Strategy Plan 2013-2026 Edition 2 by Lund University

STRATEGY PLAN 2013-2026

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ......................................................................................... 4 Vision and Goals................................................................................................. 6 Status........................................................................................................................ 8 Transition MAX-lab to MAX IV................................................................. 11 Future Actions.................................................................................................. 12 Industry, Education & Training................................................................ 23 Overall Time Plan............................................................................................ 25 Resources needed to fulfil vision........................................................... 26 Communication & Outreach..................................................................... 28 Dialogue with Vetenskapsr책det.............................................................. 29

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First edition, 1.0: August 2013 Second edition, 1.1: February 2016 Dnr STYR 2016/210 Photos and illustrations (page): Perry Nordeng (1, 6-7), ESS (2-3), Leif Jansson (4), Johan Persson (5), Kennet Rouna (8, 14-15, 25), Lennart Isaksson (9), Charlotte Carlberg B채rg (11,19), FOJAB (22), Klas Andersson (28), COBE (36)

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Strategy Plan 1.1 is an updated version of the original Strategy Plan submitted to VetenskapsrĂĽdet 23 August 2013. Since submission of the original version MAX IV Laboratory has made very significant progress and therefore an update of the original document is needed. In this Version 1.1 we take into account the progress made, while keeping the core mission unchanged: MAX IVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal is to exploit the full potential of the investment in the facility. To provide users of all fields of natural science in the Nordic and Baltic region with access to a world class synchrotron facility. Here competent staff collaborates with users to answer scientific questions and make the answers available to society. For the next funding period 2019-2023 MAX IV will present the Strategy Plan 2.0, which is presently being worked on and which will cover the operational phase of the new MAX IV facility, the user operation and the development beyond baseline design for accelerators and beamlines. MAX IV Laboratory is the Swedish National User Laboratory providing soft and hard x-rays used for research in all fields of natural science. It is hosted by Lund University and has operated accelerators providing x-rays to users for more than 30 years. In 2009 it was decided to build the MAX IV project, a world-leading x-ray source to replace the existing MAX I, II, and III accelerators. This project is now nearing completion and will be inaugurated on 21 June 2016. This document proposes a strategy for the laboratory until 2026. By then MAX IV shall have reached its full capacity and will be a crown jewel for natural science in

Sweden and a cornerstone in the academic and industrial materials competence centre. MAX IV is built with the strong intellectual and financial support of 12 major Swedish Universities. It shall continue this collaboration and in addition attract international partners contributing both intellectually and to investment and operation. This will provide a better and more complete facility for less Swedish money. The status of MAX IV Laboratory is that after almost 30 years of operation the MAX I-III accelerators were shut down on Dec 13th, 2015. Up to the end they attracted many users and enabled good science. In 2014 they have actually attracted a record number of 1064 users. The MAX IV Phase I project is nearing completion. It remains in specifications, schedule and nearly in budget. The building project was completed when handing over the final keys in June 2015, four months ahead of time and 15 percent below cost. These cost savings allow to cover the slight budget increases in other parts of the project. The linac is installed and commissioned reaching the design goals. Since summer 2015 it injects into the 3,0 GeV storage ring, which has stored beam (>100 mA) and from which first light was extracted on 2 November 2015. The 1,5 GeV ring is largely installed and will be commissioned from fall 2015 onwards. Because of its revolutionary design MAX IV will provide high brightness X-ray beams of high transverse coherence and ultra-short duration. These will transform our understanding of matter and materials in many fields of natural science. Based on these world-leading strengths

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we suggest scientific fields for which beamlines shall be built up; the straw-man suit. The selection, prioritization and specification of beamlines serving these fields shall be done in full collaboration with the scientific community and the funders. The final suite of beamlines will serve all of natural science and cater to existing as well as emerging communities. For the mid-term, after 2020, MAX IV Laboratory must have the ambition of providning more than synchrotron radiation. To best serve all of natural science requires additional capabilities like electron microscopy, advanced sample fabrication and characterisation and complex data analysis to give a few examples. The most important such capabilities and strategies will be identified in close collaboration with the scientific community. This will be an important part of the next Strategy Plan 2.0, which will be submitted in spring 2017 together with an application for operations cost funding 2019–2023. All of the eight Phase-I beamlines projects have completed their design and are in the installation process. Since writing the original version of this Strategy Plan generous funding by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, by Vetenskapsrådet and by a consortium of Danish universities and regions has made six more beamlines possible. Today these are in various phases of the design process. To manage the technical challenges and the complexity of the projects MAX IV Laboratory has a division and group structure to take care of line management issues and in parallel a matrix structure to organize the project work in building accelerators, infrastructure, and beamlines. We estimate the full resources necessary to realize the vision of MAX IV as a world-leading regional facility serving all of natural science. Starting from the operations cost applied for (2014–2018) and assuming the beamline ramp-up we anticipate an almost constant investment need of 150 MSEK per year (2017–2023) and an operations budget leveling out just above 500 MSEK per year in 2026. Part of this cost shall be financed by the future Nordic/Baltic partners.

Using a proactive and open dialogue with all funders and stakeholders the laboratory has clarified its governance, delegations to management and the long-term strategy. In December 2013 Vetenskapsrådet and Lund University agreed on operations funding for the entire period 2014-2018, thus giving the reliability and perspective needed to build up the organization and recruit the necessary staff. At the same time a new board overseeing the operations of the laboratory was installed and given far-reaching delegations. These signs of confidence have paid off by attracting funding from Denmark for the DanMAX beamline and by Finland for funding a contribution to the operation cost of MAX IV Laboratory in addition to the funding received previously from Estonia and Finland for investment into the FinEstBeaMS beamline at MAX IV. We foresee that this updated Strategy Plan 1.1 will guide the Laboratory through the final construction phase and into the user operation until 2017. At this time a new application for operations cost 2019–2023 will have to be submitted, which will drive the discussion around the Strategy Plan 2.0, which can take into account first experience with operating the facility as well as the increased competition by other international facilities following the innovations MAX IV has realized in accelerator physics. Lund, February 2016

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VISION AND GOALS This document describes the vision of building and operating MAX IV as a world leading user facility for all of natural science. MAX IV is based on more than 25 years of successful work in photon science in Lund. It is presently hosted by Lund University and located next to the future European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) and to Science Village Scandinavia (SVS), with which it will collaborate closely and exploit all possible synergies. This will make the Brunnshรถg complex a unique asset for research, innovation, and education for the entire Nordic and Baltic region.

The developing MAX IV will be driven by the needs of the Nordic and Baltic users and will keep a close watch on the international competition. When becoming operational 21 June 2016 MAX IV will be the lowest emittance storage ring worldwide and will stay so for many years to come. It is our goal to translate this unique machine performance to unique beamlines and to unique results in science and innovation. For this MAX IV will expand its user community to non-traditional fields like cultural heritage, engineering, cell biology and others. It must be the goal to exploit the full potential of the initial investment in the facility.

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We define this as follows; – Provide excellent service for all fields of natural science. – Building and operating a full portfolio of beamlines. – Close collaboration with: • Swedish and other universities to optimize research and education. • ESS as exemplified by a common entrance point for all users (electronic user portal & physical reception). • Related facilities like ESRF, PETRA III, European XFEL and others to exploit synergies and complementaries. – Becoming a regional facility for all interested users in the Nordic/Baltic countries by securing financial contributions to the operation and investment in beamlines. – Building and operating an Free Electron Laser (FEL) to complement the science done at the storage rings.

The staff of MAX IV will provide an inspiring and welcoming environment for new and for returning users from both academia and industry. The beamline staff will be qualified to support the most demanding research projects because of their experience and their own active contributions to research. Some staff will be active in educating the next generation of scientists. It is our vision to operate MAX IV using renewable energy sources to be procured in a long-term contract from a commercial energy supplier. This shall lower the environmental footprint and make the project immune against rising energy prices, which have to be expected in the future. The recycling of energy, by selling heat from the cooling systems to the central heating system of Lund, is already realized and lowers the operations cost.

