DICHOTOMY OF THE DUMP
Dichotomy of the Dump A THESIS submitted by A.S.Madhulikaa 2014701541 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE under FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING In DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
ANNA UNIVERSITY Chennai - 600025
DECLARATION I, hereby, declare that this thesis, entitiled “Dichotomy of the Dump�, is an original work and has been completed under the guidance of Dr. Ranee Vedamuthu. It has not been the basis of the award of any other degree, diploma, associateship or fellowship under any other institution. Acknowledgement of sources of information compiled in thesis, has been duly made.
DATE: Signature of the Candidate A.S.Madhulikaa 2014701541
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
It is certfied that this work, forming a part of course AR8811, Semester X, B.Arch, entitiled “Dichotomy of the Dump� , submitted by Ms. A.S.Madhulikaa, Roll No 2014701541 to the department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University, is a bonafide record of the work carried out by her under my supervision. Certified further is that this work/report, to the best of my knowledge, does not form a part of any other dissertation or thesis on the basis of which a degree for conferred, on an earlier occasion, on this, or any other candidate.
1. 2.
External Jury Supervisor Date: Date:
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT DEAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am indebted to the School of Architecture and Planning (SAP), Anna University for providing me with the wonderful opportunity of carrying out my undergraduate studies there. I would like to thank the Dean, Head of the department, seniors staffs, faculty of SAP and all my teachers at college for their support and motivation. I owe my gratitude to my thesis cordinator Dr. Ranee Vedamuthu, external project guide Ar. Shakthivel for always propelling me to go above and beyond. Their valuable inputs have played a major part in bringing the project to its current form. I am grateful to my internal project guides Muthulakshmi Ma’am and Asha Reshma Maam for their invigorating inputs and constant support without which completing this thesis would have been very difficult. Ar. Aarthi, my mentor at PNP and Ar. Carol through their practical anecdotes and experience, have provided indispensable inputs which have helped my project move further along. A special thanks to my friend Ananditha. A conversation with her resulted in my tryst with this topic. I would not be the person I am today if not for the principles and values instilled in me by my school teachers. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them profusely. Finally I would like to thank my parents, grandparents, family and friends for their infinite and unconditional love. Heartfelt thanks is due to all my friends, both from college as well as school, for extending their support whenever I needed it. This thesis would not have been possible without the help and of my juniors whom I would like to thank at this point. Above all, I thank God for the strength to pursue this thesis.
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The Issue, Interest, and Intent
It is a very casual practice for a person to discard a product or any material without a second thought. Imagine the 5400 MT1 of garbage, generated by Chennai on a daily basis, thrown away, just like that. Although unnerving, that is the state of solid waste disposal and management in Chennai today. The waste collected from the 15 zones of Chennai is directly dumped into the two designated dump yards in the city - 270-acre site at Kodungaiyur and the 228-acre site at Perungudi. An indifferent attitude in the minds of the public, as well as the officials concerned, over the past three decades, has now ultimately resulted in the existing dump yards almost reaching their full capacity. This just doesn’t begin to describe the problems caused due to uncared for dump yards. In both the sites, leachate generation is a major environmental issue damaging both the surface as well as the groundwater. Eating fish from the waters nearby or plants grown from the soil nearby could lead to short-term as well as long- term health issues for the locals. The plethora of pollution-re-
lated issues caused by a toxic cocktail of chemicals, bio-waste, and sanitary waste are a cause of major concern for the locals. The government has a multi-crore proposal currently in the works to revamp the existing conservancy process and set up of two waste-to-energy units at the existing dump yards. This will result in the permanent closure of the dump yards. In their place, two waste to energy plants (WTE) will be set-up with a production capacity of 26MW in Kodungaiyur and 32MW capacity in Perungudi.
