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INTERMEDIATE MODEL PAPERS JU N IO R IN TER MATHEMATICS, Paper-I (A) Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75 Note: This question paper consists of three sections A, B and C
B.VENKATA NARASAIAH Sr. Lecturer R. Nalanda Jr.College, Rajampeta, Kadapa District.
SEN IO R IN TER CHEMISTRY, Paper-II Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 60
SECTION - A I.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
A∞≤ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀMʸ$ Á‹–ö˛*´ßëØÈÀ$ Δ>ƒÊ˝*Õ. {Á≥Ü {Á≥‘Ë˝≤Mʸ$ 2 –ö˛*ΔÊˇ$PÀ$ 10×2=20 Úfl˝{± ∞ƒÊ˝$–ö˛*∞≤ ô˛ÀÁ≥ÖyÏ˛? ΔÛˇr$ Ì‹¶Δ>ÖMÊ¸Ö “$ßÊ˛ E⁄˘~{Vʸô˲ {Á≥øÍ–È∞≤ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛? (a) Cl2 ¥˜yÏ˛Á‹$Ø˲≤Öô¯ ^˲ΔÊˇ≈Ø˲$ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛. (b) ∞ƒÊ˝*Øå˛ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*V>ÀØ˲$ Δ>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛. Fe+2 (f.{ßë) AƒÊ˝$›ÎPÖô˲ {ªÍ–ö˛$M>∞≤ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛? (a) M¯¥ÎÕ–ö˛$ΔÊˇ$œ (b) hVʸœΔäˇ Ø˲sÍt E{ôÛ˛ΔÊˇMÊ¸Ö Cô˲¢yÏ˛, MʸÖ^˲$, fΔÊˇ√Øå˛ Ì‹À”Δäˇ ÃZÁfl˝ Á‹ÖÁú$rØ˲ ‘ÈôÈ∞≤ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛. (a) PDI (¥ÎÕ —ÑÛ¸Á≥◊˝ Á‹*_Mʸ) (b) ΔÊˇ∫æΔÊˇ$ –ö˛ÀPØ˛OgÙ˝ÁŸØå˛ (a) B–ö˛$œ —Δ¯´ßÊ˛$À$ (b) ØÈΔ¯PsÏ˝Mä¸ ØˆÁ≥#µÀ ∞–È«◊˝$À$ (a) ƒÊ˝*ÖsÏ˝∫ƒÒ˝*sÏ˝Mä¸fi (b) B‡ΔÊˇ ∞À” M>ΔÊˇ◊ÍÀ$ (a) sZÕØå˛ Ø˲$Ö_ ªÒ˝ÖgÒ˝OÃå˝ BÀP‡Ãå˝ (b) D£Û˛Øå˛ Ø˲$Ö_ {ªZ–˛* D•Øå˛ SECTION - B
16.
H–˛OØ˲ BΔÊˇ$ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀMʸ$ Á‹–ö˛*´ßëØÈÀ$ Δ>ƒÊ˝*Õ. {Á≥Ü {Á≥‘Ë˝≤Mʸ$ 4 –ö˛*ΔÊˇ$PÀ$ 6×4=24 {ªÍVä¸fi Á‹“$MʸΔÊˇ◊Í∞≤ Eôȵ®Ö^˲ÖyÏ˛. Δ˙Ãå˝t ∞ƒÊ˝$–ö˛*∞≤ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛. ±sÏ˝ ªÍÁŸµ Ô≥yÊ˛ØË˛Ö 293K –ö˛ßÊ˛™ 17.535mm of Hg. 25 {V>. Vʸ*œM¯gå˝Ø˲$ 450 {V>. ±sÏ˝ÃZ Mʸ«Wı‹¢ –ö˛_aØ˲ {ßë–ö˛◊˝Ö ªÍÁŸµ Ô≥yÊ˛ØË˛Ö –ö˛ßÊ˛™ ÃÒ˝MʸPMʸrtÖyÏ˛? (a) E{ôÛ˛µΔÊˇ◊˝Ö AÖsÙ˝ H—$sÏ˝? ΔÊˇM>À$ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛. (b) G–ö˛$À¤Øå˛ ΔÊˇM>ÀØ˲$ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛. (a) øÊ˝Ô‹√MʸΔÊˇ◊˝Ö (b) øÊ˝ΔÊˇjØÈÀØ˲$ EßëÁfl˝ΔÊˇ◊˝ô¯ —–ö˛«Ö^˲ÖyÏ˛? AÖô˲ΔÊˇ ‡ÃZfØ˲$À$ AÖsÙ˝ H—$? BrFs ∞Δ>√◊Í∞≤ VSEPR Ì‹ßëÆÖôË˛Ö ßë”Δ> —–ö˛«Ö^˲ÖyÏ˛. IUPAC ı≥ΔÊˇ$œ Δ>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛?