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STATUS MAX I-III The MAX I, II, and III facilities have provided a broad scientific community access to VUV and X-ray radiation and energetics electrons for nuclear physics research for decades and are the foundation on which MAX IV is built. The beamlines have continue to attract more than 1000 users per year and have produced high quality science published in about 240 articles per year. The MAX I-III accelerators and beamlines have been closed down on 13 December 2015 and are presently being decommissioned. The MAX-lab building will be handed over to Akademiska hus at the end of 2016.

MAX IV Project The MAX IV project, funded jointly by Vetenskapsrådet, Lund University, Vinnova and Region Skåne, was approved in 2010. An increased project cost estimate was reported in the summer of 2012. The main cost drivers are in the New Lab Facilities sub-projects, which cover the infrastructure necessary to support users during their work at the beamlines and general infrastructure for the facility. The MAX IV Phase I cost is monitored closely and reported to the funders on a quarterly basis. The MAX IV phase I project is currently estimated to cost 46 MSEK more than the 1 134 MSEK planned in 2010.

Of this, 21 MSEK are directly related to the construction of the accelerators and thus subject to a guarantee offered by Vetenskapsrådet and Lund University. The remaining cost increase will be absorbed in the operations budget of the MAX IV facility 2015–2020.

MAX IV Building

The MAX IV building project is completed. The final key was handed over to Lund University 1 June 2015, four months ahead of time and 15 percent below expected cost. This positive outcome is the result of an excellent partnership between Lund University as the client, the MAX IV project staff, and PEAB and Wihlborgs as the contractors. The partnership was formalized in the building contracts and has paid off in providing a building with the required specifications ahead of time and below budget which furthermore has already received numerous prizes for it’s architecture and environmental concept. As planned the building is rented from the company Fastighets AB ML4. The option to buy the building at the end of the building project was not executed. It has proven fully functional and adequate for installation and commissioning of the accelerators and beamlines. A minor expansion of the D-building is ongoing to allow the increased number of beamlines already in construction for the 1,5 GeV ring. Ramping up further beamlines as laid out in this strategy plan will require an expansion of office and general laboratory space around 2020.

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MAX IV Accelerator

The accelerator is based on a novel multi-bend-achromat (MBA) design providing world-leading emittance for moderate investment cost. It consists of three parts which each have unique and irreplaceable functions. 1. The LINAC accelerates electrons to the operating energies of the storage rings, thus allowing for top-up injection. The combination of a laser cathode gun and two bunch compressors provides the ultra-short electron bunches, <100 fs, required for ultra-fast science at the Short Pulse Facility (SPF) used by the FemtoMAX beamline (SPF can host 2 beamlines). The LINAC is also a prerequisite for the future expansion to an FEL. 2. The 1,5 GeV storage ring provides high brightness radiation and will be the only modern storage ring in the spectral region between about 5 and 500 eV worldwide. It serves the large and successful scientific community, which has built up MAX-lab to become an internationally recognized facility. With the expanded building the 1,5 GeV ring can host 11 beamlines. 3. The 3,0 GeV storage ring provides the highest brightness radiation in the spectral region between about 250 eV and 35 keV. By fully exploiting the multi-bend-achromat (MBA) lattice, invented by Mikael Eriksson and the MAX-lab team, it achieves a record low emittance, 0,3 nm*rad, and performances exceeding those of recent facilities (Soleil, Diamond, NSLS II) by an order of magnitude at comparable or lower cost. This will allow focusing the beam to sub-micron spot sizes while maintaining the low divergence necessary for diffraction and other scattering experiments, an important requirement in the ever-increasing field of nano-science. The 3,0 GeV ring, when combined with state of the art beamlines, provides world leading research facilities in fields such as structural biology, soft matter, nano-science, energy materials etc. of huge importance for solving the challenges that face society in the decades to come. The 3,0 GeV ring can host 19 beamlines. The MAX IV accelerator project can be considered a true leader on the international scale. Even before completion its MBA design is copied by much larger international competitors. ESRF and APS have approved upgrade projects using MBA designs, ALS, BESSY, PETRA III, Spring8 and others are working on such projects. Since August 2015 the focus of the accelerator team is on commissioning the 3,0 GeV ring, which is making very good progress. First electrons were injected into the ring and circulated for three full turns without the need for correction coils on 25 August 2015. This was first evidence that the MBA concept works. By now currents exceeding 120 mA have been injected with single bunch charge up to 8,5 mA and a lifetime product of >1,4 Ah. This all points to an accelerator ready for producing light in the beamlines. On 2 November first light was observed on a diagnostic beamline attached to the 3,0 GeV ring, which is further confirmation that the MBA-concept is successfully implemented at MAX IV.

The installation of the 1,5 GeV ring is progressing well. It will be completed in 2016 and commissioning is scheduled to begin in the fall. For the years 2016–2018 the focus will be on achieving the design goals as laid out in the Conceptual Design Report and Detailed Design Report and to achieve reliable and stable operation conditions for all users. For the years beyond 2018 several development options are within reach. These include reducing the emittance of the storage rings to increase the X-ray brightness and coherence, preparation of the rings for timing experiments, and production of intense spatial and temporal coherent radiation from the linac. The decision on priorities will be taken based on the needs of the scientific community, first experience with the new accelerators, the international competition and will depend on the level of funding during the next five-year frame 2019–2023.

Funded MAX IV Beamlines

The construction of beamlines at MAX IV started with seven beamlines for which the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW) and 12 Swedish Universities (Chalmers, Göteborg, Karlstad, Karolinska Institutet, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Linköping, Luleå, Lund, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitetet, Stockholm, Umeå and Uppsala) provided funding of 400 MSEK and 162 MSEK, respectively. The scientific focus of these beamlines was determined in close collaboration with the user community. The fact that the universities jointly contribute to the funding shows the strong involvement and dedication of the universities and their researchers. In 2012 Estonia and Finland have funded the construction of an eighth beamline underlining the dedication of researchers from these countries to the progress of MAX IV Laboratory. In 2013 KAW funded the transfer of the SPECIES beamline from MAX-lab to MAX IV. Vetenskapsrådet provided funding both for transfer of two beamlines, MAXPEEM and FlexPES, and for two new beamlines, CoSAXS and SoftiMAX. In 2014 the MoU for the DanMAX beamline was signed by Lund University, Danish Technical University, Aarhus University and Copenhagen University.

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The construction of each of these 14 beamlines is managed by a beamline specific project team, maintaining close relations to the user community. The build-up of the individual beamlines is being coordinated by the Beamline Project Office with respect to all overall aspects like use of MAX IV Laboratory resources, collaborations with external partner laboratories, standardization of technical and organizational solutions and development of common technical solutions. Build-up of all future beamlines will also be coordinated by Beamline Project Office. The initial phase of beamlines consists of: FemtoMAX (Linac): Studies of ultra-fast processes in materials. NanoMAX (3,0 GeV ring): Imaging, spectroscopic & scattering techniques with nano-meter resolution. BALDER (3,0 GeV ring): Hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy with emphasis on in-situ and time resolved studies. BioMAX (3,0 GeV ring): Macromolecular crystallography with a high degree of automation and remote access. Veritas (3,0 GeV ring): RIXS combining a unique resolving power with high spatial resolution. Hippie (3,0 GeV ring): High-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy on solids and liquids. ARPES (1,5 GeV ring): Angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy for detailed studies of the electronic structure of solids. FinEstBEAMS (1,5 GeV ring): Electronic structure, gases, aerosols, luminescence. SPECIES (1,5 GeV ring): Two endstations providing RIXS with high resolving power and near ambient pressure photoemmission. COSAXS (3,0 GeV ring): Small angle X-ray scattering for soft matter and bio-materials. SoftiMAX (3,0 GeV ring): Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and coherent imaging. FlexPES (1,5 GeV ring): Soft X-ray spectroscopy for gases, molecules and clusters. MAXPEEM (1,5 GeV ring): Aberration corrected photoelectron microscopy for investigation of surfaces and interfaces. DanMAX (3,0 GeV ring): Two endstations for diffraction and tomographic imaging of hard (energy) materials. The first eight beamlines have completed most of the procurements and are in full installation phase. At least one of them will provide first photons on a sample for the inauguration on 21 June 2016. The others will provide light in the second half of 2016. Part of the development of technical solutions for the first seven beamlines is being done within the MAX IV – SOLEIL collaboration funded by Vetenskapsrådet. An agreement on collaborative metrology of X-ray optics and R&D of gratings has been signed with Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin. The beamline projects are on time. Contracts completed so far indicate that they will be in budget.

