Socio-spatial dimensions of Liveability in Otaniemi

LIVEABILITY

SOCIO - SPATIAL DIMENSIONS SPT-E8010 - Smart and Liveable City Studio Chau Nguyen

ABSTRACT The report reflects the study project for the course “Smart and Liveable City Studio” in the context of Otaniemi. From the main theme, this study aims to explore the socio-spatial dimensions of “liveability” in order to provide comparative indicators between the current and future situations in Otaniemi. For theoretical background, there have been excessive researches about indicators for liveability in different aspects and multiple dimensions.

Consequently, a place-based indicator in the context of Otaniemi should encompass the social and physical aspects of built environment. The provided data from Aalto Real Estate company (ACRE), the city of Espoo and Helsinki Regional Transport (HSL) merely form the basic information for the ongoing projects in Otaniemi and human behaviors in the area.

According to the inadequate resource, this project aims to harvest open-source data from Open Street Map (OSM) and Google Map and apply computational methods for spatial analysis. In general, this study explores the potential of open-source data and the computational tools. Thereby it implies an integrated system for a smart and liveable Otaniemi, where spatial analysis and human behaviors can be crowd-sourced and accessible for interested parties.

KEYWORD: Socio-spatial dimesion, Liveability, Space Syntax

INDEX 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.3 METHODOLOGY

2. FINDINGS 3. CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION

1.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION The notion “urban liveability” has been extensively discussed with the raising concerns about environmental issues and regional economic competitions. One approach is to relate the aesthetics and physical characteristics of built environment, thereby producing the economic and social functions of urbanity (Alexander, 1977; Bacon, 1967; Krier, 1993; Massengale and Dover, 2013; Kashef, 2016). Another approach is concerned about the human well-being with sense of community, social interaction and generators of urban vitality (Bressi, 2002; Calthorpe and Fulton, 2001; Duany et al., 2013; Kashef, 2008 and 2016; Leccese and McCormick, 2000). Furthermore the system approach associate urban livability with other all-encompassing terms, such as “sustainability,”“biodiversity,” and “ecosystem” (Ruth and Franklin, 2014; Nassauer, 2011) and emphasise to minimalise the impact of cities on natural environment (Kashef, 2016). Nevertheless indicators for liveability “should be easy to interpret and incorporate into planning processes and documents, and need to be accompanied by information about their rigor, validity and reliability” (Lowe et al, 2015).

On that ground, this report investigates the socio-spatial dimensions of liveability in two aspects, social and spatial features. Social features are reflected by the distribution of amenities in the focused area and the interest places of Helsinki citizens in the survey by HSL. The spatial dimensions are investigated by space syntax method and the network analysis.

Firstly, these computational modelling methods can predict the future situation. Second, the synchronisation of current patterns of activities and spatial analysis enhances suggests the potential for new services in Otaniemi. Data set is collected from open-source map Open Street Map (OSM) and Google Map, provided partly by the city of Espoo and ACRE. The original data is classified into layers of street network, buildings, nodes of amenities and further on.

The findings aim to achieve the research objective about socio-spatial dimensions of liveability and answer research questions: 1. How is the current Otaniemi characterised by human activities and spatial qualities?

2. What are the impacts of new projects in Otaniemi?

3. What are the potentials to develop new projects in Otaniemi?

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Before proceeding, it is worthy to note the prevalent perspective about liveability with the physical characters of built environment. Kevin Lynch (1960) studied the perpetual form of urban environment, thereby identified the elements of urban legibility (path, node, landmark, edge, and district) and how physical environment captures and refigures temporal processes. Jane Jacobs (1961) has a great influence on urban designers with her vibrant writings about urban life which emphasises the guidelines for healthy cities with finegrained grid, high densities, mixed uses of residential and commercial uses, mixed age of buildings and the interaction on the street level or eye on the street. In The Fall of Public Man, Richard Sennett (1978) argued public life has become a matter of formal obligation in modern times. Moreover, the private and personal have taken precedence over the public and impersonal, as society become less interested in public matters and more driven by private interests and personal desires. He further states, the “unbalanced personal life and empty public life “ are manifested in the dead public space of modern architecture, with few opportunities for social interactions. Focusing on human activities in public life, Jan Gehl has conducted long time surveys on public spaces about public life, insists on enduring commitments and focus on human interest. A decade later, these efforts draw more interests in architects and others for people-oriented values in cities. “ A good city is like a good party”, Gehl says in the Urbanized (2011), a feature-length documentary about the design of cities, “You know it’s working when people stay for much longer than really necessary, because they are enjoying themselves.”

