Yr 3 Project 3 Briefing Document
[Sustaining the
Unsustainable] 4158514
Luke Anthony Joseph Moran
[Contents]
[Foreword] [Site]
[Agenda]
[Programme]
[Critical Reflection] [Bibliography]
[Foreword]
[Ambition] My ambition with this project is to integrate into society those vulnerable members of the community who do not have somewhere they can call ‘home’. Sustaining the Unsustainable will require an appreciation for the short term necessities of being homeless as well as the ultimate long term ambition of safety and peace of mind. This will encompass providing immediate relief in the form of shelter, nourishment, sanitation and healthcare. Addressing the long term needs will involve access to counselling, education and development of skills for employment primarily through an urban allotment system in conjunction with the John Lewis cafe, all aimed towards achieving the most important goal; integration with society.
[Hybrids + High Streets] Sheffield
has
experienced
much
change
to
its
city
centre
in
recent times. Out-of-town shopping precincts have taken the heart out of the city which is obvious from the vast amount of empty retail units scattered around. This project I hope to be able to equally rejuvenation Sheffield’s high streets as well as design an environment that could aid those who are homeless to equally start afresh to create a better life for themselves and their families. Below [From Left to Right] Abandoned Site
// Park Hill // Forgotten Spaces
[Semester 1]
Project 1 Project 1 comprised of three tasks each of which were designed for us to explore Sheffield and its context specifically searching for connection between people and place. I was very interested in Sheffield’s next door neighbour; the Peak District, Derbyshire. Over half of Sheffield lies within the National park and its beautiful landscape has very much shaped the city, particularity its architecture which we found to have frequently framed the illustrious surroundings. How and to what extent is this connection demonstrated within the city? Below [From Left to Right] Map of Peak District & Sheffield // Architecture ‘Framing’ Sheffield’s Surrounding Context Project 1’s Climbing Wall
// Model of
Project 2: Community Upcycled Furniture Boutique
Project 2 was concerned with the detailed design of a small boutique situated within the context of Sheffield’s high streets. My focus
was that of creating an upcycled furniture store that was aimed at educating consumers about the importance of materials, the lifecycle
of a product and to encourage creative design in the creation of
new products from old materials. My boutique was also aimed at engaging with the local community and inviting people to learn how to go about repairing their own items rather then having to go and
buy a new one. I identified that skills, equipment and knowledge
where the main hindrances for many people so my boutique aided this. Below [From Left to Right] Model of Workshop & Walkway // Sectional Perspective // Section Through Retail Area
[Site]
[Sheffield] South Yorkshire 10th August 1297 town charter 551,800 population [3rd] 367.94 km2 Labour 53°23’01’’N 1°28’01’’W Below [From Left To Right]
Sheffield In Context of UK // Sheffield in Context of Peak District // Site In Context of Sheffield City Centre
Site Plan 1:2000 [Key] Places of Interest A. Sheffield City Hall B. The Crucible C. Lyceum Theatre D. Sheffield Town Hall E. Peace Gardens F. Winter Gardens G. Millenium Galleries H. Sheffield Hallum University I. Sheffield Train Station J. The Moor Homelessness Aid Project 2 Site Project 3 Site
B
A
C
D E
F G H
I J N
[Place] Cross Burgess St. S1 2HG
Above the ramp and connected to the south side of the John Lewis Car Park Roof of the John Lewis Car Park The Old Salvation Army Citadel [Masterplan] Below 1:2000 Site Plan
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Axonometric John Lewis Department Store
John Lewis Department Store Cross Burgess St.
[Site Shadow Analysis]
Analysing the effects of sunlight upon the site is crucial to identify where the interaction of light and its subsequence shadows fall. I am to use as much passive solar energy to both heat and light the buildings along with utilising it as part of the natural process of photosynthesis for the fruit and vegetables that will be grown. To gather this data, my 1:500 site model was tested using a hyelodome at different parts of the year; 21st March, 21st June and 21st December. As the models demonstrate, during the periods of the year where the sun is lower, longer shadows are cast, subsequently when the sun is at its highest, shorter shadows are cast. Interestingly, even in the winter, little shadows are cast upon the car park, especially upon its roof which is due to the fact that the car park is taller then its immediate context. Taking this into consideration, along with the site being predominantly south facing, utilising the sun’s energy for the above uses should be appropriate and effective. Below
1:500 Site Model Shadow Analysis
Spring: Morning
Spring Equinox: Afternoon
Summer: Morning
Summer: Afternoon
Winter: Morning
Winter: Afternoon
Spring Equinox:
21st March 12:00pm
Summer: Evening
21st June
Winter: Evening
21st September
[Site Photographic Analysis]
The existing sight is home to a John Lewis Department store and multistorey car park situated in the heart of Sheffield’s busy city centre.