Organization The MAX IV Laboratory is a National Laboratory founded by Lund University, Vinnova and Vetenskapsrådet, see Governmental Regulation 2011:1567. Lund University hosts the MAX IV Laboratory and is the legal entity for the laboratory. The MAX IV project is executed under the agreement between Lund University, Vetenskapsrådet and Vinnova, LS 2010/544. Presently the parties are re-evaluating the agreement which will cover the operation phase from summer 2016 and onwards. The Board of Lund University in consultation with Vinnova and Vetenskapsrådet appoints the Board of the Laboratory, which is responsible towards the main funders and appoints the Director of the Laboratory. To cope with the complexity of the MAX IV project the Laboratory has implemented more structured organisation. The organization of the Laboratory now has the following core elements: Coexisting: • Project organization using a matrix structure to realize the MAX IV project. • Line organization handling personnel, career and facility operation. The Director with overall responsibility. Four Directors for Machine, Administration, Life- and Physical Science, respectively. A single project coordinator responsible for coordinating the three sub-projects (building, accelerator, beamlines). The project coordination office (PCO) negotiating and agreeing on solutions for issues in and between sub-projects. The MAX IV Laboratory is further supported by: – The Machine Advisory Committee (MAC) – The Science Advisory Committee (SAC) – The Program Advisory Committee (PAC) – University Reference Group (URG) – MAX Industrial Network Group (MING) When agreeing to found the new MAX IV Laboratory the funders (Vetenskapsrådet, Lund University, Vinnova, Region Skåne) also decided on the governance structure. It was agreed that this governance shall be reviewed when moving from the building to the operation phase. This review process is currently going on and should result in a reformed governance mid 2016.This governance shall reflect the completion of the MAX IV – Phase I project, the advances in internationalisation, the increased role of industry and the international competition. It shall lay out mandate for the MAX IV board, the rules for appointing members of this board, and for agreeing and covering the operations cost.

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TRANSITION MAX-LAB TO MAX IV Dark period

Decommissioning MAX I-III

After several decades of successful research the MAX I-III accelerators and beamlines have been permanently closed 13 December 2015. The opening of MAX IV, with its initial set beamlines, to first expert users in fall 2016 causes a minimum dark period of circa 9 months. However several communities, which used MAX I-III will have significantly longer dark periods. Examples are: Non protein diffraction is presently done at beamline I711 and beamline I811, but there is not yet a funded such diffraction beamline at MAX IV. Nuclear Physics has been a very strong activity at MAX-lab during the past 25 years. At present the user community is small and shrinking, leading professors have retired, thus the nuclear physics program was stopped in the summer of 2015 when MAX I was turned off. Infrared spectroscopy and imaging has been done successfully at MAX I, on beamline 73, and at MAX III, on beamline D7, but today is challenged by ever improving laboratory instruments. At MAX IV the small diameter of the vacuum chamber makes it technically very difficult to extract the FIR part of the spectrum at competitive intensities. Presently no infrared beamline is foreseen.

In 2016 the existing MAX I-III accelerators, all beamlines and the entire infrastructure will be decommissioned. The goal is to hand over the current building to Akademiska Hus in December 2016. A contract has been signed with Studsvik AB who will take care of all irradiated material. A procurement to find a general contractor for decommissioning the conventional facilities is on-going. All Swedish universities where contacted and offered to reclaim equipment from MAX-lab for future use at the universities. A total of 18 such claims have been received and shall be handled by January 2016.

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FUTURE ACTIONS Position of MAX IV The unique properties of the MAX IV accelerator will allow ground breaking science because of its low emittance and high coherence (microscopy, micro-diffraction), and because of the full energy Linac (ultra-fast processes). MAX IV will be the lowest emittance, e= 0,3 nm*rad, accelerator worldwide. It is the ambition to maintain this position and to expand this capability to the beamline and science programs and to become a worldwide leader in synchrotron radiation research. When deciding on future science areas MAX IV will focus on its strengths in terms of: Unique properties of the accelerator • High brightness and high coherence ideally suited to small spot analysis and imaging techniques. • Broad energy range: 1 0 – 400 eV at the 1,5 GeV ring 250 eV – 35 keV at the 3,0 GeV ring • Ultra-fast science using the SPF and potentally an FEL in the future Strong support by the Swedish universities as exemplified by their co-funding of the beamlines. Strong user network in the Nordic and Baltic countries and beyond. Synergies with research institutes nearby for example European Spallation Source ERIC, Medicon Village, IDEON Science park as well as Swedish and other universities and partners in the Nordic and Baltic region. Accelerator physics research and education in collaboration with Lund University. The MAX IV Laboratory should strive for becoming a European steward in sustainable development of research facilities.

Beamline ramp-up plan

The number of beamlines determines not only the breadth of science MAX IV can enable and the number of users it can support; it also has major influence on the cost of ownership.

We define cost of ownership as the full cost needed to build (investment) and operate (salaries, consumables, overhead) the facility and to keep it competitive until 2026. Upgrades beyond this and decommissioning are not included. The number of beamlines is thus the main parameter to steer the future of the facility. With the presently funded 14 beamlines not even all of the community already existing at MAX I-III is served, much less are new communities attracted. Thus increasing the number of beamlines is mandatory. Increasing the number of beamlines does not increase the base cost necessary to operate the facility (accelerator, administration, rent). Thus it is a way to take better profit from the large initial investment made by the Swedish funders. The investment for further beamlines and their operation costs shall in part be financed by Nordic and Baltic partners. FinEstBeaMS and DanMAX are good examples of such co-financing. Given the ambition to serve all fields of natural science and to become a regional facility we consider a total of 25 beamlines completed by 2026 realistic. The number of beamlines and their unique characteristics have to reflect the demand of the user community. While the initiative for new beamlines will always come from the scientists, bottom-up, the selection and decisions have to be taken by the laboratory management, top-down. They have to reflect the available resources, favour synergies, balance risks and contribute to solving the grand challenges our society is facing. We foresee a ramp-up process finishing around 2026, which is about 1/3 of the lifetime of the MAX IV accelerator, as shown in the figure below. It must be stressed that an additional beamline can only be started if in addition to the investment there is a guarantee for the operations cost and the necessary long-term staff associated with this beamline. If in doubt MAX IV Laboratory shall prioritise quality over quantity!

Number of Beamlines @ MAX IV 30

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

In construction

2020

2021

2022

In user operation

2023

2024

2025

2026

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The MAX IV Straw-Man Suit

To substantiate the beamline ramp-up and its relevance for science we use the concept of a “straw-man suit”. It is a list representing four different classes of beamlines: Phase I: Beamlines funded by KAW and Swedish universities, Finland and Estonia and in the building phase [7 + 1 beamlines] Phase IIa: beamlines funded by Vetenskapsrådet, KAW and a Danish Consortium of universities and regions. Those beamlines are in various stages of construction. [4 + 1 + 1 beamlines] Phase IIb: beamlines for which a full scientific case has been worked out and has been approved by the Scientific Advisory Committee but are not yet funded. All of these have been suggested for the needs inventory executed by Vetenskapsrådets Rådet för forskningens infrastrukturer (RFI). For one of them, ForMAX, 25 per cent of the cost of ownership has been promised by KAW already. [5 new beamlines] Phase III: Wild-cards reflecting beamlines to be built 2020 and beyond. For these the science case is not known yet because it has to reflect new and unexpected progress and areas where further capacity is needed to satisfy the needs of the users community [4 new beamlines] Together these 25 beamlines would exploit the full potential provided by the large Swedish investment into the MAX IV facility and shall guide the development of MAX IV until 2026. The beamlines listed are based on user input. It cannot be emphasized enough that this straw-man suit is tentative and subject to changes. Scientific fields develop and funding changes. Fields not yet represented may rise and fields now listed may decline. We present this list as an input to the funders and to the community to initiate the necessary discussion preceding any decision. The straw-man suit is based on the following assumptions: Lifetime of MAX IV accelerator: 25 years plus 10-15 years after an upgrade Average lifetime of a beamline: 10 years with regular minor upgrades plus 5-10 years after major upgrade Full capacity of 25 beamlines: reached by 2026 Ramp-up: 1 - 2 beamline per year This straw-man suit has to reflect the strengths of MAX IV and its scientific community and their ambitions on the international scene.