PUBLIC LIFE IN PUBLIC SPACES From Jan Gehl’s emprical studies, it suggests the relations of outdoor activities with spatial quality of physical environment (1971). There are three types of outdoor activities: necessary, optional and social activities. Necessary activities relate to all everyday tasks, such as going to school and working, and slightly influenced by the physical framework. Conversely, optional activities (or free-time activities) depend on exterior physical conditions. “When outdoor areas are of poor quality only strictly necessary activities occur. When outdoor areas are of high quality necessary activities ... tend to take a longer time”. Social activities depend on the presence of the others in the street. These activities occur spontaneously when people interact with each other. It implies that social activities are indirectly supported where necessary and optional activities are given better conditions in public space.

Taken altogether, a sustainble and liveable public space must be inviting and attracting more optional activities.

chapel 1 event hall 1 hotel 3 theater 3 sauna 3 hairdresser 11 student club 7 museum 3 sports 5 library 2 books 2 arts_centre 1 attraction 1 artwork 14 cinema 2 alcohol 1 information 2 florist 1 clothes 11 accessories 1 jewelry 3 tea 1 tattoo 1 photo 1 furniture 2 toys 1 interior_decoration 1 pet 1

86 *amenities in Suur Tapiola district

restaurant cafe pub fast_food

48 14 5 4 71

*amenities in Suur Tapiola district

Passive contacts (seeing, hearing people) in city street and centers Active contacts (greetings, conversations) in residentail streets, near school, near places of work

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES

3 TYPES OF OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES

NECESSARY ACTIVITIES

Sitting, sunbathing, enjoying life

Everyday tasks Majority of walking activities Only slightly influenced by physical framework

Especially dependent on exterior physical conditions

High quality of physical environment Increase duration, more possibilities Poor quality of physical environment Restricted or minimum DIAGRAM 1: TYPES OF ACTIVITIES

healthcare 1 office 10 university 45 school 2 atm 1 kindergarten 7 fuel 4 convenience

4 pharmacy 3 kiosk

3 department_store 1 post_office

1 bank

6 Real Estate 1 public_building 2 shoes 2 laundry 2 supermarket 3 dentist 1 estate_agent 1 optician 3 clinic

2 community_centre 1 electrical 1 variety_store 1 funeral_directors 1

109 *amenities in Suur Tapiola district

SPACE SYNTAX Space syntax is an evidence-based approach to planning and design, with a focus on the role of spatial networks in shaping patterns of social and economic transaction. Research using the space syntax approach has shown how: movement patterns and flows in cities are powerfully shaped by the street network; this relation shapes the evolution of the centres and sub-centres that affects the well-being of people in the city; patterns of security and insecurity are affected by spatial design; spatial segregation and social disadvantage are related in cities; buildings can create more interactive organisational cultures (Hillier and Hanson, 1984). In other words, the spatial configuration of urban environment facilitates movement based on its geometric properties. The more a certain space is accessible and central in relation to all other spaces in the city, the more likely it will attract movement, social interactions and activities. This criteria gives the foundation for spatial dimension for liveability.

There are two main measures in Space Syntax: • Integration (closeness): measures how many turns have to be made from a street segment to reach all other street segments in the network, using shortest paths. If the number of turns required for reaching all segments in the graph is analyzed, the analysis is said to measure integration at radius ‘n’. In practical terms this would mean that pedestrians would end up to such a space more often and with less effort.

