International Journal of Engineering Research Volume No.8, Special Issue No.1
ISSN:2319-6890 (online), 2347-5013(print) 7th&8thMay. 2021
Sustainable facade for commercial buildings Madhur Agrawal, Ar. Preeti Kale Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Architecture, Akurdi, Pune. Email: madhuragrawal1208@gmail.com Abstract :Nowadays it becomes very essential to practice sustainability. As you know most of the buildings have full glass façade which trap heat; make human discomfort and increase the consumption of air conditioning. The aim of this research paper is to make people aware of the right façade design for their climatic region. So The objective of this paper to study the different types of material and technologies and how to reduce the mechanical sources of ventilation also, it should be costeffective, durable, climate-responsive, and aesthetically pleasant which helps us in designing the most sustainable façade for commercial buildings.
Key words: Sustainability; carbon footprint; human comfort; climate-responsive; façade; thermal comfort; I.
INTRODUCTION
These days most of the commercial building just adopting the western façade technologies; Providing glass façade is become very common but it adversely affecting environment. Energy consumption in commercial building increase sufficiently. More no. Of Air conditioner are widely used to make human comfort but it affecting the people health it makes peoples sick and people becoming dependent on mechanical mean of ventilation. The connection between indoor to outdoor atmosphere is become less. For good health human need good natural light and ventilation by designing sustainable façade we can achieve good human comfort and it also decrease the energy consumption and carbon footprint. For different climate zone different strategy is used. As this research paper is limited to Pune, Maharashtra region only. Façade is one of the building elements which can contribute to consume energy and human comfort within building. Energy and natural resource are depleting rapidly, so it is becoming important to study and designing façade which reduce the energy consumption and makes human comfort. By studying the climate of Pune, we come to know that Pune has hot semiarid climate, using the strategy for this region will give us most suitable sustainable faced for commercial building. Façade must follow these functions: • Provision of view to the outside. • Resistance of force from the wind load. • Bearing its own weight. • Implementation of daylight strategies to Minimize use of artificial source of lighting. • Protection from solar heat gain (harmful radiation). • Protection from noise. • Resistance to rainwater and moisture penetration. IJER@2021
II.
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
Selection of right material for the sustainable façade designing plays major role. In sustainable façade design there are two important factors to consider are as follow: • Improve thermal performance of building envelops. • Minimize thermal bridging. Thermal bridging inside a wall happens wherein a fantastically conductive cloth, including a steel help, penetrates the façade’s insulation layer. This may notably affect the thermal overall performance of the wall, and lower its powerful thermal resistance (Lawton et al., 2010). Thermal bridging can occur in all sorts of facades. Thermally unbroken aluminum mullions in curtain walls are rather conductive and transfer warmth from the outdoors to the indoors, lowering the general thermal performance of the facade. Fabric choice also has an environmental effect. It is becoming increasingly essential to pick materials that have the least poor effect on the surroundings. The existence-cycle assessment method may be used to determine environmental impacts of fabric selection, in which material contents, production techniques, energy necessities, and waste are analyzed to identify the real value of a cloth, reflecting the total amount of its environmental effect (ISO, 2006). Selecting materials based totally on the embodied strength information is also the correct approach for thinking about environmental effects. The embodied electricity is the quantity of power required to extract, method, transport, set up, and recycle or remove a fabric, and is commonly measured in keeping with mass or volume of the fabric. While evaluating the embodied energy of facade systems, the measurements have to be based totally on location in preference to mass or quantity, considering the embodied energy of character additives and materials of the façade. Different types of sustainable façade technologies, both currently used as well as futuristic approaches will be studied in detail. Analysis of the thermal behavior of different façade systems and materials along with case studies of façades from varying climatic zones will be carried out. III.
CASE STUDY
The selected buildings have been already evaluated using one of the score structures or standards for high-overall performance homes, and their power overall performance statistics (metered or simulated) become available. The
150
International Journal of Engineering Research Volume No.8, Special Issue No.1 selected homes had been occupied for at least 2 years and feature as a minimum 5 floors. To make bigger the evaluation, six buildings with exceptional plan profiles (rectangular, square, L-shape, and i-shape), electricity-saving techniques, and building envelope substances are selected.
