour en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_ Department, 2017. space&oldid=815766651 (accessed November 13, 2017). Lai, Carine. Unopened Space: Mapping Equitable Availability of Open Space in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Civic Exchange, 2017. Luk, W.L.. Privately Owned Public Space in Hong Kong and New York: The Urban and Spatial Influence of the Policy. Amsterdam, 2009. Pacheco, Priscila. “Public Spaces: 10 Principles for Connecting People and the Streets” TheCityFix. http://thecityfix.com/blog/publicspaces-10-principles-for-connecting-peopleand-the-streets-priscila-pacheco/ (accessed January 20, 2018) Planning Department. Hong Kong Planning Standards And Guidelines. Hong Kong: Planning Department, 2015. 125
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