Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012
ISSN 0975-5195
JIVA Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala www.jivaonline.net
Editorial Board Chairman
Dr. K. R. Arun Kumar President, Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala
Editorial Advisor
Dr. K. Vijayakumar, M.V.Sc.,Ph.D Joint Commissioner of Animal Husbandry Gol, New Delhi
Chief Editor
Dr. A.P. Usha, M.V.Sc., Ph.D Editor
Dr. Laiju M. Philip, M.V.Sc. Associate Editors
Dr. Hiron M Harshan, M.V.Sc.,Ph.D Dr. M. Ranjith Mohan, M.V.Sc. Members
Dr. P.M. Hari Narayanan, M.V.Sc. Dr. M.G. Sajesh, M.V.Sc. Dr. Bindya Liz Abraham, M.V.Sc.,Ph.D Jivaonline.net Editor
Dr. K. Magnus Paul, M.V.Sc. Convener
Dr. C. Sreekumar General Secretary Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala
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Guidelines to Authors
About us Journal of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala (JIVA), the official organ of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala is a scientific periodical with international status (ISSN-0975-5195) which bring about the latest updates in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Practices. The journal covers almost all topics of Dairying and Animal Husbandry besides special emphasis on Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Meat and Feed industry, Diagnostics and Bioinformatics. The Journal JIVA is in wide circulation among all stakeholders of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry sector including the Veterinary Professionals working with Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala Livestock Development Board, Milma, Techno Park, Veterinary and Medical Research Institutes of the country. The Online edition is available at www.jivaonline.net JIVA is indexed in CAB International full text, HINARI (World Health Organization), EBSCO (World's Foremost Premium Research Database Service), and INDEX COPERNICUS INTERNATIONAL.
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CONTENTS RESEARCH ARTICLES 1.
5 - 49
Lipl 41 GENE SPECIFIC PCR FOR THE DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC LEPTOSPIRES IN CATTLE 5
Ambily R., Mini M., Siju Joseph and Vamshi Krishna S.
2.
MICROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CENTRAL CANAL OF SPINAL CORD IN GOAT FOETUSES 8
Maya S., Chungath J.J., Harshan K.R. and Ashok N.
3.
HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF Brassica Juncea (MUSTARD) IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS 13
Preethy John and Aravindakshan C.M.
4.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LYMPH NODES OF GOAT FOETUSES 17
Asha Antony., Maya S., Harshan K.R. and Chungath J.J.
5.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ENRICHMENT METHODS FOR DETECTION OF Listeria monocytogenes FROM MILK SAMPLES. Sunil B., Latha C., Remya Raveendran., Ajaykumar V.J. and Vrinda Menon K.
6.
20
SERUM INSULIN LEVELS AND LIPID PROFILES OF STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS 22
Dhanush Krishna B., Suguna Rao and Satyanarayana M.L.
7.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COPROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF FASCIOLA INFECTION IN RUMINANTS 27
Devi S., Talukdar S.K. and Das M.R.
8.
COMPARISON OF ANTIULCER ACTIVITY OF Curcuma Longa WITH Mentha Piperita 30
Meera Sumanth and Divya Edison
9.
EFFICACY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE OF ENROFLOXACIN AND METRONIDAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRITIS IN CROSS BRED CATTLE - A FIELD TRIAL 37
Viju Vijayan Pillai
10. AGE RELATED CHANGES IN THE THYROID FOLLICLES OF KUTTANAD DUCKS 40
Firdous, A. D., Lucy K.M., Chungath J.J. and Ashok N.
11. LIVESTOCK BASED SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS IN PARIYARAM PANCHAYAT 45
Prasanth V.
CLINICAL REPORTS
50 - 56
12. SURGICAL REPAIR OF FRONTAL MENINGOCELE IN A KID Laiju M Philip., Ranjith Mohan M., P. Francis Bastin and Sajesh M.G.
50
Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <03 <
CONTENTS 13. EMBRYONAL RHABDOMYOSARCOMA IN A LABRADOR DOG Joseph Cyrus., Basavanagowda M.T., ShahidVaseem S.A. and Md. AbidHussain
53
14. GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE RUPTURE IN A COW-A CASE REPORT Sivaraman S., Venkatesakumar E., Vijayakumar G., Kumaresan A. and Subramanian M.
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
55
57 - 64
15. OCCURRENCE OF GASTRIC ULCER IN SLAUGHTERED PIGS 57
Vasudevan V.N., Sameer S., Kuttinarayanan P. and Sathu T.
16. ANTHRAX IN CATTLE- IS BLEEDING FROM NATURAL ORIFICES A LEADING CLUE TO DIAGNOSIS? Krithiga K., Divakaran Nair N., Vijayan N., Dhanush Krishna B., Mammen J. Abraham and Lalithakunjamma C.R.
60
17. A CASE OF KING COBRA ENVENOMATION IN A COW 62
Shibu K. Jacob and Anu George
GENERAL ARTICLES
65 - 77
18. END STRAY DOG MENACE PERMANENTLY BY END (EARLY NEUTERING IN DOGS) 65
Narayanan M.K., Rajankutty K. and John Martin K.D.
19. TRANSGENIC CHICKEN: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 67
Stella Cyriac., Churchil R.R. and Gibin George T.
20. SUSTAINABLE HELMINTH PARASITE CONTROL IN RUMINANTS 72
Lucy Sabu
21. NEW DUCK DISEASE (Riemerella anatipestifer infection) 76
Aparna S. and Renjith R.
ASSOCIATION NEWS
78 - 80
The editor/editorial board and referees are in no way responsible individually or collectively for the views, data and technical details presented in the contributed papers
J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <04 <
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Lipl 41 GENE SPECIFIC PCR FOR THE DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC LEPTOSPIRES IN CATTLE 1
2
3
Ambily, R. , M. Mini , Siju Joseph and S. Vamshi Krishna College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy
ABSTRACT Primers capable of amplifying the gene coding for the outer membrane protein Lipl 41 of Leptospira sp. were used in a PCR for the rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle. This gene was found to be conserved among the pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans viz., Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterrohemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona and Pyrogenes as the amplicon of 1077 bp were obtained. Blood and urine samples from six cows suspected of leptospirosis were subjected to PCR using the above primers. Two blood samples and one urine sample were found to be positive. The specificity of the primers was checked was by using the cultures of Pasteurella, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa and it was found that these were not amplified by these primers. INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease, with a great impact to bovine herds, causing infertility, abortion, agalactia, and an increase of mortality in infected herds. Leptospiral mastitis is popularly known as flabby udder in cattle. The animal responds to antibiotics, if the infection is diagnosed in early stages. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is considered as the gold 1
Ph.D Scholar, 2Professor and Head, 3Assistant Professor, M.V.Sc. Scholar Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
4
4
standard test (OIE, 2005). But it is difficult to differentiate acute infections from chronic infections by MAT, without paired serum samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be useful for a rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis particularly acute infections (Ramadass, et al., 1997 and Gravekamp, et al., 1993). Many of the previously described primers were amplifying both pathogenic and non pathogenic serovars (Merien et al., 1992) whereas several others like G1/G2 failed to amplify some of the most pathogenic serovars like L. interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa (Gravekamp, et al., 1993). The present study describes the diagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle by PCR using lipl 41 gene which was reported to be conserved among the pathogenic serovars. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood and urine samples (5 ml each) were collected from a private dairy farm in Thrissur which was reported to be having incidence of haemorrhagic mastitis. Blood was collected in citrated vials. The plasma was separated and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 15 minutes to pellet the leptospires. The pellet was washed thrice in PBS by centrifuging at 12000 rpm for 15 minutes and resuspended in 100 Âľl sterile nuclease free water. This suspension was kept in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes and snap chilled on ice and used as template in PCR. Serum was separated and used in MAT. Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <05 <
Amplification of DNA was performed in 25 µl reaction mixture containing 14.5 µl of nuclease free water, 2.5 µl of 10 X Assay Buffer, 1µl of dNTP mix (Sigma), 1µl (25 pmol) of each primer (Sigma), 1 µl of Taq DNA Polymerase (3U/ µl) and 5 µl of extracted DNA. The reaction components were mixed and subjected to amplification in a thermal cycler with an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 minutes followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 minute, primer annealing at 57 °C for 1 minute and extension at 72 °C for 1 minute. The final extension was carried out at 72 °C for 10 minutes. The primers which amplify 1077bp fragment of lipl41 gene of pathogenic leptospira were used (Senthilkumar et al., 2007). The sequence of the forward primer was 5'-TG TTA CCC ATG GGG AGA AAA TTA TCT TCT CT-3'.and the reverse primer was 5'-AAA GGA CTC GAG TTA CTT TGC GTT GCT TTC-3'. The analysis of PCR products were carried out in one per cent agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 µg / ml). A 100 bp DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas) and appropriate controls were incorporated to rule out false positive and false negative results. The gel was viewed under UV transillumination. Microscopic Agglutination Test was performed as per the OIE (2005). Serum samples were serially diluted from 1:50 to 1:25600. Five day old cultures of leptospires (Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterohemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona and Pyrogenes and L.biflexa serovar Patoc) grown in Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris (EMJH) medium containing 2 x 108 organisms/ml were used as antigens. The serum showing 50 per cent reduction in motility of leptospires with or without agglutination with a titre of 1 in 100 was considered as positive (OIE, 2005). J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <06 <
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, the affected cow was reported to be having pyrexia, anorexia and agalactia. The milk was blood tinged with clots. The udder was flabby without heat and pain and all four quarters were equally affected which was suggestive of leptospirosis (Durfee and Allen, 1980). As the course of this economically important zoonotic disease varies from mild to acute fatal forms, laboratory based techniques are essential for arriving at a definitive diagnosis. Detection of antibodies using MAT has been the most common diagnostic method. However, there are several difficulties that confuse interpretation of MAT titers. Many animals with leptospirosis present with clinical signs of disease prior to the development of antibodies measurable by MAT. On the other hand, there is a high prevalence of subclinical infections that result in the persistence of antibodies. In recent years, PCR has been proved to be a rapid diagnostic tool for the detection of leptospiral DNA in clinical samples like urine (Van Eys, et al., 1989) and serum (Merien, et al., 1992 and Gravekamp, et al., 1993), the success of which depends on the method of DNA extraction. Boom et al. (1997) opined that the addition of Guanidine thiocyanate and Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide followed by phenol extraction is an ideal protocol for DNA extraction. Senthilkumar et al. (2001) described DNA extraction using lysozyme. In the present study, we used simple boiling method to extract the leptospiral DNA which makes the PCR technique an even more rapid and cost effective technique. The presence of 1077 bp amplicon was detected in the present study which confirms the amplification of lipl41 gene of pathogenic Leptospira (Senthil Kumar et al., 2007).
The presence of antibodies against L. Pomona in the serum was detected by MAT and the antibody titre was found to be 1: 400 which could be considered as positive as per OIE (2005). In an endemic area like Kerala, most of the animals posses antibodies against leptospira and hence antibody detection from serum samples is of limited significance in diagnosing acute infections. The gold standard test MAT is unable to differentiate the active infection from carrier state although it is the only test by which serovars can be identified. Polymerase chain reaction is found to be a promising tool for the early, rapid and specific diagnosis of leptospirosis. REFERENCES Boom, R.C., Sol, J.A., Salimans, M.M.M., Jansen, C.L., Wertheim-Van-Dillen, P.M.E. and Noordaa, J. 1990. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 495-503 Durfee, P.T. and Allen, J.D. 1980. Serological titres of dairy cows over a 63 week period following natural infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo. Australian Vet. J. 56 : 574-579 Gravekamp, C., Van de Kemp, H., Franzen, M., Carrington, D., Schoone, G.J., Van Eys, J.M., Everard, C.O.R., Hartskeerl, R.A. and Terpstra, W.J. 1993. Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR
using two sets of primers. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 1691-1700 Merien, F., Amouriax, P., Perolat, P., Baranton, G. and Saint Girons, I. 1992. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Leptospira sp. in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 2219-2224 Office International-des-Epizooties. 2005. Leptospirosis In: Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccine. 4th ed., Paris Ramadass, P., Meerarani, S. Senthilkumar, A. Venkatesha, M.D. and Nachimuthu, K. 1997. Rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction. Indian Vet. J. 74: 457-460 Senthikumar, A., Ramadass, P. and Nachimutu, K. 2001. Use of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of leptospires in clinical samples. Indian Vet. J. 78: 1087-1090 Senthilkumar, T. M. A., Subathra, M. and Ramadass, P. 2007. Evaluation of recombinant leptospiral antigen LipL41 in enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay and latex agglutination test for serodiagnosis of canine leptospirosis. Vet. Arhiv. 77: 475-484 Van Eys, G.J.J.M., Grave Kamp, C., Gerritsen, M. J., Quint, W. Corneliseen, M.T.E., Schegget, J.T. and Tersptra, W.J. 1989. Detection of leptospires in urine by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 2258-2262
Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <07 <
RESEARCH ARTICLE
MICROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CENTRAL CANAL OF SPINAL CORD IN GOAT FOETUSES* 1
2
3
4
Maya, S. , Chungath, J.J. , Harshan, K.R. and Ashok, N.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. *Part of Ph.D. thesis submitted by first author to Kerala Agricultural University.
ABSTRACT Micrometrical observations on the central canal of goat at various stages of prenatal development were studied using 52 foetuses of various ages. By second month, the cross-section of central canal was elongated and narrow especially in the cervical region. The reduction in the size of central canal was marked between third and fourth month. All regions exhibited a size reduction of central canal towards the end of gestation. During fourth and fifth month of gestation, the position of the central canal was a little dorsal in the cervical, cervical enlargement, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord but ventral or central in lumbar enlargement and ventral in sacral regions, helping to maintain a caudal flow of CSF.
INTRODUCTION The position of the central canal is believed to be central in the spinal cord as per earlier reports in domestic animals (Dellmann and Mc Clure, 1975). But the studies on the developmental changes in the position of the central canal in goat at the micrometrical level are very scanty. So this study was undertaken to illustrate the micrometrical observations on the central canal of goat at various stages of prenatal development. 1
Associate Professor, 3 Professor (Retd.), 4 Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala. 2 Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala. J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <08 <
MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 52 goat foetuses of different ages. The age was calculated using the formula derived by Singh et al. (1979), for goat foetuses, W1/3 = 0.096 (t - 30), where, W = Body weight of the foetus in g and t = Age of the foetus in days. The foetuses were grouped into five age groups corresponding to five months of gestation. The fixative used was 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin (NBF). Embryos and small foetuses upto 50 days of gestation were fixed as such in the fixative for 48 to 96 hours. In foetuses from 50 days to 90 days, the vertebral column with spinal cord inside was fixed. In foetuses above 90 days, the spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy, dissected out and was cut into pieces of two to three segments each and processed. These specimens were dehydrated and embedded in high melting paraffin (MP 58-60oC). Serial sections of 5Âľm thickness were made. Histological techniques like Ehrlich's haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining, Holzer's method for glial fibres, Van Gieson's method for collagen, Holmes silver nitrate method for axis cylinders and myelin sheaths, Sevier-Munger method, phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (PTAH) method and AldehydeThionine-PAS method for neural tissues (Luna, 1968) were employed. The micrometrical observations were recorded by using an ocular micrometer. The data collected were analysed
statistically following Snedecor and Cochran (1985). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the first month of gestation, the ependymal layer of the neural tube was thin at the basal plate but thick in the alar plate all along the length of the neural tube except at the coccygeal region, where its thickness was equal at both alar and basal plates (Table 1). Average height, width and ependymal layer thickness of central canal are presented segmentwise and region-wise in tables 2 and 3. By second month, the cross-section of central canal was elongated and narrow especially in the cervical region. It was wider and longer at the first cervical segment, but decreased in size at C2 and C4 segments. The C1 segment followed the same pattern during later stages of gestation also. The ependymal layer thickness showed a regional variation during second month, with the minimum thickness at the sacral region in the precoccygeal cord. During later stages, it did not show much variation in thickness between regions. By the fifth month, a reduction was noticed in the ependymal thickness at all regions (Table 3). The reduction in the size of central canal was marked between third and fourth month. The height of the central canal decreased from 15.097 per cent of total spinal cord height at third month
through 5.380 at fourth, to 3.780 per cent at fifth month at the cervical region. The corresponding values were 13.235, 6.351 and 4.611 per cent at cervical enlargement; 15.476, 7.267 and 5.110 per cent at thoracic; 16.030, 7.286 and 5.680 per cent at lumbar; 15.502, 7.391 and 5.483 per cent at lumbar enlargement; 20.080, 16.190 and 13.321 per cent at sacral and 49.020, 29.676 and 25.470 per cent at coccygeal region. It indicated a size reduction at all regions towards the end of gestation. Even though the position of the central canal is believed to be central in the spinal cord, different developmental stages exhibited variation to this principle. The region-wise average for distances of dorsal median sulcus at dorsal surface and ventral median fissure at ventral surface to central canal is shown in table 4. The percentage of these distances to total spinal cord height is shown in table 5. The percentage of dorsal median sulcus to central canal distance (DMS to CC distance) was more than the percentage of ventral median fissure to central canal distance (VMF to CC distance) during second and third month of gestation. The maximum DMS to CC distance percentage was at the sacral region during fourth and fifth month, but it was minimum at sacral region at second and third month. It indicated a more ventral shifting of the central canal towards the end of gestation in the sacral region. In other regions, the upper end of central canal started approximately from the
Table 1. Micrometrical data at the first month of gestation (Mean Âą S.E), m
Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <09 <
J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <10 <
Table 4. Region-wise dorsal surface to central canal height and ventral surface to central canal height (Mean + S.E), Âľm
DMS CC: dorsal median septum to central canal distance VMF CC: ventral median fissure to central canal distance
Table. 5 Region-wise average of percentage of dorsal median septum to central canal distance and ventral median fissure to central canal distance to spinal cord height
central point itself. Later, the VMF to CC percentage exceeded DMS to CC percentage except at lumbar enlargement and sacral regions during the fourth month and except in the sacral region during the fifth month.
