Handwerkersvriendenkring Amsterdam by M. van de Water

Public housing Handwerkers Vriendenkring

Between Spitskopstraat and Magersfonteinstraat The Handwerkers Vriendenkring Building is a closed social housing block designed in 1918 by Dutch architect Leliman. It is the second building block out of the five building blocks in a row. This housing block is situated in the Transvaaldistrict of Amsterdam. The block was build after the renovation of the Transvaaldistrict, where the working class was situated. The social housing block offered space for the working class, which consisted mainly of Jewish families.

Group 9 ID ID ID ID

0753054 0725405 0726128 0754119

R. J. Goetheer M. van de Water M. van de Water J. de Winter

Handwerkers vriendenkring transvaalbuurt 1. Project description 1.01 General information 6 1.02 Basic drawings 10

2. Context 2.01 Situation 18 2.02 Site Pattern 20 2.03 Morphology 21 2.04 Street Pattern 22 2.05 Access 23 2.06 Relation 25

3. Exterior 3.01 Volume 26 3.02 Access 27 3.03 Threshold 29 3.04 Facade composition 31 3.05 Facade materials 36 3.06 Ornaments 42 3.07 Architectonic detail - fragments 43 3.08 Private and semi-private 44 3.09 Typology 45 3.10 Relation interior and exterior 46

4. Interior 4.01 Types of dwelling 48 4.02 Logistics 49 4.03 Routing 54 4.04 Construction 62 4.05 Use of spaces 64 4.06 Types of spaces 69 4.07 Sequences of spaces 74 4.08 Threshold between spaces 80 4.09 Order of spaces 86 4.10 Spatial hierarchy 91 4.11 Climatic properties 97 4.12 Interior elements 99 4.13 Corner solution 100

Conclusion

102

Bibliography

0. Content

Bibliography

110

0. Content

Figure 9.1.1 Front facade Handwerkers vriendenkring (1)

1.01 General information Handwerkers vriendenkring Handwerkers vriendenkring (HWV) was an association which was established in 1869 to encourage the emancipation of Jewish workers in Amsterdam. Handwerkers vriendenkring was founded to improve the living conditions of its members without politically interfering, for example the creation of a modern health insurance Ziekenfonds in 1895. Although it was formally a politically and religiously neutral association, almost 95% of its members were Jewish workers, who were mainly working in the diamond industry. The association played a significant role in the emancipation and integration of the Jewish working class. Officially Handwerkers vriendenkring was not a Jewish institution, however the German occupiers saw it as a Jewish institution and they prohibited it in 1942.

Bouwfonds handwerkers vriendenkring The municipality of Amsterdam decided in 1911 to remediate the old Jewish neighborhood on Uilenburg en Marken. Thousands of hovels had to be demolished, the question arose what had to happen with the poor Jewish families from the Jewish neighborhood. Handwerkers vriendenkring decided to start a building fund to realize a replacement for social housing. The building fund wanted to help create affordable houses for the Jewish families. The target group was generally Jews but large parts of the Jewish proletariat in Amsterdam were really assimilated into the Dutch society. The Bouwfonds Handwerkers vriendenkring provided a significant contribution to the social housing in Amsterdam at the beginning of the 20th century.

1. Schilt, J.(2008), Woningbouwblokken handwerkers vriendenkring, Bureau monumenten en archeologie, Amsterdam

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.2 The five building blocks from Leliman (1)

1.01 General information Together with the “Algemene Woningbouw Vereniging”, the Bouwfonds Handwerkers vriendenkring realized the first houses in the Transvaalbuurt. This became the housing plan in the twenties on the Tugelaweg in the Transvaalbuurt by architect J.H.W. Leliman. Transvaalbuurt The Transvaaldistrict is a district in the east part of Amsterdam. The area is situated between the Wibautstraat in the west, the railway between Amstel station and Muiderpoortstation in the north, the Linnaeusstraat in the east and the Transvaalkade in the south. The Transvaal district was an expansion that started in 1910. Architect H.P. Berlage was the designer of the masterplan of the Transvaal district.