2.
ISSN:2319-6890 (online), 2347-5013(print) 7th&8thMay. 2021 Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon
The homes decided on for are as follows: • ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon • Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon • Infosys, Hyderabad • Volvo-Eicher Corporate Headquarters, Gurgaon • Indra Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi. From the chosen case research except for Indra Paryavaran Bhawan (IPB), power consumption records were acquired thru simulation at the same time as IPB constructing energy performance records has been obtained thru power audit of metered intake. 1.
ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon.
Figure 1 View of ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon
ITC Green Centre, located in Sector 3, Gurgaon, was one of the first buildings in India to adopt green building practices and is still considered a benchmark for green buildings. ITC Green Centre achieved the twin aims of allowing abundant natural light and reducing heat gain in the interiors by using advanced high-performance glazing solutions (HPCB, 2010; ITC Green Centre, 2017). With a built-in area of 15,799 m2 (of which 9294 m2 is air-conditioned and 6505 m2 is non-airconditioned), the ITC building includes features such as solar thermal technology, reflective high-albedo roof paint, minimal exterior lighting, separate smoking rooms with an exhaust system, and zero water discharge. More than 10% of the building materials were refurbished from other sites, and 40% of the materials were obtained from within 500 miles of the project site.
IJER@2021
Figure 2 View of Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon.
Wipro technologies, Gurgaon, was honoured by means of the US green building Council in 2005 with a leadership in power and Environmental layout (LEED) platinum award (fiftyseven factors), which makes it the second-highest platinumrated green building in the international and the best platinumrated green building in India. The primary focus of the design is the inverted cone strategically placed at the pass junction of roads, which presents visibility to the building. The open-tosky panorama courtyard is the most hanging characteristic of the constructing, which keeps it cool at some stage in summers because the courtyard partitions obtain mutual colour and continue to be cooler than the outdoor walls. Furthermore, all of the open office areas neglect the courtyard, which consequently permits appropriate get admission to sunlight hours and maximizes the outside view. The courtyard acts as a multifunction tool, mild nicely, microclimate generator, and social area (The 3C organization, 2017). A discounted common warmth conductance from the envelopes and features together with terrace gardens, excessiveperformance glazing with top-of-the-line visual mild transmittance, exterior mild cabinets, overhangs on all of the windows, green chillers, efficient lights, and sufficiently daylit indoors spaces with photo sensor controls make Wipro technology an exemplary energy-efficient building (fiftyone% savings over the ASHRAE base case; ASHRAE, 2013). Furthermore, the wooden used for the development of the constructing turned into sourced from shipwrecks at Jamnagar port (layout and development, 2016).
151
International Journal of Engineering Research Volume No.8, Special Issue No.1 3.
Infosys, Hyderabad
Figure 3 View of Infosys Hyderabad
Software development Block 1 (SDB-1) in the Infosys campus, Hyderabad, has cooling systems, particularly a variable air extent (VAV) device and a radiant cooling machine with a committed outside air gadget, within the halves of the building. Hence, the Infosys campus was the primary radiantly cooled building in India, which resulted inside the world’s biggest HVAC side-via-facet assessment. Therefore, the constructing is surprisingly instrumented to measure the have an impact on of those two systems. Other techniques followed to reduce strength intake consist of suitably orienting the building (north–south orientation) and optimizing the WWR (< 30%) to reduce solar heat benefit. The usage of external shading and mild cabinets maximizes the quantity of daylight inside the dwelling region and reduces glare. Capabilities consisting of natural air flow, an ECBCcompliant building envelope (Srinivas, 2005), water-efficient landscaping, low-electricity green constructing substances, solar panels, electricity-efficient fixtures with occupancy sensors, and wastewater recycling and reuse enabled SBD-1 to gain a 5-celebrity rating from GRIHA (GRIHA, 2018). 4.