These percentage ratios between different distances during fourth and fifth month of gestation revealed that the position of the central canal was a little dorsal in the cervical, cervical enlargement, thoracic and lumbar regions of the Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <11 <
spinal cord but ventral or central in lumbar enlargement and ventral in sacral regions. This partially agreed with the observations of Taluja et al. (1990) in goat foetuses as they observed the location of the central canal a little dorsal, ventral and approximately central in cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions respectively. This feature probably helped to maintain the caudal flow of CSF. REFERENCES Dellmann, H.D. and Mc Clure, R.C. 1975. Central nervous system. Sisson and Grossman's The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. 5th ed. (ed. Getty, R.). W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp. 1065-1080
J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <12 <
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of Histological Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 3rd edition. Mc Graw- Hill Book Company, New York. Singh, Y., Sharma, D.N. and Dhingra, L.D. 1979. Morphogenesis of testis in goat. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 49: 925-931 Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1985. Statistical Methods. 7th ed. The Iowa State University Press, U.S.A Taluja, J.S., Shrivastava, A.M. and Malik, M.R. 1990. Regional micrometry of spinal cord in goat foetuses. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 60: 1076-1078
RESEARCH ARTICLE
HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF Brassica juncea (MUSTARD) IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS* 1
2
Preethy John and Aravindakshan C.M.
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala. *Part of MVSc thesis submitted to KAU.
ABSTRACT Effect of mustard(Brassica Juncea) seed powder at two different doses (8g/kg and 2g/kg) on serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride were studied in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Administration of mustard seed powder at the rate of 8g/kg for 30 days produced significant reduction of serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride. On the other hand changes in rats fed with mustard seed powder at the rate of 2g/kg were not significant. The present study suggests that mustard seed powder at high dose rate would be considered as an effective hypolipidemic agent.
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest diseases affecting millions of people all over the world. Diabetes mellitus associated hyperlipidemia is a current medical as well as a social problem. The frequency of hyperlipidemia is very high depending upon type of diabetes and degree of control. Now a days, there is an increasing demand for natural products with hypolipidemic property. Present study is directed towards investigation on the effectiveness of Brassica juncea (mustard) at two different doses for the treatment of hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted in thirty two male albino rats weighing 150 200g. They were maintained on identical feeding and 1
MVSc Scholar, 2Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology
managemental practice in the laboratory for one week before the commencement of study. Well dried seeds of mustard was taken and pulverized in a blender to get fine powder. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, each group comprising of eight animals. Group I: (T0) Normal control, no treatment was given. Group II: (T1) Alloxan (Diabetic) control, no treatment was given. Group III: (T2) Diabetic, feed incorporated with Brassica juncea seed powder at a dose of 2g / kg body weight from day 16 to day 45 (30 days). Group IV: (T3) Diabetic, feed incorporated with Brassica juncea seed powder at a dose of 8g / kg body weight from day 16 to day 45 (30 days). All the treatment groups except normal control were made diabetic by subcutaneous injection of alloxan monohydrate at a rate of 120 mg / kg body weight on zero day. After 16 days blood glucose was estimated using O-toluidene method. The rats showing moderate hyperglycemia (200-250mg/100ml) were selected for specific drug treatment. T2 and T3 were administered the fine mustard seed powder with feed daily at a dose of 2g / kg and 8g/kg body weights respectively for 30 days. Blood was collected on last day of the th experiment (45 day) retro orbitally from the inner canthus of the eye in fresh vials without any anticoagulant. Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <13 <
Estimation of Cholesterol
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cholesterol level in serum was estimated by enzymatic CHOD-PAP method (Allain et al., 1973) using kit from Agappe Diagnostics.
Serum cholesterol (mg %) estimated on 45th day of the experiment is presented in Table 1.The results are graphically represented in Fig.1. Animals of Group II remained hypercholesterolemic throughout the period of study. There was significant decrease in the cholesterol level of Group IV compared to Group II. Group III had the value 130.49 + 15.33 mg% which was not significantly different from Group II.
Estimation of Triglyceride Triglyceride level in serum was estimated by enzymatic GPO-PAP method (Nussel and Arav., 1975) using kit from Agappe Diagnostics. Statistical analysis of data The data obtained were analyzed by using one way Analysis Of Variance for comparison between groups and student t test for within groups as described by Snedecor and Cochran(1985). The results are expressed as mean + standard deviation
The effects of treatments on serum Triglyceride estimated on 45th day of experiment is shown in Table-2 and is graphically represented in Figure-2. Group II and Group III exhibited a maximum Triglyceride level. Group IV showed a significant reduction in triglyceride level.
Table1. Effect of Mustard seed powder at two different doses on serum cholesterol (mg%) Animal No.
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
1
49.23
165.43
118.10
150.39
2
72.31
162.14
134.48
113.39
3
73.85
152.26
121.55
120.47
4
83.89
173.66
126.72
104.45
5
53.08
199.18
130.17
110.79
6
90.77
171.19
111.21
125.98
7
87.69
148.97
141.38
109.45
8
102.31
158.85
160.34
118.90
130.49 + 15.33
118.01 + 15.52
Mean + SD
76.64 + 18.38 166.46 + 15.70
Figure 1 J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <14 <
Table 2. Effect of Mustard seed powder at two different doses on serum Triglyceride (mg%) Animal No.
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
1
48.73
173.47
106.77
152.12
2
61.39
162.59
134.48
146.62
3
77.22
135.37
121.53
132.82
4
81.65
182.99
130.83
95.75
5
54.43
193.20
145.11
82.63
6
90.51
179.59
90.98
142.86
7
87.34
121.77
157.14
105.02
8
96.20
147.62
166.17
132.82
74.68 + 17.68
162.08 + 25.04
133.14 + 25.65
121.14 + 24.22
Mean + SD
Figure 2 Grover et al., (2002) reported that Brassica juncea in diet at a strength of 10 percent and 15percent showed significant antihyperglycemic effect in alloxan-diabetic rats. Khan et al., (1995) found that mustard seed powder exerted its hypoglycemic activity by enhancing glycolysis, glycogenesis and decreasing glycogenolysis. According to Prince and Menon (1998), the marked hyperlipidemia that characterized the diabetic stage is a consequence of the uninhibited
action of lipolytic enzymes on the fat depots. Hypolipidemic activity of mustard seeds may be due to its insulinomimetic activity. CONCLUSION The results of present study indicated that the mustard seed powder at high dose (8g/kg body weight) is having potent hypolipidemic effect. But the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <15 <
animals treated with mustard at 2g/kg body weight remained similar to that obtained for diabetic control ie, no hypolipidemic effect for low doses of mustard. REFERENCES Allain, C.C., Poon, L.S., and Chan, C.S.G. 1974. Enzymatic determination of serum cholesterol. Clin. Chem. 20: 470-475. Grover, J.K., Yadav, S. and Vats, V. 2002. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Brassica juncea diet and their effect on hepatic glucose content and key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 241 (1-2): 95-101 Khan, B.A., Abraham, A. and Leelamma, S. 1995. Hypoglycemic action of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) and Brassica juncea (mustard):
J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <16 <
Mechanism of action. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 32(2):106-108 King, H., Aubert, R.E. and Herman, W. H. 1998. Global burden of diabetes, 1992- 2025: Prevelance, numerical estimates and projections. Diabetes Care. 21(9): 14141431 Nussel, S. G. and Arav, E. 1975. Determination of serum triglyceride by enzymatic method. Medicine. 10: 25-26 Prince, P.S.M. and Menon, V.P. 1998. Hypoglycemic activity of Syzigium cumini seeds: effect on lipid peroxidation in alloxan diabetic rats. J. Ethnophamacol. 61: 1-7 Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1985. Statistical Methods Eight edition. Oxford and IBH publishing company, Calcutta, p.534
RESEARCH ARTICLE
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LYMPH NODES OF GOAT FOETUSES* Asha Antony, Maya S., Harshan K.R. and Chungath J.J. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy *Part of M.V. Sc. thesis submitted by first author to Kerala Agricultural University.
ABSTRACT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prenatal histochemical studies on the lymph nodes of goat were conducted in six caprine foetuses in the last month of gestation. Lymph nodes exhibited only traces of glycogen, weak activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases and weak reaction for lipids. But deposition of fat was seen around the capsule of superficial lymph nodes from fourth month onwards, for providing protection.
The study was conducted on six caprine foetuses in the last month of gestation. The age of the foetuses was calculated using the formula derived by Singh et al. (1979), for goat foetuses, W1/3 = 0.096 (t - 30), where, W = Body weight of the foetus in g and t = Age of the foetus in days. Representative lymph nodes from five major lymphocenters were dissected out from the foetuses, viz. parotid and mandibular lymph nodes from lymphocenters of the head, prescapular lymph node from neck, caudal mediastinal lymph node from thoracic cavity, jejunal mesenteric lymph node from abdominal viscera, and prefemoral lymph node from abdominal wall. For detection of carbohydrates the material was fixed o in chilled acetone at 4 C. The specimens were dehydrated and embedded in high melting o o paraffin (MP 58 C - 60 C). Serial sections of five micron thickness were cut. For studies on lipids and phosphatases, frozen sections of 10 to 20 Âľm thickness were also prepared.
INTRODUCTION: The lymph nodes are the only lymphatic organs located in the course of lymphatic vessels, with the characteristic function of filtering of the lymph before it flows into the venous system. The activated immune cells proliferate in the lymph nodes and produce antibodies to protect the body against disease and infection. Although research has been conducted on the histochemistry of lymph nodes in other species of animals, the prenatal histochemical studies on the caprine lymphatic system are scanty. Hence this study was conducted to explore into the histochemical changes occurring in the lymph nodes of goats during the prenatal life.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Carbohydrates
1
2
MVSc Scholar, Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, 3Professor (Retd.), 4Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala.
Lymphocytes in the lymph nodes exhibited PAS positive reaction and traces of glycogen granules in the cytoplasm by last month of gestation (Fig. 1). This was in confirmation to the findings of Lillie and Fullmer (1976) in the Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <17 <
lymphoid cells of animals. Small lymphocytes exhibited traces of glycogen granules in the cytoplasm but these granules were absent in the large and medium sized lymphocytes. These differences may be attributed to a change in the structure of cells during the course of development. Banks (1981) reported that presence of glycogen indicated the cells' ability to store this most important intracellular polysaccharide inclusion which served a nutritive function as the storage form of energy of cells. Enzymes
Fig. 1. Parotid lymph node showing presence of glycogen (145 days). Best's Carmine x 400 1. Cortex 2. Capsule 3. Accumulation of fat
A weak activity of acid phosphatase was detected in the medullary cords, capillary endothelium and cortex of lymph nodes (Fig. 2). Similar reports were given by Gomori (1941) in both human and animal lymph nodes. Acid phosphatase activity is indicative of the lysosomal activity. So the weak reaction indicated that the lysosomal activity was reduced during foetal stages. A weak activity of alkaline phosphatase (Fig. 3) was also detected in the medullary cords and capillary endothelium of lymph nodes. Similar observations were made by Smith (1958) in mice. Najpande and Srivastava (1974) reported that the enzyme was localized in the areas where active differentiation was taking place, while it disappeared from other parts where differentiation phase had already been completed.
Fig. 2. Mandibular lymph node showing weak acid phosphatase activity (145 days). Gomori's method x 100.
The cortex also showed a weak reaction for alkaline phosphatase similar to the reports of Gadre et al. (2001) in calves. Lipids Lymph nodes showed only a weak reaction for lipids when stained with oil red 'O' (Fig. 4). Similar reports were made by Magnusson and Majeed J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <18 <
Fig. 3. Prefemoral lymph node showing weak alkaline phosphatase activity (145 days). Gomori's method x 100.
Capsular surface of the superficial lymph nodes showed deposition of fat from fourth month onwards by 99 days of gestation (Fig. 5). This might be a protective adaptation for the peripheral nodes lying near the movable parts of the body. REFERENCES Banks, W.J. 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 572
Fig. 4. Prescapular lymph node showing weak reaction for lipids (145 days). Oil red 'O' x 100.
Gadre, K.M., Malik, M.R. and Ramakrishna, V. 2001. Handbook of Calf Lymph Node. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, p. 20 Gomori, G. 1946. Distribution of lipase in tissues under normal and under pathologic conditions. Arch. Path. 41: 121-129 Lillie, R.D. and Fullmer, H.M. 1976. Histopathological Technique and Practical Histochemistry. Tenth edition. The Blakiston Company, New York, p. 800 Magnusson, G. and Majeed, S. 1978. Histochemical study of mesenteric lymph node in old rats. Lab. Anls. 12: 99-102
Fig. 5. Parotid lymph node (99 days). H& E x 100. 1. Cortex 2. Capsule 3. Accumulation of fat (1978) in mesenteric lymph node of old rat. But Gomori (1946) was unable to find lipase activity in human spleen and lymph node. Banks (1981) reported that detection of lipids indicated the presence of fatty acid metabolism as an important source of activated acetate to drive the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The weak reaction in this study indicated lesser storage activities during developmental periods.
Najpande, P.G. and Srivastava, R.K. 1974. A note on the localization of alkaline phosphatase in thirty-day-old sheep foetuses. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 44: 503-505 Singh, Y., Sharma, D. N. and Dhingra, L.D. 1979. Morphogenesis of testis in goat. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 49: 925-931 Smith, C. 1958. Studies on the thymus of the mammal histology and histochemistry of embryonic and early postnatal thymuses of C57BL/6 and AKR stain mice. Am. J. Anat. 116: 611-630
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ENRICHMENT METHODS FOR DETECTION OF Listeria monocytogenes FROM MILK SAMPLES* 1
2
3
Sunil B ., Latha C ., Remya Raveendran ., 4 5 Ajaykumar V.J. and Vrinda Menon K. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy *Part of ICAR Out reach Programme on Zoonotic Diseases
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to compare the performance of different enrichment methods like the use of listeria enrichment broth (LEB), modified LEB (MLEB) and University of Vermount Medium (UVM broth) with four different concentrations of acriflavine and nalidixic acid for their ability to detect and recover L. monocytogenes from milk samples. Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC 1143) strain obtained from the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh was used in the study. The result of the present study shows that the LEB and UVMa are superior compared to other enrichment procedures used in the study followed by UVMb, MLEB, UVMc and UVMd. This study also reveals that there is no advantage in increasing the concentration of acriflavine and nalidixic acid in UVM for inhibiting the growth of contaminant bacteria.
INTRODUCTION Listeria monocytogenes is recognized as a foodborne pathogen of major significance. This species is responsible for both sporadic and epidemic cases of listeriosis associated with a variety of foods, including meat products, raw vegetables, coleslaw, and dairy products. Currently there is a great deal of interest in culture media and methods for the selective recovery of Listeria spp. from food specimens, which stems from increasing 1
Associate Professor, 2Associate Professor and Head, 3 Senior Research Fellow, 4PhD Scholar, 5Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <20 <
human outbreaks of listeriosis (Vlaemynck et al., 2000). These outbreaks emphasize the need for more effective detection and recovery methods for Listeria monocytogenes, especially from dairy products. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of different enrichment methods like listeria enrichment broth (LEB), modified LEB (MLEB) and University of Vermount Medium (UVM broth) with four different concentrations of acriflavine and nalidixic acid in their ability to detect and recover L. monocytogenes from milk samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Strain Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC 1143) strain obtained from the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh was used in the study. Enrichment media LEB, MLEB and UVM broths (Himedia) were compared. The UVM broth with four different concentrations of acriflavin and nalidixic acid were subjected to the study. The concentrations used include UVMa (acriflavin 12mg/L and nalidixic acid 20mg/L), UVMb (acriflavin 18.5 mg/L and nalidixic acid 20 mg/L), UVMc (acriflavin 25mg/L and nalidixic acid 20mg/L) and UVMd (acriflavin 50 mg/L and nalidixic acid 40 mg/L). Thus, a total of six different enrichment techniques were tried. Samples and inoculation Pasteurized milk samples screened and found negative for the
presence of Listeria monocytogenes were used to spike the culture. The Listeria monocytogenes concentration was adjusted to 1.5 x 10 3organisms/ ml using Mac Farland standards. One milliliter of this was added to 9 ml of milk samples and was incubated at 30 o C for around 12 hrs. After this the enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in this 2 sample revealed 2.1 x 10 organisms/ ml of sample. One ml of these samples was then inoculated to 9 ml of all the six different types of enrichment o broths and was incubated at 30 C for 24 hours. After this, the broth samples were serially diluted in normal saline and plated into PALCAM agar for the purpose of enumeration. The entire procedure was repeated thrice
DISCUSSION The result of the present study shows that the LEB and UVMa are superior compared to other enrichment procedures used in the study followed by UVMb, MLEB, UVMc and UVMd. The ability of LEB and UVM in the recovery of Listeria monocytogenes has been reported in previous studies (Patel and Beuchat, 1995; Suh, J.H and Knabel, 2001). So, based on the results of this study, these two media can be suggested especially to recover organism from pasteurized milk, where there are competing thermoduric bacilli. As reported earlier by Salam et al. (2010), this study also reveals that there is no advantage in increasing the concentration of acriflavine and nalidixic acid in UVM for inhibiting the growth of contaminant bacteria.