Selection process for beamlines

Selecting the right beamlines is crucial for the success of a facility. It requires intense and open communication between the scientists proposing a beamline, the laboratory managing the facility and the funders providing the resources. It also always requires hard choices because resources – money, people and time – are limited and not every proposal can be realized. Decisions have to be based on scientific excellence, availability of resources and strategic arguments. We propose the following scheme for the selection process:

1. Science Case Scientists are invited to suggest a Science Case. For this they provide the MAX IV Science Directors with an informal document answering the relevant questions: – What shall be done? – Why is this important? – Who will be using the beamline? – How shall it be realized technically? MAX IV analyses the Science Case, assigns a responsible person and assists the proposers in organizing a workshop at which the following issues are discussed: • Scientific case • User case • International status of the field • Technical issues • Possible funding from industry, international partners, etc. As an output of the workshop the scientists deliver a short workshop report to the Science Director summarizing the workshop and updating their proposal. This includes a list of people able to work on the project in the future. 2. Beamline Case MAX IV receives the input from all workshops. In order to maximize the scientific output and to minimize the use of resources, MAX IV makes a suggestion how to map the suggested Science Cases to Beamline Cases. This suggestion takes into account technical aspects, the size of the user community and resources. It may lead to combining several Scientific Cases into a single Beamline Case or to splitting a Science Case to several Beamline Cases. This suggestion is presented to the user community, typically at the users meeting, where input is requested. Based on this MAX IV makes the final list of Beamline Proposals, which for every proposal assigns a Beamline Spokesperson and a list of collaborators. 3. Beamline proposal The beamline proposal is worked out by the responsible person and the collaborators with the support and guidance of MAX IV. It is submitted to MAX IV. It contains: I. Scientific case II. User case III. International status of the field IV. Technical design suggestions V. Budget and time plan VI. Possible funding from industry, international partners, etc. 4. Beamline ranking and selection All Beamline Proposals, together with a preliminary assessment are submitted to the MAX IV Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC), the University Reference Group (URG), and the MAX IV Industrial Network Group (MING) by the MAX IV Management. URG comments on the relevance in terms of the strategic plans of the universities. MING comments on the Industrial Relevance in terms of size of the user community, international competition and any aspects that would increase the beamline’s attractiveness for industry.

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The MAX IV management reviews the advice and recommendations on Beamline Proposals by the URG and MING, analyses them with respect to the available resources, synergy effects and the strategy agreed upon with the MAX IV stakeholders. It makes a preliminary ranking of the proposals. This suggestion is presented to the SAC. SAC comments the ranking and selection proposed by the management. The SAC comments are based on: 1) Scientific excellence 2) S ize and impact of the users community (academic and industrial) 3) Technical feasibility 4) Status of the international competition The comments explicitly address A) A recommendation to build the beamline or not B) A dvice on the ranking of all Beamline Proposals suggested by the management After the SAC comments, the MAX IV management reviews all input on Beamline Proposals by the SAC, URG and MING and makes the final ranking of the proposals. 5. Beamline application The MAX IV management submits the final ranked list of beamlines to the MAX IV Board, which checks its compliance with the strategy and its feasibility and authorizes

an application to one or more of the funding agencies. All decisions as well as all written advice from the various parties involved in the beamline selection process will be accessible to the scientific community and stakeholders. MAX IV prepares the application and submits it according to the rules of the specific funder. 6. Beamline project Upon approval of full funding the beamline becomes a Beamline Project. MAX IV assigns a Beamline Project Manager either from existing MAX IV staff, or from the user community, or it recruits a person. This person becomes member of the Beamline Project Office (BPO), which coordinates the building of all beamlines at MAX IV. MAX IV receives the full funding and takes responsibility to build and safely operate the beamline. During the design and building process the Beamline Project Manager and the MAX IV Management are in close contact with the Beamline Spokesperson and the collaborators.

Individual applications vs. Funding Frame

Depending on the funding situation there are different scenarios for how often Science Cases are selected and Beamline Applications are submitted.

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If MAX IV succeeds in obtaining a funding frame financing the construction of some 3-5 beamlines over a period of 5-7 years, such a process will happen at the beginning of such a cycle. At this point MAX IV Laboratory would likely take a decision for the first 2 years, 2-3 beamlines, and repeat the process after two years to always be open for new opportunities such as changes in science or funding using the selection process described in this document. It would give great flexibility to the facility and allow staging the building of beamlines with the goal of maximizing the output for given resources. In particular it would allow opening MAX IV to new and emerging communities, not having the users base to beat all other projects in direct competition. It will also allow making optimum use of international contributions which may amount to only a fraction of a beamline. If no funding frame is available, then MAX IV will submit individual applications to all relevant funders whenever calls are open. It will result in many applications, some of which may be overlapping, same project to several funders, or depending on one another i.e. parts of the same project to several funders. Clearly the later case is undesirable for the community and the facility. Thus MAX IV will increase its efforts to negotiate some kind of funding frame with its funders.

Swedish High energy beamline at PETRA III

PETRA III at DESY in Hamburg is an ideal complement to MAX IV, providing better performance above circa 35 keV. The Swedish beamline P21, at PETRA III will offer valuable opportunities for hard materials such as metals and ceramics, thick samples, and for measuring pair distribution functions (PDF) work. At present the design of P21 is coordinated by the Rรถntgen-ร ngstrรถm Cluster (RAC) and not at all coordinated with the activities at MAX IV. Coordination would be of advantage for all of X-ray science in Sweden. MAX IV is willing to play a role in this beamline, but would need a mandate and possibly additional resources to do so. The coordination should continue into the operation phase to maximize the output and the obvious synergies. Such coordination by MAX IV would also result in a closer relation between MAX IV and DESY (PETRA III) thus fulfilling and important goal of the RAC and the MoU between the Swedish and German governments.

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No. Name

Design

Operation Unique properties

International potential

Phase I, finaced by Knut and Alice Wallenbergs foundation and 12 major Swedish universities 1

ARPES

2011

2016

Angle resolved electron spectroscopy. Full polarization variation of light.

Existing international user community; will be state-of-the-art and attract additional international users. Will exceed performance of related beamlines at HZB-BESSY and ALS, which are aging.

BALDER

2011

2016

Hard X-ray absorbtion spectroscopy (XANES, EXAFS) emphasizing in-situ and time-resolved studies.

Will be state-of-the-art and attract additional users worldwide.

BioMAX

2011

2016

Small focus, low divergence beam; high throuhput protein diffraction; large high speed detector; high level of automation; remote access; on-the-fly data analysis.

Existing users in Denmark, Finland and Norway; will be state-of-theart and attract additional users from oversubscribed beamlines worldwide, for example ESRF.

FemtoMAX

2011

2015

Femto-second X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy. More flux than available at existing slicing-based sources.

Will attract international users that require more flux than available at slicing-based sources such as SLS, ALS, HZB-BESSY and SOLEIL.

NanoMAX

2011

2016

Nano-scale imaging of materials, spatial resolution down to low nano-meter range. Scanning and coherence-based imaging methods.

Will be state-of-the-art and attract users worldwide because it fully exploits the potential (brightness) of MAX IV.

Hippie

2011

2016

Near ambient pressure photoemission to study surface reactions under relevant gas pressures. Full polarization variation of light.

Existing international user community; will be state-of-theart and attract additional users from oversubscribed beamlines worldwide.

Veritas

2011

2016

Soft X-ray resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. High flux at world-class energy resolution, study excitations in solids and liquids. Full polarization variation of light.