Aim
An integrated solution to maximise the types of waste that can be treated at a single facility is proposed to enable a more efficient and scientific method of waste management. Another key component of the approach is to generate public awareness regarding the simplicity of the solid waste management process. This will help foster a sense of community and purpose. Dichotomy of the Dump
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GENERAL STUDY ON THE CHENNAI SCENARIO METHODS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OTHER INDIAN CITIES
5400metric tons of waste generated per day in Chennai
SECONDary Collection
Transportation of waste to landfills
Zone number
Name of zone
I
Thiruvotriyur
II
Manali
III
Madhavaram
IV
Tondaripet
V
Royapuram
VI
Thiru-Vi-Ka Nagar
VIII
Ambattur
VIII
Anna Nagar
IX
Teynampet
X
Kodambakkam
XI
Valasaravakkam
XII
Alandur
XIII
Adyar
XIV
Perungudi
XV
Sozlinganallur
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Teritary Collection
Transportation of waste to Transfer Stations
Door to Door Commercial Area Road Sweeping Bulk Waste
PRIMAry Collection
In Chennai, the solid waste management in majority of its zones is looked after by the solid waste management department of the Chennai Corporation headed by the superintending engineer. They look after clearance and management of solid waste through door to door garbage collection in all zones and night conservancy carried out in bus routes/roads/markets/commercial areas. Currently the collection of garbage in the three zones of Kodambakkam, Teynampet, and Adyar is handled by Ramky (Chennai Municipal Solid Waste Management – Private contractor)
Graph depicting the increase in generation of solid waste through the years
Most of the waste generated is from households and is biodegradable in nature & most the waste generated is just dumped in the dumpyards without any prior treatment 94% Open Dumping 20% Recyclables / Household waste 30% Inert Materials 50% Biodegradable Material 6% Composting
Urbanization is increasing all over the world and that’s not the only thing on the rise. With increasing urbanization comes a steadily increasing amount of municipal waste. Apart from the stink that we would have to deal with, it would become extremely difficult to manage such huge amounts of waste generated.
Different methods of Solid waste management Waste is defined as an unusable or unwanted substance or material. It can be in solid, liquid or gaseous form. Solid waste is a term usually used to describe non-liquid materials arising from domestic, trade, commercial, agricultural and industrial activities, and from public services. Although as per the solid waste management hierarchy prevention and reduction of waste is most preffered way of dealing with waste, there is a necessity to think about the already generated waste that needs to be disposed off.
Approximate waste generated in Chennai per day - zone wise
The different methods of solid waste management can be broadly classified into Thermal, Biological, Pyrolysis/Gasification and Landfill methods and furthered divided into sub categories as shown above
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In depth study about two of the processes chosen due to their efficiency and public-friendly factor respectively
Kumbakkonam generates 70 MT of MSW per day. The exisiting 7 acre dumpyard was biomined by ZIGMA, a tamil nadu based company, on a BOO model in 2015.
Current status of the site: Out of 1,31,250 m3 more than 1,00,000 m3 has been processed and aggregates successfully disposed. Out of 7.5 acres dumped with garbage more than 5 acres has been reclaimed. The ULB has built a RCC Compost Pad and a 70 MT per day MSW Processing plant in the 2 acres land reclaimed. The entire quantity is estimated to be processed in another two months time. The Dump Yard is a site to see now. Similar method of treatment of waste is in progress in Pammal, Poonamalle, Chidambram, Tambaram, Pallavaram, Hosur. It is also being proposed to start at Namakkal, Mayiladhuthurai, Vaniyambadi, Arani and Villupuram. Plans to implement in Chennai include Pallikaranai and Athipattu.
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BIO-MINING in TAMILNADU
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A facility where recyclable municipal solid waste is processed and separated using manual and/or mechanical methods. The recovered materials may include paper, glass, plastics, and metals, which are baled, temporarily stored, and eventually sold to recycling or manufacturing firms.
Material Recovery Facility (MRF) No burning processes involved - no toxic gases - no heat generated
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Other Indian Cities PUNE
Solid waste processing plant
Landfill
PROBLEM: Rapidly filling up landfill of the city. A growing city with increasing problem of garbage management ACHIEVEMENT: Use of innovative garbage treatment technologies such as biogas, composting and refuse-derived fuel
ALAPPUZHA PROBLEM: The city’s main dumpyard was closed due to protests by people living in surrounding areas ACHIEVEMENT: Decentralised waste management. 100 per cent segregation in 12 of the city’s 23 wards. 80 per cent households now have biogas plants and pipe composting system
The Alappuzha municipality had been dumping waste for decades in a six-hectare plot it owns in Sarvodayapuram, a village in the Mararikkulam village panchayat. In June 2012, the residents of Sarvodayapuram protested against waste dumping in their backyard. After significant discussion, the village panchayat allowed the municipality to bring in just 4–5 tonnes of waste per day. In November 2014, the panchayat disallowed even this. The strict stance of the rural local body pushed the city into a corner. The Clean Home Clean City programme was started in 12 of the most urbanised wards, covering 12,000 households, as a pilot project. The plan was to make the maximum number of households set up portable or fixed biogas plants. Those who did not have enough land were advised to go for pipe composting. In addition to this, the municipality has also set up model aerobic composting units called Thumnurmuzhi in public spaces. 100 per cent segregation was achieved in 12 of the city’s 23 wards. 80 per cent households now have biogas plants and pipe composting system.