A popular cut through for pedestrians between Barker’s Pool square and
the Peace Gardens connecting to the Moor, vehicles primarily use the area to access the car park via a ramp on Cross Burgess Street, the south side of the site. Pedestrian access is situated on all four sides with Barker’s Pool [North] being considered the main customers entrance. As depicted, the views on the roof of the car park offer a fantastic
panoramic overview of Sheffield plus it’s connection with Derbyshire,
a theme I analysed in Project 1 and one that I am egar to explore more. Below [From Left To Right]
John Lewis Car Park Ramp Cross Burgess St. // John Lewis Car Park Roof Facing South // John Lewis with Laycock House in the Forefront
[Site Photographic Analysis] Utilising the John Lewis Store and Car Park as a project site, particularity
with
the
surrounding
context
being
a
busy,
urban
environment makes sense to have as little interference with the ground as possible, especially on Cross Burgess Street [South] as this is a one way street so any obstruction could cause significant implications with the surroundings, for both drivers and pedestrians. Below [From Left To Right]
John Lewis Car Park Ramp Burgess St. // John Lewis Entrance/Car Park Ramp Cambridge St. // John Lewis main Entrance Barker’s Pool
[Site Photographic Analysis] Cambridge St. The west facing elevation runs adjacent to Cambridge Street, a direct route between Barker’s Pool [City Hall]and The Moor. The John Lewis elevation faces an array of different terrace buildings all with varying purposes, including a restaurant, take-away shops as well as various pubs and bars. Furthermore, a number of the buildings
currently
stand
derelict,
an
unfortunate
common
figure
within Sheffield. The John Lewis elevation itself is composed of mostly
glazing
with
various
openings
more
Below [Clockwise Staring With Top left]
the
car
park
to.
Elevation John Lewis Department Store Cambridge St. // Key 1:5000 // Elevation Context Opposite John
[Site Photographic Analysis] Cross Burgess St. This elevation is where the vehicle entrance for the multi-storey car park is accessed via a ramp attached to the south elevation. This is a one way street so access is tight therefore a design with as little disruption with the street would be advisable. This John Lewis elevation consists of the trademark white titles which compose of the facade. Opposite this elevation is mostly back of house area of a residential building where our Project 2 site was set. Below [Clockwise Staring With Top left]
Elevation John Lewis Department Store Cross Burgess St. // Key 1:5000 // Elevation Context Opposite John Lewis Department Store Cross Burgess St.
[Site Photographic Analysis] Burgess St.
The east facing Burgess Street is where the side access of the Salvation Army Citadel is situated which is to be apart of my overall masterplan. Further along this street is a large apartment block which is now largely abandoned although John Lewis own the top floor and use it as additional office space and storage. Burgess Street runs parallel to Cambridge Street and both of the John Lewis faรงades are very similar although the goods entrance is situated on
this
elevation,
thus
making
it
a
slightly
Below [Clockwise Staring With Top left]
busier
street.
Elevation John Lewis Department Store Burgess St. // Key 1:5000 // Elevation Context Opposite John Lewis Department Store Burgess St.
[Site Photographic Analysis] Barker’s Pool This elevation sits upon Barker’s Pool, a popular city square in front of Sheffield City Hall. This is the main customer entrance to
John
Lewis
which
is
easily
accessed
from
the
square.
This
north elevation again largely consist of glazing as well as the continuation of the street level overhang. Sitting perpendicular to Division Street, a busy shopping and socialising district of Sheffield means that the site is well placed within the centre of Sheffield to rasie awareness of the adversity’s of being homeless. Below [Clockwise Staring With Top left] Elevation John Lewis Department Store Barker’s Pool // Key 1:5000 // Elevation Context Opposite John Lewis Department Store Barker’s Pool
[History of Sheffield]
First established as an Anglo Saxon village it was nothing but a small clearing in the forest which today has expanded to become the fourth largest city in England. The name Sheffield is derived from the words ‘sheaf’ and ‘feld’. ‘Sheaf’ is the name of the river that runs through the city and ‘feld’ meaning ‘field’ in reference to the setting up of the Anglo Saxons settlement. The expansion of the village to a town brought with it disease and poverty. There were more people able to pass through the city or take up residency there due to the Industrial Revolution and increased transportation conditions. However, in 1843 Sheffield became a borough, with this came the improved conditions and the introduction of institutions to the town such as churches, hospitals and schools. Sheffield was recognised as a city in 1893. Sheffield became one of the leading industrial cities in Britain and is still recognised for its large contribution to the highly successful steel industry and was commonly referred to as ‘steel city.’ Despite many of the steel firms being shut down after the second World War, Sheffield produces more steel than ever today. Below [From Left to Right] 1610 Map of South Yorkshire // Map of Sheffield’s Rivers // David Mellor’s Stainless Steel Cutlery
[Site Evolution]
Top Row [From Left To Right] 1890’s The site mostly consists of retail and residential buildings with a school, a pub and the Albert Hall. The immediate context is made up of a church and graveyard, and more retail and residential buildings. 1900’s Introduction of tramlines along Pinstone Street, the development of the Town Hall replacing some residential/retail. 1920’s More tramlines. Bottom Row [From Left To Right] 1930’s North of the site sees a newly constructed City Hall and adjacent see a new picture theatre. 1950’s The Albert Hall, the pub and various residential/retail buildings are demolished on the site. The adjacent church is also demolished. 1960’s The entire site is demolished and replaced with the current building, the then Cole Brothers department store and multi-storey car park.