RESULT After the 12 hour incubation the milk sample had a total Listeria monocytogenes count of 2 2.1 x 10 organisms/ml. The counts obtained using different enrichment broths are given in the following table. One way ANOVA and Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were performed and it was found that no significant difference was observed between LEB and UVMa. These two broths were significantly different from the others. Table 1. The Listeria monocytogenes Count obtained using different enrichment procedures. Sl Enrichment No. Broth
Yield In Palcam Agar Cfu/ml 1
2
3
1
LEB
3.3x10
4
3.7 x10
4
3.5 x10
4
2
MLEB
2.5x10
4
2.3 x10
4
2.7 x10
4
3
UVMa
3.1x10
4
3 x10
4
3.4 x10
4
4
UVMb
2.8x10
4
3 x10
4
3x10
5
UVMc
2.6x10
2
2.7 x10
6
UVMd
1.2x102
2
1.4 x102
4
2.5 x10
2
1.6 x102
REFERENCES Patel, J, R. and Beuchat, L.R. 1995. Evaluation of enrichment broths for their ability to recover heat injured Listeria monocytogenes. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78(4) : 366-72 Salam, A.E., Zeinab,M., Ghany ,A.E and Tahan M.H.E. 2010. The comparison between different enrichment broth media and selective solid media for growing of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. J. Agric. Chem. and biotech. mansoura Univ. 7: 351-363 Suh, J.H and Knabel, S.J. 2001. Comparison of different enrichment broths and background flora for detection of heatinjured Listeria monocytogenes in whole milk. J. Food. Prot. 64(1): 30-36 Vlaemynck, G., Lafarge, V., Scotter, S. 2000. Improvement of the detection of Listeria monocytogenes by the application of ALOA, a diagnostic chromogenic isolation medium. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88: 430-441 Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <21 <
RESEARCH ARTICLE
SERUM INSULIN LEVELS AND LIPID PROFILES OF STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS* Dhanush Krishna B1, Suguna Rao2 and M.L. Satyanarayana3 Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore *Part of MVSc. thesis submitted by the first author to KVAFSU, Bidar
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the serum insulin levels and lipid profiles in experimentally induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Twenty rats were randomly separated into two groups of ten rats each. Group I served as normal control and group II served as diabetic. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced in groups II rats with single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ) (45mg/kg) dissolved in 0.1M cold citrate buffer (pH 4.5.) The Group I was given citrate buffer alone. The induction of diabetes was confirmed by estimating the blood glucose levels after 72 hours of STZ injection and animals showing the blood glucose level above 300 mg/dL were considered as diabetic. The blood was collected at 15th, 30th and 45th days post STZ injection of the present study. The result revealed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the serum level of total cholesterol, triglyceride and blood glucose level of diabetic rats when compared with the normal control rats while a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the serum insulin level(RIA) and body weight was obtained. The present study showed that induction of diabetes using STZ resulted in decreased serum insulin levels, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in rats.
1
PhD Scholar, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, Mannuthy, 2Professor, Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Bangalore, 3 Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Bangalore. J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <22 <
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (WHO). Statistical projection about India suggests that the number of diabetics will rise from 15 million in 1995 to 79.4 million by 2025, making it the country with the highest number of diabetics in the world (King et al., 1998). Experimental induction of diabetes mellitus in animal models is essential for the advancement of our knowledge and understanding of the various aspects of its pathogenesis and ultimately finding new therapies and cure. Streptozotocin (STZ) has been extensively used to induce diabetes for various diabetes studies in laboratory animals (Calabresi and Chabner, 1985). Diabetes is generally accompanied with lipid metabolism abnormality known as diabetic dyslipidaemia which increase the risk for coronary heart disease. The aim of this work is to study the progression of STZ induced diabetes on the serum insulin levels and lipid profiles of adult male Albino Wistar rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Male Albino Wistar rats weighing 180260g were obtained from Central Animal Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Rats were maintained under standard laboratory conditions. They were fed with commercially available rat feed (Amruth Feeds, Bangalore) and water ad libitum throughout the study. The animals were randomly allocated into two groups, group I as normal control, while group II as diabetic group. The use of animals was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Veterinary College, Bangalore. The experiment was conducted for a period of 45 days. Diabetes Induction Diabetes was induced in group II by intraperitoneal administration of STZ (Sigma Chemicals, USA) at a dose rate of 45 mg/kg of body weight dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Control rats were injected with citrate buffer alone. Three days after streptozotocin administration, the glucose levels were determined to confirm diabetes. Rats exhibiting fasting blood glucose levels >300mg/dL were considered for the study. Biochemical analysis The animals were overnight fasted before their blood glucose level was measured. Blood was collected from retro-orbital plexus of the rats under light ether anaesthesia at different time intervals from 3rd, 15th, 30th to 45th days of experiment. The blood glucose levels and serum lipid levels were measured using commercially available biochemical kits (Span Diagnostics,
Bangalore) according to standard procedures (Tietz, 1976). The estimation of serum insulin levels was done by radio-immunoassay (RIA) using iodine labelled insulin assay kit (BARC, Mumbai). Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism for Windows Version 5.0, 2009. All values are presented as Mean ± Standard Error (SE). The data were analysed using paired sample student t test (p < 0.001; two tailed). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the body weight was observed in the diabetic group when compared to the control (Table 1). The blood glucose level was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in diabetic group (Table 1). The mean (± SE) values of serum cholesterol and triglycerides were found to be progressively increasing from 3rd day (P<0.001) to the final day of the experimental study (Table 1). Throughout the experiment, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the serum insulin level of diabetic group (Table 2). Streptozotocin is a naturally occurring product produced by Streptomyces achromogenes which has been extensively used to induce diabetes for various diabetes studies in laboratory animals. Streptozotocin was observed to cause a massive reduction of the â- cells of the islets of Langerhans and induce hyperglycaemia as reported by a number of workers (Babu and Prince, 2004). STZ has been reported to be capable of generating reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress and cell death (Szkudelski, 2001).
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Table 1: Effects of STZ on the body weight (g), blood glucose (mg/dL), serum cholesterol (mg/dL) and serum triglyceride (mg/dL) Days 3rd day
15th day
30th day
45th day
Parameter
Group I
Group II a
241.83±3.34 b
Body weight (g)
213.16±8.02
Blood glucose(mg/dL)
106.00± 5.18 a
428.50±6.74b
Cholesterol(mg/dL)
43.03±1.82 a
74.98±4.25 b
Triglyceride(mg/dL)
98.85 ± 2.18 a
211.10±3.41 b
Body weight (g)
228.16±6.63 a
212.66±2.30 a
Blood glucose(mg/dL)
103.83± 3.60 a
474.66±5.57 b
Cholesterol(mg/dL)
42.71±1.86 a
91.90±5.53 b
Triglyceride(mg/dL)
98.51±1.20 a
248.95±3.16 b
Body weight(g)
250.33±4.47 a
189.66±3.16 b
Blood glucose(mg/dL)
106.83±4.24 a
513.66±7.09 b
Cholesterol(mg/dL)
42.16±1.93 a
105.60±5.24 b
Triglyceride(mg/dL)
100.86±1.22 a
285.35±2.46 b
Body weight(g)
281.83± 3.38 a
169.00±2.93 b
Blood glucose(mg/dL)
107.13±3.21 a
557.83±5.71 b
Cholesterol(mg/dL)
41.48±1.78 a
119.28±4.19 b
Triglyceride(mg/dL) 99.48±1.29 a 328.22±4.35 b Values are given as Mean (± SE) for ten rats in each group. For each parameter, means bearing the same superscript do not differ significantly at P <0.001. Table 2: Effects of STZ on the serum insulin (µU/mL) level Days Parameter Group I th
Group II a
16.03±0.39 b
15 day
Serum insulin(µU/mL)
56.86±1.73
30th day
Serum insulin(µU/mL)
56.51±1.80 a
12.29±0.33 b
45th day
Serum insulin(µU/mL)
56.75±1.78 a
11.22±0.44 b
Values are given as Mean (± SE) for ten rats in each group. For each parameter, means bearing the same superscript do not differ significantly at P <0.001. In the present study, diabetes was induced in rats by administration of STZ which was characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and decreased physical activities. The present findings appear to be in consonance with the findings of many earlier workers (Shenoy and J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <24 <
Ramesh, 2002). The elevation in the serum glucose level and decline in serum insulin level of diabetic control animals may be attributed to the specific destruction of â- cells by STZ which produces the hormone insulin for normal glucose homeostasis
(Kumar et al., 1999). Insulin enables the cells to absorb glucose from the blood and also helps in the utilization of the glucose in the cells by glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, hexose monophosphate shunt, and glycogenesis. In STZ induced diabetes, 창 cells fail to produce insulin which causes excess glucose accumulation in the blood instead of being utilized or stored. The decline in the mean insulin values observed in the present study has also been reported by many earlier workers (Punitha et al., 2005 and Wadood et al., 2007). Hyperlipidemia is a recognized complication of DM characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids and changes in lipoprotein composition. One of the major pathogenesis of lipid metabolism disturbances in diabetes is the increased mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and secondary elevation of free fatty acid level in the blood due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. The excessive lipolysis in diabetic adipose tissue may lead to increased free fatty acids in circulation which enter the liver and are esterified to form triglycerides. The fatty acid compositions of various tissues are altered in both experimental and human diabetes (Tilvis and Miettinen, 1985). The finding in the present study is in correlation with the findings of Pepato et al. (2005) and Sharma et al. (2008). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that administration of STZ had both potential hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic activity in male Wistar rats. REFERENCES B a b u , P. S . a n d P r i n c e , P. S . M . 2 0 0 4 . Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of hyponidd, an ayurvedic herbomineral
formulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Pharm. and Pharmacol. 56: 1435-1442 Calabresi, P. and Chabner, B.A. 1985. Antineoplastic agents. In: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Edt. Goodman, A. and Rall, J.W. Edn. 8th., Pergmann Press, New York. pp 1209-1263 King, H, Aubert R.E. and Herman, W.H. 1998. Global burden of diabetes 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates and projections. Diabet. Care. 21: 1414- 31 Kumar, K. K., Augusti, K.T. and Vijayammal, P. L. 1999. Hypoglycaemic and anti-oxidant activity of Salacia oblonga Wall. extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43(3): 510-514 Pepato, M.T., Mori, D.M., Baviera, A.M., Harami, J.B., Vendramini, R.C. and Brunetti, I.L. 2005. Fruit of the jambolan tree (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) and experimental diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96: 4348 Punitha, I.S.R., Shirwarikar, A. and Shirwarikar A. 2005. Antidiabetic activity of benzyl tetra isoquinoline alkaloid alkaloid beriberine in STZ nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetologia Croatica. 34(4): 117-128 Sharma, B., Balomajumder, C. and Roy, P. 2008. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of flavonoid rich extract from Eugenia jambolana seeds on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Food Chemi. Toxicol. 46: 2376-2383 Shenoy, A.G. and Ramesh, K. G. 2002. Improvement of insulin sensitivity by perindopril in spontaneously hypertensive and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Ind. J. Pharmacol. 34: 156-164 Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <25 <
Szkudelski, T. 2001. The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in cells of the rat pancreas. Physiol. Res. 50: 536-546 Tietz. 1976. Fundamentals of clinical chemistry. W.B.Saunders Co., Philadephia. Tilvis, R.S. and Miettinen, T.A. 1985. Fatty acid composition of serum lipids, erythrocytes and platelets in insulin-dependent diabetic women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61: 741745
Wadood, N., Nisar, M., Rashid, A., Wadood, A., Nawab, G. and Khan, A. 2007. Effect of a compound recipe (medicinal plants) on serum insulin levels of alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. J. Ayub. Med. Coll. 19(1):32-38 World Health Organization, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications,â&#x20AC;? Report of WHO Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999
ARANYAKAM The annual state convention for the year 2012 of the Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala, Kerala Veterinary Surgeons Service Association and Animal Husbandry Officer's Association Kerala nomenclatured as ARANYAKAM is being held at Lakkidi, Wayanad, during 28th, 29th and 30th December 2012.
J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <26 <
RESEARCH ARTICLE
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COPROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF FASCIOLA INFECTION IN RUMINANTS* 1
2
3
Devi S , Talukdar S K and Das M R
College of Veterinary Sciences, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam *Part of MVSc thesis submitted by the first author to Assam Agricultural University
ABSTRACT: In the present study fecal samples collected from 50 animals slaughtered at local abattoirs located at Killing Village (Nineth mile) and Dwarandha, Khanapara, Assam were screened for the presence of Fasciola infection by five different faecal examination methods such as , standard sedimentation method, zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation, alkaline digestion method, formol-ether method and ethyl acetate sedimentation method . Among the methods of faecal examinations compared, alkaline digestion method could detect maximum number 17 (34 Percent) of samples as positive for Fasciolosis, followed by ethyl acetate sedimentation method 13 (26 Percent), formol-ether method Standard sedimentation method 10 (20 Percent) and Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation method 3 (6 Percent).
INTRODUCTION Fasciolosis, the liver fluke disease, is a disease of domesticated livestock caused by digenetic trematode Fasciola hepatica, Linnaeus, 1758 and Fasciola gigantica, Cobbold, 1855. The liver fluke infection is found in dairy animals, wild ruminants, pig, horse, elephants and occasionally in human beings. The disease is 1
Veterinary surgeon, Veterinary dispensary, Kumaramputhur, Palakkad, Kerala, 2Asso. Professor, Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Khanapara, Assam, 3Professor, Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Khanapara, Assam
cosmopolitan in distribution with tropical region having Fasciola gigantica, while Fasciola hepatica is common in temperate zones though some part of the world may have both the parasites. In India fasciolosis associated with tropical liver fluke Fasciola gigantica continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in ruminants. There have been numerous reports on the incidence of this disease from different parts of the country varying from 30-80 percent (Borkakotty et al., 1984) with almost 70 percent cattle/buffalo carrying the infection in Kashmir. Confirmatory diagnosis of the disease is done by routine faecal sample examination. But interpretation is generally variable depending upon host, age, defecation rhythm, egg laying rhythms, sampling techniques etc. In addition to sedimentation method a number of tests are routinely used for detection of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in the faecal material of animals and stool sample of human beings. The field veterinarians mainly confine to sedimentation method for detection of liver fluke eggs in the dung sample of livestock, although it sometimes fail to deliver desired result. Hence it is envisaged to compare the different methods of coprological examination used for detection of other helminthic eggs or protozoan cysts with that of sedimentation method to find out the best.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS: Faecal samples of 50 animals were collected. Each sample was examined by five different methods for the presence of Fasciola eggs viz. 1. Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation method (Soulsby, 1982) 2. Ethyl acetate sedimentation method 3. Alkaline digestion method (Vohra and Agarwal, 2006). 4. Formol-ether method (Vohra and Agarwal, 2006). 5. Standard sedimentation method (Soulsby, 1982) Each sample was examined 5 times before considering it as negative. RESULTS : The results of the different methods of examinations are given in Table 1 and Figure1. Table 1: Results of different coprological methods No. of Value Method No. of samples Perc of exasamples found entage of ChiSquare mination examined positive Zinc sulfate floatation 50 3 6 Method Etyhl acetate 50 26 13 sedimentation Method *12.60 Alkaline 50 34 17 Digestion Method Formol Ether Method Standard Sedimentation Method
50
10
20
50
10
20
*P<0.05. J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <28 <
Figure 1: Results of different coprological methods
*ZSF-Zinc Sulfate Centrifugal Floatation Method, *EAS-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation Method, *AD-Alkaline Digestion Method, *FEFormol-Ether Method, *SS - Standard sedimentation Method DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of Fasciola infection is mainly by detecting the eggs in faeces. The main disadvantage of this technique is that it cannot detect the infection in the prepatent period, during which the maximum damage to the liver occurs. Also eggs are released sporadically from the bile duct and consequent incorrect sampling can lead to false negative results. Among the faecal examination methods, the most commonly used method in the diagnosis of fasciolosis is standard sedimentation method. Comparitively less works have been done for comparing different faecal examination techniques used in case of other flukes with standard sedimentation test to see whether they can be applied for diagnosis of fasciolosis. In the present study a total of 50 faecal samples were examined by five different faecal examination techniques and the results were compared to find out the most suitable test for diagnosis of fasciolosis. Out of 50 samples examined 10 (20 percent) samples were positive by standard sedimentation method, 3 (6 percent) samples
were positive by zinc sulfate floatation method, 13 (26 percent) samples were positive by ethyl acetate sedimentation method, 17 (34 percent) samples were positive by alkaline digestion method, and 10 (20 percent) samples were positive by formol ether method. Thus the alkaline digestion method which is commonly used in diagnosis of schistosomiasis was found to be the best amongst the different coprological tests conducted in the present study as noted above, while the standard sedimentation and formol-ether method could detect the same number of animals positive for fasciolosis. The alkaline digestion method thus proved superior over other methods perhaps because it was able to disintegrate faecal material better (Vohra and Agarwal, 2006) and also more quantity of sample is processed by this method when compared to others. Ethyl acetate sedimentation method could detect a slightly higher number of samples as positive for Fasciola infection, when compared to standard sedimentation method and formal ether method. Of all the five methods, zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation method, which is commonly used for diagnosis of protozoan infection could detect the lowest number of animals as positive for fasciolosis (Weller et al.).
REFERENCES Borkakoty, M.R., Das, M.R. and Gogoi, A.R. 1984. Incidence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in cattle in Kamrup district of Assam with special reference to the prevalent species of coccidia. J.Anim.Hlth., 23 :57-62 Soulsby, E.J.L. 1982. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. Seventh Edition, The English Language Book Society and Baillier, Tindal and Cassel Ltd., London Vohra, S. and Agarwal, M.C. 2006. Prevalence of caprine schistosomiasis as determined by different coprological methods. Indian Vet. J., 83: 1160-1163 Weller, T.H., Captain, Dammin, G.J., Major, Patterson, K. and Sgt. Harwood, E.L. 1945 The Acid-Ether Centrifugation and the Zinc Sulfate Flotation Techniques as Methods for the Recovery of the Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni Am. J. Trop. Med. 25 : 367-374
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
EFFICACY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE OF ENROFLOXACIN AND METRONIDAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRITIS IN CROSS BRED CATTLE - A FIELD TRIAL. Viju Vijayan Pillai Resident Veterinarian, Humane Animal Society, Coimbatore
ABSTRACT The present study evaluate the efficacy of simultaneous use of enrofloxacin and metronidazole in the treatment of endometritis (clinical and subclinical) in crossbred cattle. Twenty seven animals diagnosed with endometritis (11 heifers and 16 pluriparous) were subjected to treatment with 1.5 g of enrofloxacin and 2.5 g of metronidazole intravenously for 5 consecutive days. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by observation of changes in vaginal discharge and the performance of the treated animals in terms of pregnancy rates. All the animals responded to the treatment with a pregnancy rate of 55 percent to 63 percent.
INTRODUCTION Reduced reproductive performance in dairy cattle is often caused by uterine disorders. Endometritis is termed as the inflammation of endometrium and underlying glandular tissue without any systemic signs (Bondurant, 1999). For confirmation of endometritis, microbiological examination of uterine swabs with or without histological examination of endometrial biopsy is must. (Bonnet et al.,1991). But, these procedures are impractical for the veterinarians in rural field conditions. Moreover, in subclinical endometritis there will not be any visible change to the uterine discharge and hence difficult to diagnose at the time of artificial insemination. Besides acute metritis and chronic endometritis, recent reports on a negative impact of subclinical endometritis on
reproductive performance have been published. Hence, Whiteside test, a simple test to detect endometritis can be used in field conditions to detect both clinical and subclinical endometritis. Commonly used treatment of endometritis involves the use of intrauterine infusions like Lugols Iodine which may cause irritation to the uterine lining. Use of intrauterine antibiotic infusions is also controversial (Paisley et.al, 1986). The most appropriate method is to subject the animal to systemic antibiotic therapy after isolation and antibiotic sensitivity test, which is difficult under field conditions. Hence the present study deals with assessing the efficacy of combination of systemic antibiotics against both aerobes and anaerobes (enrofloxacin and metronidazole respectively) in crossbred cattle diagnosed with endometritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at Coimbatore. A total of 64 animals were selected for the present, of which 27 animals were diagnosed with endometritis (either clinical or subclinical) based on reproductive history, color and nature of vaginal discharge and Whiteside test. Uterine discharge was collected aseptically from the animals selected for the study and subjected to Whiteside test. Appearance of yellow colour was taken as a positive indication. The colour reaction was also Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <37 <
positive in subclinical cases. Samples negative for colour reaction and without any clinical signs were considered normal. Out of the total of 27 animals tested positive for either clinical or subclinical endometritis were subjected to a treatment with 1.5g Enrofloxacin (Enrocin, 15 ml containing Enrofloxacin 100mg/ml) and 2.5 g Metroniodazole (Metrogyl, 500ml containing Metronidazole 5mg/ml) intravenous for 5 consecutive days. At estrus subsequent to treatment, all animals were subjected to artificial insemination (AI). Pregnancy was confirmed 3 months post AI by transrectal palpation. Table 1. Incidence of clinical and subclinical endometritis in crossbred cattle . Type Number % Incidence Normal 37 57.81 Clinical 8 12.5 Subclinical 19 29.69 Table 2. Statistics showing distribution of animals subjected to treatment Animal Clinically Subclinical Affected Heifer 3 8 Pluriparous 5 11 Total 8 19 Table 3. Statistics showing pregnancy rate in animals subjected to treatment. Number of Pregnant Pregnancy animals rate (%) Heifers 11 7 63.63 Pluriparous 16 9 56.25 Clinically Affected 8 5 62.5 Subclinically Affected 19 11 57.89 J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <38 <
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Vaginal discharge observed in the animals subjected to this study varied from apparently normal appearance to turbid, thick and mucopurulent. Out of the 64 animals subjected to screening, 37 were found normal, 8 affected clinically and 19 sub clinically. The percentage of subclinical endometritis was found to be 29.69. Detection of subclinical endometritis was based on Whiteside test, where the change in colour is correlated to the number of leukocytes present in the discharge. Normal discharge has significantly less number of leukocytes to cause a change in colour, whereas there is moderate to very high number of leukocytes in subclinical and clinical endometritis which caused proportionate change in colour. The prevailing subclinical endometritis could have been a major cause of repeat breeding as it cannot be detected at the time of AI. Subsequent to systemic treatment using enrofloxacin and metronidazole, the turbidity considerably decreased and discharge was observed to be clear and transparent in all clinically affected animals in the subsequent estrus, which is an indication of healthy uterus (Roberts, 1986). Also both groups of animals under treatment (clinical and subclinical) were tested negative when subjected to Whiteside test. Artificial insemination carried out in estrus subsequent to treatment resulted in 63.63 % and 57.89 % pregnancy rate in heifers (n=7/11) and pluriparous cows (n=9/16) respectively. The percentage of conception was 57.89 % in sub clinically affected animals (n=11/19) and 62.5 % in animals with clinical endometritis (n=5/8) (Table 2). Aerobic as well as anaerobic organisms should be considered while selecting antibiotics for the treatment of endometritis. Combination of Enrofloxacin (against aerobes) and metronidazole
(against anaerobes) has good efficacy in the treatment of endometritis. This combination also proves good in chronic infection as both aerobic and anaerobic organisms exist in chronic uterine infections (Baishya et al., 1998). The treatment of both clinical and subclinical endometritis with systemic antibiotics is an effective alternative to protocols based on intrauterine therapy. Compared to intrauterine therapy, the degree of damage caused to the glandular epithelium is very less when systemic antibiotics are used and thereby also advantageous to the animal's future reproductive performance. REFERENCES Baishya, S.K., Das, K.K., Rahman,H and Borgohain, M. 1998. Antibiogram of bacteria isolated from uterine discharge of repeat breeding buffaloes. Indian Journal of Comparitive Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 19: 145-169 Bondurant, R.H. 1999, Inflammation in the Bovine Female Reproductive tract. Journal of Animal Science 77: 101-110
Bonnett, B.N, Martin, S.W., Gannon, V.P., Miller, R.B., and Etherington, W.G.,1991. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows.III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 55:168-173 Paisley, L., Mickelsen, W. and Anderson, P. 1986. Mechanism and therapy for retained fetal memberanes and uterine infections of cows: A review. Theriogenology 25: 353381 Purohit, G.N., Gupta, K.A., Vyas, K., Gupta, A.K., Garg, N., Chaturvedi, R.K., Pareek, P.K., and Sharma, S.S., 2003. Use of fluroquinolones for treating subclinical uterine infections. The Blue Cross Book 21:19-20 Roberts, S.J., 1986. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, 3rd edition. S. J RobertsWoodstock, NY, pp:359-381 Singh Jagir, Ghuman S.P.S., Dadarwal. D., Honparkfe. M., and Singh. N., 2009. Evaluation of a systemic antibiotic treatment of chronic endometritis in Buffaloes. Intas Polivet 2009 Vol 10.: 25-28
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
LIVESTOCK BASED SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS IN PARIYARAM PANCHAYAT* V. Prasanth Assistant Director, Special Livestock Breeding Programme, Kannur *Part of PGDAEM Project Report submitted to National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management, Hyderabad
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
A study was conducted to understand existing livestock based farming systems, to assess constraints in the farm environment, to find out most accepted farming system and to develop economically viable and efficient integrated farming system in Pariyaram panchayat. Sixty farmers were interviewed. Eighty percentages of livestock farmers are above 50 years of age. Thirty five percentage of farmers treat livestock farming as their main income source. A downtrend towards rice cultivation was noticed among dairy farmers. Forty percentage of livestock farmers had three or more cattle. Fifteen percentage of farmers have 10 or more number of cattle. Sixty percentage of the farmers were getting 10 liters of milk per animal per day. Only 15 percentage of farmers are cultivating fodder in their premises. All livestock farmers have at least a few coconut trees as a subsidiary income. Most of the respondents' children are well educated. Most of the farmers are economically and socially sound. Increased feeding cost is the major problem being faced by livestock farmers. Ninteen combinations of livestock based farming systems were identified in Pariyaram panchayat. From this study it could be inferred that farming system which mainly contains livestock, coconut and rice with added options of fodder, biogas, vegetables and poultry is the most sustainable livestock based farming system in Pariyaram panchayat. For reducing the feed cost, fodder cultivation and rice cultivation should be encouraged. For increasing the profit from livestock farming, biogas plant has to be installed. Selling products as value added ones will increase profit. Proper awareness programmes are needed for attracting youngsters to this sector.
Farming System is an integrated set of activities that farmers perform in their farms using their resources and circumstances to maximize the productivity and net farm income on a sustainable basis (Sathyanarayana, 2008). It is a complex interrelated matrix of soils, plants, animals, implements, labor and capital. A judicious mix of more enterprises should complement the farm income and help in recycling farm resources. It involves complex combinations of inputs, managed by environmental, political, economic, institutional and social factors. Farming system is an approach built on the principles of productivity, profitability, stability and sustainability. Irrigated mixed farming systems have shown the greatest increase in productivity particularly in the humid regions of Asia (FAO CDR, 2009). Keulen and Schicre (2004) reported that crop-livestock systems play a major role in the dynamics of many agricultural systems. It was demonstrated that the appropriate use of local feed resources and indigenous livestock breeds requires the close integration between crops and livestock within the system (Preston and Rodriguez, 2004). Presently there is an imbalance between supply and demand for food in Kerala. Even with existing technologies and resources, food production can be raised substantially through special efforts. Due to increasing trends in the consumption of milk, meat and egg, the demand for these is likely to increase. People in this panchayat are not Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <45 <
generally doing monocrop cultivation. Different farming systems are being practiced. Different systems have its own merits and demerits. Hence this study was conducted to understand existing farming systems, to assess constraints in the farm environment, to find out most accepted farming system and to develop economically viable and efficient integrated farming system in Pariyaram panchayat. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first and foremost aim was to find out different farming systems and constraints in the farm environment. Personal interview with the help of questionnaire was done with the livestock
farmers having at least two cattle and those who used to consult dispensary promptly for veterinary aid. Questionnaire was prepared in such a manner that questions were specific and without any scope for ambiguity. Sixty farmers actively involved in the livestock farming were interviewed with the help of questionnaire. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results were collected from 60 th respondents during the period from January 15 to th February 15 2010. During the interview process, it was found that 19 combinations of farming systems are being practiced in Pariyaram panchayat (Table 1).
Table 1. Different farming systems identified in Pariyaram panchayat Livestock + Poultry + Biogas + Fodder + Rice + Coconut + Vegetables + Banana Livestock + Biogas + Fodder + Rice + Coconut + Areca nut + Vegetables + Rubber + Pepper Livestock + Poultry + Coconut + Areca nut Livestock + Fodder + Coconut + Areca nut + Vegetables + Rubber Livestock + Poultry + Coconut + Vegetables Livestock + Coconut + Areca nut + Cashew nut Livestock + Fodder + coconut + Areca nut Livestock + Poultry + Rice + Coconut + Areca nut Livestock + Coconut Livestock + Coconut + Areca nut Livestock + rice + Coconut + Vegetables + Rubber Livestock + Fodder + Rice + Coconut + Vegetables + Cashew nut Livestock + Poultry + Rice + Coconut + Vegetables Livestock + Poultry + Biogas + Fodder + Coconut + Areca nut + Vegetables Livestock + Poultry + Fodder + Rice + Coconut + Areca nut + Vegetables + Rubber Livestock + Poultry + Fodder + Rice + Coconut + Cashew nut + Vegetables + Rubber Livestock + Rice + Coconut + Areca nut + Vegetables Livestock + Rice + Coconut + Areca nut Livestock + Poultry + Rice + Coconut + Areca nut + Rubber J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <46 <
Farmers rearing livestock as major livelihood activity were interviewed. Out of 60 farmers, three were 21 to 30 years of age group, three were 31 to 40 years, six were 41 to 50 years and 48 were above 50 years. Eighty percentage of the livestock farmers were above 50 years of age. From this result it is clear that younger generations are not showing favorable attitude towards livestock farming. Old people who are rearing livestock for the past many years are still continuing in this sector. Fifty seven respondents were male farmers and three were females. The study tends to support the livestock rearing is still with male population. Female members are supporting in activities, but major policy decisions are being taken by male section.
market price in these days. Still the response is not good for poultry rearing, among livestock farmers. In the Kerala condition, for maintaining dairy farm in an economically feasible manner, there should be a minimum milk production of 10 liters per day per animal during the milking period. In this study an important finding was that 60 percentage of the farmers got 10 liters and above milk yield per animal per day. Mini dairy farms with increased production potential are the need of the present situation in Kerala (Gopalakrishnan, 2009). Prabhu (2007) reported that livestock based enterprises can provide livelihood security to farmers and are ideal for the homestead-based agriculture particularly in Kerala for small and marginal farmers.
Among the respondents, 21 are doing livestock rearing as their main income source (35%). Thirty percentage of total respondents are depending mainly on daily wage labor and 20 percentage on agriculture. Sixty five percentage of total respondents consider livestock farming as their supporting activity. Eighteen farmers are having 31 to 100 cents of dry land holding. That comes 30 percentage of total respondents. Fifteen farmers i.e. 25 percentage of total respondents were with 31 to 100 cents of paddy field. One striking point is that only 55 percentage of the livestock farmers were having paddy field. This shows a downtrend towards rice cultivation among dairy farmers. There is a chance that, this trend may adversely affect livestock farming also.
Regarding the biogas plant, the involvement of the farmers was not good. Only 15 percentage of the farmers installed biogas plant. Biogas plant is an added income source to the farmers as a source of cooking gas. In the fodder cultivation sector, the response is a mixed one. Fifty percentage of the farmers are cultivating fodder. Fodder cultivation is a way to reduce feeding cost of animals. Sixty percentage of the farmers have rice cultivation. For economically maintaining cattle farm, the rice paddy production is an unavoidable factor. Maximum number of farmers have 31 to 100 cents of rice cultivation (35 percentage). Livestock farmers have coconut cultivation as a subsidiary income source. Sixty percentages of the farmers have only up to five coconut trees. Fifteen percentage of farmers have more than 20 coconut trees. Good response is not seen in the areca nut cultivation sector. Only 65 percentage of livestock farmers have areca nut as a subsidiary income source. Fifty five percentage of the farmers have vegetable cultivation to a limited extend, on a average 5 to 10 cents. Increased
Forty percentage of livestock farmers have a herd size of three cattle. An encouraging finding is that 15 percentage of farmers are with ten or more number of cattle. Only 10 percentage of farmer were with less than three cattle. Only 24 farmers were rearing poultry. That comes only 40 percentage of total farmers. Egg is having very good
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market price for rubber has influenced the livestock farmers also. Thirty percentage of them started rubber plantations. Five percentage of farmers have banana cultivation, 10 percentage have pepper cultivation and 10 percentage have cashew nut cultivation.
percentage reported that farming system is not profitable and the rest five percentage said that are running the system on no profit-no loss basis. Only five percentage of the farmers are preparing value added live stock products like ghee, curd etc., for sale.
Regarding the social status of the farmers' family, an encouraging finding is that out of 51 farmers, 21 have plus two qualified children, another 21 have graduates as children, three have post-graduates and rest three have their children professionally qualified. When we come to core issues in the animal husbandry sector, it is very much clear that increased feeding cost is the major problem being faced by livestock farmers. Ninety percentage of the respondents are with this opinion. It is very clear that, as we are purchasing all the raw materials for compound feed preparation from other states, naturally the feed cost will increase. But we should concentrate on fodder cultivation, rice paddy production, nonconventional feeds utilization and on scientific feeding practices for limiting the feeding expenses.
There are 19 combinations of livestock based farming systems practiced in Pariyaram panchayat. Wikipedia (2009) reported than an integrated farming system consists of a range of resource saving practices that aim to achieve acceptable profits and high and sustained production levels; mixed farming systems are the largest category of livestock systems in the world. Narain et al. (2008) reported the advantages of the diversification of arid farming systems. Out of 60 farmers interviewed, in addition to livestock, 36 have rice cultivation, 33 have vegetable cultivation, 24 have fodder cultivation and 24 have poultry as subsidiary. All 60 have at least a few coconut trees.