17.
(1) Ni(Co)4(2)[Co(NH3)6]Cl3(3) [Co(NH3)]+3 (4) K4[Fe(CN)6](5)[Fe(CN)6]-4 (6) [Ti (H2o)6]+3(7)[Fe(C2O4)3]-3 (8) K3[Cr(C2O4)3] (a) B–ö˛‘Ë˝≈Mʸ, AØÈ–ö˛‘Ë˝≈Mʸ G—$د B–ö˛*œÀ$ AÖsÙ˝
II.
11. 12.
13. 14. 15.
–Û˛$ØÛ˛gå˝–˛$Öså˝ y˛–ö˛Àã≥–˛$Öså˝ CØå˛Ì‹tr*≈så˝
MʸÖÁ≥N≈rΔäˇ Ú‹OØå˛fi, ÌúhMä¸fi, M¸—${Ô‹t, k–ÈÀi, ªür±, Ú‹OM>Ài), GÖºH. Vʸ$ΔäˇV>–í˛ÃZ∞ –Û˛$ØÛ˛gå˝–˛$Öså˝ y˛–ö˛Àã≥–˛$Öså˝ CØå˛Ì‹tr*≈så˝ Ô≥i ƒÊ˝$*i M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÀ$ {¥˘{V>ÖÃZ {Á≥–Û˛‘ÈÀMʸ$ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$ô¯Ö®. ºH, ºGÔ‹fi, ºM>Ö, ºGÃå˝IGÔ‹fi ¥˘Á‹$t {V>yÊ˛$≈ƒÙ˝$så˝ CØå˛ –Û˛$ØÛ˛gå˝–˛$Öså˝ & ¥ÎΔäˇtsÒ˝OÖ Ô≥i yÏ˛¥˜œ–ö˛* M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÀ$ AΔÊˇ·ô˲: H߲OØÈ yÏ˛{Xô¯ CÖyÊ˛{Ì‹tƒÊ˝$Ãå˝ «ÃÙ˝ÁŸØå˛fi AÖyä˛ Á≥ΔÊˇfiØ˲Ãå˝ –Û˛$ØÛ˛gå˝–˛$Öså˝, V¸Oy˛Øå˛fi GÖÌ≥Mʸ: Δ>ô˲ Á≥»Ñʸ, CÖrΔÊˇ*” B´ßëΔÊˇÖV> AÖyä˛ M˙Ø˛fiÕÖVä¸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢: BØå˛ÃÒ˝OØå˛, _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 Ìú{∫–ö˛« 15 AΔÊˇ·ô˲: CÖr»√yÏ˛ƒÊ˝$så˝, yÏ˛{X. ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: BØå˛ÃÒ˝OØå˛ –˛ªå˝Ú‹Oså˝: https://mdi.ac.in _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 Ìú{∫–ö˛« 28 –˛ªå˝Ú‹Oså˝: https://www.svuniversity.edu.in/ {÷ –˛ÖMʸsÙ˝‘Ë˝”ΔÊˇ —‘Ë˝”—ßë≈ÀƒÊ˝$Ö ÜΔÊˇ$Á≥ÜÃZ∞ {÷ –˛ÖMʸsÙ˝‘Ë˝”ΔÊˇ —‘Ë˝”—ßë≈ÀƒÊ˝$Ö ßÊ˛*ΔÊˇ —ßÊ˛≈ —´ßëØ˲ÖÃZ ƒÊ˝$*i, Ô≥i, Ô≥i yÏ˛¥˜œ–ö˛* M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÃZœ {Á≥–Û˛‘ÈÀMʸ$ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$ô¯Ö®. Ô≥i M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÀ$ GÖH(ô˛À$Vʸ$, CÖWœãŸ, Ìfl˝Ö©, GMʸØÈ—$Mä¸fi, Ìfl˝Á‹t», ¥˜ÕsÏ˝MʸÃå˝ Ú‹OØå˛fi AÖyä˛ Á≥ºœMä¸ AyÏ˛√∞{ı‹tÁŸØå˛, ›˘ÌŸƒÊ˝*Ài), –ö˛*Á‹tΔäˇ Bãú ›˘ÁŸÃå˝ –ö˛ΔäˇP, GÖGÃå˝IGÔ‹fi, G–˛$√Ô‹fi(–Û˛$£ä˛fi,
M¸IIsÏ˝
Mʸ„ÖVʸ CØå˛Ì‹tr*≈så˝ Bãú CÖyÊ˛{Ì‹tƒÊ˝$Ãå˝ sÒ˝M>≤Ài(M¸IIsÏ˝) yÏ˛{X, Ô≥i, Ô≥Úfl˝^å˛yÏ˛ M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÃZœ {Á≥–Û˛‘È∞Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$ô¯Ö®. yÏ˛{X M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÀ$ ººH, ºÌ‹H, ºsÒ˝Mä¸, ºBΔäˇP, ºGÔ‹fi(Ø˲«fiÖVä¸), º.yÏ˛gÒ˝OØå˛, ºH GÃå˝GÃå˝º, ººH GÃå˝GÃå˝º, ºGÔ‹fi.GÃå˝GÃå˝º, yÏ˛{X(ÌúÃå˝√ á
K.Subbarami Reddy Sr. Lecturer R. Nalanda Jr.College, Rajampeta, Kadapa District.
(b) ‡Δ¯√Ø˲$À$
18.
a) C6H5N2Cl
AÖsÙ˝ H—$sÏ˝. –ö˛»YMʸΔÊˇ◊˝ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛.
CuCN
H2O
A
H+
g c) VʸrtΔäˇ –ö˛*Øå˛ ^˲ΔÊˇ≈ (b) CH3NC + Hgo
B
NH3 D
?
SECTION - C III. H–˛OØ˲
ΔˇÖyÊ˛$ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀMʸ$ Á‹–ö˛*´ßëØÈÀ$ Δ>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛. {Á≥Ü {Á≥‘Ë˝≤Mʸ$ 8 –ö˛*ΔÊˇ$PÀ$ 2×8=16
19.
