Deaf Education

History​ ​of​ ​American​ ​Sign​ ​Language​ ​and​ ​Deaf​ ​Education​ ​around​ ​the World

Ancient​ ​Egypt-​ ​c.​ ​3100​ ​to​ ​2686​ ​B.C. Unlike​ ​many​ ​other​ ​ancient​ ​societies,​ ​deaf​ ​and​ ​mute​ ​people​ ​were​ ​not harmed​ ​nor​ ​killed​ ​in​ ​Ancient​ ​Egypt.​ ​They​ ​were,​ ​in​ ​fact,​ ​believed​ ​to​ ​have been​ ​chosen​ ​by​ ​the​ ​gods​ ​and​ ​were​ ​respected​ ​and​ ​educated,​ ​usually through​ ​the​ ​combination​ ​of​ ​hieroglyphics​ ​and​ ​hand​ ​gestures.

Egyptian​ ​God​ ​Ra,​ ​Maxpixel​ ​(2011)

Ancient​ ​Greece-​ ​c.​ ​800​ ​to​ ​500​ ​B.C. Many​ ​famous​ ​Greek​ ​philosophers​ ​addressed​ ​the​ ​issue​ ​of​ ​deafness​ ​and​ ​muteness​ ​in their​ ​teachings,​ ​most​ ​famously​ ​Aristotle​ ​(right)​ ​in​ ​his​ ​work​ ​‘The​ ​Problems’.​ ​He​ ​wrote that​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​were​ ​barbarians,​ ​because​ ​they​ ​could​ ​not​ ​speak​ ​Greek,​ ​and​ ​also stipulated​ ​that​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​should​ ​not​ ​be​ ​educated.​ ​He​ ​wrote​ ​"Those​ ​who​ ​are​ ​born deaf​ ​all​ ​become​ ​senseless​ ​and​ ​incapable​ ​of​ ​reason”.​ ​Plato,​ ​however,​ ​disagreed​ ​and mentioned​ ​people​ ​using​ ​basic​ ​gestures​ ​and​ ​signs​ ​to​ ​communicate.​ ​He​ ​believed​ ​deaf people​ ​had​ ​intelligence​ ​and​ ​should​ ​be​ ​educated,​ ​though​ ​he​ ​did​ ​not​ ​mention​ ​an instances​ ​of​ ​deaf​ ​(or​ ​‘dumb’,​ ​as​ ​they​ ​were​ ​called)​ ​people​ ​being​ ​educated.

Socrates,​ ​Wikimedia​ ​(2002)

Pedro​ ​Ponce​ ​de​ ​Leon-​ ​1570s Though​ ​not​ ​the​ ​famous​ ​explorer​ ​Juan​ ​Ponce​ ​de​ ​Leon,​ ​Pedro​ ​Ponce​ ​de​ ​Leon​ ​is credited​ ​with​ ​creating​ ​the​ ​first​ ​ever​ ​uniform​ ​sign​ ​language.​ ​He​ ​was​ ​a​ ​Spanish Benedictine​ ​Monk​ ​who​ ​lived​ ​from​ ​1520​ ​to​ ​1584​ ​and​ ​was​ ​very​ ​passionate​ ​about education​ ​and​ ​communication.​ ​He​ ​started​ ​as​ ​an​ ​educator​ ​of​ ​the​ ​youth,​ ​going​ ​out into​ ​his​ ​community​ ​and​ ​teaching​ ​young​ ​people​ ​how​ ​to​ ​read,​ ​write,​ ​and​ ​how​ ​to​ ​do basic​ ​math.​ ​But​ ​he​ ​began​ ​to​ ​notice​ ​some​ ​children​ ​who​ ​could​ ​not​ ​understand​ ​his lessons,​ ​whether​ ​they​ ​were​ ​deaf,​ ​or​ ​spoke​ ​different​ ​languages.​ ​Benedictine​ ​monks, and​ ​most​ ​other​ ​monks​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time,​ ​ ​took​ ​vows​ ​of​ ​silence,​ ​and​ ​had​ ​a​ ​very rudimentary​ ​form​ ​of​ ​sign​ ​language​ ​to​ ​communicate​ ​with​ ​each​ ​other.​ ​Ponce​ ​de​ ​Leon, seeing​ ​how​ ​much​ ​these​ ​children​ ​were​ ​struggling,​ ​taught​ ​them​ ​this​ ​monastic​ ​sign language,​ ​and​ ​helped​ ​them​ ​develop​ ​it​ ​into​ ​a​ ​fuller​ ​language.​ ​He​ ​spent​ ​his​ ​entire​ ​life after​ ​this​ ​developing​ ​his​ ​language​ ​and​ ​teaching​ ​it​ ​to​ ​as​ ​many​ ​deaf,​ ​mute,​ ​and foreign​ ​language​ ​speakers​ ​as​ ​he​ ​could.

