Economic guidelines in the quran by Mohamed Rahumathulla Mohamed

THE INTERNAÎIONAL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT

Islamization of Knowledge-2l

ECOI\{OMIC GUIDT,Lil\ES IN THE QUR'ÃN

S. M. Hasanuz Zaman

THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT The rnternational Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) is a cultural and intellectual foundation. It was established and registĂŞred in the united states of America at the beginning of the fifteenth hijri, century (1401/1981) with the following objectives:

To provide a comprehensive Islamic outlook through eluci_ dating the principles of Islam and relating them to rerevant issues of contemporary thought.

To began the intellectuar curtural and civilizationar identity of the ummah through the Islamization of the humanities and social sciences.

To rectify the methodology of contemporary Islamic thought in order to enable it to resume is contribution to the progress of human civilization and give it meaning and direction in line with the values and objectives of Islam.

The Institute seeks to achieve its objectives by:

o Holding specialized academic conferences and seminars o Supporting and selectively publishing works of scholars and researchers in universities and academic research centres in the Muslim World and the West.

Directing higher university studies toward furthering work on issueis of Islamic thought and the Islamization of knowledge

The Institute has a number of overseas offices and academic advisers for the purpose of coordinating and promoting its various activities. It has also entered into joint academic agreements with several universities and research centres to implement its objectives.

Headquarters: 580 Herndon Pkwy f 500 Herndon, VA 20170-5225 U.S.A.

Phone: (703) 471-1133 Fax: (703) 471-3922 E mail: iiit@iiit.org

IIIT

Pakistan:

28 Main Double Road

P.O. Box 1959 Islamabad. Pakistan Phone: 92-51-292384 and 29J754 Fax: 92-b1-280489 E-mail: iiit@comsats.net.pk

ECONOMIC GUIDELIN_trS IN THE QUR'AN

Islamization of Knowled g*21

Series Editor (in Pakistan) Zafar Ishaq Ansari

ECONOMIC GUIDELINES IN THE QUR'ﾃク

M. Hassanuz Zarnan

The International Institute of fslamic Thought

First published in Pakistan in 1999 by The International lnstitute of Islamic Thought, Islamabad 28 Main Double Road, F-L012 Islamabad, Pakistan Facsimile 92-51-280489 Email: iiit@.isb.comsats.net.Pk iiitpak@Paknet2.Ptc.Pk

@)1999

bt' The International Institute of Islamic Thought (Pakistan), Islamabad. AII rights reserved.

Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Hassanuz Zaman, S. M. L932Economic Guidelines in the Qur'達n (Islanic Economics) 1. Isla,mic Economics-Guidelines. 2. Basic Concepts, Social Behaviour-Economic Para,meters-Public Policy Guidelines. I. Title. II. Title: Economic Guidelines in the Qur'達n III.

Series: Isla,mization

of Knowledge index

ISBN HB L-56 564-094.2 ISBN PB 1-56 564-093-4

Printed in Pakistan by Islamic Research Institute Press Islamabad

Contents FOREWORD

vlu

PR,EF.ACE

1- BASIC CONCEPTS eART A-spECrAL TERMrNoLocy oF THE quR,Ãw I: Fad,I 2: Fasad (Corruption) 3: Ihsan 4: Infaq . 5: Khayr 6: Matã,' 7 : Musta(,' ffin(The weak) 8: Rizq 9: {ulm (Injustice, Wrong-doing) PART B_PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS . . . 1: Ownership 2: Creation and Distribution. 3: The Lawful and the Unlawful ($atdt and, Haram) 4: Man Versus the Universe 5: Reward and Punishment PART C_HUMAN INSTINCTS . . . 1: Man's Love for Wealth 2: Love for Quick Return 3: Proneness to Save 4: Inclination to Maintain Solvency . . . 5: Ungratefulness 6: Pride in Wealth 7: Grudge/Envy 8: Desire to fnsure for Old Age 9: Desire to fnsure for Posterity . . .

x 1 .

23 25 30 34 39

44 45 49 66 71.

87 93 95 95 95

96 96 97 98 99 99

Contents

. L0: Fear of Depletion of Resources PART D-PREREQUISITES OF ECONOMIC SUCCESS

L:HardÏVork. Z:PeaceandSecurity

. .

100 101

.....L02 .. . ..105

3: Efficient Utilization of Resources 4: Collective Will . 5: No Misuse of Time 6: The Divine Factor PART E_ECONOMIC MOTIVATION L: The Economic Element 2: The Religious Element PART F-ETHICS, ETIQUETTES AND NORMS L: Objective of Economic Activities . 2: The Moral Values

106 108 108 109 111

LLz 113

I20 t22 r23 I23

(1) Recommended (2) Di,sapproued.

....'130 ....134 3:EtiquettesandNorms PARTG-ECONOMICRESOURCES ....I37 . . .' 138 L:Land:TheHabitatofMankind. . . 2: Land: An Inexhaustible Source ' . . . 139 . . 139 3: The Wealth Derived FYom Land .....143 ... 4:Environmentalsupport , BEHAVIOUR, PARTA_SOCIALOBLIGATIONS. l:Observanceof Tbust 2: Enforcement of Justice 3: Dealing with Injustice . 4: Enjoining Right Conduct, Forbidding Wrong 5: Discharge of Social Responsibilities 6: Concealment of Wealth Condemned SOCIAL

L47

.....148 '....1'49

. . . 150 . . 153 . ' . 1'54 ' . . . 155 . . . . 155

7: Commitments Damaging to Others'Interest Disallowed '8: Contribution to the Causes of Faith and Society . ' . . ... 9: Assurance of Salutary Environment PART B-AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS . .

L:Agreements. 2:Contracts.

. . . .

156 158 159

....160 ....L62

PARTC_TRUSTSANDTRUSTEESHIPS . . . . .

L:ContractualTbusteeship.. 2:ImpliedTïusteeship 3: Emphasis on Honouring TYust

1,55

166

.. '..L67 .....L67 . . . 168

EcoNolrﾂｿrc

Gunplwps IN THE Qun'ﾃク

4: Condemnation of Breach of Tlust PART D-RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBTLITIES 1: Rights 2: Duties/Responsibilities 3

PAR,AMETERS . 1:CollectiveOwnership 2: Private Ownership 3:Joint.Ownership

I '

: '. I

168

L70

L72 L77

ECONOMIC

PARTA_OWNERSHIP

lll

183

...184 ....1g5

. . 1gZ

...1g1

4: Sources of Ownership . . 5: No Limit on Ownership . 6: No Discrimination in the Right of Ownership . . . 7: Ownership, Possession and Right to Use PART B-SOURCES OF EARNING 1: Lawful 2: Unlawful 3: Wisdom in Prohibiting Some Unlawful Activities PART C_WEALTH AND RESOURCEFULNESS L: Wealth 2: Resourcefulness PART D_POVERTY AND DEPRIVATION . l-: Fear and Want Undesirable 2: Fear and Want: a Thial 3: Individual Poverty Not a Disgrace 4: Poverty or its Fear should not Justify Infanticide 5: No Foul Means to Redress poverty 6: Deprivation No Bar to Islamic Mission 7: The Cycle of Hardship and Ease PART E-CONSUMPTION 1: Land Sufficient to Satisfy All Needs 2: Consumption Being Monitored 3: Overconsumption/Underconsumption Disapproved 4: Lawful ltems of Consumption 5: Unlawful ltems 6: Law of Emergency . 7: Faithful Reflection of Economic Position 8: Desire to Maintain High Standards of Living at the Cost of fncrease in Populatﾃｭon . . .PART F_SUPPLY 1: Land-Contents Sufficient for Man,s Needs

193 195 195 196

20L 202 207

2rt 2L2 2L3

2I8 22L 222

222

223 224

224

225 226 228 229 229 229

230 23L 232 233 234 235 236

Contents 2: Allah Has Created Unlimited Resources

. . . 236

3: Availability is Scarce and Measured 4: Distribution is Unequal

PARTG_UTTLITTES l.: Earth-the Habitat of Mankind 2:UtilitiesProvidedbyAllah PARTH-WANTS l:Necessities 2:Comforts 3:Luxuries 4: Characteristics of Wants

6:WeaponManufacturing

7:ShipBuilding 8:Construction.

--'

239

.. ' ' -239 ...246 ..247

..-.249 ...250

PARTI-PRODUCTIVEACTIVITIES. . .

l:Agriculture 2:tade 3:Fishing 4:Manufacturing 5:Craftsmanship

' . 237 .....238 . . . 237

. . 251 . . . . .253

...254 .. '. -256 ....257 ....257 ...257

... '.258 ..'.258 .'..258

. . 258

9: Factors of Production L0: Loss of Production means Loss of

Inputs . . . . . 260 . . , 267 PART J-LABOUR AND ENTERPRISE . . . . ' 262 1: Arduos world and drudgerous life '2:LivelihooddemandsEnterprise. ....263 . . 263 3: Dignity of Labour . ' . . . 264 4: Natural Law of Economic Return 5: Man Shoutd Not Be Oversensitive to Fluctuating Fortunes264 - . .265 6:LeisureandRestareNecessaยกy. . .' . . . ' 266 7: Fair Wage Without Pressure . ' 266 8: Wage Bargaining Allowed . . 266 Devices 9: Labour Saving L0: Process of Change Demands Collective

Will Power -

. . 266

...267 PARTK_POPULATION ..'..268 l:ImportanceofPopulation. 2: Maintenance of Natural Course of Increase ' - . . 269 3: Large Population-an Ideal Subject to Qualifications 4: Population Cannot Exceed Aggregate Resources . . . .

. .

6:MarriageandEconomicResources. . .' 7: Population and ldeological/Moral Orientation

.2ร 13 274

5:MarriageandSocialstatus

272

273

... - '273

EcoNorr¡rc Gunol¡¡rns rN THE Qun'Ãu

8: The Decisive Factor of Strength 9: Methods of Population Planning . . . L0: Non-Muslims' Attitude Towards Population PART L_PUBLIC FINANCE . . . . 1: Objectives of Fiscal Policy 2: Heads of Income 3: The Role of The Media 4: The Ethics of Collection 5: Heads of Public Expenditure 6: No Discrimination on the Basis of Faith or Deeds 7: The Unwanted Reaction of Non-Beneficiaries 8: Expenditure Policy to be Decided by Consultation 9: Redistribution is No Substitute for National Cohesion PART M-PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION OF \MEALTH 1: The fnstruments of Private Distribution . 2: The Spirit of Private Distribution 3: The Beneficiaries of Private Distribution 4: The Impact of Private Distribution PART N-TRADE (CASH & CREDTT) . . . L: Its Approval in the Qur'ãn 2: Business Ethics 3: Ban on Misleading Publicity 4: Joint Venture .. 5: Rules of Credit tansaction PART O-LOANS AND INTEREST/PUBLIC DEBT

v 275

276 278 279 281

284 295 295 297

O-PUBLIC DEBT-AN ANALOGY 1: Lending-A Moral Phenomenon . 2: Terms and Conditions of a Credit Tlansaction 3: The Context of Prohbition of fnterest 4: Prohibition of Interest for the Scriptuaries 5: Stages of Prohibition 6: Debtor-Creditor Relationship 7: Normal Social Relations uis-ó,-uis Interest 8: Impact of Interest on the Economy . 9: Public Debt-An Analogy

PUBLIC POLICY GUIDELINES PART A_POLICY-MAKING PROCESS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY L: Decision-Making and Implementation 2: Anticipation of Demand and Ensuring Supply

299 299 299 299 301

303 308 309

3r2 313

3L4 315

3r7 3r7 319

32L 322 323

324 326 327 328 328 328 328 328

329 330

332 333

Contents

3:Long-TermPlanning 4: Creation of Buffer Stock 5:Bargaining

....334

. . 334

6: Misuse of Public Property/National \Mealth 7: Ethics of Public Dealing 8: Impact of Overburdening the People 9: Onus of Liability 10: Qualificationsof Officials

....334

. . . . 334 . . 334 . . . . 335 . . . 336 . . . . .336

Officials ....338 . . . 338 Public . . . . 338 Situation . . . 339 Omissions . . . 33g Usage . . 339 Fleedom . . . . 340 PART B-MACRO-ECONOMIC PHENOMENA . . 34L l:Consumption. ...342 2:ThelmpactofSpending.. ....342 3: Causes of Cyclic Fluctuations . . . . 343 4: Cause of Divine Policy of Unequal Distribution . . . . . 347 5: The Factor of Change . . . . 347 PARTC_OFFENCES.. ...34S L:lulm (wrongdoing/injusiice) ....A4g 2: Unlawful Earnings . . 350 ll:Disqualificationof

12: Normal Working Time 13: Convenience of the General 14: Relaxation in an Abnormal L5: Errors and 16: The Role of Custom and 17: Curtailment of Economic

3: Destruction of Crops, Livestock and Human Capital 4: Influencing Legal

...

352

Process . . 353 5:JeopardisingSupportProgrammes. ...353 PARTD_ECONOMICSECURITY .....355 L: The Factor of Uncertainty 2: Man's Desire for Safe and Secure Economic 3: Secure Thade is Allah's Blessing 4: Precautions in Mutual Dealings

5:PhysicalSafety .. L: Jihdd-a Continuous Obligation 2: Need for Marcimum Preparation 3: Object of Preparation . 4: Nature of Preparation . 5: Sources of Preparation 6: Cessation of Hostilities 7: Breach of Tleaty by Enemy PARTE_DEFENCE.

F\rture . . . 357 . . 358 . . 358

....359 .. .360

. . . 361 . . 365 . . 365 . . 366 . . . 366 . . . 367 . . . . . 368

Ecoxorrﾂ｡tc GuIonr,Nes rN THE Qun'ﾃク 8: Prisoners of

vlr

War

9:Spoilsof War 10: SettlementofMutualControversies.

. .. 5 PR,E.ISLAMIC INSTITUTIONS L:ArtandArchitecture 2: Weights and Measures . 3:Crafts 4:Caﾂ｡avanTlade 5:EconomicPursuits ..;. 6: Private Ownership of the Means of

. . . 3Og

.....369

. . . 869 377

....378 ..

974

.....375 ....828

..379

Production . . . . .

882

7:JointVenture ....383 8: Presents to Rulers . . 388 9:HospitalitytoStrangers. .....389 lO:Adoptionof Child .....989 11:Nursing/Breast-FeedingonHire .....984 L2: Payment for \Matering Animals . . 884 L3: Dower to Girl's Parents . . 384 L4: Foreign Technical Advice

CONCLUSION

386

LIST OF VER,SES USED IN THE BOOK

389

FOREWORD

In its bid to provide a sound, healthy and

balanced orientation to human life, Islam accords rightful importance to all aspects of human activity including the economic. Significantly enough, Islam exhibits no trace of that unwarranted spiritual exuberance that woutd prompt

it to look upon wealth contemptuously as too profane to deserve its due attention. On the contrary, the attitude of Islam is well illustrated by the Qur'達nic directive to people not to entrust their wealth- "which God, has made a support for you-to the feebleminded" (al-Nisa' l:5). (ItaIics ours). This clearly reflects fslam's realism, its recognition of the importance of economic resources for man's well being. The above-quoted verse, however, is not the only example of Islam's concern with economic matters. That concern is also reflected in a very large number of other verses of the Qur,達n. The present work will hopefully enable the reader to recognise that. The International Institute of Islamic Thought has, from its very inception, been duly cognisant of economics in its scheme of Islamization of knowledge; in fact economics has been one of its priority areas. The Institute feels honoured that it has a solid record of seminars and publications in this field. For instance, our colleague Mo綻yT al-Drn 'Atiyyah rendered a great service by his painstaking compilation of economic indices of the Qur'達n and the $adzth. There is also a very impressive array of other highly informative and thought-provoking publications on the subject, including two major works by M. Umer Chapra. What, however, deserves special mention in this connection is the planned work of a team of scholars who, under the auspices of IIIT in Egypt, have produced about three dozen research works in the field of Islamic Economics. S.M. Hasanuz Zaman, who has already enriched Islamic Economics by two books and a substantial number of research articles, is

Ecoxorr,rrc Guropr,nins IN THE Qun'ﾃク

now making another mentionable contribution to Islamic Economics through his present work, Economi,c Guideli,nes i,n the Qur'an. He has assiduously brought together the verses ofthe Qur'ﾃ｣n that are of significance for those interested in Economics from an Islamic frame of reference. In bringing together and classifying them, he has shown great sensitivity to the professional concerns, both theoretical and

practical, of the economists. The Institute is being able to publish this book in its present form due to the assistance of a number of able people. Most of all, the editorial skills of Mr Syed Abu Ahmad Akif deserve to be gratefully acknowledged. He has made it possible for the ordinary reader to consult this book without any undue difficulty by devising an easyto-use system of referencing. My colleague, Mr Imran Ahsan Nyazee, gave a great deal of his time and attention to weed out errors from this unusual book which has been composed bi-lingually. The contribution of Mr Alam Zeb, ot:lr hard-working computer operator, also merits due appreciation. He plodded his way through the text of this book with remarkable patience for a very very long time in view of the fact that a great deal of composing v/as to be done in Arabic language of which he had no previous experience. To all these, and to the learned author, we owe our heartfelt thanks. May God bless them all.

Zafar Ishaq Ansari Islamabad August 1999

PREFACE

The Qur'ãn, Allah's revelation to His last prophet, provides a valuable guidance to man in shaping both his intellectual outrook and practical conduct. It is the primary source of a Muslim's world.view, morality and law. Were we to seek guidance from the eur,ãn in moulding our economic behaviour, we would be faced with some difficulty because the relevant verses are not found at any one place in the Qur'ãn; instead, they are spread virtually all through the Book. The same holds true of those verses of the Qur'ãn which provide the bases for policy-making or legislation in economic matters. Thus deriving guidance from the Qur'ãn is a demanding task and some of the best Muslirn brains had to strain their nerves in order that this effort should proceed along sound lines. As a result, a whole set of rules were developed, rules which aimed at ensuring that the authoritative religious texts are, as far as possible, interpreted correctry and yield judicious guidelines for both individual and collective behaviour. The present book is addressed to the needs of the economists who are interested in having access to the guidelines that the eur'ãn can offer them in the field oftheir concerns. It is based, to a large extent, on the many insights that dawned upon me about a decade ago during a careful reading of the Qur,ãn during the month of Ramadãn. It was wise of me to have noted down some of the main points which struck me during my sojourn in the Qur,ãn. The urge to compile this material, however, emerged with a degree of clarity after a conversation with Professor Khurshid Ahmad who thought that the effort to put this material into writing would be worthwhile. My resolve was further strengthened when I came across a few valuable works which had attempted to do something similar to what I had in mind. The first of these is a work by MuhyT al-Dln ,Atiyyah, al-Kashshã,f aIIqtisad,r, ti Ãydt at-Qur'an al-flalei,rn (Herndon: IIIT, 1gg1). (,Atiyyah

Ecotrotr¡tc Gurogr,nlps IN THE QUn,Ãn

¿lso came forth with its companion volume on Hadtth in which he indexed the relevant traditions on economics). Both are doubtlessly very useful works on the subject. In the present work I have addressed myself to the task of providing useful material to persons with specialisation in Economics. Since a majority of such persons is not proficient in Arabic, it is hoped that the present work, being in English, will be of substantial help to them. In preparing this work I have kept in view the major economic subjects and their sub-classifications. I have attempted to derive and identify not only the essential economic principles expounded in the Qur'ãn, but also to highlight the norms of economic behaviour and the principles that ought to guide the functioning of' economic institutions. The book, though based on economic classifications, does not necessarily follow the arrangement found in the standard books on Economics. It is arranged, instead, according to the material on economics that could be derived from the Qur'ãn. The entire material is classified under the following five categories: (1) Basic Concepts; (2) Social Behaviour; (3) Economic Parameters; (4) Public Policy Guidelines, and (5) Pre-Islamic Economic Institutions. Each chapter is divided into several parts and each part is further split up into sections and sub-sections. We have prefaced each collection of Qur'ãnic verses on a subject with a succinct statement about the section concerned. This is followed by a comprehensive coverage of the various verses under different chapters. It is evident that many verses are amenable to a variety of conclusions. As a result, they have been mentioned in different parts or sections of the book. In such cases, a verse once presented is generally not reproduced in ertensol instead, in general \Me cross-reference it unless it is found necessary to cite the whole verse of which only a part had been quoted earlier, or to lay emphasis on some part of the verse so quoted. At times, however, for a variety of reasons, it was found necessary that some verses be mentioned in full more often than once. We have serially numbered the verses of relevance to economists for it would facilitate both using and referring to them. The English translation of the Qur'ãnic verses quoted in this work are usually derived from Abdullah Yusuf Ali's famous translation of the Qur'ãn. At a few places, however, Yusuf Ali's translations have been slightly modified.

Preface

In writing this book I

have been inspired by a number of works and assisted and encouraged by several friends. I have already men-

tioned the works of MoĂžyr al-Drn 'Atiyyah which stimulated me in several ways. Muhammad Akram Khan's work, Economic Teach'i,ngs of Prophet Muhammad, provided an additional stimulus to work on the subject to which this book is addressed I am grateful to several of my friends, especially to Professor Khurshid Ahmad whose suggestion prompted me, in the first place, to undertake this work. I am also grateful to my brother Dr Zafar Ishaq Ansari whose persuasion and constant reminders made me work patiently on the subject until its completion. I am indebted to both of them. My very special thanks are due to Syed Abu Ahmad Akif who, in the course of editing the manuscript, not only simplified my original scheme of cross-referencing but also revised it, making the work much easier to use. I have tried to interpret the verses of the Qur'ĂŁn here and elsewhere according to the best of my ability. I have no reason to presume that my efiort has been free of error. Conscious of this possibility I seek Allah's forgiveness for any inadvertent mistakes that I might have made.

S.M. Hasanuz Zaman Karachi August 1999

Chapter

BASIC CONCEPTS pAHf A-spEcrAL TERMTNoLoGv oF THE euR'ÃN PAHT B-PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS

PAHT C_HUMAN INSTINCT

PAIÌT D-PRER"EQUTSTTES OF ECONOMTC SUCCESS PART E_ECONOMIC MOTI\/ATION

PARI [.-EIHICS, ETIQUEÎTES AND NORMS PART G_ECONOMIC R,ESOURCES

PART A_SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY OF THE QUR'AN

lz Eødl

Fafll litenlly means favour, bounty or grace as used in the Qur'ãn (see 4:37,54 and 2422L). When used with the word of. ibti,ghõ,' or its derivatives, it means trade. The Qur'an not only makes a mention of trade across land but also across waters which points out to inter-regional and international trade. The mode of expression in the Qur'ãn attaches Allah's favour to this economic pursuit by mankind.

(1) As bounty (a) Its concealment is undesirable

ç#

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¿,: rïrr

\t 3;ü q ibt¡ ,.rril¡ .rl5Þtt óa1

1. And let not those who covetously withhold of the gifts which Allah hath given them of His Grace think that it is good for them. Na¡ it will be the worse for them: soon shall the things which they covetously withheld be tied to their necks like a twisted collar, on the Day of Judgement. To Allah belongs the heritage of the heavens and the earth. And Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do. (3:180) É.{ii

t ¿#-s ¡r+ru,

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Ç-É'¡rr

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c¿líi Cv>

e-&ur;ts:¡i

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2. (Nor) those who are niggardl¡ or enjoin niggardliness on others or hide the bounties which Allah hath bestowed on them for We have prepared, for those who resist Fbith, a humiliating Punishment. (4:37)

Eco¡r¡o¡r,rrc Guronr,n¡ns IN THE eun'Ãm

o*r

e s tjç ', , ty. *rt ,r1¿i riÍí Crl

3. But when He did bestow of His bount¡ they became covetous and turned back (from their covenant), averse (from its fulfilment). (g:26)

(b) Dnvying others

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r#i¡ ,"<{re .¡i6ir .igrt

4. Or do they envy mankind for what Allah hath given them Of His bounty? But We had already given the peo_ ple of Abraham the Book and Wisdom, ãnd confened upon them a great kingdom. @:5$ (c) Evasion from distribution

.].9,t

t!! ¿ti tt_y- ,ji l¡-ill¡

3iJF,\ji 6:ez!-, ar 5. Let uot those among you who a¡e endued with grace and anplitude of means resolve by oath against helping their kinsmen, those in want, and those who have-left their homes in Allah,s cause; let them forgive and. over_ look. Do you not wish that Allah should forgive you? For Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Mercifiil. (24:l\

(2) As

Tbad,e

(a) Enðouragement of pursuing land trade

n+¡

ûtþl

et¡I i¡i sié tJiål-

6. We have made the night and the day as two (of Our) Signs: the Sign of the night have We obscured, while the Sign of the day We have made to enlighten you, that ye

Bøsdc Concepts

may seek bounty from your Lord, and that ye may know the number a¡d count of the years. All things have We explained in detail. (T:LZ)

(b) Encouragement of Pursuing marine trade

tÅ-¡!.J rLai

.?.¡

v-þ 6s íi t çþ. t#.s *- Ètç íßt ,si s

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is He rWho has made the sea subject, that ye may eat thereofflesh that is fresh and tender, and that ye may extract therefrom orna,ments to wear, and thou seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that ye may seek (thus) of the bounty of Altah and that ye may be gra[eful.

(16:14)

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,:. .¡iår

É :si eÃ 83 <n>

rhiff:#ÍJi

B. Your Lord is He that maketh th" you through the sea, in order that ye may seek of His bounty. For He is unto you Most Merciful . (17:66) .

(S) As ø bleesdng/føuour

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9. It is out of His Mercy that He has made for you Night and Day that ye may rest therein, and that ye may seek of His Grace and in order that ye may be grateful. (28:73)

ót

Y ê {3w.1'r ,61 s +q fi" dT ,} i (\')

-t l¡ C¡l'l +-! 10. And among His Sigus is the sleep that ye take by night and by da¡ and the quest that ye (make for livelihood) out of His Bounty. Verily in that are signs for those who

ó.äåi

hearken. (30:23)

Ecol¡o¡r¡rc Gutopr,rt.tps rN THE Qun'fuv

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11. Among His Signs is this, that He sends the Winds, as heralds of Glad Tidings, giving you a taste of His (Grace

and) Mercy-that the ships may sail (majestically) by His Command and that ye may seek of His Bount¡ in order that ye may be grateful. (30:46)

,ttj

diiÉ tí¡ tt¡a.;tt 6H u 3 (t l) ,r/l s É:-þ w órrt u 'r e.t41& ú¡ û" biel. Ètt1 y¡ éuht aj s vç;ts q+

S A.bi "ëu,

öÉF 't

ô'fá êfü 12. Nor are the two bodies of flowing water alike. One is palatable, sweet, and pleasant to drink, and the other, salty and bitter. Yet from each (kind of water) do ye eat flesh, fresh and tender, and ye extract orna¡nents to wea¡: and thou seest the ships therein that plough the waves that ye may seek of the Bounty of Allah and that ye may be grateful. (35:12) í

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dt & þ utt ùi ctr> "J:/;rþs$,;ut#.

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13. It is Allah Who has subjected the sea to you, that ship may sail through it by His command, that ye may seek of His Bounty and that ye may be grateful. @6212)

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to trøde øfter Jumucøh ptagerg

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l3tí (r¿)

ó# #Watgfit'r.irr ;;

14. And when the Prayer is finished, then disperse through the land, and seek of the Bounty of Altah and

Bøsic Coneepts celebrate the praise of Allah often (and without stint): that ye may prosper. (62:10)

(5)

to trøde durí'ng $aii

Perrnöes'ùon

ç iA t# i,i ¿q i<ir .i.ií cro> ul i^Lrt y dlr Bhv :-r t; c1t "rþt', -

,í-

¡;i

trtl è+S

,Aiår

ú*,y

ieo!

¡É-

15. It is no crime in you if ye seek of the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage). Then when ye pour down from (Mount) Arafat, celebrate thè praises of Allah at the sacred monument, and celebrate His praises as He has directed you even though, before this, ye went astray. (2:198)

'Í 5 g.rfl 'í ¡ lll ¿ü t'j¿ \i tj3ï c¡j¡t qj[ Crr> s re3 c,t iÁ 3&- tt/l ú^fi'l cn:T { t

:#:

16. O ye who believe! Violate not the sanctity of the Symbols of Allah, nor of the Sacred Month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlands that ma¡k out such animals, nor the people resorting to the sacred house, seeking of the bounty and good plea"sure of their Lord. (5:2)

(6) Adoice to proaöde føcålötg to trødere

.¡ crv) $r w¿ 3H ¡::-T ¡ :ttt ,F v !fr- ,fril

.t öç.A ¿:rÃ 3 éþt þ

¿i

4fru,- 6¡r¡

17. He knoweth that there may be (some) arnong you in ill-health; others travelling through the land, seeking of Allah's bounty; yet others fighting in Allah's Cause. Read ye, therefore, as much of the Qur'ãn as may be easy (for you). (73:20)

Ecouo¡r,r¡c Guropr,rxps IN TrrE eun ÃN 2z

Føsdd (CorruptÍon)

The Divine scheme of life as enunciated in the eur'ãn viens føsdit (corruption) with great displeasure as it abhors putm (injusfiòe) in the society. The frequent mention in the eur'ãn that Aùaú does not hke fasdil and that Allah does not rike gulm and the severe abhoncrence with which the Qur'ãn views these vices make it obligatory for an Isla,mic state not only to suppress them but also to plog il loopholes which make it possible for people to induþ in corrupiand unjust economic practices. The term fasøil is usedln the eur,ãn to convey the following meanings:

Creating chaos and confusion;

2) Violating moral limits; 3) Underweighing and short measurement; 4) Harming unity and cooperation 5) Dividing trodden;

among Muslims;

people into classes and discriminating against the down-

6) Disturbing the

social, religious, or political set-up;

7) Murder, burgla,rg dacoit¡ banditry and homosexuality; 8) Egotism 9)

and violation of Divine Law;

Misuse of wealth and neglect of other rights in one,s wearth;

10) Forbidding others from following the Divine path. Let us look briefly at each ofthese.