(a) ∏ÎΔÊˇyÛ˛ ∞ƒÊ˝$–ö˛*ÀØ˲$ —–ö˛«Ö^˲ÖyÏ˛. CuSO4 fÀ{ßë–ö˛◊˝Ö Ø˲$Ö_ 10 ∞—$⁄ÎÀ
¥Îr$ 1.1 BÖÌ≥ƒÊ˝$ΔÊˇ$œ —ßÊ˛$≈ô¨˛Ø˲$ Á≥Ö¥ÎΔÊˇ$. ∞ÑϸÁ≥¢–ö˛$ƒÙ˝$≈ M>Á≥Δäˇ {ßÊ˛–ö˛≈Δ>’∞ MʸØ˲$VˆØ˲ÖyÏ˛? (b) ^˲ΔÊˇ≈ {Mʸ–ö˛*ÖMʸÖ, A◊˝$ô˲À –ö˛$´ßÊ˛≈ øÙ˝ßëÀ$ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛. 20. (a) KgZØå˛ H —´ßÊ˛ÖV> ô˲ƒÊ˝*ΔÊˇ$ ^Û˛›Î¢ΔÊˇ$ (i) Pbs (ii) Kl+H2O (iii) Ag (iv) C2H4 (v) Hg Àô¯ ^˲ΔÊˇ≈ ô˛ÀµÖyÏ˛. (b) NH3 Ø˲$ ıfl˝∫Δäˇ Á≥ßÊ˛ÆÜÃZ H —´ßÊ˛ÖV>
ô˲ƒÊ˝*ΔÊˇ$ ^Û˛›Î¢ΔÊˇ$. 21. (a) GÌ‹sÒ˝OÃÙ˝ÁŸØå˛ (b) M¸∞gÍΔ¯ ^˲ΔÊˇ≈ (c) —${‘Ë˝–ö˛$ (or) –ö˛≈ô˲≈Á‹™ BÃÍzÃå˝ Á‹ÖÁú$rØË˛Ö (d) yÏ˛M>Δ>æMϸfiŒMʸΔÊˇ◊˝Ö
H—$?
sÒ˝Õ—fØå˛ {¥˜yÊ˛ÑʸØå˛), ºsÒ˝Mä¸ á G–˛$√Ô‹fi(Eyä˛ Ú‹OØå˛fi á sÒ˝M>≤Ài) GÖsÒ˝Mä¸ ∫ƒÒ˝*sÒ˝M>≤Ài AΔÊˇ·ô˲: ªÍ≈_ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X(ÌúhMä¸fi, –Û˛$£ä˛fi, ªZr±, M¸—${Ô‹t (ÃÙ˝ßë) yÊ˛*≈ƒÊ˝$Ãå˝ yÏ˛{X. ΩGÔ‹fi(∏ÎΔˇ{Ô‹t) Ô≥i M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÀ$ G–˛$√Ô‹fi(G∞”Δ>Øå˛–˛$ÖrÃå˝ –Û˛$ØÛ˛gå˝–˛$Öså˝) G–˛$√Ô‹fi(∫ƒÒ˝*sÒ˝M>≤Ài/AÁ≥œΔˇ$$yä˛ –˛$O{M¯∫ƒÊ˝*Ài) AΔÊˇ·ô˲: ªÍ≈_ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X(ªÙ˝Ì‹Mä¸/AÁ≥œΔˇ$$yä˛ Ú‹OØ˛fiã‹) ÃÙ˝ßë GÖÚfl˝^å˛H, –ö˛*ã‹ Mʸ–ö˛$*≈∞MÛ¸ÁŸØå˛, GÖsÒ˝Mä¸, GÖH ƒÒ˝*V>, ªÍ≈_ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X(A{WMʸÀaΔäˇ/∏ÎΔˇ{Ô‹t) ÃÙ˝ßë ºC/ºsÒ˝Mä¸ GÃå˝GÃå˝GÖ. (G∞”Δ>Øå˛–˛$Öså˝ Ú‹OØå˛fi) Ì≥Úfl˝^å˛yÏ˛ G–˛$√Ô‹fi(Ú‹À*≈ÃZgå˝ á ı≥Á≥Δäˇ sÒ˝M>≤Ài) ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: BØå˛ÃÒ˝OØå˛, _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 –ö˛*«a 31 AΔÊˇ·ô˲: ªÍ≈_ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X(M¸—${Ô‹t) ÃÙ˝ßë ºC/ºsÒ˝Mä¸ (M¸—$MʸÃå˝á –˛ªå˝Ú‹Oså˝: http://kiit.ac.in/academics/courses –˛$M>∞MʸÃå˝ CÖf±«ÖVä¸) ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: BãúÃÒ˝OØå˛ ∏ÎΔˇã‹t »Ú‹Δäˇa CØå˛Ì‹tr*≈så˝ GÖÌ≥Mʸ: {Á≥–Û˛‘Ë˝ Á≥»Ñʸ ßë”Δ> y˛{‡yÊ˛*Øå˛ÃZ∞ ∏ÎΔˇã‹t »Ú‹Δäˇa CØå˛Ì‹tr*≈så˝ ——´ßÊ˛ Ô≥i ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢Mʸ$ _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 H{Ì≥Ãå˝ 6 M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÃZœ {Á≥–Û˛‘È∞Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$ô¯Ö®. {Á≥–Û˛‘Ë˝ Á≥»Ñʸ: 2018 –Û˛$ 20 Ô≥i M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÀ$ _ΔÊˇ$ØÈ–ö˛*:Registrar, FRI Deemed to be University, G–˛$√Ô‹fi(∏ÎΔˇ{Ô‹t) P.O.I.P.E., Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun - 248 195. AΔÊˇ·ô˲: ªÍ≈_ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X (ªür±/M¸—${Ô‹t/hƒÊ˝*Ài/–Û˛$£ä˛fi/ –˛ªå˝Ú‹Oså˝: http://www.fridu.edu.in ÌúhMä¸fi/k–ÈÀi ÃÙ˝ßë ªÍ≈_ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X(A{WMʸÀaΔÊˇÃå˝ ∏ÎΔˇ{Ô‹t)