[History of Cole Brothers]
Sons of a shoemaker, by 1847 they opened their own business at 4 Fargate. They described themselves as `Silk Mercers and Hosiers.` They had seen their draper`s shop develop into one of the foremost businesses in the city. `Cole`s Corner` had become a favourite meeting place and the building was one of Sheffield`s best known and well-loved landmarks. Despite the First World War, sales in 1918 topped £200,000 for the first time. By then Cole Brothers had become a pillar of the local community. In 1919 they sold and became apart of the growing Selfridge Provincial Stores Group. In 1940 the Selfridge family decided to sell the SPS group to the John Lewis Partnership. The current premises opened on 17th September 1963 designed by YRM Architects. By the end of the 1970’s however the interior was beginning to look dated and a refurbishment programme began. Sheffield was hit harder than most by the recession of the 1980’s. Out-of-town shopping offered strong competition. In 2002 Cole Brothers decided to join most of the other department stores in the John Lewis group and take the name of the founder. Below [From Left to Right]
1860 Cole Brothers Fargate // Current and Previous Cole Brother Locations // Cole’s Corner 1963
1:500 Existing John Lewis Department Store & Car Park Roof Plan
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1:500 Existing John Lewis Department Store & Car Park Second Floor Plan [Existing Cafe Area // Escalators]
1:500 Existing John Lewis Department Store & Car Park Section
1:500 Existing John Lewis Department Store & Car Park Burgess St. Elevation
1:500 Existing John Lewis Department Store & Car Park Cambridge St. Elevation
1:500 Existing John Lewis Department Store & Car Park Barker’s Pool Elevation
1:500 Existing John Lewis Department Store & Car Park Cross Burgess St. Elevation
[John Lewis] John Lewis is a chain of department stores operating throughout Great Britain with the first store opening in 1864 at 136 Oxford Street, London. Originally designed as a drapery store, early success meant that Lewis acquired a second store in Sloane Square, London. His son, John Spedan Lewis in 1920 established the John Lewis Partnership in an attempt to motivate his employers by providing them with more control over how the business was run. The company is owned by a trust on behalf of all its employees [known as Partners] who have a say in the running of the business and receive a share of annual profits, which is usually a significant addition to their salary. This unique method of business has seemingly worked as it is came out the third largest UK private company in the Sunday Times Top Track 100 for 2010. The chain’s philosophy of selling quality items is still active in their policy of “Never Knowingly Undersold” which has been in use since 1925. Below [From Left To Right]
John Lewis // Logos // John Spedan Lewis
[Proposal for Integration]
In order to attract the public to visit the roof of John Lewis and to attract the much needed integration of the homeless residents, there needs to be a sustainable and plausible purpose. My proposal is to move the cafe that is currently found on the second floor of John Lewis to the roof and replace this with additional retail space. In accordance with this, I will continue the main escalators to the roof as well as widening them to allow more natural light to enter the department store. This action will provide people with a purpose to visit the roof and therefore simultaneously enabling integration to occur. Furthermore, I also intend to provide additional retail space for flowers and garden furniture above the cafe/restaurant on the roof. This is designed to further integrate John Lewis into the scheme as well as to provide a platform for the furniture that was designed and constructed in my second project [a further means of employment for the homeless residents] to be sold and displayed. Below
Axonometric of John Lewis Department Store Layout
Childrenswear Gift Services
Nursery Furniture
Children’s Shoes Babywear Fashion Advice Nightwear
Furniture Garden Furniture
Audio & Televisions
Linens
Lingerie
Fashions
Telephones
Toiletries
Bathroom Accessories
Picture Frames
Perfumery
Home Decorating
Entrance Gifts
Furnishing Fabrics
Cafe
Women’s Shoes Handbags
Stationary
Jewellery & Watches
Toys
Cushions
Fashion Accessories Travel Goods
Haberdashery Home Design Service
Customer Collections
Floor Coverings
Schoolwear
Moving to Roof Level
Escalators Service Elevators Customer Elevators
Table, Linen & Cutlery
Sports
Additional space at roof level
China, Glass & Silverware
Menswear Electrical Appliances Kitchenware
Lighting
[Masterplan - The Salvation Army Citadel]
Built in 1892, the former Salvation Army Citadel designed in the unusual castellated style by William Gilbee Scott sits adjacent from the John Lewis car park. This was the Salvation Army’s largest building in Sheffield with a theatre-like galleried hall, offices and meeting rooms [Sheffield, Harman & Minnis]. The Salvation Army is a Christian denominational church and international charitable organisation. Its founders Catherine and William Booth sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and hungry by meeting both their “physical and spiritual needs�. It has a presence in 126 countries running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless, and providing disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries. As part of the overall masterplan, I intend to reinvigorate this building and bring back the same ethos adopted; aiding and providing relief for the poor and vulnerable. The galleried theatre space at the buildings centre would be perfect to implement a project called Cardboard Citizens which is a theatre that drives to changes the lives of homeless and displaced people through theatre and the performing arts. Below [Clockwise Starting in Top Left Hand Corner] Salvation Army Citadel External View // Interior Images
[Justification for the Chosen Site]
Integration Sheffield’s City Centre therefore providing ample opportunities for homeless individuals to feel apart of the community but also to raise much needed public awareness of the seriousness of homelessness and societies role in combating it Space Despite being a densely urban environment; John Lewis’ donation of the top floor provides ample space thus the opportunity to sustain the unsustainable Narrative Building above the ramp and suspending from the John Lewis car park provides a clear narrative for structure both with regards to tectonics but also that this project is aimed at providing a project that seeks to support and nurture societies displaced individuals South Facing The site is south facing thus perfect for utilising the sun’s energy to provide light, heat and growth John Lewis Their philosophy provides a platform for community engagement Salvation Army Citadel Their history and appropriateness Project 2 Close proximity provides an additional form of employment
4200m2
[Agenda]
[Issue]
Homelessness is all around us. Most of us fortunate to have a roof over our heads so do not recognise the genuine need that is out there. We frequently pass people on the side of the street and for a multitude of reasons; fear of the unknown, ignorance, a lack of understanding, we often keep on walking. These homeless individuals are the people we see with our own eyes. Thousands make up the invisible homeless. Families living in temporary accommodation, children who have ran away from home, individuals recently unemployed and no longer able pay the rent. Homelessness takes many different
shapes and forms; there is far more to the issue that meets the eye. Below [From Left To Right] Homeless Households per 1000 [Sheffield ~ 2-3] {The Guardian} // Total Accepted As Homeless Oct-Dec 2011 [Sheffield ~ 200-1000] {The Guardian}
Sheffield
Despite being a first world nation, a percentage of our population still remain homeless and live below the poverty line. As shown below, there are a number of reasons for this. Shockingly, the average age of death for someone living in the streets is 47 years old. The national age of death in the UK is 77. It is unbelievable to think that still in today’s society many lose three decades of their life as a result of having to live on the streets.