In 2009, the Pune municipal corporation, PMC, decided that localised energy generation was a good way to mitigate part of its waste. The first municipal biogas plant was set up in Model Colony, a locality of 4,000-odd residences. The residue from biomethanation, compost, is used in PMC’s gardens.The plants are set up on the public-private partnership model. Also, over 12 per cent of the 80,000odd commercial and residential buildings have started composting their wet waste because PMC provides property tax rebates to such buildings under its Eco-Housing Scheme. Besides biogas plants, the city boasts centralised and decentralised composting and vermicomposting facilities, a waste recycling plant using refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and a waste-to-electricity plant using thermal gassification technology.
PANAJI PROBLEM: Weak infrastructure, unhygienic civic conditions. Since the city is a tourist centre, it has to be kept clean for the local economy to flourish
ACHIEVEMENT: The city has become bin-free, with an excellent colour-coded five category waste segregation system
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Live Case study - RDF plant at Hadapsar, Pune Dichotomy of the Dump
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CASE STUDEIS
From the outset, the goal was to design a waste-to-energy plant that is simple, clean, iconic and a deserved indicator of the forward thinking developments that are being made within the waste-to-energy sector in China, and how this can be portrayed not only to the surrounding residents of Shenzhen but to the world. By proposing a clean circular form, the footprint of the plant is controlled and reduces the amount of excavation required to build on the site. When complete, the Waste-to-Energy plant will be the largest of its kind in the world.
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SHENZEN WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT Size/ 112,645 m² Location/ Shenzen, China Competition/ 2016, 1st prize, international competition Client/ Shenzhen Energy Environmental Engineering Ltd. Architect/ Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects Partner architect/ Gottlieb Paludan Architects Structural Engineer/ Schlaich Bergermann Partners Visuals/ Beauty & the Bit
SYDHAVNS RECYCLING CENTER - DENMARK Size/ 1500 m² Location/ Copenhagen, Denmark Client/ Amagerforbrænding Architect/ BIG Partners in chrge/ Bjarke Ingels, David Zahle Project Leader/ Nanna Gyldholm Møller Design Team/ Julian Salazar, Jesper Henriksen, Karol Borkowski, Paolo Venturella, Tiago Sa, Rasmus Pedersen, Romain Pequin, Tobias Hjortdal
“In its simplest form the recycling station is a way to start thinking of our cities as integrated manmade ecosystems, where we don’t distinguish between the front and back of house. But rather orchestrate all aspects of daily life, from consumption to recycling, from infrastructure to education, from the practical to the playful into a single integrated urban landscape of work and play,” says BIG.
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WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT - DENMARK
“The new plant is an example of what we at BIG call Hedonistic Sustainability – the idea that sustainability is not a burden, but that a sustainable city in fact can improve our quality of life. The Waste-to-Energy plant with a ski slope is the best example of a city and a building which is both ecologically, economically and socially sustainable,” Bjarke Ingels Founder and Partner, BIG. The slope is ecological using a recycled synthetic granular, upending the convention of the energy intensive indoor ski resort. Access to the slopes is via an elevator along the plant’s smokestack providing views into the plant, giving glimpses of its internal workings finally reaching an observation platform 100m above giving sightseers an unobstructed view from one of the tallest structures in Copenhagen.
From a distance, the entire building is wrapped in a vertical green façade formed by planter modules stacked like bricks turning it into a mountain from afar. The surrounding topography is sculpted by Topotek 1 & Man Made Land to form a park which offers informal sport activities in summer and winter. Along its western border a field of hills will mimic a mogul piste. A path system throughout the park interconnects the whole site and creates good connections to the neighbouring residential area.
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KUPPAI THIRUVIZHA
The first edition of the Kuppai Thiruvizha was organised by Kuppai Matters, a branch of CAG (Citizen consumer and civic action group), Chennai in 2017.