Volvo-Eicher Corporate Headquarters (VECH), Gurgaon
Figure 4 Volvo-Eicher Corporate Headquarters (VECH), Gurgaon
VECH, positioned in area 32, Gurgaon, turned into designed with the aid of Romi Khosla layout Studios. The constructing received the arena structure Award and LEED platinum rating in 2012. VECH turned into meant to be a nation-of theartwork metallic building with the minimal possible usage of energy and assets in its creation and operation (Singhal, IJER@2021
ISSN:2319-6890 (online), 2347-5013(print) 7th&8thMay. 2021 2014). The VECH building has specific diagonally braced steel structure units outside the main constructing envelope, at the back of which square-fashioned building blocks made almost entirely of glass and metal are located to the east and west of a significant circulate middle. The building structure is designed to have column-unfastened area, which increases the quantity of workspace available for offices, thereby allowing better sunlight hours penetration in the constructing and providing flexibility for future realignments and reuse of the building area. Furthermore, a series of double-curved louvers are hooked up in the constructing. The louvers are willing at certain angles for reflecting the sunlight such that an excellent mild depth is achieved during the office space. Therefore, negligible artificial light is needed within the workspaces (Romi Khosla layout Studio, 2017). A large share of reused substances and a very excessive percentage of renewable substances, mainly railway sleepers and tiles crafted from 30% recycled content, had been used throughout the construction of the constructing. The HVAC system runs below the floor and comprises a heat recovery device that reduces the air-conditioning load of the constructing by 30% (Khosla, 2017). Moreover, all the lighting paintings on movement sensors, and the bathroom and kitchen water is recycled. 5.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan (IPB), New Delhi
Figure 5 View of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan (IPB), New Delhi
IPB has the very best green score in India and is situated at Aliganj, Jor Bagh road, New Delhi. The constructing has applied strength and water communication measures to comply with GRIHA’s five-big name certification and the LEED platinum rating. The building has blocks facing the north–south route, with a massive open-to-sky court inside the centre, which permits pass ventilation and deep penetration of daylight into the indoors workplace area. The constructing is oriented such that it conserves herbal areas and trees, which reduces adverse environmental effect (Prashad and Chetia, 2014). Other passive design functions integrated inside the constructing for decreasing its operational power necessities consist of shaded landscaped regions to reduce the ambient temperature, insulated walls and double glass in fenestration to reduce warmth switch, use of recycled and domestically
152
International Journal of Engineering Research Volume No.8, Special Issue No.1 available substances, and a user-friendly built environment (GRIHA, 2017).
IV.
RESULTS AND TABLES
ISSN:2319-6890 (online), 2347-5013(print) 7th&8thMay. 2021 fenestrations, and shaded windows can effectively reduce the HVAC load of buildings in composite climate. Building plan configuration: Placing service areas with limited openings as thermal buffers on the west side and minimizing the surface-area-to-volume ratio are some of the strategies for controlling the heat gain and consequently reducing the cooling load. Moreover, placing the service core along the facade allows natural ventilation and lighting. Mixed-mode ventilation system: The mixed-mode ventilation system can effectively reduce the energy consumption for cooling. The effectiveness of ventilation can be improved using special design elements, such as atriums and landscaped courtyards, which can increase the penetration of daylight into the plan.
Graph 1 HVAC performance index
WWR: A very low WWR reduces the cooling load. However, it also reduces the availability of natural light inside the building, which increases the lighting and heating load. The case studies indicate that the cooling and lighting loads of a building are reduced if the WWR is less than 40% and the maximum plan depth (between external facades) is 15 m. ITC
Wipro
Year of completion Significance
2004 Platinum-rated by LEED 52/69
2005 Platinum-rated LEED 57/ 69
% of air-conditioned space
59
Long axis of the building-oriented NE–NW.