Pedro​ ​Ponce​ ​de​ ​Leon,​ ​Wikimedia.​ ​(2011)

Juan​ ​Pablo​ ​de​ ​Bonet​ ​-​ ​1620 Juan​ ​Pablo​ ​de​ ​Bonet​ ​was​ ​a​ ​Spanish​ ​priest​ ​and​ ​pioneer​ ​for deaf​ ​education.​ ​He​ ​wrote​ ​the​ ​first​ ​book​ ​on​ ​sign​ ​language,​ ​in Madrid​ ​in​ ​1620.​ ​This​ ​book​ ​was​ ​called​ ​‘​Reducción​ ​de​ ​las letras​ ​y​ ​arte​ ​para​ ​enseñar​ ​a​ ​hablar​ ​a​ ​los​ ​mudos​,’​ ​or​ ​‘Summary of​ ​the​ ​letters​ ​and​ ​the​ ​art​ ​of​ ​teaching​ ​speech​ ​to​ ​the​ ​mute’.

Bonet​ ​first​ ​came​ ​into​ ​contact​ ​with​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​when​ ​he became​ ​the​ ​personal​ ​secretary​ ​to​ ​Juan​ ​Fernández​ ​de Velasco,​ ​5th​ ​Duke​ ​of​ ​Frías,​ ​who​ ​had​ ​a​ ​deaf​ ​son.​ ​Unusual​ ​at the​ ​time,​ ​the​ ​Velasco​ ​family​ ​taught​ ​all​ ​of​ ​their​ ​relatives,​ ​even those​ ​who​ ​were​ ​deaf​ ​or​ ​mute,​ ​which​ ​was​ ​common​ ​in​ ​the family.

De​ ​Bonet​ ​Book,​ ​Wikimedia.​ ​(2007)

Martha’s​ ​Vineyard​ ​Sign​ ​Language-​ ​1640​ ​to​ ​1790s When​ ​Chilmark,​ ​part​ ​of​ ​Martha’s​ ​Vineyard,​ ​was​ ​founded​ ​in​ ​1640,​ ​it​ ​was​ ​a​ ​small,​ ​rural fishing​ ​town.​ ​But,​ ​there​ ​was​ ​something​ ​very​ ​unique​ ​about​ ​this​ ​place.​ ​When​ ​a​ ​man named​ ​Jonathan​ ​Lambert​ ​immigrated​ ​from​ ​Kent,​ ​England​ ​to​ ​Chilmark​ ​in​ ​the​ ​late 1600’s,​ ​he​ ​brought​ ​with​ ​him​ ​his​ ​deafness​ ​and​ ​his​ ​two​ ​deaf​ ​children.​ ​Because Chilmark​ ​had​ ​no​ ​port​ ​of​ ​its​ ​own,​ ​and​ ​only​ ​small​ ​and​ ​rough​ ​roads​ ​connecting​ ​it​ ​to bordering​ ​towns,​ ​it​ ​was​ ​relatively​ ​secluded​ ​and​ ​isolated.​ ​This​ ​meant​ ​people​ ​tended to​ ​marry​ ​within​ ​the​ ​town,​ ​and​ ​stay​ ​there​ ​their​ ​whole​ ​lives.​ ​After​ ​only​ ​about​ ​50​ ​to​ ​60 years,​ ​Chilmark’s​ ​population​ ​was​ ​about​ ​1​ ​in​ ​25​ ​deaf.​ ​To​ ​put​ ​that​ ​in​ ​perspective,​ ​the rest​ ​of​ ​America​ ​was​ ​only​ ​about​ ​1​ ​in​ ​5,700​ ​deaf.​ ​Because​ ​of​ ​the​ ​huge​ ​population​ ​of deaf​ ​people,​ ​by​ ​the​ ​late​ ​1700s,​ ​ ​nearly​ ​one​ ​hundred​ ​percent​ ​of​ ​the​ ​residents​ ​of Martha’s​ ​Vineyard​​ ​spoke​ ​a​ ​now​ ​extinct​ ​form​ ​of​ ​sign,​ ​which​ ​may​ ​have​ ​evolved​ ​from​ ​a basic​ ​sign​ ​language​ ​brought​ ​there​ ​by​ ​the​ ​Lamberts.​ ​“It​ ​was​ ​passed​ ​on​ ​to​ ​kids​ ​as​ ​part of,​ ​‘Here’s​ ​the​ ​stuff​ ​you​ ​need​ ​to​ ​know​ ​to​ ​make​ ​a​ ​living​ ​in​ ​this​ ​corner​ ​of​ ​the​ ​world,’” Said​ ​Bowdoin​ ​Van​ ​Riper,​ ​the​ ​librarian​ ​at​ ​the​ ​Martha’s​ ​Vineyard​ ​Museum.