Below [From Left To Right] Most Common Reasons for Homelessness [The Guardian] // Average Age of Death for those Who Are Homeless Compared to the National Average [Crisis]
End of Tenancy Rent Affairs
Loss of Rented or Tied Housing
Homeless Age Groups 16-24 [2x]
25-34 [4.5x]
35-44 [5.5x]
45-54 [3.5x]
55-64 [2x]
Other
Home Repossessions Violent Relationships Breakdown
Other Relationship
National Representation for the Average Age of Death
[Rough Sleeping]
When most people think of a homeless person they tend to think of someone sleeping rough on the streets. Sleeping rough is a dangerous and traumatising experience. People who sleep rough are around 35 times more likely to commit suicide than the general population. The Department for Communities and Local Government released Rough Sleeping Statistics for Autumn 2013 which estimates that there were 2,414 rough sleepers on any one night in England, a subsequent rise of 37 per cent from Autumn 2010, when the figure was 1,768. However it should be noted that these figures are a snapshot taken on one night and fall well short of what local agencies report over the course of a year. In London alone, 6,437 people were reported sleeping rough during 2012/13. Below
Graphic Representation Showing 2,414 rough sleeping individuals [2,173 Male {90%} & 241 Female {10%}]
[Existing Infrastructure]
Currently in Sheffield there are a variety of charities that specialise
in caring for the homeless. Their roles all vary. Some concentrate on
immediate relief in the form of soup kitchens and emergency shelters. Others provide counselling support to deal with the many psychological,
social, narcotic and alcoholic issues that are often associated with life on the streets. Others work on trying to provide advice on how someone can improve the situation they find themselves in. The
demographic that the charities specialise in vary widely. Not many of
the charities provide all of the services mentioned above under one roof for a variety of reasons although mainly with regards to funding. Below Various Organisations and Charities Already Established in Sheffield to Help Combat Homelessness
[Demographic]
Like many aspects of life, the homeless are often stereotyped into a particularity group of people. This exacerbates their alienation from society and blinds the fact that those without a home are exactly the same as you or I. These portraits are taken from an exhibition by Rosie Holtom that breaks the mould. Rather then depicting the familiar, gritty picture, these images of the homeless depict them “exactly as they would want to be seen.” They highlight the disconnection between reality and misconceptions while emphasising the forgotten fact that homelessness could happen to any of us. Below Rosie Holtom’s Exhibition On display at Downstairs at Mother, London E2, until 3 December 2013 Top Row [From Left To Right] Angel, 39 // Brandon, 21 // Caroline, 40 // Glen, 39 // Sandy, 20 Bottom Row [From Left To Right] Terrencio, 26 // Patrick, 57 // Lily, 21 // Jim, 55 // Ruth, 36
[Sheffield Homelessness Strategy]
In 2010/11 Sheffield City Council received 6659 presentations for housing need with 2,137 assessed as homeless. 52.2% of these were families, 37.7% were singles/couples and 10.1% were single 16 and 17 years old. Other demographics that make up the homeless population include refugees, those recently released from prison as well as retired armed forces personnel. [Summary of the Strategy] Homeless Prevention End Rough Sleeping in Sheffield Youth Homelessness Improve Access To Appropriate Housing Provide A Range of Good Quality Supported Accommodation Reduce the Use of Temporary Accommodation in the City
Below [From left To Right] Families // Rough Sleepers // Youth // Refugees // Retired Armed Forces // Ex-offenders
[Case Study] Emmanuel House, Nottingham
Emmanuel House is a faith-based, non-discriminatory organisation, embracing people of all faiths and none. They exist to support homeless and vulnerable people by providing acceptance, encouragement and daily support services. Emmanuel House treats all their visitors as unique individuals, and strives without prejudice to support people on their journey towards a more stable life. Due to cuts, Emmanuel House is now the only full-time day centre in Nottingham and has an important part to play in the city’s aim to tackle homelessness and deliver a range of services to its most marginalised people. Within the last year, Emmanuel House have had 22,000 visits. The Nottingham Winter Shelter, also managed by Emmanuel House, has had fantastic results so far this season providing to date 1,710 nights off the street to 134 rough-sleeping individuals, and within a two month period almost half have been resettled. Below [Clockwise Starting in Top Left Hand Corner] Winter Shelter // Pool ~ Social Activities // Emmanuel House // Exterior View of Charity Shop // Kitchen // Exterior of Emmanuel House
[Emmanuel House’s Services]
Meals Breakfast, lunch and snakes subsidised and free if no income Showers Free along with towels and toiletries Hairdressing Free hair cutting available twice a week Laundry Available for a small charge Clothing Charity shop where clothing provided at little or no charge Physical Gym facilities along with qualified personal trainer Health Specialist nurses available plus liaison with local GPs Welfare Rights Gives specialist help and advice eg. Housing Benefits Tenancy Support Enables people to maintain their own tenancies Resettlement Guide clients through the complex process of housing Outreach Manages the Winter Shelter project IT Services Volunteer led and informal, one-to-one IT tutorials Activities Allotment team, Quizzes, Pool, Table Tennis, Arts Below Nottingham Post Articles Featuring Emmanuel House
[Emmanuel House’s Programme] Social Area
Toilets
Kitchen
Gym
Charity Shop
Laundry
Storage
Rented Out Dance Studio
Office
Stairs
Below Emmanuel House Layout Plans 1:400 [From Left To Right] Ground Floor Plan // First Floor Plan // Second Floor Plan [Rented Out to Local Dance School]
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[Case Study] Pret A Manger Apprenticeship Scheme
“If someone doesn’t have a fixed address, it is very difficult to get
a bank account, If you have no bank account, it is difficult to get a job. If, in the past, a person has been in prison and has a criminal record, it exaggerates the problem. It is a cruel catch-22 situation.