(1) Creøting chøos ønd

confusôon

F étju ,,_,.1 ¿ b'ú i

S Ji

ßJ

5 (r,r)

18. When it is said to them: ,,Make *r."":# ".,to make peace!,' earth", they say: nWhy, we only want (2:11)

Bøsic Concepts

u ú ¿tq 'r

gi*t

Jtii .r.,il

v 1trr ç 3þ- ui,Íi crq>

tt:'4-S yç ¿í

.a,

ó¡itl

it is ratijoined, and be to ordered has Atlah what fied, who sunder them(only) to loss cause do mischief on earth. These selves. (2:27) 19. Those who break Allah's Convenant after

lrtt i¿,¡t

,/r!l ,t ,YV i!

¡ítir- e.i iv

5! 3

(Y')

i Ú- S W. '4- v W ,þ41 6*r { u ./"r i! i,t 6 A& 't'Å*, t.í

;ü+rl

20. Behold, thy Trord said to the a'ngels: "I will create a vicegerent on ea¡th." They said: "Wilt Thou place therein one who will make mischief therein and shed blood?Whilst we do celebrate thy praises and glorify thy holy (na,rne)?" He said: "I know what ye knon¡ not"' (2:30)

,5J,1 **^ S W.

4a:Yt ,i st;.ill

P ¡ç t35 r) ,g{ drr 3 i*it ¡ Cv

21. When he tu¡ns his back, his aim everywhere is to spread mischief through the ea¡th a,nd destroy crops and cattle. But Allah loveth not mischief. (2:205)

./r!t

,tit'é'i<lt é ü.-!,r Jt1Ç.rJ s (vv) tryWíFs*ç

22. And We gave (clear) warning to the Childreu of Israel in the Book, that twice would they do mischief on the ea¡th and be elated with mighty axrogance (and twice would they be Pqnished). $72$.

(2)

Vöolotöng rnorol lömits

q.fi

")t#

'i 5(vr)

23. And follow not the bidding of those who are extravagant. (26: 151)

EcoNourc Gu¡oslrNss IN THE Qun'ÃN

ôçI*t-.i

¿rll 4 Os'4-c¡jf Cy¿>

24. Those who make mischief in the land, and mend not (their ways). (26: L52)

)

Underuteighông, ehorttrn,eøsurö,ng

t,-ri;

{¡ }*/u, ót4t ¡ jtl¡l Vrt rr,- ¡ (Yo) û-#.t !l ¿vp 'í5 ri;þl ¿titl

25. And O my people give just mear¡ure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due. Commit not evil in the land with intent to do mischief. (11:85)

(j)

Döstarböng unötg ønd, cooperatöon

ôiÁ Stq+.,Vst üë.VY

i (Y1) ú 5taí3 çrll j aút

26. The Unbelievers are protectors, one ofanother: unless ye do this, (that is, protect each other), there would be tumult and oppression on earth, and great mischief. (8: 73)

(5) Ðåadntegrøtöng the cotnmunåtg

,'i,Li*,í

otl

t¡* úLf ÉS.t !l j.\r úfl

r"fut-^¡

#-3

f"rt+t '¿$"

úJ Cv">

ätrþ frrrr*ål,l v-..

27. Tbuly Pharaoh elated himself in the land and broke up its people into sections, depressing a small group among them: their sons he slew, but he kept alive their females: for he was indeed a maker of mischief. (28: )

(6) Discrininøting See verse 28.4

øgødnet

the d,oun,-trodden

at 27 above.

Basic Conæpts

(7) Ði,sturböng socöø[,

relögöoue

polötåcøI set-up

.t lY. t )v ¿.¿. ú" -ÃÀÉ, f* I \fst 5 (r,r) tt íí jr+t 3H , l:y Va. æ O:'¡* .r-rlll e#.¿ir!t ,t-,;;5.J ¡ *lt ;1i t t'sV 28. And remember how He made you inheritors after the 'Ãd people a,nd gave you habitations in the land: ye build for yourselves palaces and castles in (open) plains, and carve out homes in the mountains: so bring to remembrance the benefits (ye have received) from Allah, and refrain from evil and mischief on the ea¡th. (T:7A)

5çr cF- it¿ W ¡er ü-'i, ¿)tj (yq) { : ór4r¡ jÁ'r úrt¡ ft: n e F'L ti¿ i! t¡"t.J .r+ grrll j. b'ú i ¡ É,tpt ¿r3t tç,;é .:o

flt"

iirt

'bç ieolfr #

fJ!

29. Tb the Madyan people We sent Shu,ayb, one of their own brethern: he said: O my people worship Allah: ye have no other god but Him. Now hath come unto you a clear (Sign) from your Lord! Give just mea.sure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due; and do no mischief on the ea¡th after it ha"s been set in order. That will be best for you, if ye have faith. (7: 85)

f ¿tß S o:*.i +y ,f-,,\3Jei.J j (r.) 3 íÅK ,# it'lø¡sÇ¿ V# 'J ,', Vl ¡ ilt

uJrtl +

o,f

$bþi

30. And squat not on every road, breathing threats, hindering those who believe in Him, from the path of AUah and seeking in it something crooked; but remember how ye were little, and He gave you increa.se. And hold in your mind's eye what was the end of those who did mischief. (7:86)

Ecotrourc Gu¡opr,¡ups rN THE

Qun'ÃN

(8) Docoötg and band,itry

q SF- s 'óyi 't fii 3!..)4 Alt r!; d¡ crr) æ &ri s ry*J ,!& ,i t litÅ-j É oi ßuaí ¿r\lt ,/r!t b W- j.*b 31. The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands a¡rd feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. (5:33)

(9) Mösuse of weøIth ønd, neglectöng others' rúghts thereön

üi

æ UÇ cy u ¿( c::3É é! Crv> uj { jtí ¡J ,þt ¿ri ¡ç;iv,i# 'ê.1r1él u;,jir

dÉ

ryy

b?t U.r dr ú! cr

32. Qãrän wa.s doubtless, of the people of Moses; but he acted insolently towards them: such were the treasures We had bestowed on him, that their very keys would have been a burden to a body of strong men; behold, his people said to him: "Exult not, for Allah loveth not those who exult. (28:76)

¡ai { 3 i;\t tlt iilt ,íüT ç ¿!i 3 (rr) rp)ll ;¡ 5rr.lll Cl j ¡ q,l d' ç',-i 6 ,*i3 riitl ú"

A?!"rí

¿*+"dr C4

i ùl

éJ

33. "But seek, with the (wealth) which Allah has bestowed on thee, the Home of the Hereafter, nor forget thy portion in this world but do thou good, a^s Allah has been good to thee, and seek not (occasion for) mischief in the land: for Allah loves not those who do mischief. (28:77)

Basib Concepts

lþsdn

Althorrgh the words 'odl (iustice) and ihsdn are concurrently used in the Qur'ãn (16:80), their concept is difierent from each othet 'AilI is a legal concept whiLe ihsdn is a moral one. The latter means benevolence, fineness, proficiency or magnanimity in dealing with others. It implies a more liberal treatment than what justice demands. Apparently it seems to be a supererogatory virtue but the Qur'ãnic injunction suggests that the attitude oI iþsdn enjoys a significant position in the Islamic framework. The concept persuades its followers to be prepared to behave magnanimously in claiming their rights and be generous in discharging their duties. Iþsdn or magnanimity in behaviour is specifically prescribed towards one?s parents, the kinsmen, the orphans, the distresðed persons, as also the neighbourers, fellow travellers, journeymen and slaves.

(1)

The Imperatöue

V- 't ¿ilt u; ,þ-! S q-)t¡

¿tfx p fU dt

iJrtt, Jtí .ilt é! Cr¿> s

ia', Ã;'al ¡;

34. Allah commands justice, the doing of good, and liberality to kith and kin and He forbids all shameful deeds and injustice and rebellion: he instructs you that ye may receive admonition. (16:90)

{ _i áj+!t 3tlt åt .íüT t -¡ ¿!t 3 (ro) ø.r!l ¿i 5kåll Ci { ¡,¡l t' ú.biÉ,*ii ttí,l U

ú¡¡5

u-+'¿lt

U-

i dt é!

35. '¿But seek, with the (wealth) which Allah has be. stowed on thee, the Home of the Hereafter, nor forget thy portion in this world: but do thou good, as Allah has been good to thee, and seek not (occa.sions for) mischief in the land: for Allah loves not those who do'mischief. (28:77)

Econorurc GuIoprutps IN THE Qun'Ãt

(2) þeõn ois-ó,-uís 'ad,l: 3

!Él i.j¡t kit¡ cr't>

f* n U

-rr-i

¡j t-'

9-! i¡

3 #Jt, øt S lu, ;tsi : Ç:Åu,¿qrú .3ê

+r¡¿ d¡ -{!

t ¿.x;-"i ê

36. O ye who believe! The lau' of equality is prescribed to you in cases of murder: the free for the free, the slave for the slave, the woman for the ï/oman. But if any remission is made by the brother of the slain, then grant any reasonable demand, and compensate him with handsome gratitude. This is a concession and a mercy from your Lord. After this, whoever exceeds the limits shall be in grave

penaþ

(8) Generosity

't iltat

(2:L7S)

ön doöng öþsõn

¡åf * j "jl É*!

I'll et+" ,t

ds.*lt

t;;1i,t 3

(rv)

ç^4 .bt él t i"-t

oi Atlah, 37. And spend of your substance in the ""or" and make not your own hands contribute to (your) de struction; but do good; for Allah loveth those who do good. (2:195) (,(,)

þsõn .,

eaen'ún ddstr,ss

or+år

ziÅt 3 ;t,$t j-:,#- c¡j,Í Cr^> d¡ü,-^l,l qi ùl r,/út ¿* ,irrt¡t

38. Those who spend (freely), whether in prosperity or in adversity: who restrain anger, and who pardon (all) men for Allah loves those who do good. (3:13a)

Basic Concepts

(6) Dimens,öons of öþsdn (a) \Mith parents

j dr il ¡rç i J*;l,"l d .i* u.iÁi i1 j (rq) tjj S dtÉ"1| 5 ù"+tl r bll Lri , ttL.-j .¡jl.jJr, iJi {l ¡iç f 6flt rÃ s ij¡r t*t) s ú otu

Ú*i i'i s í,

89. And remember \['e took a Covenant from the Children of Israel (to this efect): Worship none but Allah: treat rqith kindness your pa,rents and kindred, and orphans and those in need; speak fair to the people; be steadfast in prayer, and practise regula,r charit¡ then did ye turn baclc, except a few ¿ùmorg you, and ye backslide (even now). (2: S3)

tl"-l

u.-'rJ-jv,

, t;f

drr

¡rþt3 (t . )

ui i drr 4 í+ii dll¡ r,;3 Jl+¡t qt-, *u, çâ¡t ,_,!A,r1l-, ú-þl ,È ¿VlS a{-*:1,t5 ,Fþr¡

¿j}l

t:êir:å ¡r ú

Serve Allah, and join not any partners with Him; and do good, to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbours who are near, neighbours who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (ye meet), and what your right hands possess: For Allah loveth not the

40.

arrogant, the vainglorious. (4:86)

Ún

i' É" fi.t fç u ,þi ¡iui ¿í (r r)

V ;i,l u {ìri Uiia; {¡ ri*l er-4:,! ét W i¡ oLí E¡ þ* if, y ÈtÇlt Vp jS ú*' fA ,, Ê, Éi .rÊ! {l I':t;ç ¿;u rÅr¡þ íS:;

41. Say: "Come, I will rehea¡se what Allah hath (really) prohibited you from: join not anything as equal with Him;

Eco¡.¡ourc Gupnr,¡nps IN THE Qun'Ãu be good to your parents; kill not your children on a plea of want-We provide sustenar¡ce for you and for them-come not nigh to sha,meful deeds, whether open or secret; take not life, which Allah hath made sacred, except by way of justice and law. Thus doth He command you, that ye may learn wisdom. (6:151)

É!

tu-! dË4lt! 't ôvlil Uç {r .íf¡ gc,Í'5 (tt) -r 3î kf Jf I¡ r;iyf rt [.ij;i :6r asæ 3i4

qf {; Er iuu "ú

42. Thy Lord hath decreed that ye *otrnip none but Him, and that ye be kind to parents, whetbeÍ'pne or both of them attain old age in thy life. Say uot üp them a word of contempt, nor repel them, but addressithem in terms of honour. (L7:23)

'r;;s5

-rV; ¿i'^l;

tÍ."-!

g-it31

útr;yt vË.SSer)

tfr¡rt, úï¡ ,bsuJ

43. We have enjoined on man kindness ¡6 his parents: in pain did his mother bear him, and fn p¡in did she give him birth, the carrying of the (chil{) to his weaning is (a period of) thirty months. (a6:15)

(b) In divorbe

44. A divorce is only permissible twice: a,fter that, the pa,rties should either hold together on equitable ternm, or separate with kindess. (2:229)

45. There is no bla,me on you if ye divorce Ìyomen before consumniation or the fixation of their dower; but bestow

Basic Concepts

on them (a suitable gift), the wealthy according to his means, and the poor according to his means-a gift of reasonable a,mount is due from those who wish to do the right thing. (2:236)

(d) \Mith neighbours See verse 4:36

at 40

(e) In loan

\,; É#

¿is t-;4*

!l iJf sp:'\ ¡rol 3 (tr) ó;tu vr(iJ, ¿l -rl i5

46. If the debtor is in a difficulty, grant him time till it is easy for him to repay. But if ye remit it by way of charit¡ that is best for you if ye only knew. (2:280) 4z Infõ,q

The mechanism of redistribution of wealth is introduced in the Qur'ãn generally with the word "'únfd,q" (spending). Infaq, unlike zakõt, can be made of anything a^nd to any extent. It is not confined to specified items nor to any minimum limit of possession. Infaq also implies spending in a worldly sense often expecting moral, material or social benefit. Infaq literally means spending. It signifies any spending whether for good cause or bad. That is why spending by non-believers to oppose Islam or on their wives, spending by hypocrites, spending by Muslims on their wives by way of dower and sustenance, are all termed as dnfaq.In ca"se i,nfdq quahfres itself to become virtuous, it has to be made for Allah's plea"sure; and has to fulfil certain conditions. It is to be made from one's earni'gs or from natural wealth a man possesses. It should be scrupulously made without any desire for publicity. While it is not objectionable to give to others openl¡ it is more rewardable before AItaÌÌ to conceal the award. The act of

Ecoxorurc Guppr,nvps rN THE Qun'ÃN

distribution should be máde according to the capacity of the owner; acting neither miserly, nor overspending. Nobod¡ not even the poor, is exempt from this act of philanthropy. One should not be oversensitive to a perceived fea,r offacing poverty that results from generosity. That is a diabolical idea. On the contrary such spending ideas to enhancing prosperity and welfa¡e. This is ultimately better for the giver also. One should not feel that deprivation and need of the poor are

but acts of Allah and thus they do not have any justifiable claim on one's wealth. The wealth in anyone's possession bears within itself a rightful share of the poor. This right should be given to them as their right. The beneûciaries of this infaq not only include those classes that a,re included in the list of zakat recipients but also a number of other categories without necessarily taking their financial standing into account. The heads that are in common with ihe beneficia,ries of zakat a¡e the poor and need¡ functionaries of cha¡itable funds, slaves, debtors, mujãhids and stranded travellers. Additional beneficiaries of. infaq are pa,rents, other near relations, orphans, neighbours, fellow workers and travellers and common beggars.

(1) General (a)

sense

Infãq by non believers

ÞW. ê¿ ¡,t' çirr ;rpr otj¡ ùt fiiÉ

u3 û<t'rí

0.lÀ ,9

úé)i

|fu-u,J."

Crt>

Ò¿>

c;.vi

ór4,1¡

,þt

47. What they spend in the life of the (material) world may be likened to a wind which brings a nipping frost: it strikes and destroys the ha¡vest of men who have wronged their own souls. It is not Allah that hath wronged them, but they ü'rong themselves. (3:117)

g]t

¡+" cr

b'tt J¡i Jfu

V;,r

él c¡n>

3P."itçrF3#f VW

48. The unbelievers spend their wealth to hinder (men) from the path of Allah, and so will they continue to spend: but in the end they will have (only) regrets and sighs; at length they will be overcome. (8:36)

Bøsôc Concepts

#i*i J^ffi þl ,tr .å# ¿i í* ¿v .í¡ (r q) É¡t u triiq', Ft r t*s it-:<:t ftt# is

"*"{

¡ttr,

ts p- u,' É* Éi

49; And there will be no blame on you if ye marry them on payment of their dower to them. But hold not to the gua,rdianship of unbelieving women: ask for what ye have spent on their dowers, and let the (unbelievers) ask for what they have spent (on the dowers of women who come over to you). Such is the command of Allah: He judges (with justice) between you. And Allah is F\rll of Knowledge and'Wisdom. (60:10)

50. And if any of your wives deserts you to the unbelievers, and ye have an accession (by the coming over of a woma¡r from the other side), then pay to those whose wives have deserted the equivalent of what they had spent (on their dower). And fear Allah, in Whom ye believe. (60:11)

(b) Infaq by hypocrites

w ieft þ ffi,!

uf ttG*

t;q',i,J, cor>

51. Say: "Spend (for the cause) willingly or unwillingly: it be accepted: for ye axe indeed a

Not from you will

people rebellious and wicked. (9:53)

3 err, t

F ét úl # fr

,f.,

oi eå,1iu 3 (ov)

il¿fu{sJúé¡.íj þr órru{ s.¿.yz .

r,J^/ f¡ i

Eco¡co[drc Guropr,rttps IN THE eun'Ãn

52. The only reasons why their contributions

a,re

not

ac_

cgnted are that they reject Allah and His Messenger, that they come to prayer without earnestness, and that they

offer contributions unwillingly. (g:5a)

* #.

år j¿¡

E :r*ll ,þ ôçF jr.Ji

cor>

r+¡tutþ\\s,,ø.

53. Men are the protectors and maintainers of *orri"o,

because Allâh has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them fromlhái" meanr. @ßQ

(2)

Vörtuous ånfõq

(a) Aim-Allah's pleqsure See verse 2:Lg5 at,37 above.

(b) Source of

dnfã,q

54. O ye who believe! Give of the good things which ye

have (honourably) earned. And of th" ftuit, ãr tu" which We have produced for you, and do not even aim "."iu at

getting anything which is bad in order that out of it ye may give away something when ye yourselves would nLt receive it except with closed eyes. And know that Allah is free of all wants, and worthy of all praise. (2:267)

Uw s th ,Vt

#U.f¡'

Jr4s-.rifi

coo>

ô;'t'-éi¡ *Jçúsretyezi

Basie Concepts

55. Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by nigh! and by da¡ in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord. On them shall be no fear; nor shall they grieve. (2:27\

3 9Jt, ór¡-ú

j i .'úJt tt3-) rlþt Sfu¡¡Ít

lr--þ ru"t

6-j

'ó,1:,åt

,*-

r 3;!l

3 Cor)

cr.lt,

{

56. Nor those who. spend of their substance to be seen of men, but have no faith in Allah and the La'st Day: if any take the Evil or.re for tþeir intimate, what a dreadful intimate he is! ( :38)

iþt littl ¡ ret *s ;U\ t5þ ¿,;Ít 3 Cov) qjqillwu, t:l':ias ç.v sU t:it2.tþl ,rfi ;ø /

57. Those who patiently persevere seeking the countenance of the Lord; establish regula^r prayers; spend out of (the gifts) We have bestovr¡ed for their sustenance, sgcretlV àa opettty; and turn off evil with good: for such there is the final attainment of the (Eternal) Home' (L3:22) I-c

tþ-s iÞ

r&jis

V+aj-

lFi ,i-;¡t $V .¡í <0,'.,)

iiq oi +J ú ç.>u s

ut:i

J'+ 58. Speak to my servants who have believed, that they may ãstablish regular prayers and spend (in charity) out of the sustenance We have given them, secretly and openl¡ before the coming of a Day in which there will be mutual bargaining nor befriending. (14:31) "ãitnãt

": z,_i,yr;

|iu;-

:+a{ ,31: tç

>tl;

tit o;é (or)

þ tf 3 tr 4 u ç tk t\) û'¿¡:s

59. Allah sets forth the Parable (of two men: one) a slave ûnder the dominion of another. He has no power of any

Eco¡ro¡urc Guronr,r¡¡ps IN THE eun

Ãrv

sort; and (the other) a man on whom \{'e have bestowed goodly favours from Ourselves, and he spends thereof (freely), privateþ and publicly: a,re the two equal? (By no means). (16:75)

(d) Extent of ónfãq

(i)

Accordöng to æpacöty )¿r,, t-9 .t#tr ó:¿ 3*

# ió. tirr j'";"

V3 fa ,y ii:i .ilä (r . ) q;r u {l w¡ år úE dlr ¿r

60. Let the man of means spend according to his

and the man whose resources a¡e restricted, let him spend according to what Allah has given him. Allah puts no

burden on any person beyond what He has given him. After a difrcult¡ Allah will soon grant relief. (OS,Z¡

(ä) No underspendöng -lt-

cl-i ús ¿,rs tfu_

,j¡

[ ,pt

rí1

¡_;Ít3 (r r)

6lt

61. Those who, when they spend are not extravagant and not. niggardly, but hold a just (balance) between those (extremes). (25:67)

(öi,í)

No oaerspending See ver-se 25:67 at,61 above.

(e) Impact of dffiq

@ ry done begond cøpøcåtg tS !-..irl 'S ¿4

frtr;

;t.$.

É.í3

(rv)

tiÉV#'l;t:I, 62, Make not thy hand tied (like a nigga,rd,s) to thyieck, nor stretch it forth to its utmost reach, so that thou be_ come blameworthy and destitute. (l7z2g)

Basic Concepts

(öÐ ry done proPerlY !t

?'r-i t)l'",[f,ufL (.-¿,¿t

úh¡i crr) þ,u- s fri '{ A,'t tbt¡ >ii¡ '¿ í*:'

63. The Evil one threatens you with poverty and bids you to conduct unseemly' Allah promiseth you His forgiveness and bounties, and Allah ca¡eth for all and He knoweth all things. (2:263) (óåö)

Impøct on the

soci,etg

,þ,,y ¿ Jç' 3H- ¡¡Ír þ crr> ê:t"L:- ùtí ç â,t Y* ¡f ¿ ü,tt-r,, br' ,t:ir|

{

Ats

&t¡'*Í

64. The parable of those who spend their substance in the way of Allah is that of a grain of corn: it groweth seven ea,rs, and each ear hath a hundred grains' Allah giveth manifold increase to whom He pleaseth: and Allah ãareth for all and He knoweth alt things' (2:26L)

I :i,l ,J"- "t Jþr lfu* uifi t,;a,to¡ Sü ,iti;{sryit eYi J..¡3i sj'r. E

úr+{

c't

ej¡

65. Those who spend their substance in the cause of Allah, and follow not up their gifts with reminders of their generosity or with injury, for them their rewa¡d is with their Lord; on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve' (2:262)

(ia) On self

v ,sxo,bt #¡ f"U .llit ¡4 (rr) tç;;: U'r:,ll *¡ t[4l 'il O# US f,r;ø\,t r u ú;ihi o ttt f4:'; e vS'ffi-

EcoNorr¿rc Gumpr,wos IN THE

eunÃn

66. It is not reqr$red of thee, (O Messenger), to set them on the right path. But Allah sets on the rþht path Whom He pleaseth. Whatever of good ye give be"efits your ou¡n And ye shall only do so seekiug the uFace" of Allah. 99uls. Whatever good ye give shall be rendered back to you. And ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:2TZ) See verses 2:274

at 55 above.

& *.;tt th ¿VÍls &\ étçI Jry- o,iÍ c.,r>

rii Y evi

67. Those who spend of their goods (in charity) by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their ,"*r"d with their Loñ. (2:274)

5 \t}'l5 ¡rL-t u dlt lriítí Cr¡) ,.r,É "¿ ojórÁl¿lt é vs ¡(.i;j "ryrß

68. So fear Allah as much a{¡ ye ca¡r: Listen and obey and spend in charity for the beneût of your own souls. And those saved from the covetousness oftheir souls, they are the ones that achieve prosperity.,(64:16)

(f) Extent of únfõ,q in abnormal conditions

ù' æi a.k

pt ,f ó#

69. They ask thee how much they

E ,¡í5íÍ*¡3

(rr)

otfu É, *o'

a.re to spend: Say: "what is beyond your needs." Thus doth Allah make clear to you His signs: in order that ye may consider. (2:Zlg)

5z Khøgr

The wo¡d khayr generally appea,rs in the eur'ãn in the sense of virtue. But in its special sense is used to inãicate wealth, mor¡able and immovable propert¡ horses and booty.

Basic Concepts

(1) As property/ueølth

W Åj o! óril !*t c,s3r

.tt)

í*

Jr Ét A:'Jl,¿o¡it¡

d'<r'>

c-4W.

tgt

70. It is prescribed when death approaches any of you, if he leave any goodsl that he make a bequest to parents and ne:<t of kin, according to reasonable usage; this is due from the God-fearing. (2:180)

,yqtgrt

F t7 ;a,i" ,"tt 3g- li u .ííi*.¡ <vr>

f ,y ti;x Y', J$¡Jl ulS,**,Jl¡ êl¡

oU¡lt¡

"{ t dr é!¡

71. They ask the what they should spend (In charity). Say: whatever )te spend that is good,z is for parents and kindred and orphans and those in want a¡rd for wayfarers. And whatevef ye do that is good-Allat¡ knoweth it well.

(2:215)

f-,Jtú

ti# u3 (vv)

72. Whatever of gooda ye give benefits your own soul (2:272\

vJé

,lfrbr|-{

ril*p,

{

{,1

Ã¡tts.cvr> :l¿r" Lilti"r>t !r$t

&i'-:L$ urÞl ¡r+t W*, ål é!í

.,",ll ¿

F ,¡ ttt4r v't Úre¡ ¡rft ú-tf;-¡ {

73. (Charity is) for those in need, who, in Allah's cause a,re restricted (from travel) and cannot move about in the 1A more appropriate tfanslation seems to be.t'Those of you who leave behind property" 2Better translations: t'Whatever wealth ye spend' or t'Whatever good thing you spendtt. 8A better translatioo is: rÖWhatever wealth you spend in charity".

Eco¡'lourc Guropr,rNps IN THÐ Qun'Ãu

land, seeking for trade or work. The ignorant man thinks, because of their modesty, that they are free from want. Thou shalt knt¡w them by their (unfailing) mark: they beg not importunately from all and sundry. And whatever of gooda ye give, be,assured Allah knoweth it well. (2:zTJ) i,_rr;.t

+el

Éy <vt)

74. And violent is he in his love of wealth. (100: S)

(2) As booty

ù,

és W Vq i &t, t y t

ú-i

Aút íilt

drr

335

¡r3 jør

(vo)

¡;3il

75. And Allah turned back the Unbelievers for (all) their fury: no advantage did they gain: and enough is Allah for the Believers in their fight. And Altah is full of strength, Able to enforce His Will. (33:25)

(9) As horses

i: f: t

+et

,t+?\.-¡J

iø cr',>

76. And he said, "Tbuly do I love the love of Goods with a view to the glory of my Lord.,' (38:82) 6z Mata6 While rizq doesnot necessa,rily mean economic goods, the word mata, in the Qur'ãn is used for economic goods which are generally tangible. The term is also infrequently used to indicate human capital. Matd,, is exhaustible, has utility, and provides satisfaction. In most ca"ses the word is related to time or purpose, for example matac for worldly life, for use ar¡ food, funds for the traveller, for use a"s fodder and for decoration and adornment. 4cf. Picktnatl's translation: "And Allah repulsed the disbelievers in the wrath;

they gained no good.

." According to Ibn Kathrtr, the word khayr (good) in this

verse refers to victory and booty.

6Most ofthe early exegetes have explained the tetm khøgr in terms of horses.

Pickthall also seems to have accepted this

sense.

Bøsic Cone.epts

(1) Eørth as støtöon/øbode

g Wrv r¡s ;Låt djtí ("r> il ¿,r¡ É*1,t Yl ¿.fis't'-É ,F- fu

çþr #¡

ry tt(

77. Then did Satan make them slip from the (Garden), and get them out of the state (of felicity) in which they had been. We said: "Get ye down, g,ll(ye people), with enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling place and your means of livelihood- for a time." (2:36)

(2) Of øng nøture See verse 2:236 at,45 above.

' obrn t3 u,

.s:t ¿t:i[s

þ 3;ç- o,;Ít3 {v,r)

j. f# tq \t hÈ ty drtiv- ,)gtjl É,f

"*rf

ùts+tÉ,y

æi i.