H.P. Berlage Berlage is well known of his prestigious projects, for example the Beurs van Berlage. However he designed the Transvaal district just for the working class. Berlage designed the street plan of the Transvaal district. The Transvaal district was an expansion of the city of Amsterdam which started in the 1910/1920’s. The street plan consists of straight and curved lines connecting the different squares and green areas. Many of the social housing built in the Transvaal district are built in the style of the ‘Amsterdamse school’. The social housing corporations stood at the basis in the forming of the Transvaalbuurt, the handwerkers vriendenkring being one of them, creating several housing blocks.

1. Schilt, J.(2008), Woningbouwblokken handwerkers vriendenkring, Bureau monumenten en archeologie, Amsterdam

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.3 Front facade of the building block (1)

1.01 General information Handwerkers vriendenkring Within the complex of the handwerkers vriendenkring, Leliman was able to construct several so called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;workers palacesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This buildings are created not only to improve living conditions, as of than required by the 1901 woningwet, but also to empower the working class. Leliman Architect Leliman stood at the base of the five important building blocks in the Transvaalbuurt. Leliman was a real entrepreneur designing these building blocks. The blocks are one of the first social housing building blocks. Most of the time, the building blocks are not designed as a whole, but in a couple of fragments which are designed by different architects. Both sides of the streets are rather seen as a whole then the building block itself. Leliman, therein

against, designed the block as a whole so it can be seen as a unit. Leliman designed the building block a priori and not posteriori, which was for that time an innovative approach.

1. Schilt, J.(2008), Woningbouwblokken handwerkers vriendenkring, Bureau monumenten en archeologie, Amsterdam

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.4 Courtyard of the building block (1)

1.01 General information

The design of building block number II In order to empower the working class, the collaboration between the facade and the floor plan becomes one of the main concerns of the design. But there are more social values that can be found in several spatial aspects within the design of the building block. Building number II shows a clear spatial reaction to its surroundings. Making a clear gesture towards its surroundings by creating a public square at both sides of the building. The heart of the building block, even though the ground floor dwellings have a small private garden directly connected to them, form a collective space, a space that can be entered trough the main gates, which in their turn are connected to the before mentioned public areas. In order to maintain a collective idea within the heart of the building

block, all entrances to the different dwellings are situated facing the streets. At the same time, these entrances to the dwellings form an important aspect in the functioning of this streets, surrounding the building block, the same streets that connects the entire Transvaalbuurt.

1. Schilt, J.(2008), Woningbouwblokken handwerkers vriendenkring, Bureau monumenten en archeologie, Amsterdam 2. Castex, J., Depaule, J., Panerai, P.(2003), De rationele stad, Uitgeverij Sun. Amsterdam. pg. 97-147 3. Smit, F.(1993), Van Amsterdamse Huize : ontwikkeling en identiteit van het Woningbedrijf Amsterdam, Woningbedrijf Amsterdam. Amsterdam

4. Author unknown(2014), Amsterdam Transvaalbuurt, consulted at june 2014, from http://kennisbank.platform31.nl/pages/27622/AmsterdamTransvaalbuurt.html

It are these social values, translated into the architecture of the building block that form the main starting point of this analysis.

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.5 Floor plan ground floor scale 1:400

1.02 Basic drawings Walls hatch Outlines

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.6 Floor plan first floor scale 1:400

1.02 Basic drawings Walls hatch Outlines

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.7 Floor plan second floor scale 1:400

1.02 Basic drawings Walls hatch Outlines

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.8 Floor plan third floor scale 1:400

1.02 Basic drawings Walls hatch Outlines

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1. Project description

Figure 9.1.9 Facade south (outside and inside) facada north scale 1:400

1.02 Basic drawings Outlines

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.10 Facade East, West (outside and inside) Section 1 scale 1:400

1.02 Basic drawings Outlines

1. Project description

Figure 9.1.11 Isometric view

1.02 Basic drawings Outlines

1. Project description

Figure 9.2.1 Situation scale 1:5000

2.01 Situation Building blocks Water Handwerkers vriendenkring

2. Context

Handwerkers Vriendenkring is situated in the Transvaalbuurt. The masterplan of the Transvaalbuurt is designed by Berlage. The building block is situated between the Tugelaweg, Spitskopstraat, Magers Fonteinstraat and Retiefstraat. Leliman adapted the plan of Berlage, and five block in a row are designed by Leliman. These five building blocks are part of the social housing of Jewish. The building blocks provide the final northern edge of the Transvaal neighborhood.