Public space or any government-managed premise were the factors taken into consideration while selecting a place to execute the Thiruvizha - PUBLIC PARKS Central - Nageshwar Rao Park, Mylapore North - Murasoli Maran Flyover park, Perambur South - Elcot Avenue Park, Shozhinganallur Activities: Stalls, workshops, hands on experiences, waste management clinic, e-waste collection, storytelling (thrust on issues of Kodingayur dumpyard, etc), folk art, games, talks by conservancy workers. Themes focussed on: 1. Adverse effects of plastics on the environment, the need to avoid them 2. parallels to nature of dumpyards in fringes of the city and the new tenements in Chemmencherry and Kannagi Nagar Dichotomy of the Dump
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OVERALL APPROACH STRATERGIES
Tackling the problem of waste management in Chennai APPROACH:
DECENTRALISED - INTERGRATED - NETWORK
The Proposed Network between the Transfer stations
Upcycling is defined as the reuse of discarded materials or trash into a product of higher value or quality. The concept of upcycling doesn’t end with the waste processed at the MRFs; in fact it begins there. MRFs and other area specific needs like biogas and composting facilities have been proposed at existing transfer stations. The transfer stations are being revamped to process waste in a more efficient and scientific manner. Thus, the sites chosen for the upcycling of waste are also being upcycled in the sense that they are transformed into a facility capable of processing waste in a more efficient and timely manner. Therefore, we are able to identify patterns of macro (transfer station level) and micro (the actual waste being processed) upcycling events.
MACRO and MICRO Upcycling
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Waste processing also has certain bottlenecks associated with it. Time is a critical factor. For example, biodegradable waste has to be treated appropriately within 3-4 days, failing which it starts decomposing to release toxic fumes. Leachate is a toxic byproduct of this process which can seep into the ground and cause potential contamination of the water table. Therefore a decentralized network of MRFs, biogas and composting facilities are being proposed to process waste in a timely and scientifically appropriate manner. MRFs, biogas and composting facilities are being integrated into the same site to facilitate the proper segregation and ‘under one roof’ processing of waste, keeping in mind the time factor. An additional advantage offered by the prototype nature of the design is the ability to integrate future sites into the existing network.
Giving back to the public. Transfer stations have the potential to be public spaces that can serve the dual purpose of recreation as well as a step towards a sustainable tomorrow
“TRANSFORM TRANSFER stations into places of public TRACTION”
THE PROTOTYPE APPROACH TO THE SITES 1 acre - MRF, office, bio-degradable waste processing 2 acre - 1 Acre + training institute 4 acre - 2 acre + commercial/recreational spaces 6 acre - 4 acre + inert materials processing + public plaza
APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF) PROTOTYPE
ENT
AR
LINE
M NGE A R AR
COMPACTED ARRANGEMENT
One of the bottlenecks of designing factories is the linear nature of the processing equipment used. Their ‘assembly line’ like characteristics occupy space linearly which necessitates a large site area. The approach adopted here to address this bottleneck is two pronged. First, the structure and flow of the processes has been compacted so as to fit into a smaller area. Second, the form of the building is curvilinear. A curvilinear form has a lower building footprint when compared to a rectilinear form for the same area. Therefore, this form can be adapted to suit any site- Prototype approach.
Derivation of Architectural programs
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TRANSFER STATIONS INTERVENTIONS AT - Mylapore - Saidapet - Pulianthope - T Nagar
Interventions at the 1acre, 2 acres Transfer Station sites
1 - MYLAPORE 2 acres
Zone IX Transfer station
Type of waste majorly produced
F E R S TAT I O N
To cater to the needs of this area, a MRF facility, biogas and composting facilities are being proposed at the existing transfer station. In addition, there will be facilities to compost the flowers and extract natural dye from the waste. A community space is also proposed to foster public engagement with the up-cycling process. A multipurpose AV room can be incorporated as a space to hold educational discussions and workshops.
Regarded as the culture centre of the city, mylapore is famous for its places of worship and centres to foster classical art and dance forms. It is also one of the city’s oldest residential areas. Apart from the general municipal solid waste generated, there is also a lot of flower waste which is unique to this area. Therefore in addition to the MRF facility, composting and biogas facilities proposed at the site, there will be facilities to compost the flowers and extract natural dye from the waste. The site identified is a two acre existing transfer station at Mylapore which has been rendered useless Type of waste due to indiscriminate dumping. A community space is also proposed to majorly foster public engagement with the up-cycling process. A multipurpose AV produced room can be incorporated as a space to hold educational discussions and workshops.
Mylapore at
Saidapet
Type of waste majorly produced
tation
Alandur is a residential area of Chennai with a rapidly increasing population. By 2030, it is estimated to have a population of 300,000. The large population of Alandur generates proportionally large amounts of biodegradable and non biodegradable municipal solid waste. Some of the waste generated is also dumped into the [river]. This adds to the already existing problem of water hyacinths on the river surface. Due to indiscriminate dumping of waste in the local transfer station, it has been rendered useless.