Unfortunately,​ ​not​ ​much​ ​of​ ​the​ ​language​ ​was​ ​recorded,​ ​but​ ​we​ ​do​ ​know​ ​that​ ​some​ ​signs​ ​have​ ​overlaps​ ​with ASL. Jonathan​ ​Lambert,​ ​unknown​ ​(1650)

Thomas​ ​Gallaudet​ ​and​ ​American​ ​Sign​ ​Language In​ ​the​ ​early​ ​1800s,​ ​Thomas​ ​Gallaudet​ ​was​ ​a​ ​minister​ ​and​ ​a​ ​tutor​ ​for​ ​children.​ ​One​ ​of​ ​his​ ​students​ ​was​ ​a​ ​little​ ​girl named​ ​Alice​ ​Cogswell,​ ​who​ ​was​ ​deaf.​ ​Gallaudet​ ​was​ ​very​ ​set​ ​on​ ​being​ ​able​ ​to​ ​communicate​ ​with​ ​her,​ ​and managed​ ​to​ ​teach​ ​her​ ​a​ ​few​ ​words,​ ​but​ ​kept​ ​getting​ ​stuck.​ ​Alice’s​ ​father,​ ​Dr.​ ​Mason​ ​Cogswell,​ ​was​ ​very​ ​pleased with​ ​Gallaudet​ ​for​ ​being​ ​able​ ​to​ ​teach​ ​her,​ ​and​ ​encouraged​ ​him​ ​to​ ​start​ ​a​ ​school​ ​for​ ​the​ ​deaf,​ ​of​ ​which​ ​there were​ ​none​ ​in​ ​America.​ ​So,​ ​in​ ​1815,​ ​Gallaudet​ ​gained​ ​passage​ ​to​ ​Europe,​ ​where​ ​deaf​ ​schools​ ​had​ ​already​ ​been established​ ​for​ ​decades,​ ​and​ ​where​ ​most​ ​every​ ​country​ ​had​ ​different​ ​methods​ ​of​ ​teaching.​ ​He​ ​first​ ​went​ ​to Scotland,​ ​famous​ ​for​ ​their​ ​Braidwood​ ​Schools,​ ​which​ ​seemed​ ​to​ ​be​ ​successful​ ​in​ ​preparing​ ​deaf​ ​children,​ ​but they​ ​turned​ ​him​ ​away.​ ​He​ ​then​ ​went​ ​to​ ​England​ ​to​ ​visit​ ​the​ ​London​ ​Asylum,​ ​where​ ​he​ ​was​ ​turned​ ​away,​ ​as​ ​they wished​ ​to​ ​keep​ ​their​ ​methods​ ​secret.​ ​Luckily,​ ​while​ ​he​ ​was​ ​in​ ​England,​ ​he​ ​saw​ ​a​ ​demonstration​ ​by​ ​the​ ​director of​ ​the​ ​Paris​ ​School​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Deaf,​ ​Sicard,​ ​about​ ​using​ ​hand​ ​signs​ ​to​ ​teach​ ​deaf​ ​people.​ ​Sicard​ ​had​ ​with​ ​him​ ​two​ ​of his​ ​deaf​ ​students,​ ​Laurent​ ​Clerc​ ​and​ ​John​ ​Massieu,​ ​both​ ​who​ ​were​ ​teachers​ ​at​ ​the​ ​Paris​ ​School​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Deaf.​ ​The Paris​ ​School​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Deaf​ ​was​ ​founded​ ​in​ ​1771​ ​by​ ​a​ ​man​ ​named​ ​Abbe​ ​Charles​ ​Michel​ ​de​ ​L'Epee,​ ​and​ ​was revolutionary​ ​in​ ​the​ ​way​ ​it​ ​taught.​ ​They​ ​used​ ​a​ ​complex​ ​system​ ​of​ ​hand​ ​signals,​ ​called​ l​ angue​ ​des​ ​signes française​ ​(LSF),​ ​or​ ​French​ ​Sign​ ​Language.