We thought that through working, apprentices would be able to get themselves out of hostels and into their own accommodation. They would also make a whole new set of friends and have a sense of purpose
restored to their lives. The Simon Hargraves Apprenticeship Scheme
offers up to 70 places a year to ex-offenders and/or the homeless so they can gain a three-month work placement within the Pret business.” Below [Clockwise Starting in Top Left Hand Corner]
The Telegraph Article // Pret A Manger’s Logo // The Simon Hargraves Apprenticeship Scheme Logo
[Biodiversity]
Line breaks: bio|diver¦sity Pronunciation: /ˌbʌɪə(ʊ)dʌɪˈvəːsɪti [MASS NOUN]
The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable. Biodiversity is an essential aspect of an sustainable environment. It improves the social, economic and environmental atmospheres of any development as well as being proven to boost one’s well-being. [Social Sustainability] Improved quality of life // Appreciation for our natural environment // Escape for urbanism // Provides human scale. [Economic Sustainability] Reduction in energy costs // Ability to eat or sell home grown produce. [Environmental Sustainability] Contributes to CO2 sequestration // Acts as solar shading // Acts as protection for the wind // Traps pollutants // Supports natural habitats for wildlife.
[George Orwell: Down and Out in Paris and London] Self Sustainment: Food Growth
Down and Out in Paris and London is the first full-length work by the English author George Orwell, published in 1933. It is a memoir in two parts on the theme of poverty in the two cities. The first part is an account of living on the breadline in Paris and the experience of casual labour in restaurant kitchens. The second part is a travelogue of life on the road in and around London from the tramp’s perspective. “What is needed is to depauperize him, and this can only be done by finding him work — not work for the sake of working, but work of which he can enjoy the benefit. Yet there is a fairly obvious way of making them useful, namely this: Each workhouse could run a small farm, or at least a kitchen garden, and every able-bodied tramp who presented himself could be made to do a sound day’s work. The produce of the farm or garden could be used for feeding the tramps. It must be remembered that under the present system tramps are as dead a loss to the country as they could possibly be, for they do not only do no work, but they live on a diet that is bound to undermine their health; the system, therefore, loses lives as well as money. A scheme which fed them decently, and made them produce at least a part of their own food, would be worth trying.”
“What
is
needed
is to depauperize him, and this can only be done by finding him work — not work for the sake of working, but work of which he the
can
enjoy benefit.”
[Sheffield Food Network]
1 Sheffield Allotments and Leisure Gardeners Federation // Provides advice and promotes allotment gardening 2 The Blue Moon Café // Uses organic and fair-trade ingredients 3 Eten // Cooks hearty meals with quality local and seasonal ingredients 4 Just Deli // Deli specialising in homemade jams, chutneys and other locally produced deli items 5 Dada Bar // Features Thornbridge beers, wines by John Mitchells and coffee by Pollards all Sheffield based 6 Hendersons Relish // “The spicy Yorkshire sauce” has been produced in Sheffield since the late 19th century 7 Sheffield Farmers Market // Monthly market organised by the City Council providing fresh produce 8 Marmadukes Café Deli // Serving locally-sourced quality food from both the kitchen and deli 9 Café Crucible // Uses the finest ingredients available or supplied from local, sustainable producers 10 Zooby’s // Sandwich deli & fair trade coffee bar in the centre of Sheffield 11 PJ Taste // Food and drink crafted from ingredients sourced locally in Yorkshire and Derbyshire 12 Sheffield Food Festival // Free urban festival showcasing local and seasonal produce 13 The Bath Hotel // Thornbridge beers and handmade snacks using local ingredients 14 The Sheffield Tap // Independent free house housing its own microbrewery 15 Garden Gorilla // Works with schools, communities, libraries and to create instant allotments 16 Street Food Chef [Burrito Bar] // Uses locally sourced ingredients including Moss Valley Fine Meats 17 Silversmiths // Serves seasonal locally sourced food: 100% from Yorkshire, 60% from Sheffield 18 Devonshire Cat // Free house featuring at least 7 local cask ales at all times 19 Fusion Organic Cafe // Offers organic light meals using locally sourced organic produce 20 Street Food Chef [Mexican Canteen] // Uses locally sourced ingredients including Moss Valley Fine Meats 21 The Rutland Arms // Independent free house serving local real ales 22 Huerta Sheffield // Permanent Organic Ediculture installation celebrating edible art. Below 1:10,000 Map of Sheffield City Centre Identifying ‘Sheffield’s Food Network’
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[Food Miles]
Around 8% of the UK’s total carbon emissions comes from food consumption;
2.5% is from fruit and vegetable consumption. Annually, every household in
the UK on average contributes 1000kgCO2 from fruit and vegetable consumption and a staggering 2000kgCO2 from meat, dairy and other processed foods. Reducing are ‘food miles’ by encouraging home growing is an excellent way to
