Maria Fernanda Casado Pineda. #5
First Part
Approaches in Psychology Is an approach that looks at our genetics to build a reason as to why we act the way we do and why we develop abnormal behaviors. Are the chemical reactions in the brain. The biological approach believes that mental illnesses are caused by: 1. Brain differences 2. Genetics We can relate this topic with the children because this biological approach examines the genes, hormones and nervous system of each of the children. In that way is possible to see how they act with the environment and how they interact with the society.
Important -The brain and nervous system are the biological approach and so are chemical changes in the body -it is all biology. -Cognitive explanations involve the way we think and how our thinking develops and has led to cognitive behavior therapies. -Social psychological explanations involve the way we learn from others around us - our peers and family and how we learn to model and imitate that behavior.
Refers to mental activities
•Thinking •Remembering •Learning •Using language
Apply to
•Learning •Teaching
Focus on understa nding
•Information •Concepts
Jean Piaget He became interested when he saw the reasons that children gave for their wrong answers on the questions that require logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children. Children are born with a very basic mental structure (inherited) on which all learning and knowledge is based.
Three basic components to Piaget’scognitive theory
Schemas: (building blocks of knowledge) Processes that enable the transition from one stage to another (equilibrium, assimilation and accommodation) Stages of development: Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
Is based on the concept of explaining behavior through observation, and in the belief that our environment is what causes us to behave differently. The main categories of behaviorism are: - Classical Behaviorism: It holds that observable behaviors are the only phenomena a psychologist should be concerned with, because observation is required for both objective interpretation and measurement. - Methodological Behaviorism: Is a normative theory about the scientific conduct of psychology. It claims that psychology should concern itself with the behavior of organisms. Psychology should not concern itself with mental states or events or with constructing internal information processing accounts of behavior. - Radical Behaviorism: Employs what is known as experimental analysis of behavior. Approach developed by psychologist B.F. Skinner. Radical behaviorism also holds that environment is the primary cause of behavior.
Studies the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences. Is the scientific study of human behavior and mental process. Through expanding research methodologies to recognize cultural variance in behavior, language, and meaning it seeks to extend and develop psychology. In 1972 the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established. This branch of psychology has continued to expand as there has been an increasing popularity of incorporating culture and diversity into studies. Cross-cultural psychology is differentiated from cultural psychology, which refers to the branch of psychology that holds that human behavior is significantly influenced by cultural differences, means that psychological phenomena can only be compared with each other across cultures to a very limited extent. In contrast, cross-cultural psychology includes a search for possible universals in behavior and mental processes. Cross-cultural psychology "can be thought of as a type research methodology, rather than an entirely separate field within psychology".
Evolutionary psychology is a theory of human behavior that incorporates the effects of evolution. As our ancestors confronted problems, they developed ways of solving those problems. Over time, the most successful solutions developed into basic instincts. We no longer need to consciously think about certain behaviors, as they simply “come naturally.” A common examples are
language acquisition ability to communicate
"Humanistic" psychology is similar to existential psychology (which includes Adler's concepts of "subjectivism" and "apperceptive schema") of which Rogers and Maslow, as well as Rollo May, were key leaders. The approach itself assumes that personality and human behavior are not externally caused (nature, environment) nor caused by the past (heredity) but are the result of the individual person's creativity and choice. (Again, concepts first introduced to psychology by Alfred Adler.) Humanism would concentrate upon the development of the child's self-concept. If the child feels good about him or herself then that is a positive start. Feeling good about oneself would involve an understanding of ones' strengths and weaknesses, and a belief in one's ability to improve. Learning is not an end in itself; It is the means to progress towards the pinnacle of self-development, which Maslow terms 'Selfactualisation'. A child learns because he or she is inwardly driven, and derives his or her reward from the sense of achievement that having learned something affords. This would differ from the behaviourist view that would expect extrinsic rewards to be more effective. Extrinsic rewards are rewards from the outside world, e.g. praise, money, gold stars, etc. Intrinsic rewards are rewards from within oneself, rather like a satisfaction of a need. This accords with the humanistic approach, where education is really about creating a need within the child, or instilling within the child selfmotivation. Behaviourism is about rewards from others. Humanism is about rewarding yourself!