Five percentage of farmers were having low market price of milk as a major issue. Another important finding is that five percentage of the farmers responded as they have no problems in the animal husbandry sector. These advanced farmers who are doing the management aspects in a perfect scientific manner. Sixty five percentage of the farmers are with an opinion that, by reducing the feed and fodder cost, more and more younger generations can be attracted to this sector. Fifteen percentage have an opinion that by effective awareness campaigns, the attitude of youngsters can be made favorable to this sector. Eighty percentage of the farmers agreed that, the particular livestock based farming system being followed by them are profitable. Fifteen J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <48 <
Livestock + Coconut + Rice is a favorable combination of farming system in this panchayat. The sustainability of the system can be improved by adding vegetables, poultry, fodder and biogas to this system. The response towards biogas has to be improved, as only nine farmers out of interviewed 60 are using this scope. Rice cultivation among livestock farmers is an advantage in reducing the feed cost. Forty percentage of farmers are cultivating fodder. That also reduces the feed cost. REFERENCES FAO CDR, 2009. Mixed farming systems and the environment. FAO corporate document repository. Cited in http:// www.fao.org. Gopalakrishnan, P. 2009. New nandinis needed. Mathrubhumi daily, 1st December, 2009
Keulen, H.V. and Schicre, H. 2004. Crop-livestock systems: old wine in new bottles?. th 4 International crop science congress. Wageningeon University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands. Cited in http:// www.cropscience.org.au Narain, P., Singh, M.P., Kar, M., Kathju, S. and Kumar, P. 2008. Diversification of Arid Farming systems. Cited in http://www. vedamsbooks.com Prabhu, M.J. 2007. Livestock based enterprise, ideal for livelihood security. Hindu daily, th 26 July 2007 Preston, T.R. and Rodriguez, L. 2004. Livestock
feed resources within integrated farming systems. University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Cited in http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/ hpg/envis/for doc 930.html Sathyanarayana, K.V. 2008. Farming systems approach. Introduction to agricultural extension management. Study materials for Post Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Extension Management, course 101. National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management, Hyderabad: 61-90 Wikipedia, 2009. Cattle feeding. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia.Cited in http://en. wikipedia.org
BEST SCIENTIFIC PAPER AWARD OF INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala has decided to give best scientific paper awards annually for the best papers published in Journal of Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala from the year 2012. The awards will be for a best Clinical paper and a best Research paper. The award consists of a citation and a cash award which will be distributed in the Veterinarians Annual Convention.
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CLINICAL REPORT
SURGICAL REPAIR OF FRONTAL MENINGOCELE IN A KID Laiju M Philip.1, Ranjith Mohan M.2, Francis Bastin3, and Sajesh M.G.4 Animal Husbandry Department, Government of Kerala
ABSTRACT
CASE PRESENTATION
A frontal meningocele was diagnosed in a day old male kid. After radiographic evaluation and laboratory examination, the meningocele was successfully repaired surgically.
A day old male kid was presented to Veterinary Polyclinic, Mannarkkad with a complaint of swelling on the forehead at birth (Fig.1). The kid was recumbent and it had difficulty in sucking milk from the udder. On palpation, the swelling was found to be fluid filled and turgid in consistency and situated on the cranial midline of the head, extending from the middle third of forehead above the eye upto the muzzle.
INTRODUCTION Meningocele is a herniation of either the cerebral or spinal meninges through a congenital defect in the skull or the vertebral column. It forms a hernial cyst that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid but does not contain neural tissue. The anomaly is designated a cranial meningocele or spinal meningocele, depending on the site of the defect. Meningocele is formed during embryonic development, because of the incomplete closure of neural tube (Ghonghadze T. et al., 2011). It has been reported in white German Holstein calf (Buck, B. C. et al., 2009), female jersey calf (Justin William et al., 2011) and a buffalo calf (Ayyappan, S. et al., 1996). Surgical treatment of cranial meningocele has been reported in Iranian calves (Kohli, R.N. and Naddaf, H.,1998) and MeuseRhine-Yssel calf (Back, W. et al., 1991). Since reports regarding meningocele in kid were scanty, a case of successful surgical repair of frontal meningocele in a day old kid is placed on record. 1
Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Polyclinic, Mannarkkad, Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Karakurissi, 3 Senior Veterinary Surgeon, Mannarkkad, 4Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Muthukurissi 2
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Fig. 1. Meningocele in a kid on presentation
Aseptic aspiration of the swelling revealed clear and colourless fluid (Fig. 2). Plain ventro-dorsal and lateral radiograph (Fig. 3) of the head region revealed homogeneous appearance inside the swelling suggestive of fluid content and absence of involvement of brain tissue. Laboratory examination of the fluid revealed consistency of cerebrospinal fluid (Table. 1). Hence decided to perform exploratory surgery.
the skin by blunt dissection and then resected leaving sufficient tissues to permit simple apposition and to cover the hole. The cranial defect measured 3.5 centimetres rostrocaudally on the frontal bone with a width of 2 centimetres. The brain was visible through a cavity formed due to the incomplete apposition of the frontal bones (Fig.4).
Fig. 2. Aspirated fluid
Fig. 4. Incomplete apposition of the frontal bones revealed during surgery
Fig. 3. Ventro- Dorsal and Lateral radiographs
Table. 1 Laboratory evaluation of the aspirated fluid PARAMETER
VALUE
Glucose
5 mg/dl
Protein
1.6 g/dl
Albumin
0.7 g/dl
Globulin
0.9 g/dl
Scarified the edges of the cranial cavity to facilitate closure by first intension healing. The underlying fascia was apposed covering the frontal bones using chromic catgut 1/0 in a simple continuous pattern. The skin incision was apposed using nylon in a horizontal mattress pattern after trimming the excess skin (Fig.5). Parenteral medication with Inj. Chloramphenicol and Inj. Meloxicam were given for 5 days and the skin th sutures were removed on the 10 post operative day (Fig.6). The kid had an uneventful recovery but with mild deficit in visual function.
The site was prepared aseptically. Aseptic puncture by a needle permitted drainage of about 350 ml fluid to relieve the pressure in the brain. The kid was premedicated using xylazine at the rate 0.01 mg/kg body weight and induced by ketamine hydrochloride at the rate 2.5 mg/kg body weight intravenously . The kid was placed in sternal recumbency and an elliptical skin incision was made. The underlying tissues were separated from Fig. 5. After surgery Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <51 <
brain tissue involved and location of the lesion and extends damage to the brain tissues. When the bulging material consists of primarily cerebrospinal fluid, a complete recovery can occur. Slight reduction in sight may due to the pressure injury to the brain. REFERENCES
Fig. 6. Tenth day after surgery
DISCUSSION Meningocele is a form of encephalocele, known as cranium bifidum, is a neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it, through the openings of the skull. These defects are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development. It causes a groove down the middle of the skull, or between the forehead and nose, or on the back side of the skull. If the bulging portion contains only cerebrospinal fluid and the overlaying membrane, it may be called a meningocele. The only effective treatment is reparative surgery, generally performed within one to two days after birth. Surgery aimed to remove the protrusions and to correct the deformities, essentially relieving pressure that can delay normal brain development. The surgical procedure and intra-operative findings were similar to those in calves earlier reported (Kohli and Naddaf, 1998). Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination of a meningocoele at the anterior fontanelle has been described in a two-and-a-half month old calf (Back et al., 1991). Recovery depends on the type of
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Ayyappan, S., Balasubramanian, S., Subramanian, A. and Dhanapalan, P. 1996. Congenital Meningocoele in a buffalo calf - A Case report. Cheiron 25: 162-63 Back, W., Van Den Belt, A.J.M., Lagerweij, E., Van Overbeeke, J. J. and Van der Velden, M. A. 1991. Surgical repair of cranial meningocele in a calf. Vet. Rec. 128: 569-71 Buck, B.C., Ulrich, R., Wohlke, A., Kuiper, H., Hewicker-Trautwein M, Distl O. 2009. Two rare brain malformations in black and white German Holstein calves Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 116(5):192-9 Ghonghadze, T., Lekiashvili, M., Gogatishvili, T and Pagava, K. 2011. Encephalocele and skeletal malformations (case report). Georgian Med News. 193: 97-99 Justin William., Shiju Simon, B.M., Ayyappan, S., Ramani, C., Velavan and Suresh kumar, R. 2011. Surgical Management of Cranial Meningocoele in a calf Tamilnadu J. Vet. and Anim. Sciences 7 (3) 164-166 Kohli, R.N. and Naddaf, H. 1998. Surgical Treatment of Cranial Meningocele in Iranian Calves. Vet.Rec. 142:145
CLINICAL REPORT
EMBRYONAL RHABDOMYOSARCOMA IN A LABRADOR DOG Joseph Cyrus, Basavanagowda M.T., ShahidVaseem S.A. and Md. AbidHussain Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA) Animal Care Hospital, R.T. Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT A case report of an aggressive embryo rhabdomyosarcoma in a Labrador that had recurred in a week post surgery.
mitotic activity and the intervening stroma showed evidence of hemorrhage and necrosis. On the subsequent review on 10th day post surgery, the mass has doubled its size. Though chemotherapy was tried with vincristine and
CLINICAL HISTORY AND PROCEDURE A 3 year old male yellow Labrador was presented to the hospital with a mass observed in the upper palate region and which was growing. On clinical examination and radiography the oral tumor was found to involve the palate and the maxillary bone. Owners opted for surgical resection after ascertaining complete blood counts and routine biochemical tests which were found to be within the normal limits. The mass was resected under sedation with xylazine, induction with propofol and maintenance with halothane. Simple interrupted sutures were placed in situ and parenteral nutrition was used so as to facilitate no oral feeding for the first three days. Ceftriaxone at 20mg/ kg BW was used as the post operative antibiotic. The pet was discharged on the 4th day once oral feeding resumed. The biopsy sample on histopathology revealed a high grade sarcoma of the class of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Histopathology revealed a malignant neoplasm comprising of spindle shaped cells with moderate to abundant cytoplasm. Nuclei were prominent and vesicular. Numerous strap cells were present with high
Embroyonal Rhabdomyosarcoma situated dorsally in the palate involving the palate.
The surgical site after resection of the embroyonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <53 <
prednisolone the animal developed severe respiratory stridor and dysnpnoea and succumbed the following day. DISCUSSION Oral tumors are one of the most common cancers seen in veterinary patients(Dhaliwalet al.,1998). Sarcomas are believed to the most common oral malignant tumor in dogs and the most common sites are the gingival and palate. They are rapidly dividing and extensively invade local soft tissue and bone and the recurrence rate after surgery is reported (DeBowes,2005) to be high as seen in this case. Surgical resection remains the current recommendation as these respond poorly to chemotherapy and are also radioresistant (King et al., 1997).
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REFERENCES De Bowles, L.J., 2005. Disorders of the oral cavity. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline nd Gastroenterology, 2 Ed., Edt. Hall, E.J., Simpson, J. W. And Williams, D. A., BSAVA, Dhaliwal, R.S., Kitchell, B.E. and Manfra Maretta S., 1998. Oral tumors in dogs and cats I. Diagnosis and clinical signs. Compend Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet. 20:1011 King, G.K., Bergman, P.J. and Harris, D., 1997. Radiation oncology of the head and neck tumors, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim. Pract. 27:101
CLINICAL REPORT
GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE RUPTURE IN A COW-A CASE REPORT S. Sivaraman1, E. Venkatesakumar2, G. Vijayakumar3 4 5 A. Kumaresan and M. Subramanian Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu
INTRODUCTION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rupture of Gastrocnemius muscle is a rare and mostly it is associated with deficiencies of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. It may also be due to the complication of downer cow syndrome in which prolonged recumbency causes myositis and rupture of gastrocnemius muscle (Mercks Manual 2011). This article reports a rare case of Gastrocnemius muscle rupture and its classical clinical sign for the easy diagnostic purpose.
Gastrocnemius muscle rupture was usually from trauma, unexpected mounting by the bull or a downer cow trying to rise. The affected animals were unable to extend the hock. The animal usually walked on its hocks if the rupture was total or with flexion and dropping of the hock if rupture was partial. (Jackson and Cockcroft, 2002). The severity of the rupture could be detected by the relaxation of the tendon. In complete rupture, the tendon was relaxed and the hock rested on the ground. Jumping or falling with legs extended under the body had been reported to be the frequent cause (Nuri altug et al., 2007). Either the rupture may occur immediately after an injury or the muscle or tendon may be weakened enough so that mild strain may completely rupture it later. Prolonged recumbency resulting to myositis and struggling to rise leads to rupture of one or both of these muscles. Injection of irritating medicaments into the gastrocnemius muscle may cause necrosis and rupture. Rupture of Achilles tendon also produces identical clinical signs. When the muscle is completely ruptured the standing animal rests their hock of the affected limb on the ground surface, which is diagnostic. Successful treatment is extremely rare. A splint or cast that maintains the hock in extension, supplementing vitamins and minerals and proper nursing shall be tried. Rupture is usually traumatic. In this present case it is
MATERIALS AND METHODS A six year old crossbred Jersey cow was brought to the Veterinary College and Research Institute Teaching Hospital, Namakkal with the history of limping of hind limb while return from grazing. Clinical examination revealed that there was no fracture in the left hind limb and the animal could not bear weight on its left hind limb. The left hock was touching the ground. The Achilles tendon was not ruptured but fully relaxed on palpation. On palpation of the the gastocnemius muscle area it was flaccid and the limb was flexed. All other vital parameters were within normal limits.The treatment was not attempted as the owner was unwilling. 1,2&4
Assistant Professors, 3Associate Professor, 5Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence
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suspected to be due to malicious injury to the gastrocnemius muscle. REFERENCES Jackson, G.G.P. and Cockroft, P.D. 2002 : Clinical Examination of Farm Animals: p. 180 Nuri altug, 2007 Bull Vet Inst Pulaway: 51,615 Mercks Manual, 2011. Rupture of the Gastrocnemius muscle or tendon. Cited in http://www. merckvetmanual.com Fig: Gactrocnemius muscle rupture in a cow-Hock touching the ground.
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
OCCURRENCE OF GASTRIC ULCER IN SLAUGHTERED PIGS* 1
2
3
Vasudevan V.N. , Sameer S. , Kuttinarayanan P. and Sathu T.
1
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala *Part of this research work was presented at the Kerala Veterinary Science Congress, 2011
ABSTRACT The primary purpose of meat inspection is to detect and prevent public health hazards, but it also plays a pivotal role in monitoring animal diseases and pre-slaughter animal welfare standards. There is a growing interest in using post-mortem observations collected at abattoirs as indicators of on-farm and pre-slaughter welfare of meat animals. These are oesophago-gastric ulceration in pigs, which are not examined routinely, but might be used as a welfare indicator. The types of stress that can result in gastric ulcers in pigs include forced immobilisation, floor type (slatted floors) in the piggery, un-enriched environments, social stress from mixing, rearing in confinement, high stocking densities, stressful transport conditions, transfer to an unfamiliar environment and concurrent diseases. A preliminary study was conducted at the Meat Plant, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala in which the stomach of 37 slaughtered pigs from three different farms of Kerala were examined to provide an estimate of the incidence of oesophago-gastric ulcers. Stomach collected were opened through the greater curvature and the mucosal surface was gently cleaned using water. The gross appearance of the pars oesophagea was visually graded using a fourpoint scale ranging from normal, hyperkeratotic, eroded or ulcerated with or without stenosis. Over 78 percent of stomach had neither an oesophagogastric ulcer nor visible pre-ulcerative changes (Grade 0), 18.9 percent of stomach had 1
Assistant Professor, 2M.V.Sc Scholar, 3Professor & Head, Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Technology Unit)
hyperkeratosis of the epithelium lining the pars oesophagea (Grade 1). The frequency of mild ulceration (Grade 2) was 2.7 percent and none of the stomach revealed severe (Grade 3) ulceration. The incidence reported in this investigation may be only indicative and further studies using large sample observations are suggested.
INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of meat inspection is to detect and prevent public health hazards, but it also plays an integral part in the overall monitoring system of certain animal diseases and the verification of compliance with animal welfare standards. Post-mortem measurements collected at abattoirs are used as indicators of on-farm and pre slaughter animal welfare standards. Only a limited number of features that are presently collected during routine post-mortem meat inspection are used as welfare indicators, but there are other more useful features though not examined which include oesophago-gastric ulceration in pigs (Swaby and Gregory, 2012). It is well recognised that stress is implicated in the formation of gastric ulcers, especially when there is either impaired blood supply to the mucosa or the feeding regime increases exposure of the mucosa of the pars oesophagea to acidic conditions. The types of stress that can result in gastric ulcers in pigs include forced immobilisation, floor type (slatted floors) in the piggery, un-enriched environments, social stress from mixing, rearing in confinement, Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <57 <
high stocking densities, stressful transport conditions, transfer to an unfamiliar environment and concurrent diseases which cause anorexia. The present study was conducted to collect preliminary observations on the occurrence of oesophago-gastric ulcers in pigs slaughtered in a low-throughput multispecies abattoir in Kerala. MATERIALS AND METHODS This pilot study was conducted at the Meat Plant, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, where the stomach of 48 slaughtered pigs (Cross-bred Large White Yorkshire, 6-8 months age, 17 males and 31 females) from four different farms of Kerala were examined. The duration of rest or fasting was not considered for the present study. The stomach of the slaughtered pigs were examined at approximately 90 min post-sticking. Stomach collected were opened through the greater curvature, emptied and the mucosal surface was gently cleaned using water. The gross appearance of the pars oesophagea was visually graded using a four-point scale by comparing with images of gastric ulcers from the web page of Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Government, as follows: 0 = normal shiny white squamous epithelium; 1 = parakeratosis of the pars oesophagea and thickened epithelium, with little or no sloughing; 2 = erosions and/or mild ulcers with extensive sloughing of the epithelium; and 3 = developed ulcers, with haemorrhage and stenosis present. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The frequency of different grades of gastric ulcers observed is presented in Table1.Many of the stomach were bile stained. Stomachs awarded a Grade 1 or 2 were classed as having 'mild' lesions, J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <58 <
whilst Grade 3 stomach were classed as 'severe'. Over 77 percent (37 nos.) of stomach had neither an oesophago-gastric ulcer nor visible preulcerative changes (Grade 0), 18.8 percent (9 nos.) of stomach had hyperkeratosis of the epithelium lining the pars oesophagea (Grade 1). The frequency of mild ulceration (Grade 2) was 2.7 percent (2 nos.) and none of the stomach revealed severe (Grade 3) ulceration. Table1: Occurrence of different grades of gastric ulcers in slaughtered pigs Ulcer severity score
Mean frequency %
Grade 0
77
Grade 1
18.8
Grade 2
4.2
Grade 3
0
None of the pigs in this study showed severe oesophago-gastric ulceration and 77 percent of the pigs showed no gross signs of ulceration. The implication is that low grade ulcers may be more frequent, but severe ulceration may be less common. The frequency of severe ulcers in the present study was lower than those reported in recent years for other countries, where it has often been about 15percent (Eisemann et al., 2002, Elbers et al.,1995). If it is decided in future to introduce welfare-specific features into post-mortem meat inspection, it is suggested that only severe grades should be included in the case of gastric ulcers. Mild signs of the ulcers need not be considered as they were more likely to develop as a result of withholding feed for 24 h or less in combination with transport stress (Lawrence et al., 1998). The advantage of using severe ulcers in a welfare assessment is that those lesions can be painful as well as reflect some of the standards of handling and husbandry which relate to stress (Friendship, 1999).
respect to this lesion as deaths from haemorrhage arising from gastric ulcers are more likely during early life. Detailed investigations incorporating large sample observations from pigs slaughtered after exposure to various kinds of stressors are suggested. REFERENCES
Grade 1 Changes
Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Government. Home page nd url:www.dpi.qld.gov.au. Accessed on 3 October, 2011 Eisemann, J.H.,Morrow, M., Todd, M., Davies, P.R. and Zering, K. 2002. Effect of feed withdrawal prior to slaughter on prevalence of gastric ulcers in pigs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 220: 503-506 Elbers, A.R., Hessing, M.J., Tielen, M.J. and Vos, J.H. 1995. Growth and oesophagogastric lesions in finishing pigs offered pelleted feed ad libitum. Vet. Rec., 136 :588-590
Grade 2 Changes
CONCLUSION From the present study it was concluded that severe ulcerative lesions were considered more suitable in a welfare assessment than mild lesions. However, observing the incidence of gastric ulcer alone may not give a definitive conclusion about pre-slaughter animal welfare. In addition, ulcer assessment at slaughter may not give a complete picture of an animal's history with
Friendship, R. 1999. Gastric ulcers In B.E. Straw, S. D'Allaire, W.L. Mengeling, D.J. Taylor, (Eds) Diseases of swine, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK Lawrence, B.V., Anderson, D.B., Adeola, O. and Cline, T.R. 1998. Changes in the pars oesophageal tissue appearance of the porcine stomach in response to transportation, feed deprivation and diet composition. J. Anim. Sci., 76: 788-795 Swaby, H. and Gregory, N.H. 2012. A note on the frequency of gastric ulcer detected during post-mortem in a pig abattoir. Meat Sci., 90: 269-271
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
ANTHRAX IN CATTLE- IS BLEEDING FROM NATURAL ORIFICES A LEADING CLUE TO DIAGNOSIS? Krithiga K1, Divakaran Nair N2, Vijayan N3, Dhanush Krishna B4, 5 6 Mammen J. Abraham and Lalithakunjamma C R College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy
ABSTRACT Anthrax, one of the most dreaded zoonotic diseases is characterized by sudden death in cattle. It is normally considered that oozing of unclotted tarry blood from the external natural orifices is suggestive of Anthrax. Here we report two cases of anthrax in cattle wherein bleeding in any form was not detected. One was from a cross-bred cow and another from a bullock, which were brought for necropsy examination with a history of sudden death from the nearby slaughter house. The carcasses were bloated and rigor mortis was partial. The peripheral blood smear examination from both the cases revealed the presence of truncated, capsulated, short rods of Bacillus anthracis. This clearly warrants the need for examination of peripheral blood smear examination before attempting autopsy, as anthrax in an occult form may be present in the cases, which may definitely pose a zoonotic risk.
disease is characterized by sudden death in cattle without any prior sign of illness (Jones et al., 1997). In acute form there may be high fever, muscle tremors and difficult breathing seen shortly before the animal collapses and dies. Unclotted tarry blood may exude from body openings and the body may not stiffen after death (OIE, 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two animals, brought for necropsy examination at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy from the nearby slaughter house, formed the study material. One was a cross-bred cow and another was a bullock, both with a history of sudden death. The external examination and microscopic examination of the peripheral blood smears were performed and the results are discussed below.
INTRODUCTION Anthrax is one of the most dreaded zoonotic diseases and it is caused by Bacillus anthracis. A wide range of animals including humans are susceptible, cattle and sheep being most commonly affected. The acute form of the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION External examination Both the animals did not reveal any bleeding from the natural orifices. The carcasses were bloated and rigor mortis was partial. Microscopic examination
Academic consultant, 2,3Professors, 4Ph.D. scholar, 5Associate Professor, 6Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kerala 1
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Peripheral blood smear examination from both the cases revealed the presence of truncated, capsulated, short rods suggestive of Bacillus anthracis (Fig.1).
examination of peripheral blood smear examination before attempting autopsy in cases of sudden death, as anthrax in an occult form may be present in the cases, wherein the classical signs such as bleeding from external orifices may not be present and which may definitely pose a zoonotic risk. REFERENCES Jones, C.T., Hunt, R.D. and King, N.W. 1997. Veterinary Pathology. Sixth edition. William and Wilkins, USA. p: 415 Merck Manual 2011. Anthrax. Online edition. Fig. 1. Microscopic examination- Peripheral blood smear- Short rods with truncated ends and appearing capsulated- Leishman's stain 1000X The signs of anthrax in cattle are variable and may be overlooked in cases of short duration. A number of pathological and environmental factors cause blood stained discharges from the mouth, nose or anus of a carcass. It is normally considered that oozing of unclotted tarry blood from the external natural orifices is suggestive of Anthrax (Jones et al., 1997 and Merck Manual, 2011). But in the above two cases no bleeding could be appreciated from external natural orifices which were in accordance with previous report (Lewerin et al; 2010). This clearly warrants the need for
OIE 2011. Anthrax - General disease information sheets. p:2 Lewerin, S. S., Elvander, M., Mark, T. W., Hartzell, L.N., Norstrom, A. K., Ehrs, S., Knutsson, R., Englung, S., Andersson, A.C., Granberg, M., Backman, S., Wikstrom, P. and Sandstedt, K. 2010. Anthrax outbreak in a swedish beef cattle herd- first case in 27 years: case report. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 52:7 http://www.actavetscand.com/content/52/1/7 Smith, C. 1958. Studies on the thymus of the mammal histology and histochemistry of embryonic and early postnatal thymuses of C57BL/6 and AKR stain mice. Am. J. Anat. 116: 611-630
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
A CASE OF KING COBRA ENVENOMATION IN A COW Shibu K. Jacob1 and Anu George2 Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala
ABSTRACT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The incidence of death of a cow bitten by King Cobra was elaborated which happened in Aruvappulam, a village of Kerala state, India. Although it was believed that large animals like cattle would not get killed by snake bites due to their size, the cow described in the situation died within hours of bite. It had got multiple bites, as common for King Cobra. There were apparently no gross lesions, except for respiratory failure.
A four year old high yielding Jersey crossbred dairy cow was reported to be found dead in the barn on an evening. The animal had no previous history of illness and it was grazed in the fields nearby and fed with cut grass, brought from those fields. It had been milked at 3.00 P.M on that day. At 6.00 P.M the animal was found lying dead in the barn.
INTRODUCTION In India, snake bite is an important cause of accidental deaths in man. Although, exact data on snake bite death in animals are not available, it is not uncommon, especially in rural areas. King Cobra is the world's longest venomous snakes with a length up to 5.6m (Mehrtens, 1987). They fall under the family Elapidae. The species, Ophiophagus hannah is found predominantly in the forests of India. It has proteroglyph dentition ie. two short fixed fangs in the front of the mouth which inject venom into the prey. Venom of King Cobra primarily contains neurotoxins, but it also contains cardiotoxin (Behler, 1989). Toxic constituents are mainly proteins and polypeptides (Roy et al., 2010). This article describes a case of cobra envenomation in a cow. 1 2
Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Chittilancherry PhD scholar, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy
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Post mortem examination was carried out in the next day morning. On examination of the carcass, there were multiple bite marks with blood clots on the medial side of all limbs. On retracting the skin, multiple fang marks were observed in the areas corresponding to the blood clots. On detailed examination of the internal organs, it was observed that, there was congestion and oedema of lungs. Also the right chambers of the heart were dilated. No other gross lesions were seen. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The presence of multiple fang marks, occurrence of sudden death, bite during the day time, presence of only the gross lesions of respiratory failure and the proximity to Periyar National Reserve suggested the death was probably due to bite of King Cobra. The study area, ie, Aruvappulam village shares the boundary with the Periyar National Reserve which is
inhabited by large number of various snakes including King Cobra. It was reported by Gwaltney-Brant (2010) that, large animals like cattle seldom die as a direct result of snake bite due to their size. The venom injected would not be enough to kill them. But the cow described above, died within hours of bite. It was in accordance with Nelson (1989) who described that the venom of Elapid snakes is predominantly neurotoxic, which causes paralysis and death due to respiratory failure within 20 minutes to 6 hours. Radostits et al (2000) and Vani Prasad and Koley (2006) also reported similar findings. The cow had got multiple bites, which coincides with the report by Carswell (2010), that King Cobra is capable of delivering multiple bites in a single attack. Shea (2005) suggested that the species is capable of delivering a large quantity of venom injecting a dose of 200- 500 mg on average. Again, Bawaskar (2008) opined that cobra venom is of small molecular size and hence rapidly absorbed into the circulation and also observed that Cobra bite occurs during daytime and the venom is potent cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic and cytotoxic. In his studies, Punde (2008) observed that King Cobra bites' are common in the morning and evening than during night, which had happened in this case also and the venom contains neurotoxin and cholinesterase. During a bite, venom is forced through the snake's 1.25 - 1.5 cm fangs into the wounds. Toxins attack the central nervous system. Envenomation progresses to cardiovascular collapse and the victim falls into a coma. Death soon follows due to respiratory failure. Ganthavorn (1971) opined that neurotoxic poisoning is the main systemic effect of King Cobra bite poisoning. Chauhan (2010) reported that the presence of
hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase and peptidase in cobra venom is responsible for oedema, erythema, haemolytic anaemia, and swelling of facial and laryngeal tissues, hemoglobinuria, cardiac irregularities, and fall in blood pressure, shock and neurotoxicity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge the help rendered by Dr. Jacob Alexander, Laboratory Officer, Veterinary Clinical Laboratory, Trivandrum and Dr. Deepu Philip Mathew, Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Poly Clinic, Chengannur. REFERENCE Bawaskar, H.S. 2008. Snake bite poisoning. Proceedings of SNA-CON 2008 at Little Flower Hospital, Angamaly, Kerala Behler, C.M. 1989. Simon and Schuster's guide to reptiles and amphibians of the world. Simon and Schuster fireside publishers, New York, 256p Carswell, D. 2010. King Cobras can be found in many places in Thailand, majority being in the Khao sok. Cited in http://www. articlesalley.com Chauhan, R.S. 2010 Textbook of Veterinary Pathology, IBDC publishers, Lucknow, 651p Ganthavorn, S. 1971 A case of King Cobra Bite. Toxicon 9 (3):293-294. Gwaltney-Brant, S.M. 2010. The Merck Veterinary Manual.(10th Ed.) Kahn, C.M. (ed.) MERCK Publishing, New Jersey, 2945p Mehrtens, J.M. 1987. Living snakes of the world. Sterling Publishing, New York, 480p Nelson,B.K. 1989. Snake envenomation. Incidence, Clinical presentation and Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <63 <
management. Med. Toxicol. Adverse Drug Exp., 4 (1) : 17-31 Punde, D.P. 2008. Snake bite (perspective of elapidae bites in rural Maharashtra) Proceedings of SNA-CON 2008 at Little Flower Hospital, Angamaly, Kerala Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Blood, D.C. and Hinchcliff, K.W. 2000. Veterinary Medicine (9th Ed.) W.B. Saunders, London, 1704-1731 Roy, A., Zhou, X.D., Chong, M.Z., Dieter d' hoedt, Foo, C.S., Rajagopalan, N., Nirthanam, S., Bertrand, D., Sivaraman, J. and Kini, R.M.
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2010. Structural and functional characterisation of a novel homodimeric 3finger neurotoxin from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra) J. Biol. Chem. 285: 8302-8315 Shea, M.O. 2005. Venomous snakes of the world. Princeton University press. New Jersey, 160p Vani Prasad, V. and Koley, K.M. 2006. Synopsis of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Vahini Publications. 324-325
GENERAL ARTICLE
END STRAY DOG MENACE PERMANENTLY BY END (EARLY NEUTERING IN DOGS) 1
2
Narayanan M.K. , Rajankutty K. and John Martin K.D. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy
Rabies is a widely distributed zoonotic viral disease which is present in all continents except Antarctica. Human mortality from endemic rabies was estimated to be 55,000 deaths per year, with dog bites being the most important source of human infection and children below 15 years age representing nearly half of those bitten (Knobel et al., 2005; World Health Organization, Accessed September 2011).To be successful, a control strategy needs to include collaboration from different sectors, support of the media and participation of the community.. Culling dogs by different means (gas, shooting, poison, etc.) has never had a significant impact on rabies mitigation. The population turnover may be so high that removal is quickly replaced by higher survival rates of the remaining animals (World Health Organization, 2005, Accessed September 2011) Present Animal Birth Control Programme (ABC) could not achieve its goal in population control of stray dogs due to many resons. Over population of stray dog is an unsolved social problem in Kerala. Even with best possible effort by the various government machineries, human population control in our country is still not achieved and we can imagine the problems of dog population control which is a species 15% more 1
Asst Professor of Surgery, 2 Professor & Head, 3 Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology.
3
prolific than human beings. India is one of the many countries with an open garbage system where there is plenty of food available to the stray dogs and other animals make the situation graver. We must ensure that all stray dogs must be neutered at puppy age and send for adoption or send back to the same place after vaccination and more emphasis should be done in education and early neutering campaigns. Even after many years of endless discussion about neutering adults and millions of companions animals being euthanized it is time to stop the back door approach to animal control. The new concept of Early Neutering in dogs (END) can overcome these problems in an ethical way. The pilot study was carried at Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai, Thrissur. All the animals were operated under atropine xylazine ketamine- diazepam protocol . â&#x20AC;&#x153;to effectâ&#x20AC;? general anaesthesia. The result of the study was quite encouraging to adopt it for the permanent solution for the stabilization and control of stray dogs in a phased manner. In contrast to the present ABC programme, catching of puppies and maintenance of puppies were easy at 2-3 months age. Handling of puppies during pre surgical, surgical and post surgical period was not a problem. Surgical procedure adopted in the study was found simple Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <65 <
to perform by a veterinarian receiving a short training in surgery under any field veterinary hospital situation. Healing of wound in puppies were faster with no complications in females and no need for suture removal in males after vasectomy as a small incision can close with a single simple interrupted suture using catgut.The sterilized puppies were well accepted by the public and rehabilitation by adoption is the biggest advantage of this project. The cost for capture, maintenances and surgery could be reduced considerably. The abandoned stray puppies get a better shelter and care by adopting them as a pet. The number of stray dogs can be stabilized by this method.
Government can reduce the number of stray dog population. As the veterinary professions moves to a new generation, there is a cry not to do mass euthanasia, but the reality is that there is a large over supply of dogs that have nowhere to go. The solution is neuter them before the unwanted litters are produced. This will avoid financial, physical and emotional burdens on the public and prevent the unethical euthanasia for control of problems of pet population in a civilized society. This problem has to be managed professionally by the help of professionals like veterinarians. For Technical Support-contact Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kerala.(Author can be contacted by e- maildrmknarayanan@gmail.com Mob 9447019009)
CONCLUSION The Early Surgical Neutering (END) is a permanent,safe and effective way for Animal Birth Control Programme.(Similar to family planning system in human being).The effective implementation of END programme by Local Self
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is thankful to the Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala for the fund provided and the Dean and DAR, KVASU for the facilities provided.