• Choice (betweenness): this measure describes how likely you are to pass through the segment on trips, and so it’s potential as a route, from all segments to all others. Choice is easiest to understand as a ‘water-flow’ in the street network. Imagine that each street segment is given an initial load of one unit of water, which then starts pours from the starting street segment to all segments that successively connect to it. Each time an intersection appears, the remaining value of flow is divided equally amongst the splitting streets, until all the other street segments in the graph are reached. Choice can be restricted to limited local radii, for example 400 metres, 800 metres or 1600 metres (for mathematical formula see Hillier & Iida, 2005).

These spatial attributes can then define the type of land use that would fit best in this space with high value of choice and integration. In brief, integration represents the to-movement potential of a space, and choice the through-movement potential (Hillier, 2014). In addition, isovist analysis of open public spaces in Otaniemi is constructed, in which viewshed or visibility polygon, the field of view from any particular point are visually integrated in the computational model of public spaces. Criticism for this method is the equal treating to all streets and destination and overemphasis on the buildings as attractors. The findings from this method need to be peer-reviewed with other empirical surveys and observations.

1.3 METHODOLOGY Social dimensions of Otaniemi reveal partly in the patterns of activities in different functions and opening hours. Activity patterns are outlined by the locations of all functional amenities which attract certain kind of human activities in the public space. Data is collected from open source map Open Street Map and Google Map. In addition, different uses are classified into day and night time. The daytime pattern is reflected from the survey by HSL and personal interested places. This social dimension is not based on the subjective knowledge of the residents in Otaniemi.

Furthermore, the report investigates spatial dimensions with space syntax method. Based on previous studies, spatial quality is measured by the accessibility. Whereas another member of the working group focused on accessibility of public transportation, accessibility in this case is defined as the integration and choices from space syntax analysis by Hillier (1989). The spatial analysis is synchronised with the activity patterns to indicate where people are most likely to pass by. Finally, perceived accessibility is studied by the isovist and visibility integration with agent-based model. In the final part, the impacts of new projects in Otaniemi are studied with service area based on the network analysis. The locations of new projects are calculated in distance with the street network, proposed light rail and the metro line to create a service map in distance of 150 meters, 500 meters and 1500 meters.

WORKING PROCESS DATA COLLECTING: • From the open-source map OSM, resources from ACRE and Espoo city, the survey by HSL about interest places.

• Google Map provides data about opening hours and missing amenities in the OSM database.

DATA PROCESSING: • The GIS data is classified into street network, building polygons and nodes, amenities nodes with functions. Missing amenities are added manually in the GIS program.

• Axial map is simplified from the street network to remove broken and isolated lines.

• Nolli map is created in CAD program from ACRE data to provide the open spaces for isovist analysis.

• Data from HSL is simplified to daily places for latter analysis.

WORKING PROGRAMME: • Depthmap for space syntax method • QGIS and ARCGIS for NETWORK ANALYSIS • Layout and synthesis in Adobe Illustrator and InDesign.

LIVEABILITY SOCIO-SPATIAL DIMENSION

COLLECTING DATA

SOURCE

DATA

NOLLI MAP OPEN SPACES

ANALYSIS

OTANIEMI ACRE map

OSM BASE MAP

HSL SURVEY Interest points

LANDUSE PATTERN PUBLIC SPACE pattern New PROJECTS

BUILDINGS, STREETS and METADATA

Interest places Activities DAILY USES (SCHOOL - WORKPLACE)

STREET NETWORK

NECCESSARY ACTIVITY

SYNTHESIS DIAGRAM 2:WORKING PROCESS

AMENITY NODES

SOCIAL ACTIVITY

BUILDINGS ENTRANCES

OPTIONAL ACTIVITY

SOCIAL PATTERN

BUS CONNECTION

DAYTIME PATTERN

AXIAL MAP SEGMENT MAP

NIGHT PATTERN

ACTIVITY PATTERNS

SERVICE AREA ANALYSIS

METHOD

DAILY PLACES

INTEGRATION

SPATIAL QUALITY

ACCESSIBILITY VISIBILITY

CHOICE

ACTIVITY DATA

VISIBILITY

SPACE SYNTAX

CENTRALITY

ECONOMIC IMPACT in SPACE (SERVICE AREA)

NETWORK ANALYSIS

SERVICE AREA

2.