78. Those of you who die and leave widon's should bequeath for their widows a year's. maintenance a¡rd residence; but if they leave (the residence), there is no bla,me on you for what they do with themselves, provided it is reasonable. And Allah is Exalted in power, Wise. (2:240\

79. For divorced women maintenance (should be provided) on a reasonable (scale). This is a duty on the righteous. (2:2AL)

Jj üa; oú

(,r.)

f4 4,;.j f

ftt\'i!L,t¿i5 ',f 93r- "j jS ,I^ât tjV iei o¡S ¿^at ,tt H Fi

cl,-'

+t:e

80. "(And to preach thus): 'Seek ye the forgiveness of your Lord, and turn to Him in repentance; that He may grant you enjoyment, good (and true), for a term ap pointed. And bestou' His abounding grace on all who

Ecoro¡r¿rc Gunsr,b¡ps IN THE Qun'Ãn abound in merit! But if ye turn away, then you the penalty of a Great Day. (11:3)

.¡ã

fear for

i! Év5 k Ía¡ 'Í¡

<,t r>

81. Except by way of Mercy from Us, and by way of (worldly) convenience (to serve them) for a time. (36:{a)

(8) Coneumoble goode (a) General t ,y* o,il;', qiil

lßlí tre 'r;u.,'ai,j_Vj5e,v)

"* *r"îîui;;"j

82. And we left roseph beside devor¡red him. But thou wilt never believe us even though wp tell the truth. (12:17)

(b) Clothing

,# ,r1 f "É 3 tÍK.," fi* ç f "É ùr3 c,rr) rí; VtyI us

þe¡itr

i!-Vli;ü

,wrr

qe itÉtr 5 ríúi urut3 ti;V:l:

83. It is Allah Who made your homes of rest and quiet. Out of the skins of animals, (tents for) dwellings, which ye find so light (and handy) when ye travel and when ye stop in your travels, and out of their wool, and their soft fibres (between wool and hair), and their hair, rich stuff and articles of convenience (to serve you) for a time. (16:80)

V¡S tÃ,-ü 9^3 iri (t t> t¡^-ri iç*l¡ I

É*y¡ É ÉE

Bøsdc Concepts

84. He draweth out therefrom its moisture and its pa.sture. And the mountains hath He firmly fixed for use and convenience to you and your cattle. (79:31-33)

(d) \il'ater produce

irs gi[*r.s flu* ,ilYLS dl '"*t É ,.,}"î C^.> bF,IT .-5all tétsYç å3 r "4t ç f# at

íí.ll

85. Lawful to you is the pursuit of water-garne and its use for food-for the benefit of yourselves and those who travel: but forbidden is the pursuit of land ga,me as long aÁ¡ ye axe in the Sacred Precincts or in pilgrim garb. And fear Allah, to Whom ye shall be gathered back. (5: g6)

Q) Productúae uteølth (a) Hide, skin, woo See verse 16:80

at 83 above

(b) Fire, fuel yVÁ ¿ri 4l'" k;, (_ .--

;ü¡t ., I,tlt

,.t-

,b o:iÅ tå ¡ (,rr) t¿

d:: 86. Flom that (ore) which they heat in the fire, to make orna¡nents or utensils therewith, there is a scum likewise. (13:17)

,f ri vF d*1 iui, Srij jr ¡Érr ,þ-'tfi ú-#w3âfiô

tr^r4

ct v>

3t ¿,b:tt

the fire which ye kindle? Is it ye who grow th'e tree which feeds the fire or do \il'e grow it? We have made it a memorial (of our handiwork), and an article of comfort and convenience for the denizens of deserts. (56: 7L-73)

87.

See ye

Ecoxorr¡rc Gurop¿u.lps rN THE Qun,Ãn

(5) Dæ,omtåoe Wea,lth

{s +i çlr þr di !o,i"J cn^> "f ¿W r&t 6si +t ,y-f ;.irrtt3 ¡t¡,.!t ¿ tt<sS l+; +tfu L+!l .¿¡ Urg 3*_ "i t -I 65i, Aú ÐFt åtf {l çir þr vs \t*rs {l ,i i*S fa.

rusi

88. Know ye (all), that the life of this world is but play and a¡nusement, pomp and mutual boasting an! multiplying, (in rivalry) among yourselves, riches and children. Here is a similitude: how rain and the growth which it brings forth delight (the hea¡ts of) the tillers; soon it withers; thou wilt see it grow yellow; then it becomes dry a,nd crumbles away. But in the Hereafter is a Penalty severe (for the devotees of wrong). And forgiveness from Allah and (His) Good Plea.sure (for the devotees of Allah). And what is the life of this world, but goods and chattels of deception? (57: 20)

(6) Chøracteröstöcs of Weolth (Møtõí) (a) Perishability

yYsW-is çlt

grpt

Lú zo ç ¡o:î ui c^r>

ôÞ

>tt! ,i+i s

i¡ :i't

89. The (material) things which ye a,re given a,re but the conveniences of this life and the glitter thereof; but that which is with Allah is better and more enduring. Will ye not then be wise? (28:60) 3t:,

90.

æ õj+!t ót; ¿e

çlr

þr

e$ dJ cr4 (q.)

)vl

uO my People! This life of the present is nothing

but

(tempora,ry) convenience: it is the Hereafter that is the Hos¡e that will last. (40:39)

Basic Concepts

(b) Illusiveness

.t Vy

rryl

A-út

æ oS*'i (qr)

91. Let not the strutting about of the

Unbelievers

through the land deceive thee. (3:196)

'"Vl

,y;,*

Ér*

,r,

JS årl C.t>

92. Little is it for enjoyment: their ultimate abode is Hell. What an evil bed (to lie on)! (3:197)

Ð-lt å,r

il Flt õrpt t;3 (rr)

93. And what is the life of this world, but goods and chattels of deception. (57:20) See verse 57:20 at,88 above.

*úJllts,xlt:

,V^st

n erÃt # qú ü-li Cq¿>

5 Et;l;ll 't ç,gt J"rt ¡,i*41 5

.¡; ,q

;il

U t*nj;t t,' ¡ Fir !#u ¿s q! +-¿r

94. Fair"i1r in the eyes of men is the love of things they covet: women and sons; heaped-up hoa¡ds of gold and silver; horses branded (for blood and excellence); and (wealth of) cattle a¡rd well-tilled land. Such are the possessions of this world's life. But in nea¡ness to Allah is the best of the goals (to return to). (3: 14) 7

¡ Mustø|,' øfú,n(The weak)

Contrary to the present day misinterpretation of the term mustød'alún in the sense of the proletariat, the Qur'ãn uses the term to indicate weakness of the subject in any form. The term is sometimes used to indicate infancy or intellectual retardation. At places it represents the numerical minority in a political set up. It is also used in the sense of economic or political weakness as well a.s poor capacity to defend oneself against the enemy. The statement "The Angels will say: war¡ not Allah's earth spacious that they could have migrated

EcoNo[dIc Guropr,rups IN THE Qun'Ãr.¡

therein" @:97) suggests that the Muslims were helpless due to their small number, but not due to shortage of financial resources required for journey. (1

)

Intetlectuøl arcokneis

ÐU, ,*JJ. VF ¿þ gtrjt U ,Nt^å-Jt 3 (ro)

W y,¡r itrr 39 *-

tþyS

95. Concerning the children who are weak and oppressed;

that ye stand firm for justice to orphans. There is not a good deed which ye do but Allah is well-acquainted therewith. $:I27)

(2) Economí,c weoknese

,t Yl ,t \tir*tl

c¿;¡t

& # oi L--ís (qr) ærytFsqiFs

96. And We.wished to be Gracious to those who were being depressed on the land; to make them leaders (in faith) and make them heirs. (2S:5) (3

) Stroteg'ic ueakneas See verse 28:5

at 96 above.

(,1,) Numerôcal ueøknees

ctt tt4^Lt coú yy

u bi6rt ¡¡Ír >írr jú Cq"> ,þ,i V út úÉ $ v ,yj W éi ú;Íri iè úl

¿*i

-",

97. The leaders of the arrogant party among his people said to those who were reckoned powerless-those among them who believed: "Know ye indeed th,at $ãlih is a messenger from his Lord?" They said: .We do indeed believe in the revelation which hath been sent through him.,' (7:75)

Basic Concepts

üi

3;V t' !t ,t út¡æ JS Êi i1 çlit3 (r,r)

fí,r

ç^üút

,2ti:.-t

fSiis era, ls)': flib ¿ú fÀ¡J.Ð-

or#

98. Call to mind when ye were ã small (band), despised through the land, and a,fraid that men might despoil and kidnap you; but He provided a safe asylum for you, strengthened you with His aid, and gave you good things for sustenance: that ye might be grateful. (8: 26)

(õ)

Weaknese

uti,ll-pouser

'¿'}É fl.-hi JrÉ Í<ùt êç.c¿¡ír 'qts ôt úri ,ñ il¡íf ¿rut W.r;L3 ,iC u -ryr't¡ {

éJ cqq>

j.4tVe

WbZW

99. When angels take the souls of those who die in sin against their souls, they say: "In what (plight) were ye?n They reply: "Weak and oppressed were we in the earth." They say: "Wa"s not the earth of Allah spacious enough for you to move yourselves away (from evil)?" Such men will find their abode in Hell-what an evil refuge! @:9V)

(6)

frelptessnesg

U w^b;*lt¡

drt

W ,t ô*,:ú {

g$ .:¿ tl.;i w.i Sj*9s

ufr

¡3 3¡(r.'.) .: ¡-¡Ír grilrl¡ ,.uJr ,)V'Jt

dÉ r:í

J+t j dti

¿uil

g¡r

100. And why should ye not fight in the cause of Atlah and of those who; being weâk, are ill-treated (and oppressed)?-men, women, and children-whosp cry is: "Our Lord! Rescue us from this town, whose people are oppressors: And raise for us from Thee one who will protect". @:75)

Ecouourc Gu¡onlrxps rN THE Qun'ÃN

gtir;I3 ,-i*ítr¡ üVll

W-,zz,Jl

(r. t)

fu o:a i ¡ ro. ¡+fUi

101. Except those who are (really) weak and oppressedMen, women, and children who have no means in the poü¡er, nor (a guiding post) to direct their way.' (a:gS)

(7) Iow

eoci,o,l

status

ei- ri:, ;e ôjg; ó;þil )) ei j¡ (r.v), eú. 6t+^tr aiit jþ- j,lrr 9 ,f.J úN ,bi,,Íil fl' .it !ri*-r 102. Couldst thou but see when the wrongdoers will be made to stand before their Lord, throwing back the word (of blame) on one another! Those who had been despised

will say to the arrogant ones: "Had it not been for lou,

we should certainly have been believens!" (3a:31)

f)ri; ¿¡l t ir^¿-t ¡-Ñ. 6igut c¿;¡r jtÍ (r .r) ,#-É

{

{+ tt i;.,eïlt ç

103. The arrogant ones will say to those who had been despised: rlWas it we who kept you back from Guidance after it reached you? Nay rather, it was ye who transgressed.'l (3aß2)

,y,

ü. ttbþr coú úr^¿-t,i¡Ít jÉ j (\.r) {)u,

¿tt

tl,s}É

¡J

rkåt¡

104. Those who had been despised will say to the arrogant ones: "Nay! it wa"s a plot (of yours) by day and by night: Behold! ye (constantly) ordered us to be ungrateful to Allah." (34:æ)

(8) Løck of influence See verse 34:31

102 above.

Bøsic Concepts

(9) The Döaöne söft

./r!t urk ôrL;á-r- V,f a$ i'/t v:i:\s (r. o¡ ,i. * i-¿l ,s.i I cÍs W vl ,j, Uros tj( u't uçs 3ç; U. ö,1t; vls'5 t:& V ,Þt-! ,

J*t'105. And We made a people, considered weak (and of no account), inheritors of lands in both east and west- lands whereon We sent down our blessings. The fair prom,ise of thy Lord was fulfilled for the children of Israel, because they had patience a¡rd constanc¡ and We levelled to the ground the great works and fine buildings whichPharaoþ and his people erected (with such pride). (7:137) 8z Ri,zq The word rí,zq inthe Qur'ãn connotes livelihood or living. It comprises of economic good as well a^s free good, tangible and intangible, natural and man-made. It implies everything that satisfies the wants

of Allah's creatures, directly or indirectly. Indirect satisfaction by Allah's rizq invokes those physical and environmental phenomena which are conducive to creating or producing services and goods which satisfy wants. Thus the clouds in the sky that bring rainfall, irrigate crops, and provide water are also termed as rizq. The supply of Allah's rizq does not discriminate between diverse living beings, nor does it distinguish between the obedient and the disobedient. What is emphasised in the Qur'ãn is that it is Allah alone who provides all kinds of. rizq to living beings on the ea¡th and that this provision and the quantity of distribution depend on Allah's Will. Allah ha"s not distributed resources equally neither among different creatures nor among different human beings. This fact provides an argument in favour of Allah's authority to lay down the rules for the use of rizq. Allah has drawn a line between the lan¡ful and the unlawful and prohibited man from the latter. Even the use of lawful items has been made subject to the principles of disposal that Allah has laid down. What ensures the compliance of these directives is the Qur'ãnic concept of accountability on the Day of Judgement.

EcoNo¡r¿rc Guropr,tt.lss IN THE eun,ÃN

(1)

fP:ui,ts

jii þ-

ot ,i"q

S "+

Mt ,, úti úr)n & k.rjÍi (r.r)

)í¡

É:_,

¡aÍ

çßt æ ,", e?tí

;L ,i;-a.l ¿4 3Ñ 3 tstii

¡i

106. þur Lord] Who made the earth your couch and the heavens your canopy, and sent don¡n rain from the heavens, and brought forth therewith fruits for your sus_ tenance. Then set not up rir¡als unto Allah whenye know (the truth). (zz2z)

lsi rÍJ v'é:i zð

,,f ¿Y¿ ó,'f-¡ ç éiri o<i¡

107. They say: ,,ff we .were to follow the guidance with thee, we should be snatched away from ou-r land.', Have \üe not established for them a sec're sanctuar¡ to which are brought as tribute fruits of all kinds-a provision from Ourselves? But most of them understand not. (2g:b7)

ru-il É.Í iu. ,, r+þtj :W t|:i(r .,r) 108. [And We se'l down rain...] as sustenance for (Al_

¿ryt

. lah's) servants, and We give (new) life therewith to land that is dead: thus will be the Resurrection. (50:11)

(2) Rôzq heely supplied,

t' !t , W

'Í5 þt ,2:i ,y tj.i¿tS

É (', ..)

eú

109. So eat and drink of the sustenance provided by Allah, and do not evil nor mischief on the (face of the) earth. (2:60)

Basic ConcePts

iF i$t i'Ñs(r t.) '¿t;a. tiitl 4 ,>*,,+tt #l efl d Uf iå*Í-t ål

.t,; ;l çri¡

iu;;rt

t1l

ufus

úþl

,¿.s :Y

'f .ri tiÉ Qt;

silS ór+¡ ff31Ú'f ,ßs vtÍf'

íljtt u e^.¡;ú u V

,s},j,J,ts

:y\t

110. rWe divided them into twelve tribes or nations' \rye directed Moses by inspiration, when his (thirsty) people asked him for water: "strike the rock with thy sta,ff"' Out of it there gushed forth twelve springs: each group knew its own place for water. We gave them the shade of clouds, and sent down to them manna and quails, (saying): "Eat of the good things We have provided for you": (But they rebelled); to Us they did no harm, but they harmed their own souls. (7:160)

(3) Li,aeatock as

'í5

ifur

råzq

'af ckrll úri (\ \ \) &St t2. tf ú¡S

,#i'u

{ qiót e# t#

111. Of the cattle a,re some for burden ar¡d some for meat: Eat what Allah hath provided for you, and follow not the footsteps of Satan: For he is to you an avowed enemy'

$:La\

(l)

Footlgrøi,n øs rdzq See verse 50: L1

108 above

(6) Imports øs rúzq See verse 28:57

107 above.

(6) Heøaenly bountáes øe ri,zq

i¿irt

íS:;-

æ.r-

{

,fi

P, t'r#. ,;i (rrv) f "A,

oI fto;. 1lu U irt ¿

ti1 ;

qt'llS

Ecoxo¡r,t¡c Guropr,ü.lss IN THE eunrÃm

112. Or, who originates Creation. Then repeats it, and who gives you sustenance from heaven and earth? (Can there be another) god besides Altah? Sa¡ ,,Bring iorth your argument, if ye a,re telling the truth!', (ZT:6a)

,i ùt jtt yS ¿6l.r.p,r +Xrtj (r rr) Crð é¿ì pt +-r'i,'r Uåt, rói. jþrtt :, u*ti O:, o,

,-rurt

3fu 113. And in the alternation of night and da¡ and the fact that Allah sends down sustenance from the sky, and revives therewith the earth after its death, an¿ in tle change of the winds-are signs for those that a¡e wise. (a5:5)

¿ú¿j

íïr,,i".:.l Lir (r r ¿)

114. And in heaven is ¡rour sustenance, as (also) that

which ye a,re promised. (5t:22)

(7) Supplóed by Allah alone

¡¡l

'si¿

+u.

u '¿ri ¡rÍrt e3i tSJj (r

¿tfr t; órk-wi SltF Lyi ù' .J, riçi .i É

115. When'We make mankind ta.ste of some mercy after adversity hath touched them, behold! they take tã plotting against Our signs! Say: ,,Swifter to plan is Allah!, terity, Our messengers record all the plots that ye malce! (10:21)

* A ï. t#

{s ,Si;

þ:i E çj:É u tf(r rr) t¿¡

,Ãt

M- US u¡o ",e 116. "Eat of the good things We have provided for your sustenance, but commit no excess therein, lest My Wrath should justly descend on you: and those on whom descends My Wrath do perish indeed! (20:gl)

Basic Concepts

*s ù, f; r¡J c¿;ii (t rv) 3#'tiigs çþt St3 ú'vt

E ..jþ C-,åts

e,!t

117. To those whose hearts, when Allah is mentioned, are filled with fear, Who show patient perseverance over their a,ffiictions, keep up regular prayer' and spend (in charity) 'We have bestowed upon them. (22:35) out of what

#."i fuf f:'f

,F W þS'^:;a

,u¡,

fr uú' åi

É¡ ,"

(r r,r)

t*¡

3;,sIt

is Atlah who has created you: further, He ha's provided for your sustenance; then He will cause you to die; and again He will give you life. Are there any of your (false) "partners" who can do any one of these things? Glory to Him, and High is He above the partners they aftribute (to ttim)t (30:40) 118.

¡ü ,¡ {tv riij

liÀ éi (r rq)

119. Thuly such will be Our Bounty (to you). It will never

fail. (38:54)

Uj úrll þ4 É ,t$ riii (tr.) f; rtrr êå,i .åfiË,l v iî:is ttn ¿;"-ró ,þ*s

'+;i.ålt5

úeilll '51t ist al$

120. It is Allah Who has made for you the earth as a resting place, and the sky as a canopy, and has given you shape-and made your shapes beautiful-and has provided for you sustenance. Of things pure and goodsuch is Altah your Lord. So glory to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds! (40: 145) (8

)

Indåscrôminate proaösdonöng

þs

6:¿ lill .ri'

¿rlt ,t Y)3 æ tâ't (t v t¡ ,# # i.Yvt#3\i"zzÅ

\i1

Ecouourc Gupnr,nlns IN TIIE eun,ÃN

121. There is no moving creature on earth but its sustenance dependeth on Allah: He knoweth the time and place of its definite abode and its temporary deposit. All is in a clear Record. (11:6) JÀJ

iu:s

v:;. ùt v:_t M {

FJt

v Atfs(ryr) 'd¡l

æl

L22. How many are the creatures that carry not their own sustenance? It is Allah Who feeds (both) them and you, for He'hears and knows (all things). 1ZO,'OO¡

(9) Attah's

tttÉ

sole

authoröty to prescrôbe pure esculents

u F qti ú f

iirr

iií

¡stu {lt ,-þ ,i p iii

vr)

þ-iri.,¡i cr iirr ; ;í xì;3

Say: ,,See ye

123. what things Allah hath sent down to you for sustenance? yet ye hold forbidden some things thereof and (some things) lawful., Say: .3Hath Allah in_ deed permitted you, or do ye invent (things) to attribute to Allah?" (10:59)

9: Çulm (Injustice, 'Wrong-doing) The word vulm (injtstice) as used in the eur,ãn denotes many things, especially the following:

1) Disobeying the dictates of Allah and His messengers; following one's own desires.

2) Depriving others of their rights. 3)

Engagement in interest transactions.

Concealing evidence.

Oppression of the weaker cla"sses of the society.

Fbom the above list it can be seen that these brazenly iinmoral acts greatly a,fect à number of economic activities

Basic Concepts

(1) Dösregørdöng the Shorleøh (a) The dictates of Allah

ti'Li W y?s

4t 4s::

ar¡Èl U

vþ

e;\

þt

i¡ti t:rí¡ (rv¿)

f,*r:t e+^ 9p {¡ ur+ J+

L24. We said: "O Ada,m! dwell thou and thy wife in the garden; a¡rd eat of the bountiful Things therein as (where and when) ye will; but approach not this tree. Or ye run into ha¡m and transgression. (2:35)

ú;lh,l ts "{lr't¡ }rtl ¡i¿

ß-

vS(tvo)

1.26.I|any do transgtess the limits ordained by Allah' such persons wrong are the wrong-doers. (22229\

æ;.tts-

{ ,.r:l¡ s}þ- ,l{t "ß'7i óI þ i (rvr) örl4rir *q *+,' #¡

126. We know indeed the grief which their words do cause thee. It is not thee they reject; it is the Signs of Allah, which the wicked condemn. (6:33)

e-¡ít

{¡ Þ¡ "t ó$Å

3 Wu,.tuåt

ait

5 (r yv)

ó;Åðtñ

L27. "B:ut construct an Ark under Our eyes and Our inspiration, and add¡ess Me no (further) on behalf of those who a¡e in sin, for they a¡e about to be overwhglmed (in the flood)." (11:37)

ó,jlr V *k ùi i! #-!t, ,þ-Í o1 v,-;; t;5 (ty,r) {l ç-rru, ,p-Í vs U FiÉ íy; iíúl 5r,ä tipi¡ O":* 128. And'We refrain from sending the Signs, ""r, the men of former generations treated them as false. We sent the she-ca,mel to the Tha,mäd to open their eyes, but they treated her wrongfully. We only sent the Signs by way of terror (and wa,rning from evil). (17:59)

Ecorvourc Gurpnr,ruus IN THE eun,[N

(b) The dictates of Allah,s Messenger

jri¡ W 6\

V {) J* ,I ß *1,¡i :i (r yr¡ t,ûiå

>^-.:

il ¡r!.¡:.jj ó,:Él

129. ¿'Or (*hy) has not a treasure been bestowed on him, or why ha.s he (not) a garden for enjoymeút?, The wicked say: "Ye follow none other than a man bewitched,, (25:g)

'sli^

13O.

,rr

¿:

*, e,syl W ú,-¡il dl ¿þ (rr.) Û-# ú;I u3 iirr þi

Na¡ the wrongdoers (merely) follow their own lusts,

being devoid of knowledge but who will guide those whom

Allah leaves astray? To them there will be no helpers. (30:29)

(2)

Deprtaöng others of theår röghts

ú qåi

lf ¿ç'¡

i' JI t

ô#_i

u,s.

téts(r r r)

ú,lr.¡ { É¡ .r4ar

131. And fea^r the Day when ye shall be brought baclc to Atlah. Then shall every soul be paid what it earned. And none shall be dealt with unjustly. (2:2Sl)

i- ttñ- çl ng .jþl iç

órr1í .i;ir ól (rry) tte? ,í', \V ryÞ.

132. Those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, eat up a fire into their bellies: they will soon be enduring a blaaing fire! (4:10)

$.rt UrË 3 ú\É

-!-j Jrd ¿r5 (rrr) ti*.¡ gJt ,þ q! úq

ISU

xt¿

133.

If any do that in rancour and injustice, soon shall

We cast them into the fire: and easy

is for Allah.

(

:30)

Bøsic Concepts

.r.r':¡\i qi-ril

i ..,

}*9iu,

d E .:;iÉ ,f

S¿.

Íi' jS (rr¿)

*. æS ¿lí¡t l3'lj tf i¡lÍtl \r¡tS

ótll.í

134. Every soul that hath sinned, if it possessed all that is on earth, would fain give it in ransom: they would declare (their) repentance when thêy see the Penalty: but the judgement between them will be with justice, and no rñ,rong will be done unto them. (10:54)

æ Y ¿çs #

* i:v y.ltqt óJjLí

i,: (rro)

{ #¡ ,rÍ

135. One day every soul will come up struggling for itself, and every soul will be recompensed (firlly) for all its actions, and none will be unjustly dealt with. (16:111)

(g) Dngøgement

únterest trønsøctions

f,,J olS .^s.yiS dlt

.f V_É,lil¡ t¡'¡ i o!í C''t.r>

útibi

i¡

ú-.:lt

pt5"i CSt fS

136. If ye do it not, take notice of war from Allah and His Messenger: but if ye turn back, ye shall have your capital sums; deal not unjustl¡ and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:279)

(l)

Suppress'úon

eaidenee

.f ËÉ íbt u¡r. dl b t)- ôyis¿ y.i. - r t ,*,Pt

¿..3

(rrv)

¿jüff 137. Ah! who is more unjust than those who conceal the testimon¡ they have from Allali? But AUah is not unmindful of what ye do! (2:L40)

Ecoxoir¡rc Guropr,rNps rN THE Qun'ÃN

(5) Oppressi,on of the uealcer class

¿ #"4 r.u u r. u *!t .t bi+tÁ ¡.¡ri 3(rr,r) ôfu- ç,i j î,^ iÈv ';is ç3.rr

138. To those who leave their homes in the cause of Allah, after suffering oppression-We will assuredly give a goodly home in this world: But truly the reward of the Hereafter will be greater, if they only realised (this)! (16:41)

PARjT B-PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS The philosophical concepts that the Qur'ãn presents relate to ownership of the universe, creation of man, resources that a¡e necæsa,ry to maintain His creatures, Allah's policy of distribution of natural resources, Allah's dictates on lawful and unlawfirl, marx's position on this earth, and the concept of reward and punishment in the Herea,fter on the basis of performance in the world.

Ecor.lotr¡rc Gumpr,nrps IN THE Qun'ÃN

1: Ownership Allah alone is the Creator and Owner of the entire universe. The environment around man has been made conducive to his living on this planet. Allah alone is the Owner of all the resources whether natural or man-made. It is He Who makes all resources function productively according to His p1an. As a consequence, the attitude of man should also reflect this reality.

(1) Alløh's outnerehip of lønd :rl

úrll

tirl-t eF. U:i jti (rrq) .r-i:u- þt¡ DV tr tW v V¿Å

¿tl:4-tS.iru

139. Said Moses to his people: "Pray for help from AIAnd (wait) in patience and constancy: for the earth is Allah's, to give as a heritage to such of His servants as He pleaseth; and the end is (best) for the righteous. (7:t28)

lú,"

(2) Alloh's ounershí,p of the

entöre uniaerse

qirll ¿YS.7"låtl .i u ð (t¿.) 140. His a¡e all things in the heavens and on earth. (22255)

qarll

.i u¡ ei,l.lJl .i 6 {l (r ¿ r)

141. Tb Allah belongeth all that is in the heavens and on earth. (2:28a)

e-i

pt Jls

cr\l .i ,r¡ e i.l¡Jl ., u 9l¡ (r

i.ú!r t42. To Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth: to Him do all questions6 go back (for decision). (3:109) oOf.

a¡ alternate translation by Ansari: ttAnd to Allah

for decision".

a¡e all matters referred

Bøsi,c Concepts

|L,t-

H qrll .i tt¡ .=l tlåjt .t U l,l¡ (t r) 'Ë"t 3* ii,r¡ ,rtÍ v +*-S ¿

143. To Allah belongeth all that is in the heavens and on earth. He forgiveth whom He pleaseth and punisheth whom He pleaseth; but Allah is Most-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (3:129)

i.*il ,iri 9l¡ (r ¿ ¿)

itrr3

zê ,-f

¿rir3 e "þ L44. To Allah belongeth the dominion

of the heavens and the earth; and Allah hath power over all things. (B:1Sg) tt

J1 tirt ¿r s ,r_|t.j u¡

9-þt .l u {¡

(r r o¡

Wta

145. But to Altah belong all things in the heavens and. on earth; and Allah it is that encompasseth atl things. (a:L26)

[

,¡tit ;

u5 .7-!iáJl .¿ l,l¡ (r r r) 146. To Allah belong all things in the heavens and on earth. (a:131)

W¡ rlq iÍS qr,tl

.-i rr¡

,9:l¡t .l u gJ¡ (r ¿v)

L47.Yea, unto Allah belong all things in the heavens and on earth, and enough is Allah to ca,rry through all a,ffairs. (4::732)

e.)\b e *¿rl .i u {l

éJ

'ii

¿n)

148. Is it not (the case) that to Allah belongeth whatever is in the heavens and on earth? (10:55)

r¡

{

i¡;,,

'.d,ç"

tÍi¡ iilr iir 6íU (r¿q) .r. ,!l ¿. VS 9 ¡,l.f.Jl

149. They say, "Allah hath begotten a son!,'-Glory be to Him! He is Self-Sufficient! His a¡e all things in the heavens and on earth! (10:63)

Ecoxourc Gu¡opr,rxps

rN THE Qun'Ãn

¡ r:iit ¿YS17il,erl ¿V {.ril {i (ro.) 150. [The *ay....] of Allah, to Whom do belong all things in the heavens and on earth! $a:2)

+¿¡i

v$ ¡'rtt 'a3 ú:,r9,5 9-þ,t é v

,¿S

î u

(tot)

dtt

151. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and on ea¡th. And to Him is duty due always. Then will ye fear other than Allah? (16:52)

tflt

ú iit éJ¡ ,t !l éus e-þt .i u ii (rov)

j*ell

152. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on "earth: For verily Allah-He is free of all wants, Worthy of all praise. (22 64)

t ,þ ß..p!t5 e-þt .i u {l él ii (ror) f :o ¡q d'¡ w q üft3 it ú#-¡- iy-s #

153. Be quite sure that to Allah doth belong whatever is in the heavens and on earth. Well doth He know what ye are intent upon. And one Day they will be brought back to Him, and He will tell them the truth of what they did. For Allah doth know all things. QA:6a)

{+l ürl ¡"ô iilt éJ ,rryr¡ e3,kl .i E g (ro¿) 154. To Allah belong atl thlngs in heaven and earth: ver-

ily Allah is He (that is) free of all wants, worthy of all praise. (31:26)

t3 ¿r'tt ¿.yS 9-þt ¿v

'ú.r¡Ít 9l

iJi (too)

+t'irJi l¡,j"!t .i ß1

156. Praise be to Allah, to Whom belong all things in the heavens a¡rd on earth: to him be praise in the hereafter;

and He is full of Wisdom, acquainted with all things. (34:1)

Basic Cone,epts

Vt í5,/r!l éYS e-þl .i u ¡t (ror)

'Ci¡Jl

156. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on ea¡th: and He is Most High, Most Great. @2: A) .Ji

uørlt ¿YS

g*¿ll

¿v't "ril dJl þln (tov) j,:in

þt

157. The way of Allah, to Whom belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on earth. Behold (how) all a,fiairs tend towards Allah! (42:53)

(8) Alløhts ownershi¡t of oll nesourceg

¿*s e. ,r .þ tH i ôjfr &¡Ít F (ro¡) ,i¡¿irr ,#s ,rr\le .r \.I,¿tl ü)ç ,its tþ- ,it

,pt

"'O ìÚ4¡¿ 158. They are the ones whq sa¡ "Spend nothing on those who are with Allah's Messenger, to the end that they may disperse (and qui! Madinah)." But to Allah belong the trea,sures of the heavens and the earth: but the hypocrites understand not. (63:7)

(l) Allølt's

outnershóp

{rl ç¿!

of the keg to

?eEourceg

Vy aúts &¿rts e-þl idfi it (tor) ¿:*t F qrri

159. To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth: and those who reject the Signs of Allah it is they who.will be in loss. (39:63)

.i{

OiJt

fu-

ú:urt'r ei,l,el

idÉ it (tr.)