Figure 9.2.2 Situation scale 1:1000

2.01 Situation Walls hatch Surrounding buildings

2. Context

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Figure 9.2.3 Site pattern scale 1:5000

2.02 Site pattern Building block Site

The area around the plot of Handwerkers Vriendenkring is in the north side bounded by the railway between Amsterdam Amstel station and Amsterdam Central station. On the other sides the building block is surrounded by other building blocks. Handwerkers Vriendenkring is part of the Transvaalbuurt in Amsterdam. The Transvaalbuurt is a small neighbourhood in the east of Amsterdam. Between the railway and the building block is a green area. The building block is part of five buildings in a row all designed by the architect Leliman. On the south side of the block there is the ‘Ringvaart’, a canal.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

2. Context

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Figure 9.2.4 Morphology scale 1:5000

2.03 Morphology Building blocks

Handwerkers Vriendenkring is located in the Transvaalbuurt. It is a neighbourhood outside the city centre of Amsterdam. The building block is surrounded by other building blocks. The inside of the building blocks around are most of the time filled with green. The buildings are placed quite close together. They are separated by the street. The building blocks in the neighbourhood are relatively large. The form of the building block is a rectangle with on two sides a cove. This creates a small square on both sides.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

2. Context

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Figure 9.2.5 Street pattern scale 1:5000

2.04 Street pattern Building block Streets Rail road

The pattern of the street is mainly created by the positioning of the building blocks. The street follows parallel to the building blocks. There are three types of roads. The main road, the streets between the building blocks, and the street only available for bikes and pedestrians. The streets who surrounds the building block are part of a rectangular street pattern. The street on the north side of the building follows parallel to the railway.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

2. Context

Figure 9.2.6 Acces floor plan 1:1000

2.05 Access Urban fabric Primary acces courtyard

The building block is accessible in various ways. The courtyard has a main entrance at the south side of the building. The courtyard is also accessible by an entrance at the north side of the block. That is the secondary entrance. All the dwellings have their own entrance faced to the streets. The apartments on the first, second and third floor have a collective entrance on the ground floor. The building block is surrounded by two one-way streets, this means that the building block is accessible in two different directions from the street.

2. Context

Figure 9.2.7 Acces isometric view

2.05 Acces Urban fabric Primary acces courtyard

2. Context

Figure 9.2.8 Relation 1:1000

2.06 Relation Urban fabric Building block

The building block is part of a row of five blocks designed by the same architect, Leliman. The blocks adjacent to the building block, also have a courtyard in the middle of the block. At the north side of the building there is a railway. Between the block and the railway, there is vegetation located. Most of the surrounded building blocks have a rectangular shape. The building block stands out because of the notch on the two long sides.

2. Context

Figure 9.3.1 Volume

3.01 Volume The building block consists of 4 levels with a roof. The building has an rectangular shape, with a hole inside. On the long side in the middle there is a notch. This is on both sides. The notch at the south side is bigger then the other one. The south side is the main side of the building. The building is the second block of five in a row. These blocks are all designed by Leliman. In the second building block of Leliman, the form is not rectangular as would expected. The building block reacts to its surroundings . The block makes a clear gesture towards its surroundings by creating a public square at both sides of the building. The faรงade is in the middle placed back to create the importance of the entrance. Another feature to clarify the main entrance is the steeple in the middle of the part where the building block is laid back. To soften the corners of the

3. Exterior

public square, not straight corners are used, but an angle which is more friendly towards its surroundings, this also causes a more accessibility to the courtyard and the public square.

Figure 9.3.2 Acces, situation 1:1000

3.02 Access Primary access Secondary acces

The main entrance of the building block is on the south side, in the notch, there is the access to the courtyard. It is on the ground floor. The second primary access is on the other side of the building. The space after entering the gate is a courtyard. This courtyard is for the residents of the building block. The appartments have their own entrances. The entrances are all faced to the street. The appartments of the upper floors have a shared entrance. This shared entrance is for 3 appartments.