FINDINGS

NECESSARY ACTIVITIES

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES

Legend Social Activities [71] Necessary Activities [109] SCALE 1: 25 000

ACTIVITY PATTERN

OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES

SCALE 1: 50 000

Optional Activities [86]

Activity patterns are mapped by the functions of amenities which are availble in OSM and Google Map. Additionally, the operational hours of amenities are based on the Google data and divided into opening hours all day, only day, only weekdays or all week.

Based on that database, the night pattern is reflected by available services during nighttime. For the daytime service, the data from HSL with interest places is filtered to get the everyday places. This daytime pattern is more precise than the nighttime pattern.

The daytime pattern relfects the attractive nodes in the centre of Otaniemi campus for working and studying activities. Other functions such as shopping and sport are related to those specific amenities. This daytime pattern is correlated with the activity pattern.

Legend Otaniemi_Metroline Otaniemi_Building Street network Proposed Railway Daily Interest Points School and Daycare center Shopping Study- and Workplace Freetime activities Water Coastline

DAYTIME PATTERN

SCALE 1: 25 000

There is no available data about interest places during nighttime. Accordingly, nighttime pattern includes residential nodes and the available amenities.

The hublines connect the housing nodes to the nearest amenities. It reflects the limited choices of activities during night time in Otaniemi. The housing areas are gravitated to the side of Tekkarikylä and the private houses in the side of Otaranta and the southern part of Tekniikantie. There are saunas and pub in Tekkarikylä. The gas station and convenient stores run day and night in the southern part, which serve mainly the car drivers on that side.

This night-time pattern reflects the segregated pattern of activities in Otaniemi.

Future projects should offer more service around the clock, especially connect the the heart of Otaniemi to Tekkarikylä and Otaranta.

Legend Amenities Nodes Night Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities Connection from home to amenities Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities Otaniemi_Metroline Otaniemi_Building Street network Proposed Railway Residential Nodes Water Coastline NIGHTTIME Land CoastlinePATTERN SCALE 1: 25 000

Heatmap of daily interested places is overlapped with the buffer zone in 150 meters of amenities. It reflects the current amenities meet the basic requirements of current uses.

Interested places are concentrated in the heart of Otaniemi, where the new metro station and the proposed light rail. However, the Tekkarikylä is neglected in this map.

The reason is laid in the survey questions about their activities in that interested place. Consequently, people did not mention their living places. This map reflects mainly the working, studying and shopping activities in everyday life. Other leisure activities are less frequent than daily uses and being filtered out of the dataset. Limited leisure activities are noted in the area of Otahalli sport facility.

SCALE 1: 25 000

DAILY INTEREST PLACES WITH BUFFER 150m FROM AMENITIES

SCALE 1: 25 000

Legend Amenities Nodes Night Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities Connection from home to amenities Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities

INTEGRATION R=150m

SCALE 1: 25 000

Integration (closeness) highlights how close each segment is to all others under different types of distance and at different scale, this is known as “to-movement�. Integration describes how easy it is to get to one segment from all other segments.(Hillier & Iida, 2005). This index has been used to predict the volume of pedestrians and possible social interactions. It has been observed in different cities and urban configurations, that the higher the integration of one urban space, the more popular the place for pedestrians (Cerrone et al, 2015).

INTEGRATION R=1500m In limited radii 150 metres, the index of integration in Otaniemi is equal and not well-integrated. In broader radii 1500 metres, the centre of campus and the connection to Keilaniemi highlight the centric integration. In comparision with the amenities, the Keilaniemi can foster a new node of public life. The project in Kivimies is located closely to that node.

SCALE 1: 25 000

Legend Amenities Nodes Night Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities Connection from home to amenities Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities

CHOICE R=150m

CHOICE R=1500m

SCALE 1: 25 000

Choice (betweeness) measures the quantity of movement that passes through each spatial element on shortest or simplest trips between all pairs of spatial elements in a system. Whereas integration represents the to-movement potential of a space, and choice the through-movement potential. These two measures can be explained as selecting a destination from an origin (integration), and choosing a route, and so the spaces to pass through between origin and destination (choice) Choice value is normalised with the value of total depth in segment

angular analysis (Hillier et al, 2012).