{'onA3*u's

160. Tb Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth: He enlarges and restricts the sustenance to whom He will: for He knows full well all things. @zzLZ)

Eco¡qourc Gu¡opr,n¡ps IN THE eun'Ãr.r

(5) Alløh's ownersháp of euerythöng wöthån the uní,aerse

u;tå:tt

u 3 ,a-,!t3 e i,l¿il

g¡ (r r r)

161. Lord ofthe heavens and ofthe earth, and all between them., and Lord of every point, at the rising of the sun! (37:5)

3Øt

i/t

Wfu.

u, ¿-,!t3 e-þil g3 (r r r)

162. The Lord of the heavens and the earth and all be- exalted in Might, Able to enforce His Will again

tween

and again. (38:66)

(6) Alløh's ownershôp of eaergthöng beneath the

e¿

W*. u3 ¿_,!l

;

tie oi,l,.ill

soi,t

.i u ii (trr) .tjl

163. Tb Him belongs what is in the heavens and on earth, and all between them, and all beneath the soil. (20:6)

2: Creation and Distribution Allah has provided sustenance for all living beings on the ea¡th without making any discrimination between different creatures and their functions. His plan of distribution consists of historical and geographical abundance as well as scarcity. while distributing resources Altah has created physical, intellectual, social, and economic inequality. It is because of this phenomenon that resources a,re unequally provided to different persons, communities and regions.

(1) Creatåon and, proaåsóonöng (a) Allah the Creator (Ð OÍ lønd for abode ønd ti,aelöhood,

n* .4* w fJ euá: .t !t "i

.råi3

(t r r)

or#t

Basic Concepts rWe

WÈo have placed you with authority on earth, and provided you therein with means for the fulûlment of your life. Small.a,re the thanks that ye give!

164.It, is

(7:10)

,f n k, ei,i¡ e.ls: W q¡Jl3 t+ri ,rr$lS(tro¡

wç':

165. And the earth-We have spread it out, and set thereon mountains standing firm, and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth (in pairs) (50:7)

,-hl

,pt JIs *:ê.rf

,Ja?,L

6 cr\t

JJls

.,Lyr

J! o:þ. xi (r'rr)

,3f dV Js ¿¿¡i

166. Do they not look at the ca,mels, how they are made?-And at the sky, how it is raised high?-And at the mountains, how they are fixed firm?-And at the earth, how

it is spread out? (88:17-20)

Ol eørth møde fit for moaement

(dô)

úq ;rt,t &

iirt3 Crrv)

qqþ w \ii*i

167. uAnd Allah has made the ea,rth for you a.s a carpet ;.(spread out). (71:19) That ye may go about therein in spacious roads. (71':20)

tÍi, úJlt 168. Have We not made the earth

a,s

{

(rr,r)

a wide expanse.

(78:6) (ööú)

Of land prod.uce

, eF i*t

q¿rl

iJ ;ul ïtt

úi

Vt ii (rrq)

;:s,H- iti fêr\-,,#rul

4 & vrl

169. And do they not see that We do drive rain to parched soil (bare of herbage) *d produce therewith

Ecoxourc Guropr,rxps

rN THE

eun'Ãn

crops, providing food for their cattle and themselves? Have they not the vision? (J2:27)

+t' y, Ççv rü :kåt U jii ¡ilr éi j ií ,lr., Vltli & çS ,*, ",J+ çlgt b-, Vtli ,i+t -t

i'* qlys

170. Seest thou not that Allah sends down rain from the sky? \ryith it We then bring out produce of r¡a¡ious colours. And in the mountains are tracts white and red, of

various shades of colour, and black intense in hue. (85:ZT) (å4t)

Oî pasture .¡þ

Jt ¿fi ,sús(rvr)

171. And Who brought out the (green and luscious) ture. (87:4)

(n) Of

pas_

rv;öny wøter

See verse 32:27 at,16g above See verse 35:27

6Ú rlt

LZO above.

f*tSçri,ets:

W q4"r(rvv)

L72. And,made therein mountains standing firm, lofty (in stature); and provided for you water sweet (and whoie_ some). (77:27)

(oÐ Of eoerything ön the

tils

uní,aerse

ry- is C,rrb e-þt .il'i ,sú (lvr) t¡¿a 6i3oé ,,-r¿ :fúÉ¡ grlr "l L-¡ ,Å ;r& ¿

173. He to Whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth: no son ha"s He begotten, nor has He a partner in His dominion. It is He Who created all things and ordered them in due proportions. (25:2)

Bøsi,c Concepts

f, j. w#. t;'5 çrrt'5 e-þl ,y ,sít (rv¿)

.v-i

W .", # t>li ¿?r,þ aþt,í

L74. He Who created the heavens and the ea¡th and all that is between, in six days, and is firmly established on the throne (of authority): Allah, Most Gracious: ask thou, then, about Him of.any acquainted (with such things) (25:59)

(1) (b) Allah the provider (ô) of food lnS

,fr\ti

i,l¿Jl

*É

t3. jgl

dil

4il ,y (tvo¡ ,í.¡l.í.í-.,i..1í ¿l'

175. Say: uShall I take for my protector any other than Allah, the Maker of the heavens and the earth? And He it is that feedeth but is not fed.' (6:14)

erl

atf ,Ã cr'tt't

þt

fl:; ,i ü (rvr)

jt4!13

176. Say: "Who is it thai sustains you (in life) from the sky and from the earth? Or who is it that has power over hearing and sight? (10:31) See also verse 30: 40

118 above

W æ.¡L ïíi ff.3Á ¿ y- óf *it (rvv) 3* U', þ ;*q 'a ttþt3 fl.i A:i æ ttç 177. There was for Saba, aforetime, a sign in their homela¡rd two gardens to the right and to the left. Eat of the sustenance (provided) by your Lord, and be grateful to Him: a territory fair and happy, and a Lord Oft-Forgiving! (34:15)

t:i ðre¿o J^ Éþ ôr<)ï.j-,¡ ç

Itft

e;- t þt

¿"út

H[ Crt,r.>

it iil i .f,It3 ¡Larr ú El;

ltr

Ecotro¡r¿rc Gunnr,¡ups IN THE eun'Ãu

178. O men, call to mind the grace of Allah unto you! Is there a Creator, other than Allah, to give you sustenance from heaven or earth? There is no god but He: how then a,re ye deluded away from the Thuth? (85:B)

,#', * t

u.írú ,?i,3

u ,l;,:,sl 3o trr!3 (rvr)

+âf"Lt 179. And We send down from the sky rain charged with blessing, and We produce therewith gardens and grain for harvests. (50:g) ".^-rJ

ëb

úü! j*tt¡ (r¡.)

180. And tall (and stateþ) palm trees, with shoots of fruit stalks, piled one over a¡rother. (50:10) See also verse 87: 4

(öö)

at LTl.

Ol øll bounties

õ-å!t .¿-

,i* - .Z t¿k-. -r.

t. ,W #

ú *ç

tr.

dÉ

u tplt

i&t irí3 (r,tr)

I-'_:¿t

.i tjS

újrårg+,l{'s43'.s6

181. And the chiefs of the people who disbelieved and denied the meeting in the hereafter, and on whom We had bestowed the good things of this life, said: ,,He is no more than a man like yourselves, he eats of that of which ye eat, and drinks of what ye drink. (2i:AB)

Éi ";i'

pt dú

v ê;lS t\è fl:r. fF

(r¡r)

182. If ye know any good in them yea, give them some_ thing yourselves out of the means which Allah has given to you. (z(ffi) (öãÐ

Ol unpredíctoble

proa,ùsöon

i Jé ê ö3j-"r t+? 'ó J-* ¡ilr ü vS (r¡r) eli

¿u.

iit él '^i.-; # pr ;Þ íÉ-

","s

+yí1

Basdc Concepts

183. And for those who fear Allah. He (ever) prepares a way out. And He provides for him from (sources) he never could imagine. And if anyone puts his trust in Allah, sufficient is (Allah) for him. For Allah will sutely accomplish His purpose. (65:2-3)

(f) (") The universal Provider (i) Ol ail the needfut "oui,t" w 334 W. ¿l.s u.ç ,v æ83 W, ,Þ3 (r,'t¿) Uít,ú ;ly" ç.ri qk;lti çt5_1

184. He set on the (earth), mountains standing firm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on thè earth, and measured therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four Days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who need (sustenance). (41:10)

(ôi) For øll the need,s

*ç

þt ??* 11 ¡

lirt

ú; F

,; r", E: (t¡o) O:ü

185. And ye have no good thing but is from Allah: and moreover, when ye are touched by distress, unto Him ye cry with groans. (16:53)

"rri¡

.""t

úS(t¡r)

186. That.it is He Who giveth weatth and satisfaction' (53:48) (ööö,)

dåscrômånation of specöe

at 121 above. See verse 29:60 at L22 above. See verse L1:6

Cvfr.

187.

V-sS ¡,t*lS (r,tv)

is He 'Who has spread out the earth for (His)

creatures. (55:10)

Ecgxowirc Guroer,rups rN TrIE eun'Ãu (öa)

dôscrörr,lönotôon

of creed

ü ri! riÅ ¡r-r þ: þlljri ¡J¡ (r¡,r) jrí ;!r F uS,!r;n çdtS I,lu, r+" çl e q;*\ U {t^i o':rt"s

,*,5 ,Él ytfu

jl tfui f W t*tl

188. And remember Abraham said: ,,My Lord, make this a city ôf peace and feed its people with fruits- such of them as believe in Allah and the Last Day." He said: "(Yea); and such as reject faith: for a whilewill I grant them their pleasure, but will soon drive them to thã tor_ ment of Fire-an evil destination (indeed)|,, (2:126)

.tk ótl vs iß.i ,k u,fT¡ ,fr" #

t'É

(r¡q)

t:þ

*ß.:

189. Of the bounties of thy Lord We bestow freely on all-these as well as those: The bounties of thy Lorã are not closed (to anyone). (LT:20)

(o)

díecrõmónøtùon

ît g:s C:;

øge

F quq-

.ij f¡\1 ¡lu (rq,) WÉL+ ó'f ë

190. Kill not your children for fear of want: We stalt provide sustenance for them as well as for you. Verily the killing of them is a great sin. (17:BL)

1. (d) The quality and quantity of

ft)

provisioning

Andöaputøble supply

LsiW;]ÏJ

,ii ú[¡ (rq r)

191. Then which of the gifts of thy Lord. (O man) wilt thou dispute about? (53:55)

ürt:i

ukr,lì

¿çÉ

(rqv)

192. Then which of the favours of your Lord will ye deny? (55:16)

Basic Concepts

Repeated 30 times in the sa,me stlrlr (öô)Ví,söble

ønd åmñsöble supply

.j u¡ siå¿il .¡ t

ô' ¿: ,r¡ fl (rrr) +u.ií7iti"'q fe Ut uaril fJ

193. Do ye not see that Allah has subjected to your (use) all things in the heavens and on earth, and has made His bounties flow to you in occeeding measure, (both) seen and unseen? (31:20)

(íiö) Ineæhøustible eupply

¿+ $l trt v't 'elç ut

il ,up $

ols (rq¡)

çJ194. And thcre is not a thing but its (sources and) trea" sures (inexhaustible) are with Us: But \ile only send down thereof in due and ascertainable measures. (1.5:21)

,irÉt lÉt

o's

iityt

¡Å iilt é! (rqo)

195. Fìor AUah is He Who gives (all) sustenance-Lord of Power-steadfast (forever). (51:58)

(öo) Eacellent ond ånealculøble

"p3 3*t ibr él 6t^L'i ttjt u+ !¡fu¡ Ol¡ (rrr) 196. If ye would count up the favours of Allah, never

would ye be able to number them; for Allah is Oftforgiving, Most Merciful. (16:18)

&:!t i,;

dlt él¡

(rrv)

197. Tbuly Allah is He Who bestows the best provision. (22:58)

æjlt

i,t ç3 ¿- ú.i diç;

(rq,r)

Ecor.¡o¡r¿rc Gupgr,nrps IN THE Qun,Ãr.l

.198. Or is it that thou askest them for some recompense? But the recomperü¡e of thy Lord is best: He is the best of those Who givb sustenance. (23:72) See also verse 41:L0

184 above.

(2) Döetråbutöon (a) The Divine Law of distribution.

(i)

Attøh eæponds ønd contracts

6j at ,f/-r;Ír d,. (tqq) S#j *Is fu-s;zru- iu-riry

títa¡i 'd '4,¿1t W

199. Who is he that ûill loan to Allah a beautiful loa¡r which Allah will double unto his credit and multiply marry times? It is Allah that giveth (you) want or plenty. And to Him shall be your return. (Z:2 5)

(iö) Pooertg ønd proeperity øre Alløhrs discretdon

tr5t! t-jS 3*¿ årf

ltÅí-

o:Jt

fu- ù1 (y..)

il ijålt .l Ffu þr

çlr

20O. Allah doth enlarge, or grant by (strict) mea,sure, the sustenance (which He giveth) to whomso He pleaseth. (The worldly) rejoice in the life of this world: but the life of this world is but little comfort in the Hereafter. (18:26)

D!o,

3f É! 3¡¡-s a.tl- ,A

O:Jt

æ.i 3l (y.

tu.w

201. Verily thy Lord doth provide sustenance dance for whom He plea^seth, and He provideth mea"sure,

in abunin a just

for He doth knon' and regard all His servants.

(17:30)

ôj*,,""fr, a*tF g$ *is(v.v) qp ùt .ñ oi ij ixs ÐU t r ¿trl- ,A ¿:Jl fudrr éK_¡

ooÈl ðd

tç-,-st;,

,¡¡;t

Basíc Concepts

2Oz. And those who had envied His position the da¡r before began to say on the morrorv. nAh! It is indeed Allah Who enlarges the provision or restricts it to any of His servants He pleases! Had it not been that Allah was gracious to us, He could have caused the earth to swallow us up! Ah! those who reject Allah will assuredly never prosper." (28:82)

¡bt

ój

'^t

:XS e)þ ur ;t-fr ê

OiJl '

fu- dl (r . r) .2t

;îrr*

203. Allah, enla,rges the sustenan." t*ni.n'ff whichever of His serva,¡ots He pleases: And He (similarly) grants by (strict) measure, (as He plea^ses) For Allah has firll knowledge of alt things. (29:62)

i- 31 3*s

;tú-

,A oilt

&. ¡bt úi \i

i 31 çr,r)

204. see rhey not rhar A'ah restricts it, to whomsoever He pleases? Verily in tbat Signs for those who believe. (30:37)

"r*:*.*tr:"fi:"i;

ÁÁ

,ßS

3g-s

lttS-

,A o:Jt &-

31.J,

a^re

(v.o)

Sfu- {

otÍtt

205. Say: "Verily my Lord enla,rges and restricts the provision to whom He pleases, but most men understand

not."

(34:36)

3l S4{-s lt,S- ,A oilt

if (r,r) 3*ç"cP ç4i 4i.i iilr éi

tfu-

206. Kno¡' they not that Allah enlarges the provision, or restricts it, for any He pleases? Veril¡ in this are Signs for those who believe! (39:52) (å,ä) Terrest?úal perforrnønce-the Dôaöne cøtølgst

dç

ót

4 W1 ,i bt

¡r¡tr

1351

çr!i5

(v.y)

Ecoxorr¿rc Guro¡r,r¡¡ps rN THE Qun'Ãw

2O7. ïf We give man a taste of mercy from Ourselves, and then withdraw it from him, behold! he is in despair and (falls into) blasphemy. (11:9)

óf:åJl ,,#s

ilA

'.ri; Ãi¿ S-:.;l;,;

í:eít

$-r(v.,r)

3ê ¿'þ

'¿t

i¿

208. But if We give him a taste of (Our) favours after adversity hath touched him, he is sure to sa¡ ,,All evil ha^s departed from me; behold! he falls into exultation and pride. (11:10)

qaiþ#oJ¡% l-¡ '*t ¡nt e3i t3J3 (v.r) Jþ- Ét3j eo*i c;íí

209. When We give men a taste of Merc¡ they exult thereat: and when some evil affiicts them because of what their (own) hands have sent forth, behold, they are in despair! (30:36) '.s

ji !l.f I .) yS A sir ,€ v itl rS

:p-S erE

dÉ A-t¿É:Jt ¿-

o¿Jt

La_

210. Say: "Verily my Lord enlarges and restricts the sustenance to such of His servants as He pleases: and nothing do ye spend in the least (in His Cause) but He replaces it: for He is the best of those who grant sustenance. (Aa:3g)

V,f

t tr

ovs tþiu ¿çá J

t{j

(y r r)

ôtt;;-

211. For the evils of their deeds will confront them. And they will be (completely) encircled by that which they used to mock at! (39:a8)

jú ú: ,;4 'Å,; ú;r.¡

r31

¡ uus 5,å úr"j)t ,.;*; t3!í (v I v¡

i éilf ¿ßS e ê ü. t

,þ

"*rrî

212. Now, when trouble touches rrruo, ú cries to Us: But when \['e bestow a favour upon him as from Ourselves,

Bosic Concepts (This

he says, has been given to me because of a certain (I have)!" knowledge Na¡ but this is but a trial, but most

ofthem understand not!

çf ú tr

,-;et Yi

(39:49)

ë ,y e-út úú ,,í (yrr) öFJ.

213. Thus did the (generations) before them say! But all that they did was of no profit to them. (39:50)

,Í-íÀ

Vrfb e-úts

t#t; ótþ úvu (rrr)

u-â+ Éu¡ tt;rl. aV ra*p

214. Na¡ the evil results of their deeds overtook them. And the wrongdoers of this (generation)-the evil results of their deeds will soon overta,ke them (too), and they will never be able to frustrate (Our Plan). (39:51)

(8) Inequølöty-A nøturøl phenomenon (a) The causes of inequality (å).

Specöe

t:is {ts 4t q #s i,"rtt tat cþ

i;t ë.uf "ús (Yto)

fþål-r*iiÉrt

215. We have honoured the sons of Ada,m: provided them with transport on lar¡d and sea: Given them for sustenance things good and pure; anil conferred on them special favours, above a great part of Our Creation. (17:70) (ðö) Sea

dVJrJ ¿sÉu,

W.r¡ít Jt ¿f3 cvrr) '# 1¡ *t:t't éii'

216. And ï¡omen shall have rights similar to the rights against them, according to what is equitable: but men have a degree (of advantage) oler them. And Altah is Exalted in Power, Wise. (2:228)

Ecoxourc Guropr,urps rN THE Qun,Ãll

a¡Í1t Jf ú;

Ç:Åv,¿rf

e,ìirkil-3 (r rv)

217. For divorced women mainteuance (should be provided) on a reasonable (scale). This is a duty on the righteous. (2:2Al)

ötbj ¿/ ,,;t;tvl ', ej cþi Vf.- to!í (y r¡)

*"lfi"Y*,*iï,i

218. And ir rhere are nor -*. n¡omen, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind hen (2:282)

,¡p!t iå; ,y f*. frir' .i ôt iÇç-(vrq) 219. Allah (thus) directs you as regards your children's (inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females. (a:11) See also verse 4:34

at 53 above

W 1t' Ctå*l q -

l'.

ç-, gr*l

tfr

ç51(yy.) "i 220. Is then one brought up anong trinkets, and unable to give a clear account in a dispute (to be associated with Allah)? (43:1S)

(öiå) Eøcultöes

¿rfu

y¡t j..yl¡tS'þ\lt

,rj¡.JÁ

.,F

221. Say: "Can the blind be held equal to the Will ye then consider not? (6:50)

(rv

seeing?

* **', Mts '-lts,rþlf ,*tt þ Cvvr)

¿rlft i¡i >r5 ,ì-F-

222. These two kinds (of men) may be compared to the blind and deaf, and those who can see and hear well. Are they equal when compared? Will ye not then ta"ke heed? $Lz2a)

é;*J J"

,1 i,r4t't

"þ\ll

Lti*i- J^

Basi,c Concepts

"lt

(rvr)

223. Say: "Are the blind equal with those who see? Or the depths of darkness equal with Light?" (13:16)

þ iX { éi t;ÅiÁî &S y:" ùt e?) (vy¿) é#,Y +u,et; i Gçw-1 '¡ç ,þ k ç s # "' +ly þ çS çl*rJt, iV- vS $

224. AIIúI sets forth (another) Parable of two men: one of them dumb, with no po$¡er of any sort: a wearisome burden is he to his master; whichever way he direcs him, he brings no good: Is such a man equal with one who commands justice, and is on a straight way? (16:76)

þ\,,Þ!l

,ti*i-83 (rvo)

226. The blind and the seeing are not atike. (35:19)

tlis t,;;Ï co¡Ít¡ 5*7ist5 .-¡\ll ,s#- u3 (vvr) orÍis

>Í,r\t

;.rrtt f3 c;rårr

226. Not equal are the blind and those who

(clea,rly)

Nor are (equal) those who believe and work deeds of rþhteousness, and those who do evil. Little do ye learn by admonition! (40:58) see:

(öa) Soeóal støtus

c¿¡ít

"J9

w ,2:Jt é

,ft. ,þ

þ ,Þ

t. ë øt*î c,.t!t u ..,þ

€)v)¿ -t

ùtS (yyv) \ .ll ¡ l¡¡.åt ,53'U

)'r4- $t i:+i

tl r-t

227. Allah has bestowed His gifts of sustenance more freely on some of you than on others: those more favoured are not going to throw back their gifts to those whom their right hands possess, so as to be equal in that respect. Will they then deny the favours of Allah? (16:71)

Eco¡lourc Gunnr,wps

rN THE Qun'Ãu

See also verse 23:2L See verse 36:72

294 above.

at 302 above.

(2) Clothöns See verse L6:5

)# ,i

at 547 above.

ís ,PS

Vtyi v')

í.+1ttt

w ftç. ú lJ i+ ibt¡ (,r't) itJ f* it- WL;t Úç ,r;lt çnr

És3

úÚi

Þt*..'i¡

!ti:i;

801. It is Allah'Who made your habitations homes a^nd rest and quiet for you; and made for you, out of the skins of animals, (tents for) dwellings, which ye find so light (and handy) when ye travel and when ye stop (in your travels). And out of their wool, and their soft fibres (between wool and hair), and their hair, rich stuffand articles of convenience (to serve you) for a time. (16:80)

fi æt

Jgr

c¿

þu.

,y,trs

íi i+ ,Y,r íi

ixÞ,.rrÁ ú,

tbt¡ (,r.v)

æt s,"t

ô# p *

'^r-r.'fjanrr

is Allah Who made out of the things He created, some things to give you shade; of the hills He made some for your shelter; He made you garments to protect you from heat, and coats of mail to protect you from your (mutual) violence. Thus does He complete His favours on you, that ye may bow to His Will (in Islam). (16:81)

802.

Ecoxovr¡c Guppr,nws rN THE QunÃrv

24L

(3) Shelter

(,1,)

See verse L6:80

at 80L above.

See verse L6:81

at 802 above.

Dri,nk See verse L6:10

ê eþ. j

at 698 above.

ei g

í+j ,wlr ¿ íJ éJj er.r) 4* É.vqtr 6 etS +¡ *

803. And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive Sign. Flom what is within their bodies, between excretions and blood, we produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable to those who drink it. (16:66)

l*, 4 ¿:'i* -,rr!t5 J*lr ç¡j

¿a3 Or. r)

ôM çé i-.{ -Ui .i $t ta; ri;,r",

804. And from the fruit of the date palm and the vine, ye get out wholesome drink, and food: behold, in this also is a Sign for those who are wise. (16:67)

fis U*.

j gV

i+j ¡err ¿ íi éJj (^.0) 3fÉ

w3i#

eu:r:t

e1,w.

þSW-,

805. And in cattle (too) ye have an instructive example. Ftom within their bodies We produce (milk) for you to drink: there are, in them, (besides), numerous (other) benefits for you; and of their (meat) ye eat. And on them, as well as in ships, ye ride. (23:2L-22)

ôft- Ws *fi V; é

qr,r¡¡

û.r)

806. And that We have subjected them to their (use). Of them some do ca,rry them and some they eat. (36:?2)

Economic Parameters

242

(5) Fats See

vs 23:20,2L at 294 and 805 above.

(6) hansport See verse 6:L42 at,772 above.

fu,

il 1.¡! çrr,t í * J f*i

'É3 (,r.v)

"rz"''3sl f:.t 3l r*o'

807. And they carry your heavy loads to lands that you äould not (otherwise) reach except with souls distressed: for your Lord is indeed Most Kind, Most Merciful. (16:7)

i u ji¡ l:s u{l +g\ iqt¡ ;+t¡ (,r.,r) 3ñ 808. And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which ye have no knowledge. (16:8) t3-j,,

{^¡

r,:J 4 ljíl f ".11 Èt'r. .lråt éfi þ:,'r{tí

809.

.ril yS Çr.q)

U 4 çF"t ¿t# {At Y ¿" \iat5

It is He Who has made the sea subject, that ye

may eat thereof flesh that is fresh and tender, and that ye may extract therefrom ornaments to wear, and thou seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that ye may seek (thus) of the bounty of Allah and that ye may be grateful. (16:14) See also verses 23:2L,22 See verse 36:72

at 805 above.

aI 806 above.

(7) Imúgatöon See verse 25:49

at 563 above.

Eco¡qo¡r¡tc Gutonr,r¡rps rN THE

eun'Ãrv

Z4g

(8) Fuel/Fúre at 555 above. verses 56:TL-73 at 556,552 above.

See verse 86:80

'See

(9)

Wholesorrùe and, heølth göaông See verse L6:66

at 808 above.

See verses 16:68-6g

at 54g-4g above.

(10) Artöcles of Defense See verse

l6:8L at 802 above.

(11) Durøble assets See verse L6:80

at 801 above.

(12) Comforts See verse L6:6

at 802 above.

é4 .íl :.i! Vf,t i *.

"¡J frÉí

'r*,351

,Vs

(,rr.¡

f.t olur"lr

810. And they carry your heavy loads to lands that you could not (otherwise) reach except with souls distressed: for your Lord is indeed Most Kind. Most Merciful. (16:7) See verse 16:8

ù;

Vtni

at 808 above.

fi ,nS k ft*. ,i

írtót

f j+ ibr¡ (¡r r)

ifi f+ it Wi# ríç rr;;Ír *" il Ési úúi 6;H-r¡ 6_,t¡-:rj

811. It is Allah Who made your habitations homes of rest and quiet for you; and made for you, out of the skins of piTulr, (tents for) dwellings, which ye find so light (and handy) when ye travel and when ye stop 1i" yoL trr* els), and out of their wool, and their soft-fiùres (between wool and hair), and their hair, rich stufi and a¡ticles of convenience (to serve you) for a time. (16:g0)

Economi,c Parameters

244

ú íJ É3 >{rÞ ..îrÁ fi í5 J+ íin¡ otv) '# U,'r f ,PS e'S þu. þ "W,tr3 9t

dgl

J# þ

*'turf:.,ü.r?

is Allah Who made out of the things He created, some things to give you shade; of the hills He made some for your shelter; He'made you garments to protect you

812.

from heat, and coats of mail to protect you from your (mutual) violence. Thus does He complete His favours on you, that ye may bow to His Will (in Islam)' (16:81) See verse 36272

(1 S

at 806 above.

) Di ecoratöae i,te¡ne L-:s uf¿ {u

ii¡

*ts jqt¡ ¡+t¡ (¡rr) .úÃ_J

813. And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys for you to ride and use for show: And He has created (other) ittit gt of whictr ye have no knowledge' (16:8) É_j" l^¡

u,r 4 çÊ6. 4t F .r;il yS (,tr¿) Èl'r. .fult ,si') V¡¡üi 'b 4 tÉ;ü'", d-¡i .'.¡ t#.s o:'þ f5'Js

814. It is He rWho has made the sea subject, that ye may eat thereof flesh that is fresh and tender, and that

ye may extract therefrom ornaments to wear, and thou ye may seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that seek (thus) of the bounty of Altah and that ye may be grateful. (16:1a) (1,1,) Aestheti,c goods

ö-1''"' ,,Þ3 öþi Ûe itÉ w.