Will be state-of-the-art and attract additional users worldwide. Fully exploits the MAX IV potential (brightness).

Phase I, financed by Finland and Estonia 8

FinEstBeaMS

2013

2016

VUV and soft X-ray spectroscopy for studies of solids, gases and aerosols including luminescence.

Investment and operations funded by Estonia and Finland. Role model for other international partners.

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No. Name

Design

Operation Unique properties

International potential

Phase IIa, financed by KAW and Vetenskapsr책det 9

CoSAXS

2014

2017

Small and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS and WAXS), X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) and Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging (CDI).

Existing Nordic, in particular Danish, user community. Will be stateof-the-art and attract additional users worldwide. Exploits fully the potential of MAX IV i.e. brightness and high coherence.

SoftiMAX

2014

2017

Soft X-ray Coherent X-ray imaging and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). Full polarization variation of light.

Will be world-leading due to high coherent flux from MAX IV and will attract users worldwide. Exploits fully the unique coherence of MAX IV X-rays.

FlexPES

2014

2016

Soft X-ray spectroscopies on solids, gases, aerosols and liquids. Multi-dimensional spectroscopy and coincidence methods. High cost efficency by reuse of MAX II equipment.

Existing international user community. Will be state-of-theart and attract additional users from oversubscribed beamlines worldwide.

MAXPEEM

2014

2016

One of few aberration corrected SPELEEM on a modern source (ultimate resolution in the low nanometer range). Full polarization variation of light. High cost efficency by reuse of MAX II equipment.

Existing international user community. Will be state-of-theart and attract additional users from oversubscribed beamlines worldwide.

SPECIES

2014

2016

Near ambient pressure photoemission and soft X-ray resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. High cost efficency by reuse of MAX II equipment.

Existing international user community. Will be state-of-theart and attract additional users from oversubscribed beamlines worldwide.

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No. Name

Design

Operation Unique properties

International potential

Phase IIb, covering obvious gaps in the portfolio 14

DanMAX

20152017

20192020

Analyse meso-structure of hard materials (metals, ceramics, ...) by combining powder diffraction and micro-tomographic imaging. Samples can be powder or few grains. Includes 3D grain and stress mapping.

MicroMAX

20152017

20192020

Solve the most challenging protein Will be world-leading beamline structures (membranes, ribosome, and attract users worldwide. ...) using micron sized crystals. These are much easier to produce but cannot be analysed today. Fully exploits MAX IV advantages (brightness).

MedMAX

20152017

20192020

Bio-medical imaging: tissue, teeth, bones and animals. High resolution and sensitivity, samples up to centimetres. Close proximity to hospital and full involvement of medical faculty and bio-medical industry.

Will offer stat-of-the-art facilities combined with large local expertise on bio-medical imaging. Will attract users worldwide.

DiffMAX

20162017

20192020

Solve crystal structures in powders, single crystals and at surfaces using wide- (WAXS) and small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) with mono- and polychromatic beams.

Will cater the large existing Swedish and international community built up at MAX-lab and extend the capabilities utilising the brightness of MAX IV.

iMAX

20152017

20192020

Nano-to-m-scale full-field imaging for multi-modal, multi-scale analysis of 3D structures of bulk materials and objects including dynamics (4D). Allows observation and quantification of material responses to external and loads for areas like: material science, bio-engineering, energy research, earth/planetary science, food science, palaeontology, and cultural heritage.

Existing international academic and industrial user community, which is not yet routinely using synchrotrons. Clear complementarity to DanMAX and ForMAX. Opportunity to cater to industrial needs.

ForMAX

20152017

20192020

A beamline build for the needs of the forest and paper industry both in terms of access and capability. It shall act as a portal also providing access to all other beamlines at MAX IV.

The drivers are the big Swedish and Finnish forestry and paper companies togheter with the Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC). KAW has promised to co-fund 50 MSEK.

Tender X-ray 2015spectroscopy 2017

20192020

Micro-focus spectroscopy XAS and XAFS in the difficult but relevant â&#x20AC;&#x153;tenderâ&#x20AC;? X-ray range (2-5 keV) for light elements (Si, P, S, Na, ...) in environmental, geo- and materials science.

Will be state-of-the-art and attract users worldwide. Only few beamlines exist in this difficult spectral region.

Cultural heritage

20192020

Dedicated to investigating precious cultural artefacts by tomography and fluorescence.

Large potential for use by National Heritage Boards of Scandinavian and Baltic countries.

20152017

Driven by the Danish community. In particular the imaging part will be state-of-the-art and attract users worldwide. MoU for the full investment and operations cost is signed.

Phase III, expand to new communities and open to emerging fields 22

Phase III_1

2019

2022

Phase III_2

2019

2022

Phase III_3

2020

2023

Phase III_4

2020

2023

The science cases for these beamlines are not yet developed. They must be based on the needs of the scientific community and the possibilites in circa 2020. These beamlines leave room for MAX IV to be world leading beyond 2020. These beamlines will take into account the development of both European Spallation Source ERIC and Science Village Scandinavia and the changing landscape due to upgrades of other synchroton facilities worldwide. They will be developed in collaboration withs international partners.

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Phase II accelerator

MAX FEL

In order to stay competitive on the international scene the accelerator and its team need an ambitious but realistic development program. A strong accelerator physics program was a major reason for the successful MAX IV ideas and design. However for the first years, up until 2018, the full attention must be given to attain the relevant specifications for user operation: Emittance < 0,3 nm*rad Current stability < 0,5 % (using top-up) Availability circa 98 % Current > 300 mA SPF: repetition rate = 100Hz (FemtoMAX beamline) For the time after circa 2018 there are opportunities to reduce the accelerators emittance and to improve general accelerator performance. While the former directly increases the X-ray brightness and the coherent fraction, the latter provides more flexibility for a wide range of experiments Any such upgrade program will require both a financial budget and dedicated machine shifts.

The MAX IV facility has as goal to provide the research environment necessary to approach the Grand Challenges. Free Electron Lasers are a very important and dynamic field of photon science. The FEL’s now being planned and constructed will pave the way for the next generation of photon-based science in terms of the Fourier transform limited longitudinal coherence, femtosecond pulses and diffraction-limited radiation offered by these sources. Sweden is a major player at LCLS and the European XFEL and there is a sizable Swedish user community as well as know-how in accelerator physics. A FEL has been an option for the MAX IV design since the beginning and the basic investment in LINAC, SPF and infrastructure has already been done. Placing a Swedish FEL at MAX IV and thus complementing the high performance rings and beamlines at MAX IV with an FEL is a natural and cost-effective way of providing the ultimate photon sources for tomorrow’s science, beams with either optimum temporal or beams with geometrically coherence. Moreover, this would make use of synergies with the Lund Laser Centre, the storage rings, the support laboratories and infrastructure in SVS and ESS. A key strategy is to develop the accelerator based generation of synchrotron light with a focus on as high coherence (transverse and temporal) as possible and short pulses in the photon energy range 100 eV to 20 keV. The strategic paths to follow are : Short pulses: The storage rings are not designed to allow operation with extremely short pulses (below 1 ps). There is a strong demand on generation of short pulses in the higher photon energy range (2-20 keV) with limited need of temporal coherence. Such pulses will be produced in the FemtoMAX beamline in the Short Pulse Facility (SPF) using spontaneous radiation from undulators. Coherent pulses: Coherent pulses can be generated at the storage rings. This is a feature that should be further improved by development of the storage rings and later an upgrade of the complete magnet lattice. The transverse coherence at MAX IV 3,0 GeV is excellent and can be enhanced by improving the beamlines to achieve a high degree of filtering of the incoherent fraction. The temporal (longitudinal) coherence can be partially improved by the monochromators in the beamlines. Fully transform limited pulses are not possible with the bunch lengths available in the storage rings. Coherent and short pulses: To generate fully coherent pulses with a duration <100 fs a FEL is necessary. By applying the techniques of FELs the source can provide both transverse and longitudinal coherence and thus fundamentally improve the coherent to incoherent signal ratio. The beamlines in this case should be developed with limited need to filter an incoherent signal, to retain power, but focus can be put on retaining the coherent properties. A FEL should be designed to allow seeding at all photon energies and ultra short (<1 fs) pulses. All FEL beamlines will need to be equipped with pump/probe laser systems well synchronized to the FEL pulses.