Analysis of choice in limited local radii 150 metres highlights the places that area most likely to attract movement in Otaniemi. The nodes of amenities are located in correlation with this local choice analysis.

In further radii 1500 metres, choice analysis identifies the equal situation of movement in Otaniemi. There is no clearly distinction of favour places to pass through.

SCALE 1: 25 000

Legend Amenities Nodes Night Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities Connection from home to amenities Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities

NODE R=150m

SCALE 1: 25 000

Axial node count is the number of axial lines encountered on the route from a line as an origin to all others. (Turner, 2004) Analysis of node count in limited radii 150 metres highlights the attracting nodes of intersections in Otaniemi. In general, there are three main nodes near the main building of the campus, the junction on the north of Otaranta and the location of the gas station in Miesten tie.

In broader radii 1500 metres, the square Avarinaukio becomes the most attracting node. It correlated with observations in Otaniemi when

NODE R=1500m the bus stops are located nearly and other amenities like library and restaurants in a good walking distance.

The new entrance points of metro station will be located in close distance to this node.

“In the field of space syntax: an agentbased model is a simulation of individual movement behaviour in which ‘agents’ choose their direction of movement based on a defined visual field derived from visibility graph analysis, in which agents have access to pre-computed information about what is visible from any given location in the map. The agent-based model allows the programmer to simulate the likely behaviour of people as they navigate through the environment” (Penn & Turner, 2001) From the nolli map of Otaniemi, a VGA grid was created in order to form the visibility graph in which the agent movement density highlights the pass-by movement of 10 000 agents. This visibility graph is created with the random next step rule with 5000 steps.

Each grid square is incremented every time an agent steps on it.

Alvarinaukio square is the biggest open space in Otaniemi with the highest density.

The problem with this visibility graph is to neglect the topography. It is beneficial for optimasation design proposals. For instance, in a smaller scale, the visibility graph becomes more precise with real objects in the site.

At some extent, this finding can be correlated with observed movement in Alvarinaukio and Ainonaukio. It idenfifies the potential in Konemies and Väre projects.

1000m

AGENT-BASED MODELLING 10000 AGENTS

“Visual integration measures visual distance from all spaces to all others” (Hillier, 2007).

This graph is constructed based on the visibility graph. Visual isovists is the basis for integration calculation.

It highlights the visual closeness of the main building and Väre project. However, this computational model neglects the different topography and detailed landscape objects.

1000m

VISUAL INTEGR ATION OF OUTDOOR SPACE

In comparison, the centrality of buildings is analysed based on the distance and weight of buildings with the GIS network. The road network is constructed in ArcGIS to be abstract and simplified from the actual road network.

The comparative method is the urban network analysis (City Form Lab, 2013) which focusing for dense urban structure. “The UNA tools incorporate three important features that make them suitable for spatial network analysis. First, they can account for both geometry and topology in the input networks, using either metric distance (e.g. Meters) or topological distance (e.g. Turns) as impedance factors in the analysis. Second, unlike previous software tools that operate with two network elements (nodes and edges), the UNA tools include a third type of network elements buildings - that are used as the spatial units of analysis for all measures.� (City Form Lab, 2013, p.6).

Since topology of the input network from OSM data is incomplete, the reach, closeness and betweeness analysises are incomplete. The centrality map reflects the calculated distance from the centroid nodes of buildings to the network in metric distance.

The weight of buildings affect the characteristic of centrality in this map.

In further study, urban network analysis would bring comparable results with space syntax method.

SCALE 1: 25 000

CENTRALITY

BUILDINGS IN URBAN NETWORK

Service area analysis in a significant part of network analysis in ArcGIS toolbox. This analysis aims to evaluate the accessibility.

Concentric service areas how accessibility varies with different impedance.

In this analysis, the locations of new projects are specified in the urban network.

The calculated impedance is based on the metric distance. In particular, a 150 meters service area for a point on a network includes all the streets that can be reached within 150 meters from that point.