Çr t

o¡

815. And ye have a sense of pride and beauty in them as ye drive them home in the evening, and a's ye lead them forth to pasture in the morning' (16:6)

Ecolourc Gutopr,rxns See verse 16:8

rN THE eun'ﾃク

at 813 above. See verse i,6:I4 at g14 above.

245

PART TT_\ryANTS us to distinThere axe many references in the Qur',ãn which enable items guish between necessities, comforts and luxuries' Among the care and ãt Ur"i" necessity are food, drink, clothing, shelter, medical rest. and other Means of transport provided through riding animals a hxury. PaIameans are treated to be comfort, and sometimes a"s Among the luxuries. be to tial buildings and monuments are treated passing reference characteristics of human wa,nts, the Qurtãn makes a to only two:

1. Human wants are never fully satisfied'

2. Man is desirous of ever increasing which he

ha"s

been Provided'

a,mounts of the

¡[ingç with

Ecolqo¡r,uc Gumpr,rups rN THÞ eun,ÃN

247

H_\ryANTS 1: Necessities

(1)

Food,

at 533 above. See verse LL:6 at 12L above. See verse 4:5

ë i ¡F U.u,þtitt riv V¡;l r,ì* a).ks (¡rr)

¡l-u iry q ii, tj,é ct- ,H. sl ur¡ e pW uø ,-f:i u;i *"5 *+rr .jl gl¡ t'r;1

it 3Å

úu

fi¿ foi

Í3 . '"i[ql, ,z

o¿¡-.

816. Such (being their state), We raised them up (from sleep). That they might question each other. Said one of them, "How long have ye stayed (here)?,, They said, o\['e have stayed (perhaps) a da¡ or part of a day.,, (At length) they (all) said, *Allah (alone) knows best hou¡ long ye have stayed here...now send ye then one of you with this money of yours to .the town: let him find out which is the best food (to be had) and bring some to you, that (ye may) satisfy your hunger therewith: And let him behave with ca¡e and courtesy. And let him not inform any one about you. (18:19) See also verse 20:118 See verse 20:L19

at 3g5 above.

at 396 above.

çf ç::,f

,v W

t*í';1

I øot J!t:7 f:í <^r'>

817. Do they not look at the ea,rth, how many noble things of all kinds We have produced therein? (26:Z)

ëruçlrdJø(¡r¡) Ln æ.# i¡ úr-i'í 818. No food will there be fo, tfr"* but a bitter Dart, which will neither nourish nor satisfy hunger. (Sa:O-Z)

Eennomic Parømeters

248

(2) Ðrönk at 698 above. See verse 20:118 at 395 above. See verse 20:11.9 at 563 above. See verses 25:48-49 at 698 above. See verse 16:10

(3)

Clothöns See verse 4:5

u-¿'o

at 533 above.

þl* é¿tibtl Éþ sil r,i i5i ,#-

(¡tq)

819. O ye children of Adan! We have bestowed raiment upon you to cover your sha,rre, as well as to be an adornment to you. (7:26) See also verse 20:118

(,1,)

at 395 above.

Shetter See verse 11.:6

See verse 20:118

1.21 above.

at 395 above.

(6) Heølth. See verse 16:69

at 549 above.

,N-',

# ,sútt(,rv') ,N- S '>'z; 'lS¡'t

é:r)Å-

820. urffho gives me food and drink- And when I it is He who cures me". (26:79-80)

a^m

ill,

(6) Leöeure/rest See verse LTzI2

at 6 above.

,fS ÉV ilts Llq ,JJl & A it

,tút

í3 Çrt r)

tiv :6t

is Who makes the night as a robe for you, a,nd sleep as repose; and makes the Day (as it wgle)

821. And He

a Resurrection; (25:47)

Ecoxourc Guropr,rxps See verse 27:86 See verse

28:ß

rN THE eun'ÃN

249

at 564 above. àt,

g above.

at 10 above. See verse 40:61 at 567 above. See verse 78:10 at 424 above. See verse 30:23

(7) Loaóng compøng

V:i

,n3

i4t",

.1 z )='í:

fdr¡*

ttll ç, (¡ v v)

822.It is He Who.created you from

a single person, and made his mate of like nature, in order that he might dwell

with her (in love). (7:139)

Wt:kÅ

Çts:i í&I

¿rfu- cé

.,t¡i

f ,y ¿j,gl ,i::Ovr)

.i Jt'¿"i': i3ú íq. Es

823. And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquillity û.ith them, and He has put love and mercy between your (hearts): verily in that are Signs for those who reflect. (30:21) Ð.

Comforts See verse 16:80

at 808 above.

See verse 40:79

at 550 above.

,)É-ti-ü

*", iít\L Éi'Li3 (,tvr)

824. And We shall bestow on them, of fruit and meat, anything they shall desire. (52:22)

,i 'rft a-¿v.iS vtrt,(,tro¡ 825. \ryith goblets, (shining) beakers. And cups (filled) ttr.

out of clea¡-flowing fountains. (56:13)

250

Econam'i,c Parameters

ôg*i¡ k' ôÉú'í Crvr) 826. No after-ache will they receive therefrom, nor will they sufier intoxication. (56:19)

¿,:fu-ü #s(,rvv) 827. And with fruits, any that they may select. (56:20)

ðtté ei '-,L li

(,tr,.r¡

828. And the flesh of fowls, any that they may desire. (56:21)

3: Luxuries See verse 7:74 ú

at 28 above.

ç¡

w3 öþ-i

b iG W. Pi (^rr¡

829. And ye have a sense of pride and beauty in them a"s ye drive them home in the evening, and a^s ye lead them forth to pa"sture in the morning. (16:6) See verse I-6:8

at 813 above.

#hi q;'l u ,t É¡ V^4-; ó.å.¡ 'í (,tr')

ó¡G

830. Not the slightest sound will they hea¡ of Hell: What their souls desired, in that wilt they dwell. (21:102)

Íî ¿rtt ú:<¡ oi i r¡ <,rrr) ;'t:'þ-W t-¿w:9 Útu reA'¿f9u'

#- ê@

i+tS

831. And were it not that (all) men might become of one (evil) way of life, We would provide, for everyone that blasphemes against (Allah) Most Gracious, silver roofs for their houses, and (silver) stairways on which to go up. (43:33)

ôK- W t:ys u.6;1 ¡,ç4.i (^rY) 832. And (silver) doors to their houses, and thrones (of silver) on which they could recline. (a3:3a)

EcoNoIr¿tc GuDsf,INns IN TIIE Qun'ÃN

251

tt í;!r3 çir ¡rpr ¿r:; 11 .rr¡! Jí ú!) tf':S (¡rr) @.éß.io

833. And also adornments of gold. But all this were notiing but conveniences of the present life: The Hereafter, in the sight of thy Lord, is for the righteous. (a3:35)

tr W¡ vtS^S +r ,a

,t +4, ,tY 3v- c'trt)

ú:!å W. i'iscn"lr fu;3 ¡ilr

834. To them will be passed round, dishes and goblets of gold: there will be there all that the souls could desire, all that, the eyes could delight in: And ye shall abide therein (for aye). @3:7L)

"n-j, V-IJS

W ¿tt;t-ij É ,.f <,rro)

835. There will be for them therein all that they and more besides in Our Presence. (50:35) See verse 57:20

wish-

at 730 above.

4: Characteristics of 'Wânts

(1) Wonts øre neúer fulty

satösfied,

û,¡ *t's ç6 ,þ J,- ,l Vçs W.s ry u i,rrt ',f

,¡x fl

,1,

t2. ú

(¡rr)

el æi

l*:1H:

And remember ye said: "o Moses! -" one kind of food (always): so beseech thy Lord for us to produce for us of what the ea¡th groweth-its pot-herbs, and cucumbers, its garlic, lentils, and onions". (2:61) BBG.

;,1

U gt.;"j>tl

fi (¡rv)

837. Na¡ shall man have fiust) anything he hankers after? (53:24) See verse 53:48

186 above.

252

Economôc Pørameters

ti:¡ é,åit vs ,i¿3 (,rr,r) tiríf

rfu {: ,it;;',

l:t*r

rW."

t 3 t7 t s-. {¡¡ { ûr{¡j

i;1 ¿1

ë-'i

838. Leave Me alone, (to deal) with the (creature) whom

I ceated (bare and) alone! Tlo whom I granted resources in abundance, And sons to be by his side! Tìo whom I made life smooth and comfortable! Yet is he greedy. that

I should add (Yet more).

(74:11-15)

(2) Mon wønts more ønd rnow of ø thðng he ís See verse 74:L5

at 838

abor¡e.

prooåde.d

PART I_PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES The Qur'ã n directly and indirectly mentions a number of economic activities that are productive in nature. In most of these cases, reference is made with a tone of approval. These activities include agriculture, trade, fishing, industry, craftsmanship, weapon manufacturing, shþbuilding and construction. The Qur'ãn also recommends precision in workmanship. It treats loss in production'as a loss of inputs. Verses describing facts, causes and processes associated with making a product lead us to infer that these factors are productive. The most significant a,rnong these factors a¡e land and labour. Other factors which can be inferred a¡e raw material, capital, and entrepreneurial risk. The factor of land includes all the natural resources like mountaius, woods, minerals, strea,ms and flowing water, and animals. and their produce. There is also a mention of environmental factors that a^re conducive'to production; exa,mples of this a¡e rain-bearing clouds, day light, peaÆe and security.

254

Econom,i,c Pammeters

I_PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES 1: Agriculture See verse 2:22

106 above.

i inqt je iÍl jtt (,rrq) ,þu, + ó!l ¡íu w ç ! ïÅá, ,t?t ,H 'i5

;r!t # jj!

Jfu-

rr3í u3

6F.s

839. He said: "He says: a heifer not trained to till the soil or water the fields: sound and without blemish." They said: "Now ha.st thou brought the truth." Then they offered her in sacriûce, but not with goodwill. (2:71) See also verse 2:205 See verse 3:14

w iirt

at 2L above.

at 9L above.

It F çlr ¡rPr e;Å.i sfu u Jr (,t¿') y iþf, v't t<ûti ú"åri t# ey o; aivi

ór4]¡

,ßS

840. What they spend in the life of this (material) world may be likened to a wind which brings a nipping frost: It strikes and destroys the ha¡vest of men who have wronged

their own souls: it is not Allah that hath wronged them, but they wrong themselves. (3:117)

@ ¿'lts ¡rút¡ ,zJ,sj',,?L y,rrt

'Lfui

,sÐt

ç3 (,r¿ r)

tatåíi ¿tltS oir-lltS'íh

841. It is He who produceth gardens, with trellises and without, and dates, and tilth with produce of all kinds, and olives and pomegranates, simila¡ (in kind) and different (in va,riety): (6:141)

âs3tó

t 2...

u.\s

g, e ¿Yii iu (¡¿ v) ô,sÉ

>i,J;

d3¿

Ecoro¡r¡rc GuÞpr,rNss IN THE Qun'Ãu

842. (Joseph) said: "For seven

yea,rs shall ye

255

dilþntly

soïv af¡ is your wont: and the harvests that ye reap, ye shall leave them in the ea,r, except a little, of which ye

shall eat. (L?:AT) See also verse L8:32 See verse L8:33

at 656 above.

at 657 above.

See verse 32:27 at,169 above. See verse 36:33

at 305 above

See verse 36:34

at 288 above.

See verse 36:35

672 above.

9f"* nvi

f(,ttr)

843. How many were the gardens and springs they left behind. @a225)

,t"s r ú':s

)--þ;

Q,t

844. And cornfields and noble buildings. @4:26)

orÊ

wv,r F3(,,rro)

845. And wealth (and conveniences of life), wherein they had taken such delightl $a:27)

û-il Yç V":is ¿r.ilC^¿.) 846. Thus (was their end)! And We make other people inherit (those things)! @ :28)

û-F VtIYS þrrtS iøt æ *k

Yi (,r,rv)

847. And neither heaven nor ea¡th shed a tea,r over them: nor were they given a respite (again). @a:29) See verses 56:63-64 at,27L above.

!:5t1í (¡¿¡) 848. As the morning broke, they called out, one to another. (68:21)

üg:.:,

256

Economic Parømeters

,br {

fl; þ letur ei (,r¿q)

849. Go ye to your tilth (betimes) in the morning, if ye would gather the fruits. (68:22)

!çve-

*¡

¡üût¡ úro.¡

850. So they depa,rted, conversing in secret low

tones,.

(68:23)

2: Trade See verse 2:198

¿1

i)t ifut

L5 above.

çr óiú f*¿{3

b5u.,ú tjsuts biat ¡1 cvt

él iirt ¡¡Ít5

ð"

t3J3

J.l

,r þ't'

d)l ,-þ Vsw 'i¡

¿t5*å15

0ror)

..r;r3t¡

vti:tt í,-l., 851. But when ye are clear of the sacred precincts and of pilgrim garb, ye may'hunt and let not the hatred of some people in (once) shutting you out of .the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgression (and hostility on your paxt). Help ye one another in righteousness and piet¡ but help ye not one another in sin and rancour: fear Allah: for Allah is strict in punishment. (5:2)

at 814 above. See verse L7:L2 at 6 See verse L6:L4

at 8 above. See verse 62:1.0 at L4 above. See verse 17:66

î;'.;.5

úi

¡' #

'rç

e.t úr c,tov) "i,i 3V1b ,É, :'A iirrs .ír: û-Ðt i, ïÉs\ {u5 ot¡t U :/í4 tt tt.ittt *6 ,i c¿

úþ- .¡rll ¿ öi.*

æi

Él'

,-tsfls ,-1r-i

"rLi

f, 3*'

t; trrJtti $il J"- ¿ o*tl,t- ¿:flS +[ +-

Eco¡to¡r¡lc Guropr,runs IN THE Qun'Ãn

257

852. thy Lord doth know that thou standest forth (to prayer) nigh two thirds of the night, or half the night, or a third of the night, and so doth a party of those with thee. But Allah doth appoint Night and Day in due mea"sure. He knoweth that ye are unable to keep count thereof so He hath turned to you (in mercy): read ye, therefore, of the Qur'ãn as much a,n may be easy for you. He knoweth that there may be (some) among you in ill-health; others travelling through the land, seeking of Allah's bounty; yet others fighting in Allah's cause. Read ye, therefore, as much of the Qur'ãn ar¡ may be easy (for you); (73:20)

3: Fishing See verse L6:14

at 7 above.

4: Manufacturing See verses 30:46

þi ,r¡ þr. ú

11, 35:12

12 and 45:L2

qt{'r*

ai 13 above.

'¿¿es

(,tor)

¿ti*

'Who

853. It was We taught him the making of coats of mail for your benefit to guard you from each other's violence: Will ye then be grateful? (21:80)

q jJ Vv

t u¿ts )rat ¿.,'s',

ç;* ;l?t gi (,ror) b4.3þ

854. (Commanding), "Make thou coats of mail, balancing well the rings of chain armour, and work ye righteousness; for be sure I see (clearly) all that ye do." (34:1L) Ð:

Craftsmanship

eVs

.'¡ &.uê's t . -¿ 'V V. t

'rl,rl-t

Uú

$*,v Ms ljl.l 5rl5 Jl t ul *l

(rto o1

rrß3 vt'*ç ta

3¡f;l

Econornic Porømeters as he desired, (making) arches, images, basins, as large as reservoirs, and (cooking) cauldrons fixed (in their places): "Work ye, sons of David, with thanks! But few of My serr¡ants are grateful! (3a:13)

855. They worked for him

'W'eapon

Manufacturing

See verse 21:80

at 853 above.

See verse 34:11

at 854 above.

7: Ship Building

Vts t¡þ! .fuirl &1 ¿) r[ té:-l¡ (,ror) 856. So We inspired him (with this message); '(Construct the ark within Our sight and under Our guidance. (11:37)

8: Construction

u-l

S-, S;'fi e.t t

Çrov)

857. Do ye buitd a landma^rk on every high place to amuse yourselves? (26:128)

¿rM {A

e* ¿:li*s(,ro,r)

858. "And do ye get for yourselves fine buildings in the hope of living therein (forever)? (26:L29)

9: Factors of Production

(1) I'ønd See verse 36:33

at 305 above.

(2) I'øbour See verse 18:95

at 706 above.

Eco¡lolr¡rc Guroplutns rN THE eun'Ãu

259

(8) Røw materöal

iti ,;ø;^J'J,| cÉ .¡:b t3J .-r,- ,s+It JJ ;,.i;l (,roq) ty, # ¿;i ¿il iÉ rju l+ r¡l ¡t É¡r

859. "Bring me blocks of iron. At length, when he had filled up the space between the two steep mountainsides, he said, "Blow (with your bellows)" thãn, when he had made it (red) a"s fire, he said: *Bring me, that I may pour over it, molten lead." (13:g6) (,1,)

Capital See verse 2:279

(6)

136 above.

Råsk

il,ttit ís,çtt {*is {.ñl ói

.-lt (¡r . )

ðy*t i:VS rÁr¡lÉt jti,,iS firy,

:É.:";3 rÃ5r¡í

VÉJ

860. Say: Ifit be that your fathers, your sons, your broth_ ers, your mates, or your kindred; the wealth that ye have gained; the commerce in which ye fear a declineior the dwellings in which ye delight-(9:24)

(6)

Technology See verse 34:11

(7)

C ond,uc,í,oe

at 854 above.

atmosphere

See verse 2:205

at 20L above.

See verse 10:67

at 561 above.

See verse 1,6:L12 See verse L7:L2

at 742 above.

at 6 above.

at 564 above. 30:46 at L1 above.

See verse 27:86 See verse

See verse 34:L8

at 408 above.

Eænom'tc Pøra¡neters

260

10: Loss of Production meâns Loss of Inputs

,yi u ,.,,þ ú? 'úii- &É gr, +15 (,tr r) t'r,;\

j.:/, t¡, æ-ilXSW::þ i

þ'*:v

,ts

861. So his fruits (and enjoyment) were encompassed (with ruin), and he remained twisting and turning his hands over what he had spent ou his propert¡ which had (now) tumbled to pieces to its very foundations, and he could only sa¡ "Woe is me! Would I had never ascribed pa,rtners to my Lord and Cherisher!. (18:42)

F { '¡}i¡ ¡;i; :ti/ t:, i:)}lc,rrY) æ ,i. Li,r-f rÍl 3þ ðt Érr3 cH{ tW oÉrlt

¿nf

862. See ye the seed that ye so$' in the ground? (56:63) Is it ye that cause it to grow, or are We the cause? (56:64) Were it Our will, We could crumble it to dry powder, and ye would be left inwonderment, (56:65) (Saying)' "We are

indeed left with debts (for nothing): (56:66) "Indeed a¡e we shut out (of the fruits of our labour)". (56:67)

PARjÎ J-I,ABOUR AND ENTERPRISE The Qur'ãn states that living in this world is an arduous task as life is full of drudgery and struggle. Earning livelihood demands enterprise. The Qur'ãn spurs man to take part in economic pursuits. Physical labour enjoys a place of dignity in Islam. The natural law of economic return stipulates that labour is productive irrespective of its purpose and ultimate object. But it does not always guarantee orpulence. Persons with scarce resources should not be oversensitive to their state just aÉ¡ persons with plenty ought not to be haughty. The labour force also requires rest which needs to be guaranteed. rt is necessary to ensure that a fair wage is contracted without any pressure or blackmail on either side. using labour saving devices is permissible and is, indeed, a blessing of Allah. National t-ransformation can be brought about only with willpower and efiort in the right direction.

262

Econom'i'c Pørameters

J_LABOUR AND ENTERPRISE L: Arduos world and drudgerous life

&i-v

+tys d

líÅ úl isu

u (¡rr) ;r¡¡

f+t

863. Then We said: "O Adam! Veril¡ this is an enemy to thee and thy wife: So let him not get you both out of the garden, so that thou are landed in misery. (20:117)

ús W

L# ii ¡

él (,rr¿)

864. There is therein (enough provision) for thee not to go hungry nor to go naked. (20:118)

865. Nor

'i¡ W.l"P { 'íÍie (,rr o¡ "r'í to suffer from thirst, nor from the sun's heat.

(20:119)

tf.t, j bi"ú {jr ;rlt é É

éút

ç (,rrr)

irr:tt *lS çti ,y VS 866. It is He Who has made the earth manageable for you, so traverse ye through its tracts and enjoy of the sustenance which He furnishes: but unto Him is the Resurrection. (67:15)

6çj J oi 'f iuÍtts Nt iA- drt3 {,rrv) ó'-i þ 3tu ö1 'f eÉr e fr t; !r'ltÚ i*. rls ¿rfls {t +- ê öfr- ol\, 4 rj.*

.rtÍí

d_9

fr u b'ltt¡ {rl .l*" j

ö*.(ü-

867. But AIIah doth appoint night and day in due measure. He knoweth that ye are unable to keep count thereof' So He hath turned to you (in mercy): read ye, therefore, of the Qur'ã n as much as may be easy for you' He knoweth that there may be (some) among you in ill-health; others

Eco¡.lourc Guropr,Nes IN THE eun

Ãr.r

263

travelling through the land, seeking of Allah,s bounty; yet others fighting in Allah,s cause. Read ye, therefore, as much of the Qur,ãn as may be easy (for you). (TB:20)

J$i

B5g uÍ+ t3J¡

e-i rí,iie r+r"É þ. ûr,r)

i-ç

868. It is We Who created them, and We have made their joints strong. (76:28)

{.i

óLaj)l tj;,t ,,ã (^rq)

869. Verily We have created man into toil a¡d struggle. (90: )

2: Livelihood demands Enterprise See verse 67:15

at 866 above.

See verse 73:20

at 862 above.

3: Dignity of Labour

tsits

,r:ni ïitt É i*ri

ù!¡ Çry.)

+tF,

870. And if they suckle your (offspring), give them their recompense: and take mutual counsel. (65:6)

d,i

!t[í tþi t;;ur*,t yj J^l lil t3J ;",:i';,¡ (,rvr) i:é utétó þæ- öi L_j, tst4 W. t-çg t-Å;ríú_ lpi yt¿,ti:â q

871. When they proceeded: until, when they came to the inhabitants of a town, they asked them for food, but they refused them hospitality. They found there a wall on the point of fatling down, but he set it up straight. (Moses) said: 'Îf thou hadst wished, surely thou coJdst have exacted some recompense for it!,' (1S:ZZ)

Economic Parameters

264

¿.

o:'4 ir+us t-*u- 3I ,,fr'ilt lij- ÚÉ ovY) fr¿,,

#.3W.

,H üf .þ t+-Þ óJ ,þi ,þ,ir!l

8?2. They said: "O Dhu al-Qa¡nayn! The Gog and Magog (people) do great mischief on ea¡th: Shall we then render thee tribute in order that thou mightest erect a barrier between us and them? (18:9a)

óJ+,1ú*'l tJf

$¡

t ,ul .+ru_ EÅ;J cJti (,rvr) dn

!l .}rfl

S73. Said one of the (damsels): "O my (dear) father! engage him on u'ages: truly the best of men for thee to employ is the (man) who is strong and trusty". (28:26)

,Jb ,¡t oi .!.;í Ys ù1

,Íl ,-r'"ét.lç*l oi i,.rí jt iÉ ) Jtll1. o¡ t* uë| öç&# ,-t:,V ¡.rår ,5o itl ;ii oJ ¿+;tir J.ti (,r,v

874. He said: "I intend to wed one of these my daughters to thee, on condition that thou serve me for eight yea,rs; but if thou complete ten yea,rs' it will be (grace) from thee. But I intend not to place thee under a difficulty: thou wilt find me, indeed, if Allah wills, one of the righteous." (28227)

4: Natural Law of Economic Return

rfvt

dl ul

uþ-:s

ríll irpl Lr], Srl ú (,rvo) St:=- { q; é, W

875. Those who desire the life of the present and its glitter - to them We shall pay (the price of) their deeds therein- without diminution. (11:15)

5: Man Should Not Be Oversensitive to Fluctuating For-

tunes See verse 11:9

at 207 above.

Ecor.Ioìd¡c Gu¡opr,I¡rlps IN T¡IE Qun'Ãr.l See verse L1:1.0

at 208 above.

See verse 11:11

at 405 above.

i,t;

liJ5 EV,ES

arl

iyt

"i'

265

E;;i

t3J3

(,tvr)

uþ- sr

876. Yet when We bestow Our favours on man, he turns away and becomes remote on his side (instead of coming to Us) and when evil seizes him he gives himself up to despair! (17:83)

6: Leisure and Rest are Necessary

qi tf'+¡

#' oi uîç;i d'lri :,V1t') ¿jt g¡¡å¡ (¡vv)

ùSåJl ¡i,Ê lrJjÅJ

,i f i,,tti )

x*¡ r.ii çt'r iiot, ,Ultl iir,Xíi 2up

ifS çu"JlS

877. lVe have made the Night and the Day as two (of

Our) Signs: the Sþof the Night have We obscured, while the Sign of the Day We have made to enlighten you; that ye may seek bounty from your Lord, and that ye may know the number and count of the )'eaxs: all things have We explained in detail. (L7:L2) See also verse 28:73 See ve¡se 30:23

at 9 above.'

at'10 above.

t#:6ts q

.e¡Ír drl

ôtß,4 { ,t'

(¡v¡)

ü''fr ibt ét

878. It is Allah Who has made the Night for you, that ye may rest therein, and the Day, as that which hetps (you) to see. Verily Allah is F\¡ll of Grace and Bounty to men: yet most men give no thanks. (a0:61) See verses 78:S11

42&25 above.

Econom'ic Parømeters

266

7: Fair \il'age'Without Pressure

?-L^rÍ¿i.ít r

rJ¿-,t

i¡,¡i (-.-t\J

'* L;

,r1 ç

Vg-J (,rvq)

íyá-,;; i,,þ,P6 f e{ri $ o|s w t#. Qtfr þ.vrts uri-*i:fi(t f :*'1 o9 f eyi { ¿,-i; f ,'ø t:ls

879. Let the women live (in 'iddah) in the same style as ye live, according to your means: Annoy them not, so as to restrict them. And if they carry (life in their wombs), then spend (your substance) on them until they deliver their burden: and if they suckle your (offspring), give them their recompense: And take mutual counsel together, according to what is just and reasonable. And if ye find yourselves in difficulties, let another ïvoman suckle

(the child) on the (father's) behalf. (65:6)

8: 'Wage Bargaining Allowed See verse 65:6

at 879 above.

9: Labour Saving Devices See verse L6:7

at 807 above.

L0: Process of Change Demands Collective'Will Power See verse 8:53

at 420 above.

See verse 13:11

42L above.

PART K-POPULATION The Qur'ãn attaches great importance to the popuration factor in determining the strength of a nation, its economic status and prestige. It terms as sinful the pre'Islamic practice of infanticide on the basis of poverty and strictly prohibits any such act. However, it does not treat overpopulation as an unconditionally ideal situation. The Qur'ãn is not totally oblivious to the'relationship between economic resources of an individual and the desire to enjoy family life. It, however, recommends restraint from marriage for as long as a person can be certain of his ability to maintain a family without much difficulty.

Thus in the Qur'ãn restraint from ma¡riage seems to be the only recipe of family planning. The most important point to note is that the eur'ãn does not credit unqualified increase in population; it emphasises ideological orientation and moral training of its followers to excel others in moral and material life. Thus according to the Qur'ãn a relatively smaller body of people with a strong moral and spiritual force is more powerful than a much larger force without moral orientation. As one of the short-term methods of population planning, on account of ideological, strategic and social demands, the eur,ãn recommends mobility and migration of its followers.

268

Economic Poratneters

K_POPULATION 1: Importance of Population

(1)

Source of strength See verse L7:12 See verse 1.8:34

at 6. above at 699 above.

ôÑ q í:ót oút téts(¡,r.)

*.i rv:t ¡Vt e#"*s 880. "Yea, fear Him Who has bestowed on you freely all that ye know. (26:L32) FYeely has He bestowed on you cattle and sons. (26:133)

uAnd gardens and springs. (26:134)

(2) Sgmbol of preståge

¿¿Þt i*:¡t¡

çlt g*t \: ¿#ti jBi Çr,rr) Å;i

\,t',

u.Vt

¿ti.:,

J-é

881. Wealth and sons a,re allurements of the life of this world: but the things that endure, good deeds, a¡e best in the sight of thy Lord, as rewards, and best as (the foundation for) hopes. (18:a6)

;41 F

u,': l3üt3

$6"i uñ

V¡¡S(,t,r,v) 882. They said: "We have more in wealth and in sons, and we cannot be punished". (34:35)

yw"

"a:":

{3 q'i çlt þt

!lL1 ç^^t,

;.i5!t3 ¿t5,.!t A i,<sS f+.

883. Know ye (all), that the life of this world is but pþ and amusement, pomp and mutual boasting and multi= plying, (in rivalry) among yourselves, riches a¡¡d children. (57:20)

Ecor.¡oldrc Guroplwes rN THE Qun,Ãn

269

2: Maintenance of Natural Course of Increase

(1) Conde¡nnøtöon of See verse 4:29

at 612 above.