Updates until circa 2020 Introduction of the insertion devices for future beamlines will automatically reduce the horizontal emittance of the 3,0 GeV ring. This beneficial effect can be amplified by tuning the existing magnet lattice to a more aggressive optic. ehor (3GeV) = 300 à ≈ 150 pm rad Updates during 2020-2022 Separation of magnet families presently powered by a single power supply will add flexibility in the lattice tuning and further reduce the horizontal emittance. This is a very cost effective upgrade. With the gained experience it is foreseen to move to on-axis injection for both rings, which again reduces emittance. ehor (3GeV) ≈ 100 pm rad Upgrades circa 2025-2030: After 10 to 15 years of operation a major upgrade of the storage rings will be mandatory to keep the facility competitive. For the 3,0 GeV ring, a preliminary study indicates that a new 19-bend achromat lattice could reach a further reduction of the emittance by factor 10 allowing the diffraction limit to be reached for 10 keV photons. Beyond pure brightness improvements the users are likely to push for developments like: Improved electron- and photon-beam stability Development of filling patterns for time resolved experiments, allowing for example the use of Time of Flight (TOF) analysers for atomic and molecular physics and for electron spectroscopy. Schemes for achieving ultra-long or ultra-short bunches. The former would reduce space charge problems in electron spectroscopy, while the latter would be beneficial for time resolved experiments. All such upgrade projects must be driven by the science they enable.

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An FEL in the soft X-ray photon energy range can be built using the current infrastructure and accelerator system at MAX IV. The time frame is dependent on the ambition level of such a project in terms of seeding, pulse structure, beamline etc. with an earliest day of operation approximately 3 years from funding decision. An FEL in the hard X-ray photon energy range will need an extension of the accelerator system at MAX IV. Such an extension is already prepared in the current MAX IV and thus an earliest day of operation is approximately 5 years from funding decision. The strategy is to immediately develop the concepts of FELs to be well prepared to acquire funding and to start FEL build-up when means become available in order to be able to achieve the goals of a competitive research environment to address the grand challenges. The strategy beyond the FEL development includes completely new approaches that are necessary in beamline design, storage ring concepts, FEL implementations and accelerator concepts (such as plasma wake field acceleration, C and X band), seeding techniques and concepts for pump-probe laser integration.

Control and IT Modern day experiments are increasingly complex and have high requirements on the IT infrastructure and leading science can depend on the level of technological support. Local expertise is acquired for handling the continuous development in parallel with the evolution of the leading edge experiments. A communication structure is in place which ensures the best possible bridge between engineers and scientists towards optimal solutions. Some key technical standards were chosen which increase the scope of solutions and allow MAX IV to benefit from expertise from other collaborating institutes. A constant effort is made to implement lean management, knowledge spread, user autonomy, continuous improvement and flexibility which generates high motivation and productivity in the team. The data management needed is large enough to require collaboration with local partners such as LUNARC for data centre support. MAX IV has a vision to support scientific software through coordination and collaboration with the various contributors from the various synchrotron science communities.

Internationalisation Internationalising MAX IV is a top priority. Finland, Estonia and Denmark are already funding entire beamlines and are contributing to operations cost. Internationalisation is the way to exploit the full potential of the large initial Swedish investment and get a better and more complete facility. It will provide financial contributions to both future investment and operation. It is attractive to partner countries because it gives them access to a world leading facility for moderate cost and being partner will provide long-term stability for their research programs and influence on the future strategy. It

will also create kickback by cooperation in education and instrument building as well as by in-kind contributions. It is advantageous for the Swedish scientific community because it provides a more complete and better-equipped facility and more long-term stability. In addition it will attract top competence to Sweden. If internationalization should not be successful, Sweden would focus its resources on Swedish research thus reducing access for non-Swedish users. This would lead to an incomplete facility and less international users and collaborations. Both are bad for the progress of science. Internationalization can and will be organized in a way that Swedish researchers also profit from it. MAX IV will do whatever possible to support internationalization, but the initiative resides with the Swedish Ministry for Education and Research, who has the authority and the means to drive the issue.

Status & milestones of the internationalisation

An original thought for MAX IV Laboratory future had been to transfer it into a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC). This would have taken it from a national Swedish institution to a formally multinational European institution. The European Spallation Source (ESS) has for example taken that way and is since 1 October 2015 ESS-ERIC. After consultation with Utbildningsdepartementet, Lund University and Vetenskapsrådet the MAX IV Laboratory board decided in it’s meeting 14 January 2014 to abandon the option of becoming an ERIC and to remain part of Lund University. This has profound implications for the internationalisation strategy and has already resulted in first positive steps from other countries. The guidelines for how to handle contributions from foreign countries are laid out in the “Guidelines to Access policy for investment into MAX IV” (Board decision 19 May 2014). They can be summarised in the following points: – Treat every contributor individually but with similar conditions – Actively engage user community & funding institutions – Negotiate bi-lateral agreements at the lowest reasonable level (below ministry), with long-term & win-win perspective – MAX IV shall be inclusive not exclusive – Investment, into a beamline or part of a beamline, operation, staff, etc. will be considered as investment into facility as a whole opening opportunities at all beamlines – The main success criteria for collaborations is the scientific output – Total contribution by foreign countries shall be proportional to their use of MAX IV – Collaborations shall contribute to the long-term sustainable operation of the entire MAX IV Laboratory The same guidelines will be applied for collaborations with national Swedish institutions (universities, institutes, etc.) and for investments from private companies or foundations.

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Synergies: ESS–SVS–MAX IV For exploiting the full potential of MAX IV a close collaboration with the future European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) and with Science Village Scandinavia (SVS) is essential. Synergies in research and education It will allow realizing synergies such as joint research programs, user consortia and support laboratories in the important fields of structural biology, materials engineering, soft matter and nano-composites, and energy materials. When including Lund University and other universities it will enable creation of a joint theory group, workshops and hopefully a research school in Materials Science using X-rays and Neutrons. Synergies in instrumentation and technology MAX IV and ESS use similar cutting edge technology in many areas. Collaborating will allow achieving better output with the same resources. This is particularly true in the field of data management and analysis. Here ESS is presently setting up the Data Management and Software Centre (DMSC) in Copenhagen. Together with the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) these are very good platforms to acquire, store and analyse the vast amounts of data which MAX IV will produce. Single point of contact MAX IV has the ambition to have a single common point of contact with ESS located physically in the centre of SVS. This should comprise both physical contacts such as the reception for users, visitor centre/museum, control room, shipping & receiving etc. It shall be complemented by a virtual contact point: Digital users office, harmonized calls for proposals, websites, etc. The feasibility of a joint industrial liaison office (ILO) shall be studied. Hurdles to cooperation Cooperation is in practice hindered by things like the organisation; ESS is a multinational organization, MAX IV a national lab hosted by Lund University, different time scales; MAX IV being inaugurated 2016, ESS approximately 2020, and the fact that ESS is a green field site whereas MAX IV is a traditional laboratory.

Priorities for SVS

MAX IV has the following priorities it wants to realize in SVS and they are consistent with the needs of ESS: Public transport

For users & staff, 07:0021:00, 7 days per week

Guest House

Simple but functional including catering

Lund University department moving to Brunnshög

This would greatly strengthen the Brunnshög site and achieve a critical mass. It should include a laboratory building and a lecture hall. The physics department with the Lund Laser Centre is a natural candidate.

Meeting room

Cafeteria, restaurant, coffee place

Visitor centre/ museum

To attract the general public and especially children, the future generation of scientists

Support laboratories

Many synchrotron experiments require additional characterization before or during the beamtime such as electron microscopy, cell biology, protein crystallization, catalytic reactions, high pressure etc.