Service area of new projects predict the impact of these projects in Otaniemi. For e.g., the project in Kivimies strengthens the connection Keilaniemi with the inner part of Otaniemi. The southern part of Tekniikantie is out of the service areas. Otakaari project with long-shaped typology is represented by a simple node. This map focuses on the district level. For buildings, service map can predict the potential locations for attractive entrance points.

Legend New_Projects Service Area of New Projects 150 500 1500 Otaniemi_Metroline Metro Entrance Otaniemi_Building Street network Proposed Railway Water Coastline SCALE 1: 25 000

NEW PROJECTS -

SERVICE AREA 150m - 500m - 1500m

This synthesis between current amenities with new projects reveals the opportunity for new social and free-time amenities in the centric service area.

Legend New_Projects Service Area of New Projects 150 500 1500 Otaniemi_Metroline Metro Entrance Otaniemi_Building Street network Proposed Railway Water Coastline Amenities Nodes Necessary Activities Optional Activities Social Activities SCALE 1: 25 000

NEW PROJECTS - AMENITIES SERVICE AREA 150m - 500m - 1500m

3.

CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

DISCUSSION

1. How is the current Otaniemi characterised by human activities and spatial qualities?

The current Otaniemi is centralised in the main building area. There is a few of local nodes in the side of Otaranta and Keilaniemi. Human activities are measured by availble amenities in Otaniemi. Otaniemi campus is mono-centric in night and diversified during daytime.

During daytime, the campus is lively with diverse choices of service in good walking distance. However, the night-time pattern reflects the missing of liveble amenities. This analysis suggests the need for more services in Otaniemi.

1. Peer-reviewed researches As mentioned in the findings, space syntax analysis should be correlated with observed studies in place. To avoid biases, space syntax can be the initial study of urban performance.

Other studies will mitigate the weakness of space syntax. On one hand, space syntax can be used to inform the constraints and opportunities of the urban areas regarding to the node and the street network. It brings the insights on how the spatial design can be optimised and how to test different design proposals.

For spatial accessibility, this study focuses on the buildings and street network. In peer-reviewed studies in the group, another member investigates the accessibility of public transportation. Another member conducts observations on site of Otaniemi. Taken together, the study is an evidence-based approach to liveability in Otaniemi.

2. What are the impacts of new projects in Otaniemi?

Spatial qualities are investigated in both the quantity of amenities and spatial analysis by space syntax method. The central Alvarinaukio square fosters a meeting place in the heart of Otaniemi. Therefore, the project in Otaranra could generate urban atmosphere in the street level. In addition, the projects in Väre and Konemies are promising to strengthen the outdoor activities. The project in Kivimies can provide a new attractor in the side of Keilaniemi.

3. What are the potentials to develop new projects in Otaniemi?

In general, space syntax provides illustrative and evidence-based materials for further discussion in Otaniemi. However, all findings need to be peer-reviewed with observations and emprical studies of human experience. The computational model neglects the different purposes of activities and destinations. Choice in space syntax method does not reflect the subjective decision, but giving the potential places that people pass by.

Additionally, urban configuration in space syntax is based on the functional feature of buildings and demographic number. Dynamics of socio-temporal activities in Otaniemi are not illustracted in space syntax analysis. It implies the potentials of temporary uses around the clock in Otaniemi.

The main resource of this study is collected from OSM and open to access. In other words, it is possible to have an integrated platform for smarter Otaniemi based on crowd-sourcing GIS data. The main programmes are QGIS and Depthmap, which are all open source and educational. There are many niches for research in this field.

2. 3DGIS On one hand, space syntax can be used to inform the constraints and opportunities of the urban areas regarding to the node and the street network. It brings the insights on how the spatial design can be optimised and how to test different design proposals. On the other hand, in space syntax all streets are weighted equally. So a street with no building is weighted equally with a street with tall buildings; an residential land-used area is weighted the same as the commercial one. Accordingly, spatial phenomena need to take into account the three dimensional geometry and land-use values of the network.

A comparative method is suggested by City Form Lab(2013) which calculating the weight of buildings into the spatial analysis. This method needs to be investigated further.

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