attempt at tackling our carbon footprint. This would involve
growing seasonal food on top of the John Lewis car park rather then importing foods from faraway regions. It is also an excellent method of stimulation and would provide the homeless residents employment. Below [From Top To Bottom]
Table Showing the Carbon Impact of Common Garden Vegetables // Bar Chart Comparing the Total Distance Between Local and Conventional Produce
Five urban growing vegetables – approx. nr. plants
Typical Region 1 yearly ‘top five’ yields on a 100 m2 plot
Approximate yearly CO2 reductions from food miles savings if grown locally (garden/allotment) kgCO2 per year
Courgettes (8 plants)
40Kg
3
Tomatoes (in cold greenhouse)25 plants
14kg
61
Squash (6 plants)
Runner beans (20 plants)
Chard/Pak Choi (15 plants) Yearly Total
Yearly CO2 Reduction
18kg 8kg 5kg
85kg
[The total distance of local and conventional produce Apples Beans Broccoli Cabbage Carrots Sweet Garlic Lettuce Onions Peppers Potatoes Pumpkins Spinach Strawber Tomatoes 0 Miles 100 Miles 500 Miles
59 34
0.3
157kgCO2
Typical supermarket country of origin
Spain (rail + road) Greece (air + road)
Canary Islands,Spain (air + road) Nairobi, Kenya (air + road) Spain (rail + road)
- 1.5–1.6 kgCO2 reduction per m2 of urban food growing - 1.85 kgCO2 is reduced per kg of locally grown food
1000 Miles
1500 Miles
[Attracted Wildlife]
Another benefit of urban greenery is the habitat it creates for wildlife, something that is significantly lacking in my cites. Vegetation provides food, shelter and nesting for small mammals, birds butterflies, bees and other insects. Here is a small list of a selection of the animals that are likely to be attract to the project; unfortunately many in the list are considered a top priority for habitat support. Top Row [Left to Right]
Bat // Stage Beetle // House Sparrow // Linnet // Night Jar Middle Row
Peregrine Falcon // Butterfly // Swallow // Swift // Ladybird Bottom Row
Starling // Song Thrush // Bee // Chicken // Pig
An
then
assortment used
happens
to
in
be
[Urban Greenery] Vegetables of
the
an
vegetables
shelter, excess,
that
John
sold
could
be
the
local
Lewis
onto
cafe
Top Row [From Left to Right] Aubergine // Sweetcorn // Marrow // Parsley // Tomato
Middle Row Beetroot // Lettuce // Potato // Onion // Peas
Bottom Row Carrot // Chilli // Broccoli // Garlic // Pumpkin
and
grown if
and
there
community.
An UK
assortment and
there
could
happens
of
be
to
[Urban Greenery] Fruits fruits
that
be
excess,
used
in
an
the
are
suitable
shelter, sold
John
onto
to
be
Lewis
the
grown
local
Top Row [From Left to Right] Damsons // Blueberries // Cherries // Peaches // Pears
Middle Row Apples // Greengages // Quinces // Raspberries // Strawberries
Bottom Row Rhubarb // Plums // Figs // Redcurrants // Apricots
cafe
in
and
the
if
community.
[Precedent]Heeley City Farm, Sheffield Heeley City Farm is a community-based and led training, employment and youth enterprise with various facilities including allotments, small
holdings,
cafe,
a
garden
centre
and
a
charity
shop.
An important aspect of Heeley City Farm is their environmental focus upon sustainability.
Winner of several national and international awards,
Heeley City Farm provides environmental, health, food and farming education to around 5,000 school children and several thousands adult visitors each year. It has become a invaluable source to the local community. Below [From Left To Right]
Potted Plants On Sale // Pigs // Heeley City Farm Logo
Day care and training for up to 20 adults with learning difficulties is provided
along with vocational training in horticulture for up to 100 unemployed
adults, youth activities for up to 2,000 young people (including young people not attending school) and support for over 100 regular volunteers. Heeley City Farm describes itself as a community or social enterprise;
it is committed to supporting those most in need in its community
using enterprising methods. It runs training programmes [including language and Basic Skills support] and creates jobs [by developing
mini enterprises]. Emphasis is placed on long term unemployed adults,
people with learning disabilities and those suffering disadvantage or
discrimination in achieving skills and employment and young people. Below [From Left To Right]
Allotments For Growing Fruit and Vegetables
[Precedents]Stacking green, Vietnam // Brooklyn Grange NYC, USA
// Nestled within the most densely populated city in the world, this 4m wide and 20m deep plot celebrates the local love for growing variety’s of tropical plants and flowers in amongst the cities architecture. The front and back façades are entirely composed of layers of concrete planters cantilevered from two side walls. // Brooklyn Grange is the leading rooftop farming and intensive green roofing business in the US. They operate the world’s largest rooftop soil farms, located on two roofs in New York City, and grow over 50,000 lbs of organically-cultivated produce per year. In addition to growing and distributing fresh local vegetables and herbs, Brooklyn Grange partner with numerous non-profit organizations throughout New York to promote healthy and strong local communities. Below [From Left To Right]
Stacking Green Bedroom Interior // Birdseye View of Brooklyn Grange & the NYC Skyline // Stacking Green Staircase and Green Wall