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.3 Access, isometry

3.02 Access Primary access Secondary acces

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.4 Treshold isometry

3.03 Treshold Hard treshold Soft treshold

The brick facade of the building block is the main barrier between the dwellings and the outside. It is the hard treshold between the outside. There is further no fence around the building. The hard brick facade is therefor the hard treshold. The inside of the building block is more friendly then the outside. Therefor the facade on the inside of the block is a soft treshold.

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.5 Treshold ground floor 1:400

3.03 Treshold Hard treshold Soft treshold

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.6 Symmetry 1:400

3.04 Facade composition - symmetry Contour

Symmetry is like a thread through the building. In relation to the surroundings of the building block, the symmetry is a main focus point in the building. According to the symmetry, the proportions of the building block are in comparison to the urban surroundings and the street. The symmetry causes a uniform building block. The symmetry can be seen at different levels, in the faรงade and the floor plans. Looking at the floor plan there is one line of symmetry which splits the block in two parts. In the faรงade, there are more elements which uses symmetry. The floor plans consist of symmetry, they are reacting to the faรงade.

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.7 Symmetry 1:400

3.04 Facade composition - symmetry

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.8 Transparancy long side facade 1:400

3.04 Facade composition - transparancy Contour

The transparancy analysis shows that the facade is really open and transparant. There is a very wide set of openings in the facade, which makes the whole building quite transparant to the outside and to the inside of the building block. The large windows in the facade makes it possible to have a wide view to the outside and to the inside of the building block. The large windows make the building more friendly.

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.9 Transparancy short side facade 1:400

3.04 Facade composition - transparancy

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.10 Rythm facade 1:400

3.04 Facade composition - rythm Primary rythm Secondary rythm

In the facade a strong rythm is visible. Due to its symmetry there is a rythm visible of the windows and details in the facade. There is rythm used to determine the openings in the facade, which is also reacting on the floorplans.

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.11 Materials of the facade, brick 1:400

3.05 Facade materials Brick

3. Exterior

The facades of the building block mainly consists of brick. On the streets or the squares facades pressures from urban order. Monumental facades frames the squares. The brickwork is applied in red Waal-river bricks. In some places of the facade there are details made with the brick. Details in the facade are made of brick, but also from concrete. The main entrance is framed by concrete. The roof consists of tiles, they cover the entire roof. The dormer windows are from wood, also the window frames consists of wood. The cornices are made of wood.

Figure 9.3.12 Materials of the facade, concrete1:400

3.05 Facade materials Concrete

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.13 Materials of the facade, glass 1:400

3.05 Facade materials Glass

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.14 Materials of the facade, sinc 1:400

3.05 Facade materials Sinc

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.15 Materials of the facade, wood 1:400

3.05 Facade materials Wood

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.16 Materials of the facade, tiles 1:400

3.05 Facade materials Tiles

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.17 Ornaments 1:400

3.06 Ornaments Ornaments

3. Exterior

The ornamentation of the facade constists mainly of brick details. These details decorates the facade, it is only esthetic. It ensures that the appearance of the facade is urban. The upper part of the brick facade is made out of another brick pattern. This is in contrast of the original brick pattern. The facade of the main entrance has more ornamentation then the rest of the facades. This ornamentation consists of concrete. At the top of this facade there is a decoration with the sign of Handwerkers Vriendenkring.

Figure 9.3.18 Architectonic detail of parts of the facade 1:100

3.07 Architectonic detail - fragments Concrete Sinc Wood

The facade of the building block is not highly detailed. The brick pattern on the top of the facade gives a more detailed impression. The main entrance of the block is the most detailed. There are different brick patterns used. Also the frame of the gateway to the courtyard is detailled out of concrete. Also the oriel in the facades gives a more detailed impression of the facade. The concrete cornice is also special for this facade. Above the windows the bricks are rotated 90 degrees, so it stands out in the facade. The other fragment of the facade shows the different brick pattern on the top of the facade. The brick crosses over on the facade of the ground floor. Underneath this brick there is a concrete edge and there are ornaments from masonry.