​ ​Gallaudet,​ ​who​ ​had​ ​never​ ​seen​ ​sign​ ​language​ ​before,​ ​and​ ​saw​ ​the benefits​ ​of​ ​it​ ​for​ ​deaf​ ​people,​ ​asked​ ​Laurent​ ​Clerc​ ​to​ ​travel​ ​back​ ​to​ ​America​ ​with​ ​him​ ​to​ ​establish​ ​a​ ​sign-based deaf​ ​school​ ​in​ ​the​ ​United​ ​States.​ ​After​ ​some​ ​convincing,​ ​they​ ​both​ ​moved​ ​back​ ​to​ ​America​ ​and​ ​established​ ​the first​ ​school​ ​for​ ​the​ ​deaf​ ​in​ ​Hartford,​ ​Connecticut​ ​in​ ​1817.​ ​The​ ​school​ ​was​ ​called​ ​the​ ​American​ ​School​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Deaf (ASD),​ ​and​ ​they​ ​taught​ ​the​ ​students​ ​there​ ​French​ ​Sign​ ​Language,​ ​which​ ​eventually​ ​evolved​ ​and​ ​was​ ​altered​ ​to​ ​fit ENglish-based​ ​grammar​ ​to​ ​become​ ​American​ ​Sign​ ​Language​ ​(ASL).​ ​Gallaudet​ ​was​ ​principal​ ​and​ ​a​ ​teacher​ ​there until​ ​1857,​ ​when​ ​he​ ​died,​ ​and​ ​his​ ​son​ ​took​ ​his​ ​place​ ​and​ ​continued​ ​his​ ​legacy.

Thomas​ ​Gallaudet,​ ​Brandy​ ​and​ ​Hady​ ​(1810) Edward​ ​Miner​ ​Gallaudet,​ ​Smith​ ​(1889)

Gallaudet​ ​University

Edward​ ​Gallaudet,​ ​the​ ​son​ ​of​ ​Thomas​ ​Gallaudet,​ ​took​ ​over​ ​the​ ​position​ ​of​ ​principal​ ​for​ ​the​ ​American​ ​School​ ​for the​ ​Deaf​ ​in​ ​1857​ ​after​ ​two​ ​years​ ​of​ ​teaching​ ​there.​ ​In​ ​1856,​ ​ ​Platt​ ​H.​ ​Skinner,​ ​a​ ​native​ ​of​ ​Washington​ ​DC, established​ ​Skinner​ ​School​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Deaf,​ ​which​ ​started​ ​with​ ​started​ ​with​ ​20​ ​students.​ ​Just​ ​2​ ​months​ ​later,​ ​when 15​ ​of​ ​the​ ​20​ ​students​ ​had​ ​been​ ​removed​ ​due​ ​to​ ​abuse,​ ​Amos​ ​Kendall,​ ​who​ ​had​ ​served​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Board​ ​for​ ​the Skinner​ ​School,​ ​decided​ ​to​ ​donate​​ ​two​ ​acres​ ​of​ ​land​ ​to​ ​establish​ ​a​ ​school​ ​for​ ​the​ ​deaf​ ​in​ ​Washington,​ ​DC,​ ​where he​ ​lived.​ ​He,​ ​however​ ​did​ ​not​ ​speak​ ​French​ ​or​ ​American​ ​Sign​ ​Language,​ ​and​ ​was​ ​not​ ​experienced​ ​in​ ​teaching, so​ ​he​ ​needed​ ​help.​ ​He​ ​persuaded​ ​Edward​ ​Gallaudet​ ​to​ ​move​ ​to​ ​Washington,​ ​DC​ ​to​ ​establish​ ​the​ ​school​ ​that eventually​ ​became​ ​Gallaudet​ ​University,​ ​the​ ​first​ ​University​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Deaf​ ​in​ ​the​ ​world.​ ​In​ ​1864,​ ​Gallaudet University​ ​was​ ​authorized​ ​to​ ​give​ ​out​ ​college​ ​diplomas​ ​by​ ​President​ ​Abraham​ ​Lincoln.​ ​Gallaudet’s​ ​motto, Ephphatha,​ ​translated​ ​from​ ​Aramaic​ ​Greek,​ ​means​ ​“be​ ​opened”