[Tectonics]Old Trafford, Manchester // Tamedia Office Building, Zurich, Switzerland
// Extensions to the Sir Alex Ferguson stand and the East Stand saw the implementation of a steel trussed cantilevered roof measuring 58.5m from the back wall to the front edge, making it the largest in Europe and helping to raise the grounds capacity by around 30,000. The large steel ‘arms’ are a perfect example of a truss being implemented to suspend a large mass. A great president to suspended the shelter above the ramp. // The exposing of the structure demonstrates architecture and engineering in equilibrium to produce an innovative design. This piece of architecture also embodies and visualises the technical and environmental implications of the built environment. The fully exposed timber structure creates a very special character and high quality spatiality to the working atmosphere. Below [From Left To Right]
Tamedia Glulam Structure // Old Trafford East Stand // Tamedia Structural Joint
[Programme]
[Short Term]
[Long Term]
Skills
Living Homeless
Shelter
=
Food/Warmth/ Sanitation/Medical/ Rest
Increased Self Esteem/Confidence
Employment
Income
Housing
=
Living Homeless
[Short Term]
Much immediate help is needed to those who are homeless, particularity
people living on the streets. Unsurprisingly the quality of life of these individuals is very poor and thus has a significant effect on their
health. Sustaining the Unsustainable will require an appreciation for the short term necessities of being homeless as well as the ultimate long term ambition of safety and peace of mind. This will encompass providing
immediate relief in the form of shelter, nourishment, sanitation,
healthcare and provisions. Addressing the long term needs will involve access to counselling, education, development of skills for employment,
an apprenticeship scheme and most importantly; integration with society. Below [Clockwise Starting in Top Left Hand Corner] Shelter // Sanitation // Food // Healthcare
[Long Term]
To end the unforgiving cycle of homelessness, a criticism of the current system is often attributed for, a long term goal is a necessity.
Obviously, this would be a variable specific for the individuals needs
however the general ambition would be to have a stable and safe home. To achieve this, a combination of education and the development of
skills is vital to secure employment thus the capital for them to then be financially capable to seek a more permanent residence as well
as a vital confidence boost. Throughout this process, connection to the wider community is imperative. This could be through supported
accommodation, retail work or in the food sector to name a few. Below [Clockwise Starting in Top Left Hand Corner]
Allotments [Employment] // Cafe/Restaurant [Employment] // Housing // Improved Self-Esteem
[Room Book] Overview
John Lewis Restaurant // Area providing food and drink for around 200 customers // Outdoor space to be enjoyed buy John Lewis Customers // Provides training [kitchen/service/maintenance] for the homeless residents of the shelter who will be employed by John Lewis is run the restaurant // Additional retail space for John Lewis furniture & garden furniture, some of which will have been made by the homeless residents in from Project 2: Community Upcycled Furniture Boutique. Growth // Allotments & Greenhouses for growing a range of fruits and vegetables that will cater primarily for the shelter and any surplus will go to the restaurant // Spaces to keep non-roaming animals eg. Pigs, Chickens, Bees. Shelter // Provide supported accommodation for 27 homeless individuals // Provide shared communal living areas, one for every 3 supported accommodation rooms // Kitchen catering for those who are not a resident at the shelter // Social/dining area for those who are not a resident at the shelter // Support services // Washing/cleaning facilities // Storage Salvation Army Citadel [Masterplan] // Permanent Sheffield base for Cardboard Citizen a theatre and performing arts group that aims to changes the lives of homeless and displaced Below
1:500 Room Book Overview John Lewis Restaurant // Growth // Shelter // Salvation Army Citadel Masterplan
N
[Room Book]Shelter Below 1:500 [From left To Right]
Individual Accommodation Rooms [848m2]// Each Room is 28m2 and includes a space to sleep, wash, sanitation, store any clothes/valuables; space to feel safe. Shared Living Space [756m2] // For every three individual accommodation rooms there is a shared living space. This environment is trying to emulate that of a normal living set up where the tenants are given the responsibility of accommodating their own needs but are also encouraged to engage and support those they share this space with. Access to your individual room is found within the shared living space. The facilities provided include a space to cook, eat, socialise, relax, learn and additional space to grow plants and food. On every floor there is a permanent member of staff thus creating the ‘supported’ nature of the accommodation. Top Floor [450m2] // These services open to everyone who requires help, not just those who are residents in the accommodation. Services include the provision for food, washing, social help, healthcare, recreational as long as admin offices. These spaces also open out onto the allotments.