Building configuration Orientation
Placement of core
Typical floor area (m2) No. of floors above ground Floor-to-floor height (m) Aspect ratio Compactness ratio (perimeter/area) Plan depth (m) overall Window parameters Overall WWR (%) Shading device
Graph 2 Comparison of percentage of air-conditioned area in selected buildings
Sill level (m) Window height (m) Building envelope materials Wall assembly U-value in W/m2K
Central, East, and West 2047 6 (2B + G + 5) 3.6 1:1 9.9
IPB
VECH
2011 Platinum-rated by LEED
2014 Platinum-rated by LEED Five starrated by GRIHA
2012 Platinum-rated by LEED World Architecture Award
65
70
38
100
Square plan facades in the NE, SE, NW, and SW
N–S orientation
N–S orientation
NE–SW orientation
Central, West
Central
Central and West
Central
East,
by
and
33 Few windows shaded with horizontal louvers 0.3 2.1
250-mm AAC block with 70-mm stone cladding and 12.5-mm plaster inside U-value: 0.607
Roof assembly U-value in W/m2K
120-mm RCC roof with a 76-mm ISO board in the interior U-value: 0.335
Glazing type U-value in W/m2K
Double-glazing window (6-12-6), SC = 0.26, and Uvalue = 1.81 W/m2K
4073 6 (G + 5)
3.6 1:1 9.5
3.6 1:2.4 9.7
13
18
35 Horizontal louvers
25 Recessed window
20 Box
0.8 1.6
0.8 1.8
0.8 1.8
Fly-ash-based AAC block blocks U-value: 0.63
Wall insulation and cavity wall with insulation Uvalue: 0.36
AAC block masonry wall and fly-ash-based plaster and mortar U-value: 0.34 Stone and ferrocement jaalis used in the circulation area.
75-mm extruded polystyrene reduces heat transmission by 50%. Roof finish with high Reflection material Solar reflective index (SRI) > 78 U-value: 0.31 6-mm glass + 12-mm air gap + 6-mm highperformance glass (ST150, light blue grey, U factor of 1.81 W/m2K) 21% reflectance and 39% transmittance Reduction in the heat gain by 15–20%
Roof with insulation Uvalue: 0.33 Cool roof: 2.6 million ft2 area covered with a white roof Reduction of approximately 5% in the HVAC energy
Double-glazing with argon gas U-value less than 1.2 W/m2K Low SHGC with low-e glass SHGC: 1.8
Occupancy HVAC type and capacity ECBC recommends COP: 5.4
10 h (5 days per week) NA Central, 2850 kW capacity, 18 m2/TR COP: 6.1
10 h (5 days per week) 1305 people Central, 2285 kW capacity, 25 m2/TR COP: 6.5
8.5 h (5 days per week) 2600 people Central, 1400 kW capacity, 75 m2/TR COP: 7
Lighting fixtures
T5 and CFL lamps (daylight sensors)
Light shelves, T-5, and CFL
Light shelves, T-5, and LED fixtures (daylight sensors)
5.4 W/m2
4.8 W/m2
Simulated
Simulated
10
8.8
58
32.25
85 (53% reduction)
51.85 (71% reduction)
NA
44 kWp SPV panels
Graph 3 Lighting performance index
3.6 1:2.6 17.5 17 80 Recycled railways sleepers used to make the doublecurved louvers 0.0 Full length.