"Deafness,​ ​though​ ​it​ ​be​ ​total​ ​and​ ​congenital,​ ​imposes​ ​no​ ​limits​ ​on​ ​the​ ​intellectual​ ​development​ ​of​ ​its​ ​subjects, save​ ​in​ ​the​ ​single​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the​ ​appreciation​ ​of​ ​acoustic phenomena."—Edward​ ​Miner​ ​Gallaudet,​ ​1869.

Deafness​ ​in​ ​Sports For​ ​a​ ​very​ ​long​ ​time,​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​have​ ​made​ ​huge​ ​contributions to​ ​sports.​ ​One​ ​of​ ​the​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​to​ ​pioneer​ ​the​ ​movement​ ​to allow​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​in​ ​sports​ ​was​ ​Eugène​ ​Rubens-Alcai,​ ​a​ ​French car​ ​mechanic​ ​and​ ​competitive​ ​cyclist​ ​who​ ​founded​ ​the Deaflympics,​ ​an​ ​Olympics​ ​competition​ ​that​ ​occurs​ ​every​ ​four years,​ ​in​ ​1925.​ ​He​ ​also​ ​started​ ​the​ ​Comité​ ​International​ ​des Sports​ ​des​ ​Sourds,​ ​or​ ​CISS​ ​which​ ​was​ ​the​ ​first​ ​national committee​ ​for​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​in​ ​athletics.​ ​One​ ​of​ ​the​ ​most​ ​famous deaf​ ​American​ ​athletes​ ​was​ ​William​ ​“Dummy”​ ​Hoy,​ ​who,​ ​besides​ ​being​ ​a very​ ​accomplished​ ​center​ ​fielder​ ​and​ ​batter,​ ​is​ ​credited​ ​with​ ​starting​ ​using pitching​ ​signs.​ ​Because​ ​he​ ​was​ ​deaf,​ ​he​ ​could​ ​not​ ​hear​ ​the​ ​other​ ​players’ speaking,​ ​so​ ​he​ ​asked​ ​his​ ​teammates​ ​to​ ​use​ ​a​ ​simple​ ​code​ ​made​ ​up​ ​of number​ ​signs.​ ​This​ ​trend​ ​caught​ ​on,​ ​as​ ​it​ ​was​ ​harder​ ​for​ ​competing​ ​teams​ ​to guess​ ​what​ ​was​ ​coming​ ​next,​ ​and​ ​it​ ​is​ ​still​ ​used​ ​to​ ​this​ ​day.​ ​Even​ ​after​ ​his baseball​ ​career​ ​was​ ​over,​ ​Hoy​ ​used​ ​his​ ​celebrity​ ​status​ ​and​ ​wealth​ ​to continue​ ​advocating​ ​for​ ​deaf​ ​people​ ​across​ ​the​ ​country​ ​until​ ​his​ ​death​ ​in 1961.