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1 - SAIDAPET
1 acre
Composting and biogas facilities are being proposed at the existing transfer station to primarily tackle the water hyacinth waste. They can also be used to process the biodegradable domestic waste. In addition to these facilities, a MRF is also proposed at the site to process the waste generated in the area. Since the transfer station at Alandur measures one acre in size, due to space limitations, public integration facilities have not been proposed at the site.
Type of waste majorly produced
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3 - PULIANTHOPE
2 acres
Type of waste majorly produced
To cater to the needs of this area, a MRF facility, biogas and composting facilities are being proposed at the existing transfer station. Additionally a drop off centre for waste, is also being proposed as a means to integrate public participation in the upcycling process. The public will also be exposed to workshops and seminars on the various methods of upcycling that can be adopted in their day to day lives through a multipurpose AV room which will be built at the site. A small community playground is also provided.
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4 - T NAGAR 1 acre
Type of waste majorly produced
Huge amounts of biodegradable and non biodegradable municipal solid waste generated by the residents of the area. In addition to this, the commercial establishments generate considerable amounts of one time plastic waste. High public density in the areas surrounding shops also adds to the waste generated, especially one time use plastics. The waste collected from public dustbins and from houses in the area is dumped in the local transfer station which is around one acre in size. Due to indiscriminate dumping, the transfer station has been rendered useless.
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TRANSFER STATIONS INTERVENTIONS AT ATHIPET
The Athipet locality in Ambattur is an industrial cum residential use area. The industries generate a lot of metal, plastic and wood (furniture) waste. The transfer station in this area has also suffered a fate similar to the transfer stations in other areas of the city like Mylapore and T.nagar. Unsystematic dumping of waste has rendered the transfer station at Athipet useless. [Several reports have been published in local newspapers about the ‘mountains of waste’ and stench and stalling the daily lives of the residents of Athipet.] Therefore, proposing an MRF at the existing transfer station can address the problem of ‘unsystematic dumping’ since the MRF can segregate waste.
Atthipet Transfer station Already existing dumpyard of almost one and a half storeys high. Dilaptitated exisiting transfer station infrastructure.
Type of waste majorly produced
Proposed Interventions Dichotomy of the Dump
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APPROACH TO THE ATTHIPET SITE
The already existing dump can be cleaned using the bio-mining method. A phased approach can be adopted.
The purpose of public integration in the waste sorting processes at the MRF is two fold. In addition to educating the public about how such processes work, it will inculcate a sense of personal investment in the MRFs and prevent the facilities’ fall to ruin.
PHASE 1 PHASE 2
PHASE I will involve setting up of the MRF, compost, bio-methanisation and inert material processing spaces.
Outdoor workshop spaces
PHASE II after clearing up the dump, will integrate the public.
Urban park
Upscale Retail/ workshop spaces
Rooftop gardening activity spaces
A clear zoning of the public spaces and the solid waste management spaces is achiebed
Bio-degradable waste Municipal Solid waste Dry waste Public drop off of recyclables Public zone
Bio-degradable waste treatment MRF
MRF office & training Institute
Public Recyclables Drop off
Truck weighing Waste drop off area (trucks)
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Experience of viewing the MRF, looking down on it from a public gallery space
1
Huge volume of plastic bottles used in the construction of MRF walls
Studio spaces where the waste materials are upscaled/ transformed into new products
2
Workshop spaces for handon, learning and interactive sessions Retail spaces for upcycled/ second hand goods
3
Roof top activities like gardening, composting
Urban park featuring play equipments made of ‘waste’ materials
Waste to art sculptures that stand as a testiment to the significance of the space. Some even interactive in nature.
The public’s movement within the site mimics the movement of waste as well.
Earth bags exposed at certain parts of the walls of the retail/ workshop spaces .
Conceptual sketch, depicting the movement of public in the site
The plastic bottle wall serves as a visual reinforcement of the concept that the life of a product is not over when it is commonly perceived to be so.
The public viewing gallery provides a space for the people visiting the MRF to view and appreciate the different processes that are carried out to separate the waste. Visual access to the processes helps drive home a strong message about the validity of upcycling.
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Needless to say, there is still a long way to go in order to achieve total and meaningful public participation in the waste management process. However, this thesis hope to serve as a point of reference, ‘somewhere to start’, so to speak and help foster discussions and new innovative ideas in this field.
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REFERENCES
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