Humanistic Approach
Freud’s philosophy on the treatment of psychological disorders was focused on the psychodynamic theory, or psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is considered to be “...the most comprehensive theory yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities”. Psychoanalysis is based on the theory that there are no accidental behaviors, but that all of them are based on past experiences (Comer, 2007). Freud began his work on the psychodynamic model with Josef Breuer, starting with hypnosis and hysteria. Hysteria is an illness which seems to have no medical cause yet can produce tragic symptoms. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory is based on normal and abnormal behaviors and how to treat them. When determining what shapes a person’s personality, Freud believed that there were three major factors “...instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards” (Comer, 2007, p. 55). He theorized that these forces were in the unconscious level and could not be brought forth by a conscious decision to. These three factors were the id, the ego, and the superego. The id contains the instinctual needs, the ego contains the rational thinking, and the superego contains the moral standards (Comer, 2007).
Psychoanalytic Approach
My Personality I’m very sensitive
I’m not sure for my decisions Is difficult for me say no
Need to improve my organization
I’m proud
MaFer Kind
I believe in what people say to me
I fight for what I want
Casado
Sweet
Tolerant
Need to control myself more
Lovely
Need to improve my confidence in other persons.
Reflection
A Psychological Approach is a theory created by a psychologist. This theory is applied to different aspects of Psychology, the approach basically provides an explanation of a specific topic from a certain point of view.
There are 7 approaches in psychology: 1. Biological approach - Examines how our genes, hormones, & nervous system interact with our environment. 2. Cognitive approach - Focuses on how we process, store,& use information. 3. Behavioral approach - Analysis of how learning occurs based upon reward & punishment. 4. Psychoanalytic approach - Based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of later personality traits & psychological problems. From Sigmund Freud's work. 5. Humanistic approach - emphasizes individual freedom in directing a one's future. Developed in part as a result of Abraham Maslow's dissatisfaction with psychoanalysis & behaviorism 6. Cross-cultural approach - Studies the influence of cultural & ethnic similarities & differences. 7. Evolutionary approach - Studies how evolutionary ideas, such as adaptation & natural selection, explain behaviors & mental processes. There are many different theories of personality, the first step is to understand exactly what is meant by the term personality. The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which referred to a theatrical mask work by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their identities. A brief definition would be that personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.
Second Part
FairyTales Are types of short stories that typically features European folkloric, fantasy characters, such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, dwarves, giants, witches, mermaids, or gnomes, and usually magic or enchantments.
Wolf Conflict between controlling or letting one's impulses free (devouring or not devouring) Conflict between aggression and superego (if he eats, the hunter will punish/kill him) Oral needs Dominance
Dwarf Fear of possible dangers/insecurity (may be a thief, witch will kill them too) Coping with danger (they will kill the witch, ways of deceiving her, hide) Self - image (doubting their ability to help, concern about their small stature or their appearance)
Witch Dominance/ambitions Self- image (she is getting old, her magic power is diminishing, nobody loves her, she is ugly) low self-esteem Mother - child relationship (mother image) Narcissistic feelings (she wants everyone to admire her) Sibling rivalry fear of getting punished for wrongdoing Aggression
Giant Aggression Dominance Oral needs Self - image (he is ugly/dumb/ nobody) Father-child relationship (rare) Sexual feelings (he wants to find a girlfriend)
Mother Image Severity of superego (She begs mother to forgive her, she wants the story to end with “Card 1� because she deserved mother's punishment) Conflict between pleasure (playing, cutting flowers) and moral restrictions (she must visit her sick grandmother) Fear of abandonment/rejection Depression
Personality Fairy tales are loved by the children because despite all the angry, anxious thoughts in his mind and any feeling, to which the fairy tale gives body and specific context, these stories always result in a happy outcome, which the children cannot imagine on his own.
Reflection Children of all ages love fairy tale stories, from the happily-ever-after fairy tales that young children love to the hilarious fractured variety so popular in the middle grades to the reinvented fairy tales that adapt common fairy tale stories to modern settings. The world of Fairy Tales is one filled with excitement, enchantment and imagination. Children all over the world are exposed to these wondrous tales from the time of their birth and continue telling them to their own children and grandchildren. Why? Because fairy tales represent everything magical that is not present in every day life. Children are particularly fond of fairy tales because they allow them to explore the depths of their creativity and imagination. Many fairy tales also teach every day values that children depend on for solidarity throughout their adult lives. The tales are classics of a particular kind; they are children's classics, artful adaptations of life and form which grip the imaginations of little folks.