& vs íf üi iJ $¡i

homi,cöd,e

'iJ

çl qç ,þ- ,tI uA Jt y-: (,r,r¿) "aa i:-2", *j ,--Jr ú; É4ç

t-é bÇ *s fJ 'r3e çi ,r úf ¿!¡ lrt"t¿|J tU å¡.t.rr:J #.s í+.cç tJt J,r ols *Å ri'i

,¿r;'.1;I

Urr iç 4 I o,

*ç çi t--¿ s

ú¡l

u5; É# iit ¡r3 g t; i.;

884. Never should a believer kill a believer; but (if it so happens) by mistake, (compensation is due); if one (so) kills a believer, it is ordained that he should free a believing slave, and pay compensation to the deceased,s family unless they remit it freely. If the deceased belonged to a people at war with you, and he wâs a believer, the freeing of a believing slave (is enough)..If he belonged to a people with whom ye have a treaty of mutual alliance, compensation should be paid to his famil¡ and a believing. slave be freed. For those who find this beyond their means¡, (is prescribed) a fa^st for two months running: by way of repentance to Allah; for Allah hath all knowledge a¡rd all wisdom. (4:92)

w riÉ (ç ;.¡ç rså;t uç þ_ ,y) (rtrt o¡ otS * ù se3 885. If a man kills a believer intentionall¡ his recompense is hell, to abide therein (forever): and the wrath and the curse of Allah. ( :93)

u-_èt

b &tt'irrÃ *1 Js í:,lÀi i: *# (¡¡r)

886. The (selfish) soul of the other led him to the murder of his brother; he murdered him, and became (himself) one of the lost ones. (5:30)

Economic Parameters

270

WFÚ 6 U:rl é. & rÉr.r¡i J"i c¿ (¡,rv) vS

4e útiJl J3 uiKS ¿rrl .¡ ;toí ti p * u"r cúr rpi dK urpi

887. On that account: We ordained for the children of Israel that if anyone slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. (5:32) See also verse 6:15L

at 41 above.

ß vs;¿U il ùr iy ¿tl

ul,tst

'ie

(,r,r,r)

u-p- tu ei":t gg, ttr; úí

úríiå;

êt.¡ritt

ti#

888. Nor take life - which Allah has made sacred - except for just cause. And if anyone is slain wrongfull¡ We have given his heir authority (to demand Qiçdç or to forgive): but let him not exceed bounds in the matter of taking Iife: for he is helped (by the law). (17:33)

(2) Cond,emnøti,on of

ônfanti'ci'd,e

(a) On false religious grounds

r+r'iriFW-ütü#. *t *

-t-

ü-j lçrþ.5

d.kS (,r¡q)

f"rr4 ir'tç¡

889. Even so, in the eyes of most of the pagans, their partners made alluring the slaughter of their children, in order to lead them to their own destruction and cause confusion in their religion. (6:137)

(b) On false economic grounds

tçf3

tP,

ríL

¡ivri bÍf ú-ú È

"t' (^q.)

ú-,-vt,tj(v-,tu s þt þ's:;;t u

;il,'il, v

Eco¡,¡on¿Ic

Guppr,wps IN THE Qun'ÃN

zTL

890. Lost a,re those who slay their children, from foll¡ without knowledge, and forbid food which Allah hath provided for them, inventing (lies) against Allah. They have indeed gone astray and heeded no guidance. (6:140)

W y Uj Si i* fst if v, ii pt¡ ¡i, c,rrr) íS:; F Ç*l y ¡slri t¡}5 i¡ rir"-J u-4tgu,', Uí¡'

i¡ F. YSW *

J*'

u ,l.?lilrl

Vy iS ¡"EI;

iU ,, í¿t íl\ þq it 'at;-r gÍ' ¡"'

891. Say: "Come, I will rehearse what Allah hath (really) prohibited you from": join not anything as equal with Him: Be good to your parents: Kill not your children on a plea of wants -'We provide sustenance for you and for them-come not nigh to shameful deeds, whether open or secret: Take not life which Allah hath made sacred, by way ofjustice and law. Thus doth He command you, that ye may learn wisdom. (6:151)

(d) Due to fear of poverty

ét

pr C:; F q*t q- ftúi ¡riu'i3 (,rrv) -, - úí

t4w órfF

892. KiIl not your children for fear of want: We shall provide sustenance for them as well a^s for you. Verily the killing of them is a great sin. (17:31) (e) Due to pre-Islamic custom

.i oi ,J" ,r:-,rí ü*]t a;Q ßJ &åt Hu- Cnqr> ¿'is.i_,i ¡fu {¡ *.:,is Jt;- lí ç .!u, lÅ 893. O Prophet! When believing women come to thee to take the oath of fealty to thee, that they will not associate in worship any other thing whatever with Allah, that they

272

Economic Parameters

will not steal, that they will not commit adultery (or fornication), that they will not kill their children. (60:12)

3: Large Population-an Ideal Subject to Qualifications

ñ4

l':t s*¡-É1

¡s*ri {3

x Oq¿) W "Tr3"i

¿té eS #i,Yi't çlr

i-,Pr

;

894. Let not their wealth nor their (following in) sons dazzle thee: in reality Allah's plan is to punish them with these things in this life, and that their souls may perish in their (very) denial of Allah. (9:55)

fu; rt3 i'$ þ u\ V( í:ú u aú( (,so¡ û-Ðt

éui

?tvf rt;v,

i¿¿-tt rrt{y, l,.;#*;É ß.írt3 qriç;v eúç r" C;ty, ¿ri+t ë .,lrtj !:+!t¡ t¡,j*rt q

895. As in the case of those before you: they were mightier than you in power, and more flourishing in wealth and children. They had their enjoyment of their portion: and ye have ofyours, as did those before you; and ye induþ in idle talk as they did. They! their works are fruitless in this world and in the Hereafter, and they will lose (all spiritual good). (9:69) See also verse 63:9

at 477 above.

osi<rr CÉ y¡ (¡qr) 8;4.rJ

;¡i ¡

rr':-,

896. So hea¡ken not to those who deny (the truth). (6S:8) Their desire is that thou shouldst be pliant: So would they be pliant. (68:8-9) Also see verses 68:10-14 at 731735 above.

Ecorsourc Gupp¡,¡r.¡ps IN THE Qun,Ãn

4: Population Cannot Exceed Aggregate Resources

d,l Ys ú.i *t¿

u ,{ïs,i3¡ #

jÉ aqv)

t:&,ú.:

E97. Of the bounties of thy Lord We bestow freely on all-these as well as those the bounties of thy Lord are not closed (to anyone). (17:20)

V¡

irs W. ¿ls V,y æ *tú ,ilr.rårr

ri?

W ,Þs (,tq¡) çÇi

ç.ri évtçi

898. He set on the (earth) mountains standing ûrm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on the earth, and measured therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (sustenance). (a1:10)

V-,zS jrrYJS ûqq) is He Who has spread out the earth for (His) CV>|

899.

creatures: (55:10)

5: Marriage and Social Status

irú

ns (r..¡ I ,l"t ùrS ç"r$t W cn pCi ,*1;tt û "åEr

ç^L;t ó#

oî

È<+

F-

'f'ví*

ft'qV

900. If any of you have not the means wherewith to wed free believing women, they may wed believing girls from arnong those whom your right hands possess. And Allah hath full knowledge about your faith. Ye are one from another. $:25)

Marriage and Economic Resources See verse 4:26

at 900 above.

274

Economic Parameters

ol pü13 irV

a^Èrr3

8 ;,,0'

+o,r

Uts'aB

ii't

:,K\(q. t)

r;¿-;tß ç#

901. Marry those among you who are single, or the virtuous ones among your slaves, male or female: if they are in poverty. Allah will give them means out of His grace: For Allah encompasseth all, and He knoweth all things. Qaßz)

*F- æ ee

¿,t4-

{ i-;ir +¡:43 (q.v) þ,¡

902. Let those who find not the wherewithal for marriage keep themselves chaste, until Allah gives them means out of His grace. Qaß\)

7: Population and Ideological/Moral Orientation

*¡r p. ú

f {r

i),1

f;\ ó&

J;#l e

,t-¡Ír iú (q.r) ti't¡ r,Jt gi!, íry ú-,ti{t

903. But those who were convinced that they must meet Allah, said: "How oft, by Allah's will, hath a small force vanquished a big one? Allah is with those who steadfastly persevere." (2:2a9) See also verse 4:25 See verse 9:55

at 900 above.

at 894 above.

See verse 18:46

at 88L above.

,W."t

, f^"i v;\ 3;'.¿-i (q.¿) ¿r,.t¿:- { J,, *+l .i J ütÀ

Qt æ

904. So they think that because We have granted them abundance of wealth and sons, (23:55) We would hasten them on in every good? Nay they do not understand. (23:56) See also verse 34:37

729 above.

Ecot¡oIr¡rc Gumpr,rnps IN THE eun ÃN

u, t*l ¿:í

,U.I

,y;

9-05. Now, they said,

275

çbr úU É+ ,y.-!ír! rÅ,tá Éí¡ il ú-4t +i uS.ÅrI* t1,-:-t5

*t"r,

fru came to them in Tluth, from Us, the sons of those who believe with him, _"slay and keep alive their females", but the prots of unbelievers (end) in nothing but errors (and delusions)...(40:25)

ori(xr ¿i ñ (q.r)

y ë i¡ ú:-rç ;¡i 3: \',3 '',;r. du rí ór oi €.i "r.i JÉ fi *" N çE tr, zV

)k *

ç>^-

4...a

úl,.3

906. So hearken not to those who deny (the Tluth). (63:g) Their desire is that thou shourdst be pliant, ro *o.rld th"y be pliant. Heed not the type of despicable man_ready with oaths. A slanderer, going about with calumnies. (Habitually) hindering (all) good, transgressing beyond bounds, deep in sin. Violent (and cruel)_with all ihat, base-born. Because he possesses wealth and (numerousj sons. (68:8-L4)

8: The Decisive Factor of Strength

f¿

råi

bf* å',: ff #-

úJ drqrl

,þ

,*9t q? qJt çq (q.y)

!tl{ ¿:t ,::jþ ôtu- 'í i; *UVy û.Ðt ü ots .,¡5t,

907. O Prophet! rouse the believers to the fight. Ifthere are twenty amongst you, patient and persevering, they will vanquish two hundred: if a hundred, they ,ill uu* quish a thousand ofthe unbelievers: for these are a people without understanding. (8:65)

Econom'i,c Parameters

276

û9tu 8 úi 'tt ít drr '*Á óli (q',r) tttÍ- l;,tt it fi ,.úri tJrJ J.- - åi f"r É oJ¡ çnrb Z908. For the present, Allah hath lightened your (tast)' for He knoweth that there is a weak spot in you. But (even so), ifthere are a hundred ofyou, patient and persevering, they will vanquish two hundred, and if a thousand, they wiII vanquish two thousand, with the leave of Allah: for Allah is with those who patiently persevere. (8:66) See also verse 34:35

at 758 above'

n ßS Jfr) lt-r.i å

tt¡"Jl Lrri-

'ol

¡ {r,r)

3é-r- 'í oút 909. Say: "Verily my Lord enlarges and restricts the provision to whom He pleases, but most men understand

not."

(34:36)

it ;r: É'y f r .tu, ¡t{ri i¡ f,t¡ es

63 (r t ')

w v,¿""at {'É é qt? u.ç ,ys çl ¡ ¿¡¡i

+:¡t .t

910. It is not your wealth nor your sons, that will bring you nearer to Us, in degree: but only those who believe and work righteousness-these are the ones for whom there is a multiplied reward for their deeds, while secure they (reside) in the dwellings on high! (34:37)

9: Methods of Population Planning

(1) Short term

ill el*" é \hV

;U.ti

frt b\#

v" (q r r)

911. So take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah' ( :89)

Ecouolr¡rc GuDsLlNps rN THE Qun'Ãx

277

'¿'jÉ fl.-ill JtÉ Í<;ir, &ç ,i¡Ír él (q r r) ..+t¡ Itlt þri fJ ji Ú,¡ ./r!t ,r. ,Wi,;rL,l ú Ve

{

W-t:Zuþ 912. When angels take the souls of those who die in sin against their souls, they say: ,,fn what (plight) were ye? They reply: "Weak and oppressed were we in the earth.', They say: "Was not the earth of Allah spacious enough for you to move yourselves away. (4:gT)

rlli! ts'^es ts¡tÂ,s pi a¡ít éJ (q r r) é úis ,_ Alr: F. ,Vsi úë. qi Vi¿S rr:i cr¡Ír¡ :fur .U¡ bZU.r :.r v w- {¡ ¡ íJ VZU ls ti;l "

913. Those who believed, and adopted exile, and fought for the Faith, with their property and their persons, in the cause of Allah, as well as those who gave (them) asylum and aid these are (all) friends and protectors, one of another. As to those who believed but came not into exile; ye owe no duty of protection to them until they come into exile. (8:72)

A-lts Sl ,¡ts ¿.

t:ÇS ts¡vs t*;ì c¿;ír¡ (q r ¿)

7¡ 3:¿": iF ;I t;"; J*gt F .4rî ttraj t55l

914. Those who believe, and adopt exile, and fight for the Faith, in the cause of Allah, as well as those who give (them) asylum and aid-these are (all) in very truth the Believers: For them is the forgiveness of sins and a provision most generous. (8:24)

(2) long-terrn (a) Polygamy

É *ú u bÁ<rr¡ ;þr .j t*.rt ú

,iJ¡ (qro)

iis as..;* ttár ,f,

Uconomi,c Parømeters

915. If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, marry vvomen of your choice, two, or three, or four. (4:3)

(b) Preaching t-.í

LSJjß

i ols *3 d/ *UJ i¡i v ü. ¿*lt kiu- (q r't> {

iitt él ./tfu

.i :aL,tt- ttrt3 eíu, 'tÅr. Y; a8l ijirr

916. O Messenger! proclaim the (Message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His Mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For AIIah guideth not those who reject Faith. (5:67)

iat \/:ts *u, al w J Ûî (qrv) * t tt t;fi ç æ.i 3l'ô--;1." ji! ¡r;r+i e*åu,'P $s 917. Invite (all) to the way of thy Lord with wisdom and beautifulpreaching; and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious: for thy Lord knoweth best, who have strayed from His Path, and who receive guidance. (16:125)

1.0:

Non-Muslimst Attitude Towards Population See verses 74:L2-L5

at 838 above.

PART L_PUBLIC FINANCE Infaq (spending of income and wealth) is one of the most repeated words in the Qur'ãn. The overall connotation (or implied meaning) of a majority of verses on the subject reflects the eur,anic policy ãf expenditure on a large number of heads that now fall in the dãmain of

public expenditure. This requires a well planned system of organizing receipts and expenditure on heads prescribed by the eur,ã,n. with-

out such budgeting the objectives laid down by the eur,ãn would not be achieved and the Islamic system would remain an unfulfilled goal. It is because of this fact that these verses have been classified under the heading of public finance. There are, however, a number of verses which refer exclusively to individual behaviour. These have been reproduced in the next part. The objective of the policy of expenditure as referred to in the

Qur'ãn is derivable from its emphasis on freedom, 1 fulfilment of basic necessities, and redistribution of wealth. These policy measures lead to the achievement of social justice. The Qur'ãn also lays down the strategy to be adopted by the rightly guided Muslims in carrying out their public pro"*p.rrditrrre gramme after it has been decided by mutual consultation. If the programme is resisted by dissidents or evaders, the community is advised not to surrender to them but defend the programme steadfastly. The dissidents should be forced to comply with the collective decision and compensate for their offense. It should be the policy of the government to encourage the people to participate in programmes of social welfare. The rule that governs the levy and àisÃarge of personal liabilities is guided by the principle of capacity to bear. The government functionaries should be considerate, sympathetic and courteous while collecting funds. Personal liabilities should not be transferred towards others. The principles of spending and redistribution require judicious planning rliberating slaves or-/a/cÈu

raqabøh(g:L3) in the context of very early social structure was understood to imply freedom from slavery through mãnumission or financing a personal slave to ea¡n freedom by payment ortne ag;eea amount. This act helped the slave to become a free person. while the verse (õ:g0) also expressly relates to this head and paying for a¡r undischarged debtor erren f.óm zakat findÃ, verse 76:9 admires the feeding of a person whoibecause of imprisonment, detention or any similar reason, is restrained from earning his livelihood laser¡. eu these verses taken together justify broadening of the s=cope of the primitive con_ cept of serfdom to the contemporaxy positio*of vulnerable national dependence and recommend making efforts for meaningful national freedom and self-relia^nce.

280

Emnomóc Parameters

with mutual consultation. There should be no lavish or

wasteful one not supported. spending. unnatural equality in redistribution is cannot be deprived of his rights simply on account of his unbecoming or sinful conduct elsewhere. Among the heads of iucome that the Qur'ãn lists are zalcãt and. prisoners of war' 'ushr, i,nfdq, idzyah, fag', 'ønfdl and ransom of alien form of goods the in collection to suggest references There are also and services. The heads of expenditure of zakd,t and' 'ushr collections are pre' cisely laid down but this is not so in case of other incomes' The point to note is the empha.sis which the Qur'ãn lays on its fiscal measures in contrast with its concern about monetary measures. This leads us to believe that enforcing economic policy and strategy should rely more on fiscal measures than on any other policy.

Ecot¡olvrrc Guropr,u.lps rN THE Qun'ÃN

281

L_PUBLIC FINANCE L: Objectives of Fiscal Policy

(1) tueedom

b+S ts¡6s tÉi ,i¡ít éJ (qr,r) F."$1 Éë.qi V'øi rr¡ì cr¡Ír¡ :irl ü.¡a

é #\s

rltEu,

918. Those who believed, and adopted exile, and fought persons, in the cause of Allah as well as those who gave (them) asylum and aid these are (all) friends and protectors, one of another. (8:72)

. for the faith, with their property and their

,)fu o¡¡-:lf Uil (q rq) j) ri;* úçtS ,¡li 1!l W ¿S w-ntS iiil3 dil 6 o-i Jdåil "fr "*"tifl

,4¡"-Jl5 a_ *113

919. Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to the T}uth); for those in bondage and in debt: in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer; (Thus is it) ordained by Allah. And Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. (9:60)

*i k t¡¡r u i3,i u3 (q v.) 920. And what will explain to thee the path that (It is:) freeing the bondman; (90:13)

steep?- (90:12)

(2) Fulfitment of

basúc needs

See verse 2:L77 at,568 above.

u.-qttvj

# ú it:'i, ,p :,9- ti u iui ¡ (qrr) y-,

* c ti;;;

J4¡.rt ¿t3

.agtt¡ jþt¡ ,:ujÍt3

*y¡tut

éF

921. They ask thee What they should spend (in charity). Say: W'hatever ye spend that is good, is for parents and

Ðconom'í,c Parameters

kindred and orphans and those in want and for wayfarerS. And whatever ye do that is good, Allah knoweth it well. (2:215) I

.j ü q.râF-.í Y +ll +l JElf" ,=^',-Ítt

éi

t {trl

-ð:\t

(qvv) ,l'-t-a (q l*,e-i U-Ðl Jl tt-ilv v) \3eLt b:,e>l ,çi ¡rr+r W.,/r!t ¿ u.ç

+è tÊt*

1..2

u5 úe1 ,vút

Jfu i

d:*.l

922. (Charity is) for those in need, who in Allah's cause are restricted (from travel). And cannot move about in the land, seeking (for trade or work): the ignorant man thinks, because of their modesty that they are free from want. Thou shalt know them by their (unfailing) mark: They beg not importunately from all and sundry. And whatever of good ye give, be assured Allah knoweth it well. (2:273) See also verse 8:1

at 648 above.

See verse 8:41

at 649 above.

See verse 9:60

at 919 above.

See verse 30:38

at 469 above.

See verse 51:19

at 589 above.

,)*').s óÉ{

"s f4

# opt J^i .:,r 9-yi iit ;ti E (qyr) ,f Wt u..ts ¿#l:""ël¡ j.Jt oÐs \ \íL j*1 Éì *¡ & ,çir "ç. fr:3 ./tirt i-! iitt él iilt téts tg;tv

923. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships belongs to Allah, to His Messenger and to kindred and orphans, the needy and the wayfarer; in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you. So take what the Messenger assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from you. And fear Allah; for Allah is strict in punishment. (59:7)

Ecororr¿rc Guropr,nses rN THE Qun'Ãm

283

rltit¡ r+;V; æ Ç;1 û-út e#t Jþ (qvr) f" 4í 't-iS'Al Or:k-súl*rS $lt ,t i,*t ô&ó;Ër 924. (Some part is due) to the indigent muhajirs, those who were expelled from their homes and their property. While seeking Grace from Allah and (His) good pleasure, and aiding Allah and His messenger: Such are indeed the sincere ones. (59:8)

,i ö#- ef ,r úklt¡ :)t-r)\ iç c¡;¡r¡ (qro) Vri fi ¡.;v e¿s;é ¿ jr{ .i5 rdl Ét^ "¿ Sj- us "e;u; re Jti is ç,¿i * ¿rlçs óÉl¿jtl

ii,$G *)

925. But those who before them, had homes (in madinah) and had adopted the faith- show their affection to such as came to them for refuge, and entertain no desire in their hearts for things given to the (latter), but give them preference over themselves, even though poverty was their (own lot). And those saved from the covetousness of their own souls-they are the ones that achieve prosperity. (5g:g)

f+j{ ,¡ lsiá aÐtS(rrr¡ 926. And those who came after them. (5g:10)

lfuB ri-y-j f*f*"1 çt

& ¡rrrJt ¿"LrU¿(rvv¡ t:& ú,r'sç þ ,-j.í r,lr :.t f+ ¿l

927. And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive.

(saying), "We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: No reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (76:8-g)

ó#

.í5

.Ft ðçr< { ¡q yf (q v,r)

284

Economic Parømeters

928. Nay, nay! But ye honour not the orphans! Nor do ye encourage one another to feed the poor! (89:1718) See also verse 90:1"3

at 920 above.

(3) Red,i,stri,bution of wealth

dçt.s'N ,syt J.i er -¿.vt #

úr* { s

¿rt3

¿!*1t¡

ti't ;Úi 6 (qvq)

ët: (,

j.-it ,s{s

,'r,i íÍ.3 r -" ( - ,-u¿it 929. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships-belongs to Allah-to His Messenger and to kindred and orphans. The needy and the wayfarer; in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you. (59:7)

2: Heads of Income (1) Zakat/'Ushr: (a) As also enjoined on Scriptuaries

fur)t ¿

rf)s rrtt V'l-r;þt !t":i¡ (rr,¡.

930. And be steadfast in prayer; practise regular charity; and bow down your heads with those who bow down (in worship). (2:a3) See also verse2:83

at 39 above.

q ö*i- o*]ts fr Pt ¿. ¿þlt olì <rrr> ¿f;JJS ;þt ¿a¡*:tl3 élË O: ,J¡l vs ü jil 'aþr

931. But those among them who are well-grounded in knowledge, and the Believers, believe in what hath been revealed thee and what was revealed before thee: and (especially) those who establish regula,r prayer and practise

regular charity. $:1,62)

Eco¡rorr¡rc Gutopuxps IN THE Qun'ÃN See also verse 5:12

gflts !,'rI!

285

at 26L above.

¿L:is

¿*u e\ ,?i,1 #') (rrv) F ..:"1 U

932. And He hath made me blessed wheresoever I be, and hath enjoined on me Prayer and Charity as long as I live. (19:31)

ç.:

oís

çfJts tþu, ui ¡u-ir3 (rrr)

933. He used to enjoin on his people Prayer and Charit¡ and he was most acceptable in the sight of his Lord. (19:55)

e4rl

u¡u,,::t tr-l €þ4 (qrr) Arr ú V,is rfii;VIs gþl rúi¡

e-i| Çá¡l:

934. And'We made them leaders, guiding (men) by Our command, and We sent them inspiration to do good deeds, to establish regular prayers, and to practise regular charity: And they constantly served Us (and Us only). (2L:73)

(b) Levied on Muslims See verse 2:110

at 329 above.

See verse 6:L4L

at 276 above.

tiÅ.å tiJ

!j+!l ¿-r'u çir

,ó ,f qr fiS . 3t

ul-!

gjÅ

"i '

Ú -313 (rro) ,

y, itt .¡iJ ,; 'ki.Jli; "Ut t. V-aúts tþr ¿yi-s ú ',iÍ- uklÁi aLt t

t,-9*'v-

935. And ordain for us that which is good. In this life and in the Hereafter: For we have turned unto thee." He said: "\ry'ith My punishment I visit whom I will; But My mercy extendeth to all things. That (Mercy) I shall ordain for those who do right, and practise regula"r charity, and those who believe in Our signs. (7:156)

286

Econom,í,c parameters

.t$i (ét iå51r¡ ¿*Åþ (qrr) F 'rfii ¿jçi íjåt j#-S,l3r ,b4i..¿ e:Å\ ûi

¿slu-

936. The Believers men and. río*"rr,'*. prote"tors, ooe of another: they enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil: they observe regular prayers, practise regular charity. (9:71)

J4 U {:is é# Íí;; .15"i ¿* É (qrv) "P U rilj J F- ert; r,I fllo 937; Of their goods take alms, that so thou mightest purify and sanctify them; and pray on their behalf, verily thy prayers axe a source of security for them: And Allah is One Who heareth and knoweth. (g:108)

íJç

ç drq r¿rÍ;r 3 6f7t Ili¡ ,rr¡ | ç*tí (qr¡)

938. So establish regular Prayer, give regula^r Charit¡ and hold fast to Allah! (22:75)

órç Cfl r" i-.i,t¡ (qrq) 939. Who are active in deeds of charity. (28:4)

flt j*tr

!ÉÞrj

tþt Fì¡ ;þr b{'r3

(q¿.)

út?J 940. So establish regular Prayer and give regular Charity; and obey the Messenger; that ye may receive mercy. (2a:56)

-i*

6,"-ttt

çv u

e;?rt.!_;

b'lç4-

"u.i¡

{l rrli E3 (rt r)

,fit Vç-S ¡:rår !íd¡

941. And they have been comrr.randed no more than this: To worship Allah, offering Him sincere devotion, being true (in faith); to establish regular Prayer; and to practise regular Charity; and that is the Religion Right and Straight. (98:5)

Eco¡¡ovrc

Guronr,rmps rN THE Qun,ÃN

287

See verse 9:103

(d) Businessments excuses not acceptable ctiJ3 rür

jr"{!t3

ft ,r ð¡ i¡ iiV d { jra; (q¿y) v,¡

t,+rfr

+}I,¡Jt

öe+

tflt:gj¡ l:låt

942. By men whom neither traffic nor merchandise can divert from the remembrance of Allah, nor from regular Prayer, nor from the practice of regular Charity: their (only) fear is for the Day when hearts and eyes will be transformed (in a world wholly new). (24:BZ)

(e) Heads of Zalaat expenditure

W C¡l:-ll¡ #ti $rr W

,\fu- o¡i¡f çl (q r) ¿s ,*)ts ytirt ¿5 ü;j3 ãçts .¿t<*:ll3

"* "* tïrr3 lilr ü'o-j J:+.lr

943. Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hea"rts have been (recently) reconciled (to the truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Altah; and for the wayfa,rer; (Thus is it) ordained by Allah. And Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. (g:60)

(2) Ji,zsah

¡!t 'íi¿a.lr-i

, ¡U

'i¡ gl! ó&H i ú*iS

A-;ir

!.rr-tÍ

c.t

öçy ¿:::* $ * t \*t !ri-¡ ;i" çill Frí

aÐt b &.t

û- :

¿**-

úS

^t i,

944. Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day. Nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the Religion of Tbuth, from among the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission and feel themselves subdued. (9:29)

Econom'i,c Parameters

288

(3) Føy'

te þti u; pe Ly't ,-P ¿llt ;Ui t;3 (q o) ii,r¡ ,rrÍ ê þ '^u1, ËuS- At ßs ,r-, i3 +* 1* ze'"f 'þ 945. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and ,y

taken away) from them for this ye made no expendition with either cavalry or camelry: But Allah gives power to His pleases: and Allah has power over all things. (59:6)

Q) Booty See verseS:l

at 648 above.

See verse 8:41-

at 649 above.

(5) Ransom

llj j"

ere' Vys alt 'ë

11!¡ (q

au ul', i{ ti úÚ úÚtl br-ài é#3'i e ,i; "lijll lÁ¡1j31

+?l

946. Therefore, when ye meet the Unbelievers (in fight), smite at their necks; at length, when ye have thoroughly subdued them, bind a bond firmly (on them): thereafter (is the time for) either generosity or ransom: until the war lays down its burdens. (a7:a)

(6) Donation for Islømi'c co,ule

út¡-i

'^) 11Åþ

6-þ al C-g-.e;ir 13 ¡* (rrv)

ö#j

*ls fu-s

¡¡:- ut'ríry

947. Who is he that will loan to Allah a beautiful loan which Allah will double unto his credit and multiply many times? It is Atlah that giveth (you) want or plenty. And to Him shall be your return. (2:245) See also verse 5:12 at'

2t6 above.

Econorurc Gumpr,rxos rN THE Qun'Ãu See verse

57:tt at

See verse 64:LT

289

44L above.

at 493 above.

See verse 73:20 at,355 above.

(7) Mønual contributåon See verse L8:94

at 705 above.

See verse L8:95

at 706 above.

See verse 18:96

at 745 above.

(S) Infõq (oirtuous spendóng)

(a) The spirit of infaq: See verse 2:195

at 37 above.

See verse 3:1L7

at 47 above.

3fu 3:¿"t

t:iu.s

aþt ôH.i.;ii

cq ¿^)

i4s a-ii "a ëis J tÍ; ó¡¡fl r" újrî

"f-f

948. Who establish regular prayers and spend (freely) out of the gifts We have given them for sustenance. Such in truth are the believers: They have grades of dignity with their Lord and forgiveness, and generous sustenance. (8:3- ) See also verse 8:36

t¿t

t/-

l"ur. . .¿

at 48 above.

,r" i-it*t ú ë") ,"çt $

t':15 (q¿q) tf,

_*J *t;t¿ * ú st' u urls {Ss;-s pt 3jÉ , öÅ ttt4; v't,.i:Í-¡ åi i'|s f'it Lt)s3- $rr .¡*¡;, ¿iA u ú;ihj { 949. Against them make ready your strength to the utmost of your power, including steeds of war, to strike terror into (the hea¡ts of) the enemies, of Allah and your enemies, and others besides, whom ye may not know, but

Economic Parameters

whom Allah doth know. TV'hatever ye shall spend in the cause of Allah, shall be repaid unto you, and ye shall not be treated unjustly. (8:60)

A.XS

Ér;

A "6Þ

ú 'i* ú vÞlr .rj (qo.)