GENERAL ARTICLE
TRANSGENIC CHICKEN: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS Stella Cyriac1, R. R. Churchil2 and Gibin George T.3 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy
INTRODUCTION During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding about the molecular basis of the genetics of growth and development. This knowledge coupled with techniques designed to introduce foreign DNA into the genome of poultry has the potential to enhance current breeding practices for genetic improvement. Gene transfer in poultry could provide a means of introducing new genetic variation and changes in genotypes that can increase economic value. However, before this becomes a reality the means of producing transgenic poultry must become routine. Several techniques are currently in use or under development which could take the production of transgenic poultry beyond the laboratory into the industrial sphere. TRANSGENESIS Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene, the transgene into the genome of the animal. A transgenic chicken is a bird carrying recombinant molecules that were intentionally introduced by human intervention in contrast to spontaneous mutation. The foreign gene integrated into the genome of the transgenic animal is called 'transgene' and the protein coded 1
Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. 2Associate Professor, Institute of Poultry Production and Management, TANUVAS, Chennai. 3M.V.Sc. Student, Department of Livestock Products Technology, COVAS, Mannuthy.
by the transgene is called as 'Transgenic product'. Transgenesis includes the stable integration of the transgene within the host's genome and its transmission to progeny through normal breeding programmes. All methods of producing transgenic poultry rely on techniques designed to insert novel genetic material into cells that will give rise to germ cells. Germ cells like mature oocyte and spermatozoa or newly fertilized egg/zygote or early embryo or Primordial Germ Cells (PGC) can be used as the target for introducing the transgene. The various periods of germ cell development also represent several windows of opportunity for direct intervention to produce transgenic poultry. The first successful development of transgenic chickens was reported by Salter et al. (1986) who used replication competent reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Since then, lot of advancements has taken place in the production of transgenic poultry. The domestic chicken is poised to become a major animal bioreactor for the production of commercial quantities of therapeutic proteins in eggs, moving the domestic fowl into the realm of protein bioprocessing. Transgenic chickens have been developed to act as bioreactor to produce many valuable therapeutically important biomolecules like human paratharmone (Lee et al., 2007), interferons (Rapp et al. 2003) and human antibodies (Lillico et al., 2007) etc. Recently, the scientists have successfully developed genetically modified chickens that do not transmit avian influenza virus to other birds by internal Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <67 <
transmission (Lyall et al., 2011). This would not only protect the health of poultry but could also reduce the risk of bird flu epidemics leading to new flu virus epidemics in the human population. CURRENT METHODOLOGIES The different methodologies employed for the production of transgenic poultry are: 1. Virus Mediated Gene Transfer This is the nature's natural gene delivery system. For poultry, retroviral and lentiviral gene transfer are the most successful methodology to date. These viruses have an RNA genome, which is transcribed through the virus's own reverse transcriptase into DNA in infected cells and subsequently integrated into the genome of the cell. Infection of chick embryos with retroviral vectors has successfully produced transgenic chickens by exploiting the natural abilities of retroviruses to enter cells and inherent into the host chromosomes. Viral vectors that are used for infection of ova (Shuman, 1984) or PGCs are injected at the time of oviposition directly into the blastoderm or close to the blastoderm. The first successful development of transgenic chickens was reported by Salter et al. (1986) using reticuloendotheiosis virus. Masamichi et al. (2005) have reported that the maximal level of transgene expression could be obtained by injecting a replication-defective retroviral vector into the heart of embryos after 55 h of incubation. Likewise, Kawabe et al. (2008) also found that both the transduction efficiency and transgene expression were the highest when the viral solution th th was injected into 14 or 15 stage embryo. Recently, using this method hens were generated that express reporter genes such as 창-lactamase and LacZ (Harvey et al, 2002; Mozdziak et al., 2003). Interestingly, the ubiquitous expression of 창-lactamase resulted in some secretion of the protein into the egg white. This tantalizing result was later applied to the expression of a human interferon (IFN-창-2b) in egg white (Rapp et al., 2003). Lillico et al. (2007) reported an efficient J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <68 <
system of making transgenic birds that deposit high levels of commercially relevant proteins in eggs using a lentiviral vector to drive the expression of another human interferon (IFN-창-1a) and a humanized single-chain Fv-Fc antibody with the potential for treating malignant melanoma. H o w e v e r, t e c h n i c a l a n d s a f e t y considerations limit the usefulness of virus mediated gene transfer, particularly in agricultural applications. In order to overcome these disadvantages, non viral based technologies for gene transfer have been developed. 2. DNA Microinjection Microinjection of foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a newly fertilized egg is the common method for introducing genes in mammals (Fig. 2). However, microinjection is much more technically difficult in freshly laid eggs compared with mammals because a fertile freshly laid chicken egg contains approximately 50,000 to 60,000 cells when it is laid. Therefore, DNA microinjection has not been extensively attempted in freshly laid eggs. On the other hand, fertile embryos need to be collected by sacrificing the hen to carryout microinjection in chicken eggs. The basic method currently in use is a three stage system of Perry (1988) for post- ovipositional stages of development. First newly fertilized eggs surrounded with a capsule of albumen are removed from the magnum and cultured for about 18 to 24 hours in synthetic oviductal fluid without a shell. Stage two requires transfer of the egg to an eggshell, completely sealed with no simulated air space. After 2 to 4 days, the embryo is transferred to a larger shell with an upper air space for the remaining period of incubation. The efficiency of this process was low, and only a few transgenic birds have been produced through DNA injection (Love et. al., 1994). A fundamental problem with microinjection in the production of transgenic livestock is the low efficiency of integration of exogenous DNA. Furthermore, it is very expensive
and laborious to obtain zygote by super ovulation and surgical collection. Also, this method requires special equipments and specific skill and is not useful for birds. 3. Embryonic Stem/ Primordial Cell Mediated Gene Transfer Embryonic Stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell (somatic and germ cells) and therefore to give rise to a complete organism. The primordial germ cells are the precursors of cells which compose the germ line and they are excellent candidates for genetic modification. The first step is to obtain primordial germ cells or cells that will give rise to the germ line from the embryo and culture them in conditions that keep the cells in a relatively undifferentiated state. The desired DNA sequence is then inserted by homologous recombination into the in vitro coculture of ES or Primordial Germ (PG) cell along with the vector having a desirable gene sequence. Genetically modified ES and PG cells can also be produced by infection with replication-defective retroviral vectors, by lipofection and by electroporation. The transfected cells are then incorporated into a recipient embryo at the blastocyst stage of development. The result is a chimeric chicken in the founder generation. If some of the transfected embryonic stem cells also contribute to the germline of the chimera, it can serve as the founder of a transgenic line. A chimeric intermediate produces both transgenic and normal birds in the first generation. The transgenic offspring breed true from the second generation onwards. The first germ line chimeric chicken was produced by the transfer of cells from the unincubated embryo (Petitte et al., 1990). 4. Nuclear Transfer Other available gene transfer strategy for generating transgenic livestock is the transfer of nucleus into an enucleated ovum or into the enucleated one celled embryo (Fig. 2). The present methods for nuclear transfer have low overall
efficiency; typically between 0 and 3 per cent and are error prone. High technical skills and intensive labor are also required. This is the technique by which the clones (like dolly) are produced. Nuclear transfer involves the manipulation of single celled zygote. Nuclear transfer is a difficult procedure in chicken due to the presence of yolk material and inaccessibility of single celled embryo. 5. Artificial Chromosomes Artificial chromosomes can carry extremely large DNA fragments (1 million bases 1Mb or more). They are autonomous, selfregulating sequences possessing a centromere, two telomeres and origins of replication. Artificial chromosomes have been used to insert suitable loci into chicken to produce valuable biomolecules. 6. Testis Mediated Gene Transfer (TMGT) In TMGT exogenous genes are introduced into spermatogonia and spermatozoa in the testis by using lipofection reagents and spermatozoa ejaculated from this testis are used for artificial insemination. The efficiency of TMGT can be improved by using lipofection reagents. Min et al., (2011) have obtained a success rate of 7.89 per cent in producing transgenic chicken using this method. 7. Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer (SMGT) SMGT is based on the ability of sperm cells to bind and internalize exogenous DNA and to transfer it into eggs at fertilization. This technique offers a powerful tool in the fields of animal transgenesis and biotechnology, due to the potential application to all species whose reproduction is mediated by gametes, in particular, to those that have a relevant scientific and commercial importance and are refractory to microinjection. The first report on production of transgenic animal by stable integration of foreign DNA by SMGT and its transmission to the progenies by Mendelian inheritance was provided Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <69 <
by Lavitrano et al. (1989). In SMGT, artificial insemination is carried out using transgenic spermatozoa and the sperm cells are made transgenic using various methods like transfection with nude DNA, electroporation, Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration (REMI), receptormediated gene transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and lipofection. SMGT, when applied to chicken, has additional advantages: low cost and ease of use. Churchil (2005) developed transgenic spermatozoa in chicken and found lipofection and REMI improved the efficiency of exogenous DNA uptake.
l
Bio-pharming: By using chickens as 'bioreactors' to produce valuable proteins such as insulin, factor VIII, human growth hormone, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies etc. and many life saving drugs. The low cost of feeding a hen, the naturally sterile environment of the egg, the large amount of protein produced per egg, and the large number of eggs produced per hen per year make them ideal for the production of proteins for human medicine.
l
Xenotransplantation: Transplantation of animal organs in human including blood transfusion. However this is utility is not available with chicken due to its small sized organs.
l
Biological Model: Beyond their utility in many commercial and industrial applications transgenic chickens hold intrinsic value as model systems in biological research.
DETECTION OF TRANSGENE Detection of exogenous DNA in embryos can be carried out by simple PCR amplification, using the whole genomic DNA of preimplantation embryos. Optical and electron microscopy autoradiography were used to visualize the localization and count of the foreign DNA in spermatozoa and this is now replaced by fluroscent in situ hybridization. In SMGT, the internalization of foreign DNA into the sperms can be determined by PCR and Dot / Southern Hybridization of sperm genomic DNA. PCR or Southern blotting of genomic DNA can measure the presence of foreign DNA in the blastocyst, embryo or young animal. The expression of the transgene is usually estimated by measuring the enzyme activity coded by the transgene (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, 창-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein etc.) or by Western analysis or enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) of the gene products. UTILITIES OF TRANSGENIC CHICKEN l
Improved food quality: Manipulation of biosynthetic pathways, reduced or improved fat/ composition and overall body composition (lean/fat ratio).
l
Improved food quantity: Improvement in feed efficiency, rate of gain, overall body composition and size.
J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <70 <
CONCLUSION Transgenesis can improve animal health and well-being, decrease negative impacts on the environment and enhance safety and nutritional quality of food, thereby improving food security in nations around the world. But there are some ethical and welfare concerns about transgenic chicken which should be addressed over by safety and product approvals through a science-based regulatory process, building public confidence, balance of increase in scientific knowledge and ethics and market acceptance. It is hardly possible to predict the future when it comes to the commercialization of science, but in the next 25 years, it is reasonable to expect that, in basic science, agriculture and protein bioprocessing, the transgenic chicken will contribute to provide benefits to society in several ways. REFERENCES Churchil, 2005. Development of transgenic spermatozoa in chicken, Ph.D., thesis submitted to the Indian veterinary Research
institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. Harvey, A.J., Speksnijder, G., Baugh, L.R., Morris, J.A. and Ivarie, R. 2002. Consistent production of transgenic chickens using replication-deficient retroviral vectors and high-throughput screening procedures, Poultry Science. 81: 202-212 Kawabe, Y.N.T., Komatsu, H., Nishijima, K., Iijima, S. and Kamihira, M. 2008. Retroviral gene transduction into chicken embryo gonads through blood circulation. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106: 598-601 Lavitrano, M., Camioni, A., Fazio, Y. M., Dolci, S., Farace, M. G. and Spadafora, C. 1989. Sperm cells as vectors for introducing foreign DNA into eggs: Genetic transformation of mice. Cell. 57:717 -723. Lee, S.H., Gupta, M.K., Han, D.W., Han, S.Y., Uhm, S.J., Kim, T. and Lee, H.T. 2007. Development of transgenic chickens expressing human parathormone under the control of a ubiquitous promoter by using a retrovirus vector system. Poultry Science. 86 : 22212227 Lillico, S.G., Sherman, A., McGrew, M.J., Robertson, C.D., Smith, J., Haslam, C., Barnard, P., Radcliffe, P.A., Mitrophanous, K.A., Elliot, E.A. and Sang, H.M. 2007. Oviduct-specific expression of two therapeutic proteins in transgenic hens. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104:1771-1776 Love, J., Gribbin, C., Mather, C. and Sang, H., 1994. Transgenic birds by DNA microinjection. Biotechnology. 12: 60-63 Lyall, J., Irvine, R.M., Sherman, A., McKinley, T.J., Nuenz, Alejandro., Purdie, A., Outtrim, L., Brown, I.H., Smith, G.R., Sang, H and Tiley, L. 2011. Suppression of avian influenza transmission in genetically modified chickens. Science. 331: 223-226 Masamichi, K., Ken-ichiro, O., Kazuhisa, E., Ken-ichi,
N., Ryoko, K., Hiroyuki, K., Takashi, Y., Kenji, K. and Shinji, I. 2005. High-Level expression of single-chain Fv-Fc fusion protein in serum and egg white of genetically manipulated chickens by using a retroviral vector. Journal of virology. 79: 10864-10874 Min , S., Qing, S. Q., Hui, Y. Y., Zhi, F. D., Rong, Q. Y., Feng, X and Chun, L.B. 2011. Generation of antiviral transgenic chicken using spermatogonial stem cell transfected in vivo. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10: 1567815683 Mozdziak, P.E., Borwornpinyo, S., McCoy, D.W. and Petitte, J.N. 2003. Development of transgenic chickens expressing bacterial 창galactosidase. Developmental Dynamics. 226: 439-445 Penno., C.A., Kawabe, Y. Ito, A. and Kamihira, M. 2005. Production of recombinant human erythropoietin/Fc fusion protein by genetically manipulated chickens. Transgenic Research. 19: 187-195 Perry, M.M. 1988. A complete culture system for the chick embryo. Nature. 331:70- 72 Petitte, J.N., Clark, M.E., Liu, G., Verrinder-Gibbins, A.M. and Etches, R.J. 1990. Production of somatic and germline chimeras in the chicken by transfer of early blastodermal cells. Development. 108:185-189 Rapp, J. C., Harvey, a. J., Speksnijder, G.L., Hu, W. and Ivarie, R. 2003. Biologically active human interferon 창-2b produced in the egg white of transgenic hens. Transgenic Research. 12: 569-575 Salter, D.W., Smith, E.J., Hughes, S.H., Wright, S.E., Fadly, A.M., Witter, R.L. and Crittenden, L.B. 1986. Gene insertion into the chicken germ line by retroviruses. Poultry Science. 65:1445-1458 Shuman, R.M. 1984. Reticuloendotheliosis virus as a potential vector for gene transfer in the chicken. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, St. Paul. USA Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <71 <
GENERAL ARTICLE
Parasites of domestic ruminants directly or indirectly contribute to reduced sustainability affecting food security in subsistence or small scale farming systems. Annual losses due to nematode parasites have been estimated to be US $ 222 m, 45 m and 42 m in Australia, South Africa and Uruguay respectively. For many decades anthelmintic (AH) drugs have represented the corner stone of control of these parasitic diseases. By virtue of their remarkable efficacy, broad spectrum of activity, ease and safety of use and relative cheapness, modern AHs fostered the notion that diseases could be kept permanently in check, if not eradicated by their frequent use. The commercial AH drugs available to control gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goats belong to three broad spectrum families: the benzimidazoles, the imidazothiazoles/ tetrahydropy- rimidines and the macrocyclic lactones depending on the mechanism of action. The 1960- 1980s were the halcyon days for livestock producers and those pharmaceutical companies who were fortunate to have marketable broad spectrum AH products during that time. The forerunners to the true broad spectrum AH wonder drug was thiabendazole and the discoverers (Merck Sharp and Dohme) demonstrated the economic benefit of monthly treatment by wide advertisement. Next AH was levamisole HCl, the distributor recommended that Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <72 <
the farmer can save a lot of money by half dosing. The general notion at that time was that control of worms in livestock could be achieved by the simple expedient of one or several treatments and hence there is no need for further research on parasites. For many decades, no other AH family emerged from research and development from the different pharmaceutical companies. After 25 years in 2008 a new molecule (monepantel) was developed and marketed for sheep in Europe and Australia. Anthelmintic Resistance (AR) has occurred in all target organisms in chronological sequence of their release. One unfortunate fact was that their very success was largely responsible for their downfall. These compounds were overused, misused or applied incorrectly. Now the companies have realized that the only way to preserve the lifelong effectiveness of their product was to use them sparingly and often combined with other means of control. Cost of AH research The increasing cost of AH development was largely brought about by the ever increasing rigor imposed by drug registration authorities which insist on 'zero risk'. The estimated time gap is 10 years and the cost was estimated to be US $ 30 m in 1960s to 230 m in 1980s. Consolidation of companies over the last 15 years have drastically reduced the number of companies devoted to
veterinary drug discovery.
benefit if used correctly.
Anthelmintics still and will for the foreseeable future comprise the largest sector of the animal pharmaceutical industry. But the return from veterinary products is less rewarding that many pharmaceutical companies conclude that it is financially unrewarding to invest in veterinary AH research.
It is clearly felt that chemotherapy will continue to provide cures for most of infections, but there is also need to provide a new set of methods to allow their effects to be extended. Another point is that parasite eradication in most cases is impracticable and generally not necessary to achieve an acceptable control of most parasites.
Responsible use of AHs
Integrated Parasite Management (IPM)
Judicious use of AHs has been suggested to preserve their effectiveness. One method proposed is through government intervention. This has been implemented in Scandinavia where AHs for use in production animals are sold only on prescription from veterinarians who first must make a diagnosis of parasitism. This practice relies on a more therapeutic than prophylactic approach and often takes no account of subclinical losses. Those associated with sheep and goat industries in Australia and South Africa have realized that the only way these industries can cope with parasites is to 'live with parasites'. Maintaining a level of parasitism in the flock is good thing for inducing and maintaining naturally acquired immunity in grazing animals as well as for preserving AH susceptibility by not exposing the entire worm population to drug selection. Methods like WormBoss (Australia) and FAMACHA (South Africa) have been developed by parasitologists to manage parasitism in the flock.
The IPM refers to the integration of several components which when used alone would not give the desired effect. It should have the potential to bring down parasite population over successive generations, reducing the need for regular AH treatment. As a consequence, some level of parasitism and production loss should be tolerated in this venture. It involves the monitoring of parasite infection/resistance and the rational use of effective drugs in combination with non-chemical methods.