Accommodation for a member of staff on every floor
12m
N
4m
28m2 7m
50m2
Healthcare/Counselling Facilities
30m2
Washing Facilities
20m2
Toilets
70m2
Kitchen
160m2
Dining/ Social Area
40m2
Entrance/Reception
84m2
7m
40m2
Admin Offices
[Room Book] Allotments Below 1:500 [From left To Right]
Farm [250m ] // Outdoor space to keep non-roaming animals including Pigs, Chickens and Bees during all seasons of the year where possible // Indoor spaces eg. Pigsty, Chicken Coop and Bee Hives Vertical Farming [625m2] // Areas for additional growing of fruits, vegetables and plant to include the south and west elevation of the John Lewis Restaurant and the surrounding perimeter of the car park Allotments [64.5m2 x 20] // Raised outdoor allotments to grow fruits and vegetables to be used in the shelter // Homeless residents employed to manage and cultivate them Greenhouses [153m2 x 2] // Indoor spaces to grow fruits, vegetables and plants that need a warmer or more sheltered environment // These spaces will be housed with the steel structure supporting the shelter Storage Area [31m2 x 2] // Storage facility for a wide range of tools needed to service and manage the farm, vertical farming areas allotments and the greenhouses 2
153m2
34m2 43m 64.5m2
250m2
N
625m2
1.5m
[Room Book] Restaurant Below 1:500 [From left To Right]
Kitchen/Apprenticeship Space [224m2] // Kitchen serving the John Lewis restaurant as well as an area to train the homeless residents as chefs/waiters/waitresses Seated Restaurant [256m2] // Space for around 200 customers to enjoy a quick coffee, a meal or to enjoy the rooftop scenery Toilets [36m2] // Consisting of 4 Female WCs, 2 Male WCs and 3 urinals and 1 disabled toilet Elevators [25m2 & 12m2] // 25m2 service elevator to transport furniture to the first and second floor // 12m2 escalator for customer access to the first and second floors Exterior Restaurant/Garden // External area for customers to admire the view, get some fresh and an engage with some gardening and with the animals. South-West facing so perfect for the late afternoon and evening Urban farming/John Lewis Retail Space [184m2] // Additional retail space for John Lewis as well as adding an urban farming ‘exhibition’ to demonstrate innovative ways to grow produce in tight spaces as well as indoors John Lewis Garden Furniture Retail [441m2] // A mixture of internal and external retail space as well as offering superb views of across Sheffield
224m2
36m2 256m2
N
25m2
360m2
184m2
441m2
[Conceptual Perspective] A view looking out from the restaurant across the allotments towards the shelter. An injection of greenery and life into an urban context is part of the aim of introducing the growth of plants along with the livestock to the rooftop. The steel structural frame that hangs the shelter above the car park ramp is designed to create a cloister to attempt to craft a sustainable community atmosphere. An interaction between the homeless residents and the public is key for their integration back into society.
[Critical Reflection]
Our unit’s ambition this year has been to design through integration within a hybrid territory. Sheffield is an accurate representation for many UK cities and towns whose identities have been distorted and disrupted with the introduction of ‘out of town’ shopping centres. The spirit and vibrancy has been damaged as business and life have been removed from the high street leaving instead abandoned shops and a partly disconnected community. We have been interested in the revival of the institutional high street and its importance within society. As businesses and capitalism seem egar to seek refuge within their own ‘utopian’ civilisations on the periphery of towns, our high streets are calling out for new purposes and direction. A Hybrid nature is the future. The analysis and identification into the abhorrent nature of being homeless has led me into designing for this extremely vulnerable and frequently forgotten members of our society. The continuing national increase of homeless combined with their awfully low life expectancy is the justification for this brief. Questioning and analysing a combination of their needs and my ambitions lead me to choosing John Lewis as my site and a tool of integration and engagement with society.
My original intention for this project was to only build above the John Lewis car park ramp on Cross Burgess Street and connect this with the Salvation Army Citadel. It was not until I began to draw the entirety of the John Lewis department store and car park that I realised the full potential there was to use their big brand to publicise the homeless shelter and encourage interaction and integration between the homeless individuals and the general public. Furthermore, it was not until I read George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London along with my research within Project 1 that I realised the possibility of utilising the vast space of the top floor car park to help accommodate a sustaining community that would be able to grow their own fresh fruit and vegetables as well as housing their own non-roaming livestock. This development and expansion of the project embraced the unit’s ambitions of hybrid architecture as a sustaining and contributing element, had I stuck with my original plans the project could have been deemed too isolated; juxtaposing with the fundamentals of my project’s vision. Analysing John Lewis enabled the project to expand and thus develop the brief into something more connected with reality. Originally I hypothesised the brief by creating the situation that John Lewis had ‘kindly’ donated the top floor of their car park to my project, whereas in reality this would not happen. Developing the brief allowed me to add extra retail space and most importantly rehouse and expand
their current cafe on the rooftop. In addition I would be continuing their escalators up as well as widening them to then allow more natural light to filter into the department store as well as act as stack ventilation. This development of the brief created a more logical and realistic narrative thus to help make the project more believable and to really attempt to sustain the unsustainable. The brief has been an extremely useful tool in which to guide the project and to act as a constant reminder as to my aims and objectives to ensure that these were refereed to. It’s usefulness has particularly been in gathering all the research necessary to properly go about designing for an extremely vulnerable proportion of society and obviously their needs should always be at the heart of the project. It is difficult to have a clear conclusion as to how the final outcome of the project will relate to the brief as it is still under development, however the direction in which it is currently heading would suggest that it is on track to achieve the ambitions I have set out within the brief, however I can confirm that this document has created an informative and objective attitude with the right amount of flexibility for creativity with regard to design.
[Bibliography] Detail in Contemporary Timber Architecture // Virginia McLeod Materials For Architectural Design // Victoria Ballard Bell Architecture in Detail II // Graham Bizley Stuart: A Life Backwards // Alexander Masters Growing Food In Cities // Tara Garnett [National Food Alliance] Sheffield Homeless Stragety 2010 - 2013 // Sheffield City Council The Homeless People’s Commission // The Homeless People’s Commission Homelessness and Social Policy // Roger Burrows, Nicholas Pleace Homelessness Kills // Bethan Thomas
www.crisis.org.uk www.theguardian.co.uk www.independent.co.uk www.telegraph.co.uk www.archdaily.com www.pinterest.com www.johnlewispresscentre.com www.nsalg.org.uk www.huggard.org.uk
“Give a man a fish and you will feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you will feed him for a lifetime.