3. Exterior

Figure 9.3.19 Private and semi-private ground floor 1:400

3.08 Private and semi-private Private Semi-private

3. Exterior

The courtyard of the block, the whole of the gardens, is playing a double role. Every garden is on its own a private back space for the houses on the ground floor. Together, the gardens compose a court for the residents of the other floors. The remaining part of the garden is semi-private. This part is for communal use, all the residents of the building block can use the courtyard.

Figure 9.3.20 Typology isometry

3.09 Typology The building block is constituted by an uninterrupted border of houses build around a central non-build space. Generally the building block has a rectangular shape. It is made out of three to four building layers with an attic floor. Also the construction is generally build out of masonry. The monumental system of the building block is based on simple classical figures; continuous and equally organized facades, symmetry, the treatment of the corners which underlines the symmetry and defines the hierarchy of the streets. In the second building block of Leliman, the form is not rectangular as would expected. The building block reacts to its surroundings . The block makes a clear gesture towards its surroundings by creating a public square at both sides of

the building. The faรงade is in the middle placed back to create the importance of the entrance. Another feature to clarify the main entrance is the steeple in the middle of the part where the building block is laid back. To soften the corners of the public square, not straight corners are used, but an angle which is more friendly towards its surroundings, this also causes a more accessibility to the courtyard and the public square.

1. Castex, J., Depaule, J., Panerai, P.(2003), De rationele stad, Uitgeverij SUN. Amsterdam. pg. 97-147.

3. Exterior

Outside Streetfacade Continuous and composed Accessible Refers to city Representation Displayed Stamp of the architect

Inside Back façade and garden Fragmented and ordinary Semi‐accessible Refers to the house Using Concealed Stamp of the residents

Figure 9.3.21 Relation exterior and interior 1:400

3.10 Relation exterior and interior Soft character

3. Exterior

This analyses has been made to explore the relationship between the space outside the building block and the space inside the building block. To empower the working class, Leliman tried to give every workers family an ‘individual’ house, he repeated several features of traditional Dutch houses. This features are for example: the ground floor is directly situated on the street side and the backside is extended with a small garden. The building block from Leliman is built from this principle; directly access to the houses, a small garden for the ground floor and loggia’s at the backside of the building for the houses on the other floors. The contradiction between the border and the center of the block. The façade on the street side conforms to the urban quality of the architecture and the architect can dominate this.

The inner façade is more gently designed then the outer façade. The outer façade focusses on the urban character, on the other hand the inner façade aims to the courtyard and the communal and soft character of this. In the scheme a comparison is made between the outside and the inside of the building block.

3. Exterior

Type 4

Type 6

Type 2

Type 5

Type 1

Type 3

Figure 9.4.1 Type of dwelling 1:400

4.01 Types of dwelling Type Type Type Type Type Type

1 2 3 4 5 6

4. Interior

There are 6 types of dwelling. Some of these types are repeated . In further research, the floor plans are splitted into these 6 types. These 6 types are analysed.

Figure 9.4.2 Logistics type 2, ground floor, first floor, second floor and third floor 1:200

4.02 Logistics Route

The residents enter the dwelling and then come into the hallway. From the hallway the livingroom can be reached. From the livingroom the kitchen is accesible. Some bedrooms are situated on the livingroom. From the hallway, not all the rooms are accesible. Other rooms have to be entered before the destination room could be accesed.

4. Interior

Figure 9.4.3 Logistics type 2, ground floor, first floor, second floor and third floor 1:200

4.02 Logistics Route

4. Interior

Figure 9.4.4 Logistics type 3, ground floor, first floor, second floor and third floor 1:200

Figure 9.4.5 Logistics type 4, ground floor, first floor, second floor and third floor 1:200

4.02 Logistics Route

4. Interior

Figure 9.4.6 Logistics type 5, ground floor, first floor, second floor and third floor 1:200

4.02 Logistics Route

4. Interior

Figure 9.4.7 Logistics type 6, ground floor, first floor, second floor and third floor 1:200

4.02 Logistics Route

4. Interior

Figure 9.4.8 Routing type 1 floorplans 1:200

Figure 9.4.9 Routing type 1 isometry 1:200