èr tt,r¡ ,y1'.l i;i':, *

Ãsat

950. Some of the desert Arabs look upon their payments as a fine, and wath for disasters for you: on them be the disaster of Evil: For Allah is He that heareth and knoweth (all things). (9:98) t.

t....-*-

ta .À,rr*, ¡ &tt

tr.J uål

ii A*$ qþs !t y "F: Jt*

¡bt ól

¿.

ü'r3 (10\) ,.a t-.-, t>'t , ç¡,iJ I

'¿

tl ¡Ê*"

951. But some of the desert Arabs believe in Allah and the Last Da¡ and look on their payments as pious gifts bringing them nearer to Allah and obtaining the prayers of the Messenger. Aye, indeed they bring them nearer (to Him): soon will Allah admit them to His Mercy: For Allah is Oft-Forgiving. Most merciful. (9:99) See also verse 22:35

¿i

is-S

tsiv

at LLT above.

W5 É¡i c::yg- ,4i3i <r o r> 3N- t:iVs q';;t u,

952. Twice will they will be given their reward, for that they have persevered that they avert evil with good, and that they spend (in charity) out of what 'We have given them. (28:54)

Éç ¡;i

oy^t-

¿;tát '

jW (qor) f a ú,;+ !,.t \)*, *::

q-3 wL-",

953. Their limbs do forsake their beds of sleep, the while they call on their Lord, in Fear and Hope: and they spend (in charity) out of the sustenance which We have bestowed on them. (32:16)

EcoNo¡\drc Gumnr,wps rN THE Qun,ÃN

29L

,;g :ill .l.f ¿ W. 3çÅ,i$ f,iÀ # v*uiç

(qo¿)

H.v:,H-

954. Behold, ye are those invited to spend (Of your substance) In the Way of Allah: But among you are some that are nigga,rdly. But any who are niggardly a¡e so at the expense of their own souls. (a7:88) See also verse 5L:19

at 598 above.

See verse 63:7

See verse 9225

at 494 above.

158 above.

(b) The quality of í,nfaq See 2:3 at,448 above.

fb:t t2. t.;¡i,i ¡ii .i¡¡r Hq (roo¡ ó;thl # ¿:Èt3 bw i¡ üå {¡ ry êí i rg

¿jtÍ oi +e ,r1

955. O ye who believe! spend out of (the bounties) We have provided for you, before the Day comes when no bargaining (will avail), nor friendship nor intercession. Those who reject Faith- they are the wrongdoers. (2:254) See verse

2:27I at,528 above.

See verse 3:92 at,53L above.

v ¿:31-S ÇÉ,ítr

eg.urt-rj M

tbr

956. (Nor) those who are niggardly. Or enjoin niggardliness on others, or hide the bounties which Allah hath bestowed on them: for We have prepared. For those who resist faith, a punishment that steeps them in contempt. @:37)

3fu f-

Aúts (q ov) ^l+ Air:ç 'i3 ,,rÍrt ;u, ,h'ri tL-j ;t;.i frj t frlår vSJ+lr Cdr, .íj

Economi,c Parameters

292

957. Nor those who spend of their substance, to be seen of men, but have no faith in Allah and the Last Day: If any take the EviI one for their intimate, what a dreadful intimate he is! (4:38) See also verse 9:53 See verse 9:54

SL above.

at 52 above.

çi.iål é ,i*Slt U u.$t ,:si*- u.lJi (qo¡) lu

r{;* iirr

î fr 3r}ó Ér\å .il ¡r-- {

cr-;,Ír¡

'/ çue

"fe 958. Those who slander such of the Believers as give themselves freely to (deeds of) charity, as well as such as can find nothing to give except the fruits of their labour-

and throw ridicule on them-Allah will throw back their ridicule on them: And they shall have a grievous penaþ (e-7e) See also verse 32:L6 See verse 35:29

at 953 above.

at 49L above.

ór¡o r,l¡ :¡r ,W ¿ É#

ii f

(qoq)

"t ,tF'í ,arlt3 .I úþ "l,tíi e"l iirt 13 ks WUs 3,i. út t*i A-ú ç "4is rbl ê ,þi

d;rrí

\t |tt q iirt¡ ;l-ll

959. And what cause have ye why ye should not spend in the cause of Allah?-For to Allah belongs the heritage of the heavens and the earth. Not equal among you are those who spent (freely) and fought before the victory. (\ ¡ith those who did so later). Those are higher in rank than those who spent (freely) and fought afterwa¡ds. But to all has Allah promised a goodly (reward). And Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do. (57:10) See verse 69:34 See verse 76:9

at 599 above.

at 927

above.

Ecomolr¡Ic Gumnr,rups IN THE Qun'Ãu

CtS

293

þl¿;

út¡

(qr.)

.-;-¿! o"*, eA.6'"4"t¿ 960. So he who gives (in charity) and fears (AUah). (92:b) And (in all sincerity) testifies to the best- (92:6) We will indeed make smooth for him the path to bliss. (92:7)

ô,^#

j-a!

çi?s

"þr3

v ri! (rrr) éF,!.

961. But he who is a greedy miser and thinks himself self-sufficient,

and gives the lie to the Best, We

will indeed make smooth for him the path to Misery.

(92:8-10)

..¡iåu

qp ol ,s"j

t31

a èú- E3 (rrr)

962. Nor will his wealth profit him when he falls heating (into the Pit). Verily We take upon Ourselves to guide. (92:LI-I2)

g*- ítY jy-.¡ii

(qrr)

963. Those who spend their wealth for íncrease in selfpurification. (92:18) êj',

-tra *S {t4t,tl

eç * n ó¡;"' *"! t;3 (rrr) '-+"lf

964. And have in their minds no favour from anyone for which a reward is expected in return. (92:19) But only the desire to seek for the countenance of their Lord Most High. (92:20)

(e) The quantity of ånfdq See verse 2z2Lg

at 70 above.

294

Economic Parameters

Ft l'u- ¡iéi (qro) "* Ats ùts i;is q Ë*

rts a:^t:u. ilu-s

965. The Evil one threatens you with poverty and bids you to conduct unseemly. Allah promiseth you His forgiveness and bounties. And Allah ca¡eth for all and He knoweth all things. (2:268)

v ¡_,xti fi

{:r4 iilt 3g,É

ü1

,61 ,¡

(qrr) "S ¿ç¡Åu. u3

966. And whatever ye spend in charity or devotion, be sure Allah knows it all. But the wrongdoers have no helpers. (2:270) See also verse 3:LL4

u ¡ls::¿.¡ir!

at 586 above.

úút UlUs o& e¡ii

,# u.t:e 6þúll'i5 M

Cq.t>

o: titt pì

967. (Nor) those who are niggardly, or enjoin niggardliness on others, or hide the bounties which Altah hath bestowed on them; for rWe have prepared, for those who resist faith, a punishment that steeps them in contempt. @:37)

tí4,L3-'tæ ;ß ;iS

t1:s

jU+

,rtl"-

S ibt él (qr¡)

É,þz t71

u ei|

968. Allah is never unjust in the least degree: If there is any good (done), he doubleth it, and giveth from His own Presence a great reward. (a:40)

ti;t3

i + iS i4 úS i+z 'etfr 3#- 'i5 (rrr) a

Jfu- lif

g.-i

drr

?6#J +f .íl

969. Nor could they spend anything (for the Cause)small or great- nor cut across a valle¡ but the deed is inscribed to their credit; that Allah may require their deed with the best (possible reward). (9:121)

EcoNon¡¡c Gumpr,n¡ns rN THE eun'Ãr,¡ See also verse L6:75

295

at 5g above

at 62 above. See verse 25:67 at 6L above. See verse 17:29

fieri Vr*t-

* ,i fG

Éri

J*i*¡

tjls

ols(rv.¡

970. If ye turn back (from the path), He will substitute in your stead a"nother people; then they would not be like you! (47:38)

i rbr3 pi qçp

S¡

Fú

u..rþ ¡r,tr y5i (qvr)

,.¡4! 9út i¡|us ö&.

aútoldú:f 4

971. In order that ye may not despair over matters that b¡ nor êxult over favours bestowed upon you. For Allah loveth not any rainglorious boaster - such persons ar¡ axe covetous and commend covetousness to pass you

men. (57:23,24)

3: The Role of The Media See verse 4:37 at,2 above. See verse 9:79

at 958 above.

See verse 35:29

at 49L above.

at gTL above. See verse 57:24 at 971 above. See verse 57:23

See verse 69:34

at 599 above.

See verse 89:18

at 445 above.

4: The Ethics of Collection

(1) Copocöty See 2:33

at 644 above.

v WS

4ß u rf ç;-3 {1 u.¿¡ dt ¿k I (qvv) c^¡i.if

Economic Parameters

296

972. Onno soul doth Allah place a burden greatr than it can bear. It gets every good that it earns, and it sufiers every ill that it earns. (2:286)

Itl¡ Çi o( i:is ibr éF

,fi

-Êrj

É vs fu ;l

it¡:

¿* i¿i 1.1 (qvr)

¿ti¡t ,¡ ç+lt 'e oú, & ¿rgiltt

,f :*

973. In it are Signs manifest; (for example), the Station of Abraham; whoever enters it attains security; Pilgrimage thereto is a duty men owe to Allah-those who can a,fford the journey; but if any deny faith, Allah stands not in need of any of His creatures. (3:97)

U {'+tt- ßs þui.ty'V u ¿Ltç- 'i (qv¿) t; þs| ,¡

içr.¡ ak iui

974. Allah will not call you to account for what is futile in your oaths. But He will call you to account for your deliberate oaths: for expiation, feed ten indigent persons, on a scale of the average for the food of your families; or clothe them; or give a slave his freedom. If that is beyond your means, fast for three days. That is the expiation for the oaths ye have sworn. But keep to your oaths. Thus doth Allah ma^ke clea,r to you His Signs, that ye may be grateful. (5:89) tt

,þu,

N- ü

VitS

t¡-3 il vài äK .ij

(qvo)

3#-j *¡

975. On no soul do \ü'e place a burden greater than it can bea¡: Before Us is a record which clearly shows the truth. They will never be wronged. (23:62)

Ecoxourc Gurpsr.rNns

rN THE Qun'Ãw

297

,Hr É:, # jy v3 p t ir:!,.!#å (qvr) í.í iilt fu'çì u il w¡ rbr úK .í ¿ilr öì q

tü-f

976. Let the man of means spend according to his means: and the man whose resources a¡e restricted, let him spend according to what Allah has given him. Allah puts no burden on any person beyond what He has given him. After a difficult¡ Allah will soon grant relief. (65:7) (2

)

N on-transferabi,Ióty

þi'fi

Jlf uYl iisirts 3i is(qvv)

977. No bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another. In the end, to your Lord is your return. (39:7)

(3) I'eniency ön collection See verse 9:103

at 937 above.

5: Heads of Public Expenditure

alrile ,r*lt¡ j_þt eri t; & iur ji3 (qv,r) f,þt

ji,

¡rlår

¡Vi-,

,e1t

j: ,*

st¡ J,+lt at5

b",i¿ t3J f++ú_l Ji.Jl.r 978. To spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin, for orphans, for the need¡ for the wayfa,rer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves; to be steadfast in prayer, and prabtise regular cha,rity to fulfil the contracts which ye have made. (2:L77)

ó.r#4 i

t:æi û-Ðt )þ- (qvq) u ¡*'+r '#-.,ar!l é qr* &i t iir 39 +- ,y t# u3 úre1 úrilr úi-{ \i di**1 Sil :l+¡ é ,¡ï=ttt ;Vt

Econom'i,c Parameters

298

979. (Charity is) for those in need, who, in Allah's cause a¡e restricted (from travel), and cannot move about in the land, seeking (for trade or work): the ignorant man thinks, because of their modesty that they are free from want. Thou shalt know them by their (unfailing) mark: They beg not importunately from all and sundry, and whatever of good ye give, be assured Allah knoweth it well. (2:273)

év d*lts Ûe"ç

til iu,lt ,r, .'l,io' qr 'í\i;\Á- (qr.) it*iS iilt !r+r"j¡ p etr t-l-i3 iirt

980. They ask thee concerning (things taken as) spoils of war. Say: "(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah and the Messenger: so fear Allah, and keep straight the relations between yourselves: obey Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe." (8:L) See verse 8:74

at 914 above.

W r¡¡¿Jlr a!^:[f¡ ,)P- c;i'tel çl (q,rr) #li 1üt W ¿.s ,ry-its yÚi,l j) r{iö ãil:ts "* "{ iÌrr3 rirr 6 o-i dâfJt 981. Alms are for the poor and the need¡ and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hea¡ts have been (recently) reconciled (to the truth); for those in bondage, and in debt; in the cause of Allah, and for the wayfarer. (Thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. (9:60) See also verse 30:38 See verse 59:7

ti#

469above.

at 646 above.

i"r'sç

þ '";.i *t W :,,1r

uiJ (q,rv)

982. (Saying), "We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: No reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (76:9) See also verse 90:13

920 above.

Ecouo¡r,rrc Guronr,rups IN THE Qun'Ãr

2gg

6: No Discrimination on the Basis of Faith or Deeds See verse 24:22

at 5 above.

7: The LJnwanted Reaction of Non-Beneficiaries

Vi W Éí op çi.iåt ,.r. Å'#- ,i ¡nS (q¡r) Ui"t-r- *t5J W rÞ- i o¡s

983. And among them are men who slander thee in the matter of (the distribution of) the alms. If they a,re given part thereof, they are pleased, but if not, behold! they are indignant! (9:58)

8: Expenditure Policy to be Decided by Consultation

éjrå eÁS t'þ !iú'lj fiJ ttpr

cr;ír¡ (q,r¿)

3#-ø::u.s*.

984. Those who harken to their Lord, and establish regular prayer; who (conduct) their a,ffairs by mutual consultation; who spend out of what We bestow on them for sustenance; (42:38)

bj€#-é

.34l

&;vi

riJ

¡¡Ír3 (q¡o)

985. And those who, when an oppressive wrong is inflicted on them, (are not cowed but) help and defend themselves. (a2ß9)

Redistribution is No Substitute for National Cohesion

t; tt1-È,_p!t j t; ,.firi i

"* rf

re* ,ig. -Ãs (q,rr) 'åI úë..¿íî iÙr ßs r,ç* ûe. üfr

986. And (moreover) He hath put a,ffection between their hearts: not if thou hadst spent all that is in the earth, 2The distribution of the proceeds of zakõ,t which is collected from Muslims alone is an exception.

Economic Parameters couldst thou have produced that affection, but Allah hath done it: for He is exalted in might, Wise. (8:63)

PART M_PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH The mechanism of private distribution is introduced in the Qur'ãn not only under the word infaq but also with padaqah, qarl, and other connotations. Infaq literally means spending. It signifies any spending whether for good cause or bad. That is why spending by non-believers for opposing Islam, their spending on their wives, spending by hypocrites, spending by Muslims on their wives by way of dower and sustenance are all termed infaq. Infaq qualifies itself to become virtuous in case it is made for Allah's pleasure. It should be done scrupulously, without any desire for publicity. While it is not objectionable to give to others openly it is more worthy of reward before Allah to conceal the award. AII acts of distribution of wealth should be made according to the capacity of the owner who should neither act miserly nor lavishly. None, not even the poor, are exempt from this act of philanthropy. The monetary amounts to be spent or quantity to be distributed is left on the individuals' honest personal judgement. One should not be over-sensitive about facing poverty as a result of generosity. On the contrar¡ this distribution of wealth introduces overall prosperity and well-being and is ultimately better for the giver. Wealth in anyone's possession is due to the poor as a right and not as a voluntary act of charity; this right should be given to them like all others. Subsequentl¡ when once given the giver should not expect any regard from the receiver; such generosity is regarded as qard hasan; literall¡ a loan advanced to Allah Who will reward the giver. One point to remember is that personal physical contribution as in ji,hdd, does not absolve one of the obligation of making material contribution. The beneficiaries of infaq not only include those classes that are included in the list of zalcat recipients but also a number of other classes without necèssarily considering their financial standing. These additional beneficia¡ies are parents, other near relations, orphans, neighbours, fellow-workers and travellers. In addition to this undefined subject area of infaq, the Qur'ãn also imposes sad,aqah with fixed rates; this is termed as kaffõrah or expiation. It is prescribed in case of a particular fault in observance of a fast or in performing Hajj. There is also compensatory payment in the case of flouting an oath or using some sort of metaphorical language for divorce. The expiations in all these cases difer in value and call for feeding and clothing from one poor person in some cases to sixty poor persons in other ca,ses.

Economic Parotneters

\ifhile the abor¡e mechùism of charitable spending bri'gs about inter-personal distribution, the Qur'ãnic law of inheritance efiects intergenerational distributíon. In addition, a mân is allou¡ed to make a will of a portion of one's property in favour of anybod¡ preferably the near relaticjns who are not legally the sharers of inheritance. The Qur'ãn claims that distribution of wealth has a favourable multiplier effect.

Econorr¡rc Gumpln*ps rN THE

Qun'Ãn

B0g

M_PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH 1: The fnstruments of Private Distribution

(1) Infõq See verse 2:261.

at 64 above.

See verse 2:262

at 65 above.

8.s i,+s ,<.t,

eil" ü,

t) o*'' €

t*i

Xl t_+Ít Hq (r,rv)

j"¡¡t !y'ç {¡ ,ir!t 6

"öè iilt éi

!ír"l¡ y- trLró d,i

ii.íJ Ççi r;+r,

987. O ye who believe! Give of the good things which ye have (honourably) earned. And of the fruits of the earth which We have produced for you; and do not even aim at getting anything which is bad in order that out of it ye may give away something when ye yourselves would not receive it except with closed eyes. And know that Allah is free of all wants, and worthy of all praise. (2:267) See verse 2:27L at,528 above.

;t4r iJ 3g' us

* 3Ñ { Ê-'j flt uç- * f+ry

yS (q¡,r)

:r¡

us rrl

988. Whatever of good ye give benefits your own souls, and ye shall only do so seeking the .'Face" of Allah. Whatever good ye give, shall be rendered back to you, and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:272)

ó4¡4 { dlt .l+¡ ¿ fra-i ¿,.iit ,i¡;ss (q,rq) 'ó; &t 6'y ;vi ¿+qr F-.r_ rln .¡ l¡,a'.-P ft\ z4; 4 ríut1 úrt1 ¡úr ói4 i r"e riil 3ç**êW ,l

989. (Charity is) for those in need, who, in Allah,s cause, are restricted (from travel), and cannot move about in the land, seeking (for trade or work): the ignorant man

Econornic Parameters

304

thinks, because of their modest, that they are free from want. Thou shalt know them by their (unfailing) mark: They beg not importunately from all and sundry. And whatever of good ye give, be assured Allah knoweth it well. (2: 273)

q*S t'- .,V/ts S#- cr-ii (qq') rllj"i "hlt, ô;'t'-r^ i¡ ¡¡; J- 'i¡ tr) Yé¡i

990. Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord: On them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (2:27a) See also verse 3:92

at 539 above.

eø.d'r ¡.:¡ q

,_t"ir

& Jç'; iqil (qq r) rltii ,y t:;uøl qt F.

991. Men are the protectors and maintainers of women' because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them from their means. @ßa)

^;:U

J& Aúts (qqr) Q¡ ;r^- qi 'u Èåt fr ns;ll ç:*ru, 'í:

d*ç'i5

u,rit Ñ., éty,

992. Nor those who spend of their substance, to be seen of men, but have no faith in Allah and the Last Day: If any take the evil one for their intimate, what a dreadful intimate he is! (4:38) See verse L4:3L

rt'

at 58 above.

P' ,W ff 't

'þ1

l4t

ii'r¡

"t-

fiaiç;uo

W. ¿*,í ri_íi o"

å(i,

u;'ç ,H

(qq

',fu-

Vs'otsl,Fl f f* r:r J*,*,. to

spend (of your sub993. Behold, ye are those invited you are some that But among of Allah: stance) in the way

EcoNourc Gumpr,urns rN THE Qun'Ãu

305

But any who are niggardly are so at the

a,re niggardly.

But Allah is free of all wants, and it is ye that are needy. If ye turn back (Flom the Path), he will substitute in your stead another people; then they would not be like you! (a7:38) expense of their own souls.

(2) Sødaqøh/Zakdt

ú ""-+ eb ,y ,slr y,j 6-; þ ¿9

ô,r

(qq¿)

.i,lu

.d¿i J.i ,¡¡',á -t l-. , 994. And if any of you is ill, or ha.s an ailment in his scalp, (necessitating shaving), (he should) in compensation either fa.st, or feed the poor, or ofier sacrifice. (2:196) See also verse2:27L See verse 2:276

at 528 above.

719 above.

1t tgs;Å ¿iS tÁ JIï1j 9e ,i

ót ol¡ (rro¡ ôÃ-r ot f3

{

995. If the debtor is in a difficulty, grant him time till it is ea"sy for him to repay. But if ye remit it by way of charit¡ that is best for you if ye only knew. (2:280) See verses 92: 5-6

;it- Slitt t

at 960 above.

oøy at tr+1

il Þí E3 (rrr)

&:a-!s'arût$ç-s

þt

996. And they have been commanded no more than this: To worship Allah, ofiering Him sincere devotion, being true (in faith); to establish regular prayer; and to practise regular charity; and that is the Religion, Right and Straight. (98:5)

(3) QørQ fløsøn See verse

2:24 at

See verse 5:12

947 above.

at 26L above.

Econom'i,c Parameters

306

See verse 57:LL

at 44L above.

See verse 57:18

at 442

See verse 64:LT

at 493 above.

See verse 73,20

above.

17 above.

Legøcy/bequest See verse 2:L80 See verse

.!!:;ttt3

at 71 above.

4:7 at,433 above.

êt¡ "i¡t çri e;4t ç; lSJe (rrv) t:rjç úi¡ oo p.l3Pj-rþ ti

997. But

t lt

if at the time of division other relatives, or

orphans, or poor, are present, feed them out ofthe (property), and speak to them words of kindness and justice. (a:8) See also 4:L2

at 592 above.

ú4i.äÁ rlar el 1rKrl .i Ég ,b' ,y 'útu-(qq,r) ,¿c # 'a", îl', 'a ú ü*, i Vt, ï^s Y

içl

gî

"l Vti ;is ¿j g ..¡ór *Í *to' tir ùÞ ií5 t' oii ,¡p!r U 'ü. fW r'a.3 Sq"3 ¿1

ü i

'o;t

¿t"¡

998. They ask thee for a legal decision. Say: Allah directs (thus) about those who leave no descendants or ascendants as heirs. If it is a man that dies, leaving a sister but no child, she shall have ha^lf the inheritance. If (such a deceased was) a rvoman, who left no child, her brother takes her inheritance: if there are two sisters, they shall have two-thirds of the inheritance (between them): if there are brothers and sisters, (they share), the male having twice the share of the female. Thus doth Allah make clear to you (His law), lest ye err. And Allah hath knowledge of all things. ( :L76)

EcoNourc Gunpr,r¡tps rN THE Qun'ÃN

307

(õ) Eapåøtóon (Køffõrah) !¿,: i 0J19 /¿-ít

6-i

999. (Fasting) for a fixed number of days but if any of you is ill, or on a journe¡ the prescribed number (should be made up) from days later. For those who can do it (with hardship), is a ransorn, the feeding of one that is indigent but he that will give more, of his own free will-it is better for him. And it is better for you that ye fast, if ye only knew. (2:L8 )

iS ('¡ ...) l',i ,r" 'ú? e¡t Uþ3t tí i -a-. i te 3 ""-+ eb Jr :rþ s\ çV ú tt)t , Jt V!| t'ì.¡

,þ

d¿í 1000. And do not shave your heads until the offering reaches the place of sacrifice. And if any of you is ill, or has an ailment in his scalp, (necessitating shaving), (he should) in compensation either fast, or feed the poor, or offer sacifice. (2:196) See also verse 5:89 at,974 above. See verse 5:95

eu{

at 697 above.

þ oo d,*tü: u--r,,r'îç q l¿j ('r..t) qf* r&ru,;

F- lê

1001. And if any has not (the wherewithal), he should fast for two months consecutively before they touch each other. But if any is unable to do so, he should feed sixty indigent ones. (58:4)

ü :o ,f

lJ ¿+Þ o!¡ A. Ulb;i.aírr

6íi3 (r . . v)

qlw

v;: "rÉs

308

Economic Pørømeters

1002. And give the women (on marriage) their dower as a free gift; but if the¡ of their own good plea^sure, remit any part of it to you, take it and enjoy it with right good cheer. (4:4) See also verce 4:24

ey-i. þú.,

o!í i,4-|ß!í

ëAl

¿pi

ù1

629 above.

¡li;i gr+it (t..t')

-{l .,lidl :, ,:,u;,Jl & "F3

i.Å.

3* ¡it, f \,i b:4Å oi¡ &

1003. Cha^ste, not lustful, nor taking pa,ramours: when they are taken in wedlock, if they fall into shame, their punishment is half that for free women. This (permission) is for those among you who fear sin; But is better for you that ye practise self-restraint. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving. Most Merciful. (4:25) See verse 5:5

at 63L above. at 49 above.

See verse 60:10

2: The Spirit of Private Distribution See verse 2:261.

at64 above.

See verce 22262

at 65 above.

See verse 2:264

at 512 above.

See verse 2:267

at 54 above.

See verse

2:27I at 528 above.

See verse 2:272 at,66 above. See verse 3:92

at 531 above.

See verse 4:38

at 56 above.

See verse 9:88

at 456 above.

See verse L3:22

at 57 above.

See verbe L4:31-

at 58 above.

See verse 47238

at 954 above.

See verse 57:18

at 442

above.

Ecot¡o¡r¡lc Guropr,rNps IN THE Qun'Ãu t

É# tH

þ it'¡

309

l,-3i ,i¡Íl Hq (1 .. t)

-ti;

,.¡i ,

i¿,r\.fr

¿ o:+V s lv:: ril! Stf

ôñ {orfsvfiif;it

1004. O ye who believe! Shall I lead you to a bargain that will save you from a grievous penaþ?- That ye believe in Allah and His Messenger, and that ye strive (your utmost) in the cause of Allah, with your property and your persons. (61:lGl1)

{,, {tç Þ

ij i {,t -.j,

tj¡J (t . .0) t3

1005. (Saying), "We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: no rewa¡d do we desire from you, nor thanks,,. (26:g)

3: The Beneficiaries of Private Distribution

;!t r

,r; 4 t ¡4j (\. . r) ¡l-rtlrl .f:3 ,ç .þ iur ;ì3 ¿oþtS --{tt5 ¿i/l ".*tt3 iriåt i¡r ;tói-, ;gì ,1v1t ;5 altat¡ éS Wtatl3 Jg¡l ;15 as-rtlr ç>utl3

ç:âtS

lrji¡i

ßJ

6,1

e#,

¿,l.Jts

rflt ¿ls

1006. It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces towa¡ds east or west; but it is righteousness to believe in Allah and the Last Day, and the Angels, and the Book, and the Messengers; to spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin, for orphans, for the need¡ for the wayfa,rer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves; to be steadfa"st in prayer; and practise regular charit¡ to fulfil the contracts which ye have made. (2:LTT)

Economic Parameters

310

þþ'i

q-:,

ç::3'J'Ét¡ì

(r"v)

rfu- eút &3 f\ û1 i"^; tiè Ly t ie d fS V trÅ oi, d J-,t # 3*r

:rl.,* z-- -

:UL 'u-s

ev-i

1007. (Fasting) for a fixed number of days; but if any of you is ill, or on a journe¡ the prescribed number (should be made up) from days later' For those who can do it (with hardship), is a ransom, the feeding of one that is indigent but he that will give more, of his own free willit is better for him. And it is better for you that ye fast, if ye only knew. (2:ßa)

,lr s#- 13 u ;rlU (\..,^,) jlS 14_ *:tlr ët¡ ,ry,tll¡ d/-ql:I!¡

t a-1.i t¿ ê ,^,4,'t¡

Y5 'h,."tJt

"{ .", dlt éF *

tþ

100E. They ask thee what they should spend (in charity). Say: whatever ye spend that is good, is for parents and kindred and orphans and those in want and for wayfarers. And whatever ye do that is good Allah knoweth it well. (2:215) See also verse2:229

at 44 above'

\'t tÊ3¿Á ¿15 t*; j)

ô# {otí5

1009. If the debtor is in a difficult¡ grant him time till it is easy for him to repay. But if ye remit it by way of charity, that is best for you if ye only knew. (2:280)

.!!*lr-e

ël¡ j/jt

tlnl i:*¡Jl

irí

-F

lils (r.

\.)

J Uçs ¿ "rg|rtt

1010. But if at the time of division other relatives' or orphans, or poor, are present, feed them out ofthe (ptoperty), and speak to them words of kindness and justice. (a:8)

Econolr¿tc Gurupr,wps rN THE eun,Ãu

311

See verse 4:20 at,655 above.

W y V¡ *S iirr ¡ri:"r3 (r. I r)

tit"-J

'.4tgu1 j-d äl .st ,tlli .,8|3 4{út¡ .jþt¡ j-it 'Vts ül Étii cfi; u3 J+ilt ,Vl3 *U,..eLä15

ljéirå

Jti

oX': I

v s_ { ii:r

1011. Serve Allah, and join not any partners

*iO

"r-,

and do good- to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbours who are near neighbours who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (ye meet), and what your right hands possess. For Allah loveth not the

arrogant, the vainglorious. (4:36) See also

vese 4:176 at gg8 above,

See verse 5:5

at 631 above.