150-mm RCC slab with insulation and local stones Uvalue: 0.5
Double-glass windows with a high efficiency, visible light transmission (VLT = 0.6), and U-value (1.8) Light shelves for allowing the entry of diffused sunlight
simulated
Cavity wall clad with tiles Uvalue: 1.1
Roof garden U-value: 0.25
Double-glass windows value: 2.1 SHGC = 0.697
U-
10 am–5 pm (5 days per week) 1000 people Chilled beam system of HVAC, geothermal technology for heat rejection, 563 kW capacity, 45 m2/TR COP: 6.7
10 am–5 pm (5 days per week) NA HVAC under the floor reduces energy consumption by 30% 2335 kW capacity, 15 m2/TR COP: 6
Light shelves, T-5, and LED fixtures (daylight sensors) 5 W/m2
Lights work on motion sensors and 95% are LEDs
4 W/m2 metered (energy audit report)
7.2 W/m2 LPD ECBC recommends 10.8 W/m2 Method of acquiring energy consumption data (in available literature) Lighting performance index (kWh/m2/year) HVAC performance index (kWh/m2/year) EPI (kWh/m2/year) ECBC energy benchmark: 179 kWh/m2/year Renewable energy (kWp)
1246 6 (2B + G + 5)
3.9 1:1.3 16 15
3150 8 (G + 7)
1726 6 (2B + G + 5)
24
Occupancy & energy consumption Working hours
Infosys
Simulated
9.2 7 27
13
71
64
45.25 reduction)
(75%
930 kWp panels
SPV
96 (46% reduction)
93 (48% reduction)
Photovoltaic cells for emergency lighting
NA
Building envelope: The use of insulated (low U-value) walls, an insulated roof, high-performance dual-pane glass in IJER@2021
153
International Journal of Engineering Research Volume No.8, Special Issue No.1
ISSN:2319-6890 (online), 2347-5013(print) 7th&8thMay. 2021 https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/archshowcase/2014/04/30/volvo-eichercorporate-headquarterin-gurgaon-india-by-romi-khosla-design-studios/
Table 1: Showing the comparative analysis of buildings
V.
CONCLUSION
According to case studies all facades create boundaries among the outside and indoors environment, offering building occupants with thermally, visually, and acoustically at ease areas. Sustainable facades ought to do extra; specifically, they must permit surest levels of consolation the use of the least quantity of strength. To acquire this excessive performance, designers want to recall many variables weather and weatherbased layout methods, thermal overall performance, daylighting, sun shading, glare, moisture transport, materials and their environmental effect, and so forth. VI.
Romi Khosla Design Studio, 2017. Projects- Volvo-Eicher Headquarter. (Retrieved September 12, 2017, from ebuild.in: https://ebuild.in/volvo-eicherheadquartersgurgaon-romi-khosla-design-studio
viii)
Raji, B., Tenpierik, M., Dobbeslsteen, A., 2017. Early-stage design considerations for the energy-efficiency of high-rise office buildings. Sustainability 9 (623), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040623
ix)
HPCB, 2010. Case Study: ECBC Complaint Building, ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon. (Retrieved February 11, 2018, from High performance commercial buildings in India: http://highperformancebuildings.org/case_study_ECBC_co mp_gurgaon.php).
x)
Functions of Sustainable Façade, Sustainable Architectural Facades, https://www.grihaindia.org/grihasummit/tgs2016/presentat ions/16feb/Minni_Sastry.pdf
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to specific my deep sense of gratitude from the bottom of my heart to my manual Ar. Preeti kale for her precious steering, thought and encouragement. Her eager and indefatigable indulgence on this Research Paper helped me to reach an irreproachable destination. VII.
REFERENCES
i)
Bano, F., Tahseen, M., 2017. Bioclimatic building design guidelines for Lucknow city: use of various climate analysis methods. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. (IJRASET) 5 (XI), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.11049
ii)
ITC Green Centre, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from glazette.com: http://www.glazette.com/upload/resources/tb_9052009115 7467157.PDF
iii)
Srinivas, S., 2005. Green Building Congress 2005. IGBC Green Habitate, A newsletter on Green Building, October. (Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://igbc.in/igbc/html_pdfs/newsletter/Green%20Habitat %20October%202005.pdf
iv)
Comparison and analysis of energy consumption of energy effiecient office buildings in different climate regions in China: case studies. Front. Energy 7 (30), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0260-z.
v)
The 3C company, 2017. Executed Projects: Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon. (Retrieved April 9, 2017, from The 3C company: http://www.the3c.in/wipro-technologies.htm
vi)
Singhal, S., 2014, April 30. Volvo Eicher Corporate Headquarter in Gurgaon, Indi by Romi Khosla Design Studios.Retrieved December 07, 2017, from aecafe. com:
IJER@2021
vii)
154