In June 2015 the Planning and Building Board of Lund municipality launched the consultation process for part of the Zoning Plan for Östra Torn 27:13 (Brunnshög). This plan includes the area where the first new building, SPACE, will be built and renovation of the wooden windmill and Möllegården. SPACE will have a front desk and exhibition area, a restaurant, conference rooms, a gym and housing for guest researchers. It is to be built by Wihlborgs which together with FOJAB have been designated the winners in the competition for this first phase of Science Village.

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INDUSTRY, EDUCATION & TRAINING Industry MAX IV Laboratory is strongly committed to actively engage with industry, and serve its needs. The ambition is to increase the competitiveness of Swedish and Nordic industries by providing easy access to accurate and novel synchrotron based methods that have the potential to transform industrial research & innovation activities. The goal is to offer companies the full range of services from direct access to experimental set ups for advanced users through the Industrial Liaison Office (ILO) at MAX IV, to more tailored solutions for less advances users that can include everything from definition of experiment and sample preparation to execution and interpretation of experiments. A range of actors could serve as mediators for the later service, of which the majority will be academic groups that are specialists in the technique to be applied and/or specialist on the matter to be studied. Industrial research institutes and mediator companies, whose business idea it is to provide access to advanced facilities and methods, are other examples of important mediators. The ambition is to increase both the indirect and direct industrial use of MAX IV and the later to a level of approximately 5 percent of the user shifts at full operation in 2020, thereby generating additional revenue of around 10-20 MSEK annually. Outreach and training Increasing the awareness of MAX IV and the general knowledge level of synchrotron based methods in the industrial sector is the key to getting the maximum industrial utilisation of the facility. The focus area in this topic is: - Working closely with institutes and other industrial organisations/partners to raise the awareness of what the facility can offer for different industries - Training industrial users by hands-on courses - Creating an informative, updated and easily accessible presence on the web for industrial users where they can find the necessary information to take the next step towards synchrotron usage Providing industrial access to MAX IV The gap between industry and MAX IV will be bridged through a range of initiatives where universities, mediating companies and institutes play a key role. Building up an internal and external structure to provide industrial access to MAX IV is the central objective for the industrial liaison office. - Establishing an ecosystem of mediating institutes, companies, academic research groups, centres and portals to bridge the gap between companies and MAX IV to provide assistance before, during and after experiments, for example with data reduction and interpretation

- Support existing as well as new emerging mediator companies, which can provide specialized service to industrial companies in a way that MAX IV can not and should not compete with - Actively seek operational co-funding for investment in beamlines, parts of beamlines, dedicated sample environment, detectors etc. in return for privileged and guaranteed access modes (e.g. Wallenberg Wood Science Centre - ForMAX) - Provide commercial service directly through the internal ILO where there is a big need and no mediator companies exists Optimizing industrial use Listening to the specific needs of the industry and accommodating the necessary services to attract and keep industrial users is important for a lasting impact. - Initiate a dialogue with different industries to optimizing modes of access e.g. time-scales, turn-around time etc. - Connect to national strategic and international research programs (Institutes, Vinnova SIO and Centres of excellence, SSF IRCs, EU projects aimed at driving industrial research etc.) - Developing bilateral partnerships with a number of other facilities to serve as backup and to cover industrial need in areas not covered by beamlines at MAX IV (e.g. P21 at PETRA III, ESRF, DESY etc.) with the aim of passing industrial clients onwards - Establishing a new industrial reference group for MAX IV to advise on all aspects of commercial use ranging from access modes to experimental infrastructures, to support labs and selection of beam lines - Offering a single point of access together with ESS to realize synergies.

Education and training Education and outreach are fundamental issues for MAX IV Laboratory to fulfil its mission of providing service to new communities and partner states and to disseminate its results into the public. MAX IV Laboratory must take an active role in educating academic users as well as in reaching out to the general public.

Academic education

MAX IV Laboratory has a strong tradition of providing support to academic education, which must be preserved in the future. Training students all the way from undergraduate to the post-graduate level is an important tool for broadening the user base and bringing synchrotron radiation as a tool to new communities. MAX IV should continue to have an open door policy regarding support for university courses, projects, visits and Ph.D. students. At present some MAX IV Laboratory employees hold formal academic appointments at Lund University and

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thus give lectures and supervise students on all levels. Reversely for instance the Lund University academic department MAX N-Fak has several members who significantly contribute to the strength of the MAX I-III and MAX IV projects. For the future it must be the goal that the very successful model of collaboration between MAX IV and Lund University be extended to include all Swedish and other universities. This requires that possibilities are created for formal dual affiliation of MAX IV Laboratory staff at Swedish and possibly other universities. Temporary staff like post-docs shall be educated so that they find appropriate positions after leaving the laboratory. This necessitates own research as well as dedicated training through the permanent staff. Future actions: Continue a proactive collaboration with all Swedish universities ensuring high quality education and supervision of students on all levels. Expand hands-on training courses focused on a particular field or technique for newcomers (students, experienced staff, industry) in collaboration with the users and Swedish universities. These courses shall provide theoretical background, practical training on the beamline, and data analysis. At the end of the course scientists shall be able to write an application for beamtime, do a standard experiment with the support of the local staff and analyse and publish the results. This will be particularly important for emerging communities and techniques. Expand joint appointments of MAX IV staff with Swedish and other universities. MAX IV laboratory has decided to set aside up to 2 percent of the entire beamtime at the facility for education and training purposes. It will be distributed based on an

2013 Installation Acceler LINAC 3GeV ring ator 1.5GeV ring Phase I Phase IIa

Application

Phase IIb

2014

application process very similar to regular beamtime applications.

Training

Training refers to non-academic education, mostly provided to scientists working in industry requiring training in the opportunities provided by MAX IV in order to become direct users, suggest experiments to be executed by mediator companies, or analyse data collected at MAX IV. Similar principles as for academic scientists shall be applied for industrial scientists, however these will be charged on a full cost recovery basis.

In-house research & development

To operate a world-class facility in a competitive fashion it is mandatory to have not only world-class equipment, but even more important world-class staff. The best scientists are attracted by the opportunity to do creative and original research and method or instrument development. In the midterm any such development provides better opportunities for the users and thus is supporting the mission of MAX IV as a user facility. For these reasons the MAX IV board has decided to assign in-house research and development to some of the staff. Such staff will typically spend 20-30% of their time on such tasks and will use part of the beamtime for this. Special funding will be made available form the laboratory budget to initiate small development projects. In the midterm such scientists are expected to finance their research and development activities via external funding. MAX IV Laboratory will support selected scientists in getting academic affiliations at a university. All in-house research and development must keep the user mission of the laboratory in mind. It shall not be in competition with user driven research.

2015

2016

2017

Application

Phase III (6 BLs)

FEL

Implementation

Commissioning Comm & Oper Installation Commissioning Comm & Oper Installation Install & Comm.Comm & Oper Installation Commissioning Comm & Oper Installation Install & Comm Comm & Oper Application

Beam- (6 BLs) lines

Preparation

2018

Science & User case Technical case

Application

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OVERALL TIME PLAN The table below shows the overall time plan envisaged for the MAX IV facility. With this plan MAX IV reaches full capacity in 2026, 10 years after inauguration, thereby making optimum use of the large initial investment in the basic facility. The critical steps steering the build-up are the applications for beamlines Phase IIb 2014, Phase III 2018, and for the FEL 2016/2017

2019

2020

2021

2022

This overall time plan will allow realizing the synergies with ESS, which is expecting to receive first neutrons around 2020. This time plan is ambitious but realistic. To implement it will require not only the support of the full Swedish community, but also international partnership.