Thus there has been a paradigm shift in the way to deal with parasites in production animalsfrom the chemical 'big hit' approach to something more like 'parasite management', i.e. living with parasites. These novel control methods will assist in maintaining parasite infections below the economic threshold. However, to be seriously considered for adoption, livestock producers will need assurance that they will achieve a reliable
Non chemotherapeutic approaches Though non-chemical approaches like worm vaccines and nematophagous fungi have been active research areas for several decades, it is apparent that further work remains to be done before commercial products become available. Anthelmintic plants Modern pharmacopeia has its foundation in drugs derived from plants or synthetic analogues of herbal compounds. Plants with anti-parasitic properties are referred to as bioactive forage. Nematocidal activity of tannins has been reported as early as 1960s and recently, has gained renewed interest as potential components of non-chemical parasite control strategies. Anti-parasitic properties of condensed tannins present in tanniferous plants are mediated via either a direct anthelmintic and/or an indirect nutritional mechanism. Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <73 <
Condensed tannins can affect parasitism by increasing protein availability through the protection of dietary proteins from degradation in the rumen. Immunonutrition Improved host nutrition leads to enhanced immunity (resistance) and increased productivity (resilience) in parasitized animals. Most research on nutritional control of parasitism has concentrated on protein supplementation. In general, strategic supplementation should target those times when nutrient requirements are needed the most and provide those nutrients which are deficient such as protein, energy, minerals or trace elements. The economic viability of diet manipulation in developing countries have been illustrated by the positive effects obtained by use of low cost resources, like non-protein nitrogen and energy sources like maize or molasses. Copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWP) COWP were originally developed to overcome copper deficiency in ruminants. They are merely small pieces of copper oxide wire contained within a gelatin capsule. On administration the capsule dissolves in the rumen and the copper particle pass into abomasum, where they lodge in the mucosal folds and release ionic copper over an extended period of time. This method has been shown to effectively reduce Haemonchus contortus infection by 75 percent and extend protection against further in goats. Genetically resistant stock Breeding to obtain livestock that are genetically resistant or resilient to nematode infection is the ultimate in sustainable parasite control. There is huge, untapped genetic resource awaiting investigation in the vast array of breeds found throughout the tropics/subtropics. They J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <74 <
have evolved through the extreme selection pressure induced by the combination of environmental stress, malnutrition, continuous and massive parasitic challenge, often without any remedial treatment. Exploiting genetic resistance of livestock to disease in general and to parasites in particular, represents the ultimate approach towards sustainable parasite control, especially for the resource-poor farmers. In the case of selecting animals for resilience the objective is to minimize the pathogenic and clinical effects of infection. Homoeopathy Producers in several Latin American and European countries have adopted homeopathy for herd treatment. This can be recommended only after getting sufficient supporting data as well as approval from the Veterinary Council of India. Control of Toxocara vitulorum Calf mortalities due to the large round worm, T. vitulorum can be prevented by the simple expedient of treating all calves with pyrantel or a broad spectrum AH at 10-16 days of birth. This is very economical and it prevents contamination of soil with worm eggs. Calves acquire infection from larvae excreted through milk of the dam up to 10 days of parturition. Piperazine compounds should not be used as the drug cannot eliminate immature worms. For adoption of procedures that are different from existing practices, massive education programs are needed. The application of research should reach the end users by employing various mass communication tools. Deworming in ruminants Selective Treatment Scheme is based on the fact that only a small proportion of animals in the herd carry large worm burdens. It aims at drenching only those animals. By reducing the
number of treatments, the selection pressure for AH resistance in worm population is reduced (improving refugia both inside and outside the hosts) as well as the cost of AH treatment. It is time to accept that the livestock sector is facing three main challenges- to produce more (food security), produce better (food safety) and produce friendly (environmental services). This is a complex situation and must be realized that the time of easy parasite control is over. In future we will have to rely on combinations of strategies and practices which will most likely require more work and monitoring. REFERENCE Henrioud, A N. 2011. Towards sustainable parasite control practices in livestock production with emphasis in Latin America. Vet. Parasitol. 180: 2-11 Ketzis, J.K., Vercruysse, J., Stromberg, B.E., Larsen,
M., Athanasiadou, S. and Houdijk, J.G.M. 2006. Evaluation of efficacy expectations for novel and non-chemical helminth control strategies in ruminants. Vet. Parasitol. 139: 321-335 Molento, M.B. 2009. Parasite control in the age of drug resistance and changing agricultural practices. Vet. Parasitol. 163: 229-234 Torres-Acosta, J.F.J and Hoste, H. 2008. Alternative or improved methods to limit gastrointestinal parasitism in grazing sheep and goats. Small Rum. Res. 77: 159-173 Waller, P.J. 1997. Nematode Parasite Control of Livestock in the tropics/subtropics: the need for novel approaches. Int. J. Parasitol. 27: 1193-1201 Waller, P.J. 2006. From discovery to development: Current industry perspectives for the development of novel methods of helminth control in livestock. Vet. Parasitol. 139: 1-14
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GENERAL ARTICLE
NEW DUCK DISEASE (Riemerella anatipestifer infection) Aparna S1 and Renjith R2 Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala ABSTRACT New duck disease is a contagious ,widely distributed disease affecting young ducks, turkey ,waterfowls ,chickens and pheasants. The disease has been reported in Kerala in an organized poultry f a r m a t t a c h e d t o Ve t e r i n a r y c o l l e g e Pookode,Wayanad during October 2006. Severe depression, inco-ordination ,droopiness, tremors of head and neck, poor feed intake, reluctance to swim, purulent oculo-nasal discharge, greenish diarrhea are the clinical signs leading to death. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, lesions and isolation and identification of the causative organism . Careful management practices are important for prevention of infection . Isolation of the organism from an outbreak in Pookode farm, Wayanad and recent reports of the outbreak of new duck disease world wide show that Riemerella anatipestifer infection may pose a threat to the duck industry
INTRODUCTION Riemerella anatipestifer formerly known as Pasteurella anatipestifer and Moraxella anatipestifer is the causative agent of a contagious, widely distributed disease called new duck disease that primarily affects young ducks and turkeys (Hirsh et al., 2004). Other waterfowls, chicken and pheasants may also be affected. Synonyms of this disease include duck septicemia, anatipestifer syndrome, anatipestifer septicaemia and infectious serositis. It is important in Veterinary medicine as it is reported world wide as the cause of epizootic infectious polyserositis of domestic ducks. The disease has been reported in Kerala in an organized 1
Research Assistant IAH & VB, Palode, 2 Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary Alamukku, Thiruvananthapuram J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <76 <
poultry farm attached to Veterinary college Pookot, Wayanad during October 2006 (Priya et al., 2008). The organism is probably egg transmitted, with lateral spread most commonly via the respiratory route. Economic loss to the duck industry from the disease is due to mortality reaching upto 5 to 75 percent and also due to weight loss and condemnation. Ducklings of 1 to 8 weeks of age are highly susceptible. Ducklings under 5 weeks of age usually die in 1 to 2 days after clinical signs appear, older birds survive longer. Concomitant diseases, environmental conditions and other stress factors predispose ducklings to the disease. CLINICAL SIGNS Severe depression, inco-ordination, droopiness, neck tucked in, disinclination to move, tremors of the head and neck, poor feed intake, reluctance to swim, purulent oculo-nasal discharge, greenish diarrhea and death. POSTMORTEM LESIONS Congestion of lungs, enlarged pinkish liver and enlarged purple spleen and enteric lesions are noted. Beak is often congested. Pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis are also noticed. Fibrin deposition on the serosa of heart, liver and airsacs, meningitis, osteomyelitis and focal pneumonia are seen occasionally. Inspissated caseous deposits are seen in the posterior aspects of the abdominal airsacs. The walls of other airsacs may be thickened. Airsacs may get extremely affected and there may be caseous salphingitis. Chronic arthritis with erosion of the joint cartilage may be noticed. In addition, Riemerella anatipestifer may be found as the causal agent in a condition where the skin of ventral abdomen is thickened.
DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, lesions and isolation and identification of the causative organism. Colibacillosis, chlamydiosis and pasteurellosis also show similar signs and lesions. (Paul Mc Mulin., 2004). Biochemical characteristics can be used to differentiate this organism from E. coli and Pasteurella multocida that cause important diseases of duck. MORPHOLOGY AND STAINING Riemerella anatipestifer organisms are Gram negative, nonmotile, nonsporulating rods. The organism occurs singly in pairs or in short chains. The cell vary from 0.2 to 0.4 micrometre in width to 1 to 5 micrometre in length. Many cells stain bipolar with wright's stain, and a capsule can be demonstrated in Indian ink preperations (Sandhu and Rimler,1997). GROWTH REQUIREMENTS AND COLONIAL MORPHOLOGY The organism grows well on chocolate agar, blood agar or trypticase soya agar. Growth on trypticase soya agar can be enhanced by the addition of 0.05 percent yeast extract and 5 percent new born calf serum. Growth is more abundant with increased carbon dioxide. Maximum growth usually occurs in 48-72 hr when incubated at 370C in a candle jar. Colonies on blood agar, when grown 24hr at 0 37 C in a candle jar, are 1-2 mm in diameter, convex, entire, transparent, glistening and butyrous (Sandhu and Rimler, 1997). BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Carbohydrate are not fermented, although some researchers have reported acid production in glucose, maltose, inositol and fructose by some strains. Gelatin is usually liquefied and litmus milk may slowly turn alkaline. Indole and Hydrogen sulphide are not produced. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite and starch is not hydrolysed. There is no growth on Mac Conkey agar and no hemolysis on blood agar. The organism is oxidase -ve and catalase +ve, phosphatase is produced (Sandhu and Rimler, 1997) .
TREATMENT AND CONTROL A combination of penicillin and streptomycin or sulfaquinoxaline can be used for initial treatment, but an antibiotic sensitivity test should be performed. Priya et al., (2008) reported that all their 5 isolates of Riemerella anatipestifer from an outbreak at Pookot farm, Wayanad district were resistant to penicillin, oxytetracycline and cotrimoxazole but were sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and amoxicillin. Treatment of the affected birds in their study with enrofloxacin @ 5mg/kg body wt i.m for 5 days gave good response and recovered rapidly. CONTROL Careful management practices are important for prevention of infection. Rigid sanitation and depopulation are necessary for elimination of the disease. Good husbandry methods, especially avoiding contaminated environmental conditions and stress is very important . However a bacterin and more recently a live vaccine are available for control of the disease in ducks. Recent reports of the outbreak of New duck disease world wide and Isolation of the organism from an outbreak in Pookot farm, Wayanad points to an impending threat to duck farming sector. REFERENCE Hirsh, D.C., Maclachlan, N.J. and Walker, R.C. 2004 Veterinary Microbiology, 2nd Edn. Blackwell publishing professional, Iowa Paul Mc Mulin. 2004 Anatipestifer disease,New duck syndrome, Duck septecaemia - A pocket guide to poultry health and diseases. Priya, P.M., Deepthi, S.P., Balusamy, C., Ramesh Kumar, P. and Senthamilselvan, P. 2008. Studies on outbreak of New duck disease in Kerala,India. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 7(2). 189-190 Sandhu, T.S. and Rimler, R.B. 1997 Riemerella anatipestifer infection. In Calnek BW. ed. Diseases of poultry, 10thed., Ames: Iowa State Univ Pr, pp. 161-166 Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <77 <
ASSOCIATION NEWS
WORLD VETERINARY DAY CELEBRATIONS 2012
World Veterinary Day celebrations 2012 held at Green Land Farm House, Nelliyampathy, Palakkad on 27 & 28 April 2012 under the auspices of Kerala Veterinary Surgeons Service Association was inaugurated by the Sri V. Chenthamarakshan, Hon: MLA, Nenmara at a grand function presided by Dr. K.C. Prasath President KVSSA.
The summer issue of JIVA 2012 was released by handing a copy to Prof. Dr. V. Purushothaman, Director Center for Animal Health Studies, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai. Hon. MLA in his inaugural address had extended whole hearted support and cooperation for the genuine issued faced by veterinarians in the state and assured necessary propaganda for encouraging animal husbandry activities among rural farmers. Dr. K.C. Prasath in his presidential address stressed the importance of World Veterinary Day celebrations and the relevance of the current years theme 'Antimicrobial Resistance'. Dr. Joby George General Secretary KVSSA welcomed the J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <78 <
gathering. Felicitations were offered by Dr K.R. Arun Kumar, President IVA, Dr. Sisy Philip, General Secretary, AHOAK and Dr. P.S. Shameem Abubaker, Chairman, Organising Committee. Dr K.R. Arun Kumar drew the attention of audience to the remarkable growth of association in the past few years as clearly evident from the participation of more than 120 veterinarians in the programme and congratulated the organizing committee for arranging the programme in a grand manner. He assured full support for creation of transfer norms and functional reorganization of the department. Dr. B. Biju, General Convenor delivered vote of thanks.
Scientific Seminar on "Antimicrobials: a true One Health issue - ''Challenges and opportunities in veterinary fieldâ&#x20AC;? Dr. V. Purushothaman, Director TANUVAS, Chennai was also held. Agrand get together of veterinarians and their family members, cultural evening with an orchestra and variety entertainments, inaugurated by noted Malayalam poet and lyricist Sri. Murugan, Kaattakkada was organized on 27th April 2012. Around 120 veterinarians and their family members participated in the two day programme.
WORLD ZOONOSES DAY - 2012 COMMEMORATED
The World Zoonoses Day 2012 commemoration was held at a glittering function at Hotel Royal Park, Alappuzha on 06/07/2012.The forenoon seminar session was moderated by Dr E Sreekumar, Scientist, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Bio Technology. Dr Rani S S, Asst Director, LMTC (Challenges in Rabies control in Kerala) and Dr R Rajendran , Deputy Director, NCDC, Govt of India (Eco Epidemiology of Mosquito borne viral diseases) presented their papers which was followed by an active open forum.
younger generation is well informed on Zoonoses. The valedictory session was inaugurated by Dr K G Suma, Director of Animal Husbandry and presided over by Dr. K R. Arunkumar, State President, IVA. Dr. C. Sreekumar, General Secretary, IVA welcomed the gathering. The Director also inaugurated the CDIO sponsored Pilotprogramme of State Level Screening of Vets for Brucella and Leptospira. The young winners of State Level Painting Competition organised by KVSSA and VETQUEST were honoured by the dignitaries. The Quiz programme, VETQUEST, on Zoonoses for school students was held during the programme. The valedictory session was inaugurated by Dr K G Suma, Director of Animal Husbandry and presided over by Dr K R Arunkumar,State President, IVA. Dr C Sreekumar, GeneralSecretary, IVA welcomed the gathering.
FORTHCOMING EVENTS WORLD RABIES DAY 2012
The Quiz programme, VETQUEST, on Zoonoses, for school students was held from 2pm. Dr Jyothish Babu and Dr Sumi Cheriyan were the masters of the programme with online support by Dr. Jothimon. The students, by their brilliant performance, proved beyond doubt that the
World Rabies Day 2012 is being conducted at Hotel National Park, Ettumanoor, Kottayam on September 28th 2012. Dr. Ilona Otter, DVM, Clinical Director of Worldwide Veterinary Service India International Training Center, Nilgiris and Dr. Mini Vasudevan of Humane Animal Society, Coimbatore are the Chief Guest sharing their experiences in Animal Birth Control Programme. Vol. 10 Issue 2 August 2012 JIVA <79 <
SIGN POST & ACHIEVEMENTS Dr. Syam K. Venugopal, Associate Professor, Dept of Vet. Surgery and Radiology, CV & AS, Mannuthy, received the prestigious Prof. S. S. Mishra award for the best research article published in the Indian Journal of Canine Practice, during the year 2011. He received the award during the International congress of Indian Society for the Advancement of Canine Practice , held at RAJUVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Dr. N. Madhavanunny, Assistant Professor, Dept of Clinical Vet. Medicine, CV & AS, Mannuthy, receiving the award for the best research article presented in the Clinical Medicine session of VIII th annual congress of Indian Society for Advancement of Canine Practice (ISACP) held at Shere-Kashmir university, Jammu, 2011. He received the award during the International congress of Indian Society for the Advancement of Canine Practice, held at RAJUVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Dr. Reghu Ravindran, Head of the Department, Department of Parasitology COVAS, Pookot won the prestigious Krishivigyan award of Govt. of Kerala. CONGRATULATIONS Dr. ReghuRavindran.
Dr. Shibu Simon, Assistant Professor, Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai,Thrissur, Kerala. Completed eCPD (Continuing Professional Development) course on Abdominal Ultrasonography Online, conducted by the Royal Veterinary College, University of London from 16th April th to 27 May 2012 (6 weeks). The RVC is offering many such e-CPD courses on payment basis. Details can be had from www.rvc.ac.uk/cpd.
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Dr. P.M. Mathew (71). Joint Director (Rtd.) passed away on 11/06/2012. An Alumini of COVAS. Mannuthy of 1964 batch, he served the Animal Husbandry Department in Kozhikode, Ernakulam, Idukki and retired as the District Animal Husbandry Officer, Pathanamthitta. He is survived by his wife and two sons.
Dr. A. Muhammed Khaleel (61), Asst.Director (Rtd.) passed away on 18/07/2012. An Alumini of COVAS, Mannuthy of 1968 batch, he served the Animal Husbandry Department in various offices and got retired from service as SVS, VH,Kattanam in Alappuzha District. Dr. K.V Pushyamithran Sreevilas, Rtd. Deputy Director expired at Thalayolapparambu. Printed at : Micro Printers, Mannarkkad, Phone: 04924-224318 J. Ind. Vet. Assoc., Kerala. 10 (2) <80 <