See verse 5:89

at 974 above.

at 697 above. See verse L6:90 at 34 above. See verse 5:97

.i5

Jl+¡l

a\ gl\ * j¡t

.rì5 (r.

t7#

1012. And render to the kindred their due rights as (also) to those in want, and to the wayfarer: but squander noi (your wealth) in the manner of a spendthrift. (17:26) See also verse 30:38 at, 469 above.

at 589 above. See verse 58:4 at 1.001 above. See verse 51:19

at 768 above See verse 76:8 at 927 above. See verse6S:7

ti'-.í éi î,t- ,t- isj ,i (t . t r) ,a.F It

,^tji li fif*"1:i

3I2

Economic Parameters

1013. Or the giving of food in a day of privation, to the orphan with claims of relationship, or to the indþnt (down) in the dust. (90:14-16)

4: The Impact of Private Distribution See verse 2:26L

.ilt

at 64 above.

et,-r ;t4.t Jrø 3H- i-+Ít ,,pS (r.r ¿)

tfit .r;tí ¿r3 Vvi iy.z * W. ôþ q ibr¡ þ

i'¡

qfj

fl.iÁ d/ W- ¿,:tÉ,*.+

1014. And the likeness of those who spend their substance, seeking to please Allalh and to strengthen their souls, is as a garden, high and fertile; heavy rain falls on it but makes it yield a double increase of harvest, and if it receives not heavy rain, light moisture sufficeth it. Allah seeth well whatever ye do. (2:265) "rf

f i iirr3 o;iat U.;-'t lill

iill ,J-¡ (''. to)

'i ,lk

Ë't

1015. Altah will deprive usury of all blessing, but will give increase for deeds of cha^rity; for He loveth not creatures ungrateful and wicked. (2:276) See also verse 30:39 See verse 57:L8

at 72L above.

442 above.

PART N-TRADE (CASH & CREDTT) Tlade is one of the economic activities which is expressly approved in the Qur'ãn and, at places, termed Allah's /adr (blessitrg). tì-h* b".o made permissible even during the journey of Lrajj andJust before or after prayet ($alõ,t).llade broadly covers purchase aná sale. A contract of sale may be made by a minor or person of week intellect but the document of deferred payment is to be recorded by a guardian or attorney. one basic category of business ethics which the Qur'ãn emphasises is correctness in weight and mea"sure. It condemns deliberate manipulation in weights and measures but condones unintentional reduction. The frequent wa,rning against bakhs isapplicable to a reduction in quantity as also to the speciûed quality of goods that the seller had agreed to transfer. The eur'ãn warns ihutlhi, pr""tice has destroyed many a prospering trading community. The eur'ãn also disapproves of misleading publicity and advertising which create a false impression on the consumer. while most of the references to trade found in the Qur'ãn can be taken to imply sole proprietorship, there a¡e a few which point to partnership business with similarity existing in the rights of partners. There are also indications in the Qur'ãn to suggest that partnership requires equality in social status and thus a slave is denied the right to join his master as a partner. A combination of goods also seems to be a cha¡acteristic of partnership. The Qur'ãn wa,rns believers to guard against misappropriation by one partner or the other. Together with pa,rtnership made by contract we also come across the situation of partnership by compulsion or what is termed shirlcah bi'I-milk. Business assets of a deceased person will be inherited by his survivors who automatically become business partners in the property. Appearing along with the approval of prompt payment for and __ delivery of goods is also discernible complete code oi credit sale in the Qur'ãn. It advises that such a transaction should be written, a couple of witnesses should a,ffix proof of their presence and, if the customer is unknown a pledge may also be made. This pledge will be treated as a trust redeemable on repayment of loan. The loan deed in the case of credit sale will be written or dictated by the debtor. If a third person is the scribe of the document he is warned to write the conditions faithfully as have been willingly accepted by the debtor.

Economic Parameters

3L4

N-TRADE(CASH & CR,EDIT) 1: Its Approval in the Qurtãn

r3!i

t: ú i¿ ti* oi åÇ *

uf ;ry¡S

(r.rr)

"/! iill tt,ftv í:' +¡ ,; i¿i Cltt i-Ål ,o,tirr e ç c; {oti ¡:c

1016. It is no crime in you if ye seek of the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage) Then when ye pour down from (Mount) Arafat, celebrate the praises of Allah at the sacred moument, and celebrate His praises as He has directed you, even though, before this, ye went astray. (2:198) See also verse 2:275

ittt

at 703 above.

#t 'í¡ Irrl iw V { b3ì ,iil q:q (r.tv) 'q>ut

ù, i-,. ô&-

itlt +1t ,¡¡t 'í¡

'í3 s'r.Åt 'i3

út*rs *S

1017. O ye who believe! violate not the sanctity of the symbols of Allah, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlands that mark out such animals, nor the people resorting to the sacred house, seeking of the bountry and good pleasure of their

Lord. (5:2) See also verse L6:L4 See verse 17:66

at 40L above.

at 8 above.

ü; þ.*s itr ,þj- o1 dì .r: (r. t,r) ¿:# fÚt Y s" t i,a$ -¡! .íråt 6--1's e" 1018. Among His Signs is this, that He sends the winds, tidings, giving you a taste of His (grace the ships may sail (majestically) by His mercy that and) Command and that ye may seek of His bountry: in order that ye may be grateful. (30:46) as heralds of glad

EcoNorvrrc Guronr,r¡¡ss IN THE Qun'Ãx

æ w.t:

315

úr!l é 6ñv áþt ,rt¡t llf (r.rr)

ô# íüW iirt 5Yrt3 it

1019. And when the prayer is finished, then may ye disperse through the land, and seek of the bountry of Allah: and celebrate the praises of Allah often (and without stint): that ye may prosper. (62:10)

2: Business Ethics See verse 6:152

at 483 above.

(r. ¡i u drr !r.þt cÉ itt ç¡,, ritíi U'; ils v.¡ úr4r¡ .l-fr Úrú ítS ú e ít'+ "t ô3-,1 ll ¡ 'r-i. qirll ,t- \'ú 'í3 r'ful¡-rl útlll lt-;;'.; {e

wtl {oIfSv

É!ç>l..l

1020. To the Madyan people We sent Shu'ayb one of their own brethren: he said: "O my people! worship Allah; ye have no other god but Him. Now hath come unto you a clear (Sign) from your Lord! Give just mea.sure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due; and do no mischief on the ea¡th after it has been set in order: that will be best for you, if ye have

Faith. (7:85)

q.¡, étli 6tú ib (r.v r) ¡í u rÌtt 63+t cF- itt ils ii it úr4r¡ i[<lr *s ô,* rrl

tþ

Ct-çlió

;

f*,3ci

LO?L. To the Madyan people (We sent) Shu'ayb, one of their own brethren: he said: "O my people! worship Allah: ye have no other god but Him. And give not short measure or weight: I see you in prosperity. But I fear for you the Penalty of a Day that will compass (you) all round. (11:84)

316

Economic parameters

tÉ i:

þ4u, úr4r¡ jç<lt

t$i .'A3 (r.vv)

u-# t'rlt .i !Èt .i3.i;þ ¡úr

1022. "And O my people! give just measure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due: Commit not evil in the land with intent to do mischief. (11:85)

,4i

djlJl ../,ú.4! V:s {

l¡J

jsl

,i3! {r,rr)

\,;

'í"-tv ¿,o-i3 1023. Give full measure when ye -"ur.ri", and weight with a balance that is straight: that is the most fitting and the most advantageous in the final determination. (17:35)

ü'jl jÉ

!eiþt3 (r.v¿)

LO24. And shun the word that is false. (22:80)

ü¿È"Jt

b V;rJ.i¡ jÉr úri (r .yo)

LO25. "Give just measure, and cause no loss (to others by fraud). (26:181)

p:*ft

\'ry!

!y':: (r .vr)

LO26. "And weigh with scales true and upright. (26:\82)

€tll t

!¡.*,

'í¡ r.'t*t ¡Ult lÉ

.i3 (r. vv)

u'#

LO27. "And withhold not things justly due to men, nor do evil in the land, working mischief. (26:138)

ül4l .¡

p; ii (r.y,r)

1028. In order that ye may not transgress (due) balance. (55:18)

ór4t

{: }*4! 3:jt t*.ls(r.vq)

1029. So establish weigh with justice and fall not short in the balance. (55:9)

Ecoxo¡r¡rc Gutpsl¡Nps IN THE Qun'ÃN

ôjF- ,tât &

!íurr

rr1

Uú

\LT

w¡i¿t: i-3

(r'r')

1030. Woe to those that deal in fraud- (83:1) Those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, exact full measure. (88:2)

¿:È- ej:Sri éjf

r3J3

(r .r r)

1031. But when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than due. (83:3)

3: Ban on Misleading Publicity See verse 16:96

at 611 above.

¡,ll

U'r2,t¡-

{ ,rir¡ (r .rr)

1032. Those who witness no falsehood. (25:72)

ôF- {u ó,jr4 crf't¡ (,' .rr) 1033. And that they say what they practise not? (26:226)

4: Joint Venture

(1) Støtus of pør'tners

úiít

¡" íÅi f ii*

ú rt'

ft;(s

rÉ

(t.rÐ fJ ç3c

fb:t u "¡ ;Vi ,; f:qi JHCé çilr ,y^ otV þ"ÀÃ #

irtl,

1034. He does propound to you a similitude from your own (experience): Do ye have pa,rtners among those whom your right hands possess, to share as equals in the wealth, we have bestowed on you? Do ye fear them as ye fear each other? Thus do We explain the Signs in detail to a people that understand. (30:28)

318

Econom,ic Pørameters

(2) Combi,natåon of goods

3!s 7u-- JI Á+.) 1Éi

a;it

|t& ;tai rÃ jti (r .ro)

f."þ

Éë. æ;í,tui*r

1035. (David) said: "He has undoubtedly wronged thee in demanding thy.(single) ewe to be added to his (flock of) ewes; truly many are the partners (in business) who wrong each other: not so do those who believe (38:2a)

(3) Precøutôons See verse 38:24

at 678 above.

Q) Pørtnership by ríght of property ( shi,rkah.mötk)

l¡ # É i ot fit-rri d¡ u U. íJr(r.rr) V,wj- *s *¿. ê ,fi V ¿lr & i¡-, # ,tç ít oc o!í ii¡ f "* i ,t fri V ¿tr #s c_+i u-;s\ v ú*i *s ,f fj t2. .i5t f i¡s f+ ¿rî ,1 ë '¿S ät"bi wf &iÅ ,Þ: ;,tí ols ¿ tYi d¡ .l,li ú, :ìr1 lif oF &At W *ts ç *S 3W 1n u,-'rs| V ,-r¿;- *S y¿.,o gÉ' "þ "{ iirr3 dlr o!í

¿-¿.

1036. In what your wives leave, your share is a half, if they leave no child; but if they leave a child, ye get a fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what ye leave, their share is a fourth, if ye leave no child; but if ye leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts. If the man or ïyoman whose inheritance is in question, has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth but if more than two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies and debts; so that no loss is caused (to anyone). Thus is it ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-Knowing. Most forbearing. @:L2)

Econo¡r¿rc Guropr,nps rN THE

Qun'Ãu

319

5: Rules of Credit Transaction

F\ j)

çi<j

¿i

.¿l çt¡

(r.rt) ytt çJ-lr, +iç fq .-j#, t

r3t Éi A_;ir ¡rr .í¡

urn,

kjir_

u 4S ,Pt :-te alt Jlil¡ .rk$ 'at a; ui ttrl Vy ,pt *-t¿ aú úf o!¡ q¡ q ,.ry {3 í7

\'t ri:*\

'iÅ

drrJu,

,y ctvts "Êj,

.rt!t

t;;ÅLJ

¿i F- iri 4S J¡*r; ç ,M3 vñ- I oF pe: ¿,: u.-V

j':S ui;) M ¡i ,Ii¡¡rr j, úrbj

1037. O ye who believe! when ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties; let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah has taught him, so let him write. Let him who incurs the liability dictate, but let him fea^r His Lord Allah, and not diminish aught of what he owes. If the party liable is mentally deficient, or weak, or unable himself to dictate, let his guardian dictate faithfully. And get two witnesses, out of your own men. And if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that ifone ofthem errs, the other can remind her. The witnesses should not refuse when they a^re called on (for evidence). Disdain not to reduce to writing (your contract) for a future period, whether it

Economic Parameters

320

juster in the sight of Allah, more suitable as evidence, and more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves. But if it be a transaction which ye ca,rry out on the spot a,mong yourselves there is no bla,me on you if ye reduce it not to writing. But take witnesses whenever ye make a commercial contract; and let neither scribe nor witness sufier harm. If ye do (such harm), it would be wiclcedness in you. So fear Allah; for it is AUah that teaches you. And AUah is well acquainted with all things. (2:282)

be small or big:

rt -2 t-t QþP,fJ

"þ

{

üli

(t'r¡)

1038. Ifye are on ajourne¡ and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession may (serve). (2:283)

PART O-LOANS AND TNTEREST/puBrrc DEBT This chapter deals only with obligations arising out of contracts of debt but not with the liabilities outstanding as a result of a non-debt contract like marriage, which calls for payment of dower whether contracted or not, or thosedealing with sale ofgoods, provision ofsurety, hire, or obligations that create a financial liability like outstandin! penalties, or expiation (haffãrah,) zakõ,t or .ushr. The Qur'ãn treats the act of lending more as a moral phenomenon than a purely economic activity. The well-to.do are repeatedly urged to lend money. The Qur'ãn asks the lenders not only to give up the amount of interest but also to reschedule their outstanding loans to the convenience of the hard-pressed debtor, preferably by remission of the balance if he is in distress. on the other hand, repayment of anything less than the amount borrowed is treated to be a wrongdoing on the part of the debtor as much as the charging of interest by the lender. The terms and conditions invorving a contract of debt like scribing a document, affixing witnesses, furnishing a pledge etc. as are laid down in the case of credit sale are also applicablã to a contract of debt. In the case ofan undischarged deceased person debt supersedes the right of inheritors.s The Qur'ãn views prohibition of interest in the context of its emphasis on infaq, çadaqah, virtuous roans (qar(, þasan) and ordinary trade transactions. The Qur'ãn points out that interest has been prohibited for all followers of the scriptures. The injunctions on prohibition are made in three diferent stages; in the first stage interest is simply denounced and compared with the noble institution of zalcat. This condemnation is also addressed to the Jews who, in spite of interest having been banned, had been induþng in interest-based transactions. In the second stage compound interest and interest with exorbitant rates is banned. The third and the last stage of condemnation is made in a very harsh tone and those dealing in transactions involving any rate of interest arê threatened with ** fro* Allah and His Messenger. The important fact to be noted is that the eur,ãn bans charging of interest. secondly the amount of interest that was charged before sThe

Qur'ãn states that the heirs will receive their sha¡es of inheritance after the fulfilmet of the will of the deceased and the repayment of loan. (4:rr-r2) There is a concensus ofjurists that the repayment ol lo* would supersede the

fulfilment of the s'ill.

322

Economic Parameters

complete prohibition is approved provisionally. It should further be noticed that the Qur'ãn does not define the nature of increase on a loan that is to be treated as interest.'Whether it is monetary increase or increase in terms of goods, propert¡ gifts and benefits that also can be included in the definition of increase is not defined. However, in order to ensure that the ban on interest does not a,ffect normal social relations between the Muslim individuals, an exemption in the application of interest is made to accommodate mutual exchange of gifts and feasts that were being practised among close friends. The Qur'ãn states that the practising of interes-based economy is contractionary in contrast with the economy which is based on philanthropic spendings and generosity.

O-PUBLIC DEBT_AN ANALOGY A very important point that should not be neglected is the Qur'ãnic approach to the position of debt contracted or committed by a person vis-a-vis his or her inheritors. The Qur'ãn rsarns that the debt should not be detrimental to the rights of inheritors. Although the Qur'ãnic treatment of such a debt seems to be directly relevant to the personal property of individuals, there is every reason to extend this limitation the power of the governments which enter into contracts of public debts at home and abroad. Such debts affect the whole nation and the generations to follow.

Ecotrorr¡tc Gumplntps rN THE Qun,Ãrrr

323

PART O_LOANS AND INTEREST L: Lending-A Moral Phenomenon

(1) Lender to shun önterest

,tÐt îyq uf

ltlr Ji &r rjl ,r",ó i.S ú

;Úl

úrtñ.í lilr

Jñ

Úú Êr"! .l!i .-i"1t ¡o

i;V ,ír

,**i ,nr?, sv irj

V."Jt

rrll

c¡.lJi

(r.rq)

;'rlår âi:;Jt-

i?) ¿¡r drr ¡ø.i3

ôli:

ú iil ó:S w

,'^u,

1039. Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the evil one by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: ,'Tlade is like usuty.', But Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after reciving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past; their case is for Allah (to judge): But those who repeat (the offence) are companions of the fire: they will abide therein (forever) . (2:275)

U-Jt

U Gìr. t; !1313 iÌrr Ér t¡i .i¡J q:q (\.¿.)

'bç {

1040. O ye who believe! Fear Allah, and give up what remains of your demand for usur¡ if ye are indeed believers. (2:278)

ds g.yis

SII

õ vJ¿,tthti ti'É í o!í (r.¿ r)

ótir.t

i¡ ú ;¡r.í { pr5.i A,:: fS

1041. If ye do it not, take notice of war from Allah and His Messenger: But if ye turn back, ye shall have your capital sums; deal not unjustl¡ and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:279)

Econom'i,c Parameters

324

(2) I'ender to be lenöent ún hi's claôm

L^; tgs.tÅ itS

iÁ jtåF

te:'s úloi¡ (r. r) ¿

-:#,fJifi

Lo42.If the debtor is in a difficulty, it is easy for him to repay. But if ye remit it by way of charit¡ that is best for you if ye only knew. (2:280)

(fl

fender to remi,t the loan due on the i,nsolaent See verse 2:280

(Ð

at L042 above.

Warni,ng on defiønce of the ban

,.J

oli Ly:S Sl .i V?,Viti útÉ i,i!¡ (\.Ér) ú;ibj {¡ ú Jp'r { pt3"i Alt fS

1043. If ye do it not, that notice of war from Allah and His Messenger: But if ye turn back, ye shall have your capital sums; deal not unjustly, and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:279)

(5) Borrotaer urged on full repayment See verse 2:279 at' 1043 above'

2: Terms and Conditions of a Credit Tlansaction

(1) Recordóng

,* FI jl +K oi .*-i

crn, fî{lít l5J tÉi a¡Ít kiU (r.¿r) +t¡ çJ-lt, +tç 14 \^K,$ 6#1t

.j<¡t¡ t:t ^;s ui' LO44. O ye who believe! when ye deal with each other, in

transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties; let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah has taught him, so let him write. (2:282)

Eco¡,tourc Gumpr,¡ups IN THE eun'Ãn

(2)

325

Wótness

V* lúF Étáj u u--V !,i..i-t3 (r , o) t;;¡LJ ,p ¿i ¡"pt U Stbj é i,i¡tS U¡ ¿þ:

v, Itt

{lii¿l

+r¡

.ir .rÞ!t t;^U

}.iI

1045. And get two witnesses, out of your own men, and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, Such as ye choose for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her. The witnesses should not refuse when they a,re called on (for evidence). (Z:ZïZ)

(3) Redeernable 1þ3P^ c.1,

pled,ge

tl'i

,fJ

al r'HJ

t lçlJ¡*,=

q ibr

LO46. If ye are on a journe¡ and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession (may serve the purpose). And if one of you deposits a thing on trust with another, let the trustee (faithfully) discharge his trust, and let him fear his Lord. Conceal not evidence; for whoever conceals it

his hea¡t is tainted with sin. And allah knoweth all that ye do. (2:283) (,1,)

The case of indebted deceøsed

¿( ds itj v $ # (ñt ór, U #o.r¡ (r.¿v) ¿¡ *. ûAt W *\ "& :rEls å;rr * i4r-, .Í,r ¡>.u

)i U ,fri-

ôr:.i 'c-,-r'5 iiS 'J

#- ioF r,

íi óroJ

-l l';. ,y ûi"tJ ¡)u õFJ ð úr

oþ ûr-3

Econom'i'c Parameters

326

IO47.If only daughters, two or more, their share is twothirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half' For parents, a sixth share ofthe inheritance to each, ifthe deceased left children; ifno children, and the parents are the (onty) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left ùrothers (or sisters) the mother has a sixth' (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies and debts.

(

:11)

3: The Context of Prohbition of Interest

(1) Infõ'q: See verse 2:265 at' 686 above.

VfiB ,y ,i V t Sr* o1 i'";i 'i$t bt;\i eÉl f nW'¿ j;7t€"gt ê,5f "a-ltls üti ,$.Jf úti-lt 3U y. 3V*t WV 'S;;-L ":'5

(t't't)

¿tfu É" +-o' É

tirt

1048. Does any of you wish that he should have a garden with date palms and vines and streams flowing underneath, and all kinds of fruit, while he is stricken with old age, and. his children are not strong (enough to look after themselves)- that it should be caught in a whirwind, with fire therein, and be burnt up? Thus doth Allah make clear to you (His) Signs: that ye may consider' (2:266) See verse 2:267

at 54 above'

See verse 2:268

at 63 above.

i:l{ iÌll ug...t v i'rtlEu' ,, þi l;3(t'tr) .L ,âl ,¡

¡¡¡tl"tt- ú3

1049. And whatever ye spend in charity or devotion, be sure Allah knows it all. But the wrongdoers have no helpers. (2:270)

EcoNorr¡¡c Guronlr¡.¡ps rN THE eun,Ãu

uils

Jþ

trrtx ölr ,? W ,F'"ât ta dr¡ ú

þV

327

tr.i,t ùl

(r.0.)

f, n, fSv #ztpt ç

1050. If ye disclose (acts of) charity, even so it is well. But if ye conceal them, and make them reach those (really) in need, that is best for you: it will remove from you some of your (stains of) evil. And Allah is well-acquainted with what ye do. (2:27L) See

also verse2:272 at g88 above.

See verse 2:273

at g8g above.

See verse 2:274

at 55 above.

(2) $ødaqah: at 719 above. 30:39 at 72L above.

See verse 2:276 See verse

(3) Qør| '^)

þøsøn:

'^ilLþ tk

V¡ U þr- ,s:jl É ,i (r . o r) ô#-í *JS &S çra- it:t., írytju-i

1051. Who is he that will loan to Allah a beautiful loan, which Allah will double unto his credit and multiply many times? It is Allah that giveth (you) want or plenty and to Him shall be your return. (2:2A$ See also verse 57:l"L at,44L above. See verse 64:17

at 4gB above.

(,1,) Normøt trad,í,ng See verse 2:275

at 103g above.

4: Prohibition of Interest for the Scriptuaries See verse 4:161

715 above.

E e,o n om'i,

328

5: Stages of Prohibition (1) Di,slöke

(2)

See verse 4:L61

at 7L5 above.

See verse 30:39

at 72'L above.

Prohåbötöon

of comgnund önterest

See verse 3:130

at 452 above.

(8) Absolute bon See verse 22279 at' 104L above

G) Wørning agoönst defionce See verse 22275 at' 1039 above. See verse 2:279

1.04L above.

6: Debtor-Creditor Relationship See verse 2:279 af' 104L above. See verse 2:280 7¿

1.042 above.

Normal Social Relations ais-ó-ais Inüerest See verse 24:6L

at 689 above.

8: Impact of Interesü on the EconomY See verse 22276

at 719

See verse 30:39

9: Public

72L.

Debt-An Analogy

S"" .r"rr" 4:L2 at 592 above.

P aram eter s

Chapter 4

PUBLIC POLICY GUIDELINES PARÎ A_POLICY.MAKING

PR,OCESS AND THE MAN-

AGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY

PART B_MACRO.ECONOMIC PHENOMENA

PARÎ C_OFFENCES PART D-ECONOMIC SECURITY PAHT E_DEFENCE

PART A_POLICY-MAKING PROCESS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY

L. Muslims are advised to determine their expenditure policy by mutual consultation and ensure that the decided policy is adhered to and any opposition is defended by united efforts of the society.

2. Accurate anticipation of demand as compared with

aggregate production and proper planning are prophetic qualities. These should be followed for proper economic management.

3. The significance and benefit of long term planning should

recognized.

4. Hedging and creation of bufier stocks for the anticipated

needs

are advisable.

Measures should be undertaken to meet basic necessities of the people.

Wages and salaries must be commensurate with the intellectual

calibre so that people of low understanding are not over paid and encouraged to misuse their excess wealth. Human intellect should not be applied to alter the shares or rightful beneficiaries (as in inheritance) which Allah has apportioned.

7. Misuse of national wealth must be checked. 8. The government should not be harsh and high-handed in levying and collecting its just claims from the people' It should behave leniently and courteously'

9. Nobody should be economically or otherwise overburdened. The liability of one individual should not be transferred to any unconcerned person or group of persons.

10. Authority to use resources should be vested only in the people of mature intellect and understanding.

11. Working hours must be fixed keeping in view the possibility of maximum efficiency. Leisure and rest are necessaly for people and require creation of a peaceful environment which should be ensured.

Ecoxourc Gumplwes

rN THE Qun'ﾃク

331

12. Ma:rimum convenience of the people should be ensured by saving them from hardship wherever and in whatever manner possible.

13. The injunctions of the shart-'ah are enforced by keeping in view the human capacity of acting upon them under normal conditions. fn case of an abnormally difficult situation relaxation is permissible, though only temporarily. This should never become a routine, nor a normal mode of conduct. L4. Inadvertent mistakes and unavoidable flaws in performance of any act should be condoned.

15. Custom and usage should not be neglected in deciding pattern of necessities, cost of living, and acceptable standard of living.

332

Public

P oli,cy

Guidelines

PART A_POLICY MAKING PROCESS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY L: Decision-Making and Implementation

LO52.

is part of the mercy of Allah that thou dost

deal gently with them. Wert thou severe or harsh-hearted,

they would have broken away from about thee: so pass over (their faults), and ask for (Allah's) forgiveness for them; and consult them in affairs (of moment). Then, when thou hast taken a decision, put thy trust in Altah. For Allah loves those who put their trust (in Him). (3:15g) t3

ú fr{

oj¡ É

3*çt

ç^lr¿ yé

,y*

rur

ù,

.-þ:

!"*- úJ (r.or¡ v fin- ultt

e=*..

I-053. If Allah helps you, none can overcome you: if He forsakes you, who is there, after that, that can help you? In Allah, then, let Believers put their trust. (8:160)

E l3Jj ,Þt¡-;i,tS

dyt

ry úÉu_ alts (r.o¿) ðJy;- f^

1064. Those who avoid the greater crimes and shameful deeds, and, when they are angry even then forgive. @2:37)

¡Ás ;þt lil,ili fliJ litr-t elts (r.oo)

|fut:i*.sø.,r;

1055. Those who harken to their Lord, and establish regular prayer; who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation; who spend out of what We bestow on them for sustenance; (42:38)

Ecoxo¡r¡rc Guropr,rNps rN THE Qun'ÃN

333

b#t- é ,pt ?,;vi tlJ ¡-;,ir3 (r.or) 1056. And those who, when an oppressive wrong is inflicted on them, (are not cowed but) help and defend themselves. @2:39)

ô;tf

tlt ;?

]SES('¡. ov)

¡arirr

U S il rr.l

1057. The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree): but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from Allah: for (Allah) loveth not those who do \Mrong. (a2: 0)

2: Anticipation of Demand and Ensuring Supply . t

aa t

i*J,t t? tti5 ,b eb ¿y:i jli (r.o,,r) $sþ ff ÍÈú il g,,

6s::J

1058. (Joseph) said: "For seven years shall ye diligently sow as is your wont: and the harvests that ye reap, ye shall leave them in the ear except a little, of which ye shall eat. (12:47)

þ3t

Jí: ltu

èá

.4ri

ur:

J-r-

"i (t'oq)

3;4 e >r# jl

1059. Then will come after that (pe¡iod) seven dreadful (years), which will devour what ye shall have laid by in advance for them (all) except a little which ye shall have (specially) guarded. (L2:a8)

ryr útrll

ó,{ ry tÉ -ll-i F. ,¡

¿U

'"i

(\'1') ,:sH-

1060. Then will come after that (period) a year in which the people will have abundant water, and in which they will press (wine and oil). (12:49)

334

Publi,c Poli,cy Gui,ilelines

3: Long-Term Planning See verse L2:47

1058 above.

4: Creation of Buffer.Stock . t

71 ôsi:s

ir-- t ¿

Ui5

ötu

Oyij jti (r.r r)

ôrßv

Åti

jl g*

106L. (Joseph) said: "For seven years shall ye diligently sorv as is your wont: and the harvests that ye reap, ye shall leave them in the ear-except a little, of which ye shall eat. (I2:aT)

:ji þ3é u ¿rq íi; &

-lJj

F. t¡ dU'd (t'rv) .-c . ¿ t

is+¿

u:r ){J; U

L062. Then will come after that (period) seven dreadful (years), which will devour what ye shall have laid by in advance for them. (All) except a little which ye shall have (specially) guarded. (L2:a8)

5: Bargaining

*sF, i+.Vfts (r'rr) 1063. And take mutual counsel together, according to what is just and reasonable. (65:6)

6: Misuse of Public Property/Nationat Wealth See verse 3:16

at 332 above.

7: Ethics of Public Dealing i

.JJ

r-; úif { +pr Ws Éì u;¡r¡ (r.r¿) ó:rtr W f" ;rrLl ,**1 q:\W3 t ---.

1064. But those who believe and work righteousness- no burden do We place on any soul, but that which it can

Eco¡¡orvuc Gumpr,nqps rN THE

Qun'ÃN

335

will be Companions of the Garden, therein to dwell (forever). Q:aZ)

bea,r, they