Deaf​ ​President​ ​Now​ ​1988 Deaf​ ​President​ ​Now​ ​was​ ​a​ ​protest​ ​that​ ​took​ ​place​ ​at​ ​Gallaudet​ ​University.​ ​Ever​ ​since​ ​its​ ​beginning​ ​in​ ​1864,​ ​the University​ ​had​ ​never​ ​had​ ​a​ ​deaf​ ​president,​ ​despite​ ​being​ ​a​ ​deaf​ ​school.​ ​In​ ​1988,​ ​when​ ​the​ ​Board​ ​of​ ​Trustees announced​ ​their​ ​decision​ ​to​ ​appoint​ ​yet​ ​another​ ​hearing​ ​person,​ ​Elisabeth​ ​Zinser,​ ​as​ ​president.​ ​Students​ ​were frustrated​ ​at​ ​the​ ​continued​ ​appearance​ ​of​ ​hearing​ ​presidents,​ ​as​ ​they​ ​could​ ​not​ ​possibly​ ​know​ ​what​ ​it​ ​is​ ​actually like​ ​to​ ​be​ ​deaf.​ ​ ​The​ ​protesting​ ​began​ ​on​ ​March​ ​6​ ​of​ ​1988​ ​and​ ​continued​ ​until​ ​March​ ​13,​ ​when​ ​the​ ​demands​ ​of the​ ​students​ ​were​ ​met.​ ​The​ ​students​ ​and​ ​staff​ ​who​ ​protested​ ​demanded​ ​that​ ​Zinser,​ ​resign,​ ​that​ ​the​ ​Chair​ ​of​ ​the

Board​ ​of​ ​Trustees,​ ​Jane​ ​Spillman​ ​resign,​ ​that​ ​the​ ​Board​ ​of​ ​Trustees​ ​have​ ​a​ ​majority​ ​of​ ​51%​ ​deaf​ ​chairs,​ ​and​ ​that there​ ​would​ ​be​ ​no​ ​legal​ ​actions​ ​taken​ ​against​ ​the​ ​students​ ​and​ ​staff​ ​who​ ​protested.​ ​To​ ​get​ ​these​ ​demands heard,​ ​students,​ ​staff,​ ​and​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​community​ ​marched,​ ​made​ ​speeches,​ ​had​ ​meetings,​ ​rallies,​ ​and​ ​got members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​government​ ​involved.​ ​On​ ​Day​ ​3​ ​of​ ​the​ ​protests,​ ​Zinser​ ​met​ ​with​ ​Congressmen​ ​Steven Gunderson​ ​and​ ​David​ ​Bonier,​ ​who​ ​urged​ ​her​ ​to​ ​resign.​ ​Greg​ ​Hlibok,​ ​the​ ​student​ ​body​ ​president,​ ​sent​ ​a​ ​total​ ​of four​ ​letter​ ​to​ ​Zinser,​ ​whom​ ​she​ ​refused​ ​to​ ​meet​ ​with.​ ​On​ ​Day​ ​5,​ ​which​ ​would’ve​ ​been​ ​the​ ​students’​ ​spring​ ​break, they​ ​vowed​ ​to​ ​stay​ ​and​ ​continue​ ​the​ ​protests​ ​until​ ​their​ ​demands​ ​were​ ​met.​ ​Finally,​ ​on​ ​Day​ ​6,​ ​March​ ​11,​ ​Zinser resigned.​ ​And,​ ​after​ ​two​ ​days​ ​of​ ​deliberating,​ ​the​ ​board​ ​chose​ ​Dr.I.​ ​King​ ​Jordan​ ​as​ ​the​ ​University’s​ ​first​ ​ever​ ​deaf president.

I.​ ​King​ ​Jordan,​ ​NPR​ ​(1990) Deaf​ ​President​ ​Now,​ ​Gallaudet​ ​University​ ​(1988)

https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/09/marthas-vineyard-sign-language-asl/407191/ http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-layout/history1.htm https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juan-Pablo-Bonet https://www.startasl.com/pedro-ponce-de-leon http://www.ead.ee/foreign_deaf_history http://www.asd-1817.org/page.cfm?p=1239 http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/deaf-president-now-dpn-3.htm http://www.gallaudet.edu/about/history-and-traditions/deaf-president-now/the-issues/history-behind-dpn

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0pX9c7t-OI