2023

2024

2025

Operation Operation Operation Operation Operation Installation Commisioning Starting Operation

Operation

cation Installation Commisioning

Starting Operation

cation Preparation

Building

Commissioning

Operation

2026

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RESOURCES NEEDED TO FULFIL VISION Our vision is to operate the accelerator complex (LINAC, 1,5 GeV and 3,0 GeV rings) and the full amount of 25 beamlines listed in the straw man suit by 2026 with world-leading performance and output. In the following we try to give an estimate of the full cost associated with fulfilling this vision until 2026. In the following the cost of a future MAX IV Free Electron Laser is not taken into account. Such an extrapolation is very difficult and involves several assumptions which may change over the long projection horizon of 13 years! The main assumptions are that the cost of operating MAX IV can be divided into Base Cost of 300 MSEK annually covering administration, rent, management, accelerator, etc. of which salaries amount to circa 115 MSEK and other costs i.e. rent, electricity, administrations costs to circa 185 MSEK, and Cost per beamline built and operated. It has to be taken with great care and should be re-evaluated after commencing operation in 2016 and then periodically every few years. An average beamline will cost 105 MSEK in investment, over a 4 year building period, plus 10,5 MSEK annually in terms of operation such as staff, consumables, overhead, upgrades to keep the beamline and associated labs competitive for 10 years. This includes 5 MSEK to either integrate equipment supplied by users, or to build up laboratory capacity related to the beamline. These numbers are extracted from two more detailed budgets submitted to VR 2013-03-26; MAX IV Operations (Application Operation grant to Vetenskapsrådet/The Swedish Research Council, Research infrastructures, MAX IV Operations 2014 – 2018, VR No 2013-45096-10294675) and MAX IV Phase IIa beamlines. The three transfer beamlines in the application are low cost in terms of investment, but have identical operations cost to a new beamline. In the following extrapolation internationalization is not explicitly considered. All cost are summed up, but part of these costs should be taken by future Nordic and Baltic partners. All costs are given in 2013 prices. Indexing according to real inflation and salary development, circa 2 percent annually, has to be added.

The cost crucially depends on the beamline ramp-up plan. It can be steered by changing this ramp-up. However reducing the number of beamlines does not reduce the Base Cost of 300 MSEK annually and reduces the service to the scientific user community. Delaying the ramp up risks not taking advantage of the large initial investment of circa 3 500 MSEK. Assuming the beamline ramp-up given in this document results in investments as shown in Graph 1 and in operations cost as shown in Graph 2 on the next page. The future investment cost is only related to new beamlines. The Phase I beamlines are jointly funded by KAW and the Swedish universities, green in Graph 1 and Phase II a beamlines are jointly funded by KAW and Vetenskapsrådet, solid grey in Graph 1. From 2016 – 2023 the investment is roughly constant at 150 MSEK annually reflecting the ramp-up of 1,5 beamlines annually. Part of these investments shall be financed by future Nordic and Baltic partner countries. The constant investment favours a funding frame which extends over 5-8 years and allows optimizing the selection of beamlines. The operations cost given is full cost needed to operate the facility i.e. Base Cost plus Cost per beamline multiplied by the number of operational beamlines. The operations cost for the years 2014 to 2018 is fully covered by the joint funding decision from Vetenskapsrådet and Lund University (13 December 2013). For the years 2019 - 2023 MAX IV Laboratory will put in an application to Vetenskapsrådet in March 2017. To make sure this application is complete, credible, and compatible with the MAX IV mission a review will be conducted prior to submitting the application. From 2016 to 2026 the operations cost increases gradually reflecting the increasing number of beamlines going into operation, ≈ 1,5 beamlines annually. Part of the operations cost shall be financed by future Nordic and Baltic partner countries. If the necessary resources should not be available MAX IV Laboratory would compromise the quantity by building fewer beamlines, but never the quality.

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Investment Cost Beamlines (MSEK) 350

300

250

200

150

100

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Phase IIa Application

2019

2020

2021

Invest.to be funded

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

Funded (KAW, SWE Univ)

Graph 1: Investment cost required to fulfil the full potential of the MAX IV storage rings by realizing the beamline ramp-up given in chapter Position of MAX IV, page 12.

Estimated Total MAX IV Operation Cost (MSEK)

2013 - 2018: VR application (2013-03-26), 2018-2026: Exptrapolation 600

500

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Graph 2: Operations cost for the full MAX IV facility resulting from the beamline rampup plan given in chapter Position of MAX IV, page 12.

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COMMUNICATION & OUTREACH During the next few years communication will focus on different milestones and achievements related to building, commissioning and eventually operating the MAX IV facility. Especially the inauguration, with the four days of activities surrounding it, will be used as a way of making the MAX IV Laboratory know not just to scientists and funders but to a broader public. In addition to this communication will also focus on the science that future users will be doing since that is our raison d’etre and the reason why other parties, other countries, would decide on funding part of the operations of and investments in the MAX IV Laboratory. A new web site will be launched during spring 2016 which will describe the new facility and all the science opportunities it provides, both for academia and industry. As part of both outreach and communication, study visits to the facility is an essential tool giving an opportunity to on-site experience of an modern research facility. The interest for study visits has increased a lot, from 1 500 visits annually 2010 to over 6 000 visits during 2014. Due to commissioning and the continuous beamline build-up the number of visits to the facility will be kept on a more reasonable level, and funders and users - existing and potential - will be given highest priority. The general public will be welcomed to the visitors centre at Möllegården, jointly operated by MAX IV, ESS and SVS. As part of getting the Swedish universities more engaged and involved a network of communication staff has been established. The aim is to keep this group updated on the activities at MAX IV but also to have a channel into the universities that will help get in touch with new users at the faculties.

Road-shows to Swedish universities to present the scientific opportunities given with the different beamlines will be a main communication activity for many years in order to interest and attract new users. Being present at public events such as Folkemødet in Denmark, Almedalen in Sweden and Arendalsuka in Norway, as well as at conferences and workshops arranged by stake-holder organisations will be an important activity to connect with representatives from industry, institutes and politics. To spread scientific results and to increase the understanding for the role of science in today’s society MAX IV Laboratory shall actively address the general public on all levels. Special attention shall be given to children who might become the scientists of the future. Future actions: Actively work to inform the general public through all media channels. Continue offering guided tours to show the unique research facilities and the reality of a scientific institute. Continue and expand activities for school children in “grundskola and gymnasium” and additional training for teachers in “gymnasium”. Coordinate outreach with Swedish and other universities, ESS, and SVS. Together with ESS and SVS operate a small visitor centre, in Möllegården, in-between the two facilities opening spring 2016. Push for a larger visitor centre or a full science museum (Vattenhallen, Exploratorium type) together with LU and possibly other universities, ESS and SVS.

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DIALOGUE WITH VETENSKAPSRÅDET Questions to Vetenskapsrådet 2013

In the following we attach the questions that were posed in the Verion 1.0 of this strategy plan when it was submitted to Vetenskapsrådet in 2013 as well as the answers received. In submitting the original Strategy Plan, August 2013, we asked Vetenskapsrådet to provide us with feedback to this document so that we could improve possible shortcomings and take the decisions and actions proposed herein. In particular we asked for feedback on the following issues: 1) The beamline ramp-up is in our strategy to a large extent dependent on the progress of the internationalization. Is this acceptable to Vetenskapsrådet? 2) Do you agree to keep the resources needed to design, build and operate the MAX IV Free Electron Laser separate from the MAX IV strategy or would you like to receive a Total Cost of Ownership including MAX IV Free Electron Laser? 3) The dark period has been discussed in earlier stages and is calculated to 6 months. Is this still a reasonable and acceptable period to Vetenskapsrådet? 4) PETRA III is according to our strategy an ideal complement to MAX IV, providing better performance above circa 35 keV. The Swedish beamline P21 at PETRA III will offer valuable opportunities for hard materials (metals, ceramics), thick samples, and pair distribution function (PDF) work. How does Vetenskapsrådet suggest to make use of these synergies and how shall the strategies and technical solutions of P21 and MAX IV be co-ordinated? 5) Details on future beamlines in phase III is in our strategy open until circa 2018 to allow incorporating new and presently unknown fields of photon science. Is this acceptable to Vetenskapsrådet? 6) Does Vetenskapsrådet require individual applications every year for beamline investments or is it willing to accept an application for a funding frame of circa 6 beamlines in Phase IIb or III, circa 600 MSEK investment? How would that change if part of such beamline investment was paid by international or industrial partners?

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MAX IV LABORATORY LUND UNIVERSITY Box 118 221 00 Lund Tel 046-222 98 72 www.maxiv.se