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The other name of mother board is.. C omputer A w areness 1. In which tool bar we will find short button for "Auto Sum"? (a) Formatting Bar (b) Standard Bar (c) Clipboard Bar (d) Formula Bar (e) None o0f these 2. In order to move from one work sheet to another in excel work book, which of the following should be clicked? (a) Active cell (b) Scroll bar (c) Sheet tab (d) Tab buttom (e) None of these 3. In which chart, only one data series can be plotted? (a) Pie (b) Line (c) Stacked bar (d) embedded (e) None of these 4. Material consisting of text and numbers is best presented as ____. (a) a table slide (b) a bullet slide (c) a title slide (d) a structure slide (e) None of these 5. Coded entries which are used to gain access to a computer system are called _______. (a) Entry codes (b) Passwords (c) Code words (d) Security commands (e) None of these 6. A program designed to destroy data on a computer which can travel to infect other computers is called a ______. (a) Disease (b) Torpedo (c) Virus (d) Hurricane (e) None of these 7. Which of the following is an example for first generation computers? (a) IBM 1401 (b) IBM 650 (c) IBM 702 (d) Both 2 & 3 (e) None of these 8. Which of the following was the world's first electronic programmable computing device? (a) ENIAC (b) Model K (c) Colossus (d) Curta (e) None of these 9. In a computer most processing takes place in ______. (a) Memory (b) CPU (c) RAM (d) Mother board (e) None of these 10. What type of software is most useful for the creation of brouchers, posters and news letters? (a) Spread sheet software (b) web authorising software (c) Multimedia authorising software (d) Desktop publishing software (e) None of these 11. When the computer is switched on, the booting process performs the _____. (a) Integrity Test (b) Power-on self Test (c) Correct functioning Test (d) Reliability Test (e) None of these 12. The box that contains the central electronic components of the computer is ______. (a) Mother board (b) System Unit (c) Peripheral (d) Input device (e) None of these 13. ______ is an example of input device. (a) Keyboard (b) Monitor (c) Mouse (d) Both 1 & 3 (e) None of these 14. Which key is used in combination with another key to perform a special task? (a) Function (b) Control (c) Arrow (d) Space bar (e) None of these 15. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called ________. (a) Data center equipment (b) Data Receiving equipment
(c) Data terminal equipment (d) Domain name server (e) None of these 16. A normal compiler takes source code as input and produces this as output. (a) Assembly code (b) Machine code (c) Object code (d) All of these (e) None of these 17. COBOL is widely used in _______ application. (a) Commercial (b) Scientific (c) Space (d) Mathematical (e) None of these 18. ________ is a layer of computer system between the hardware and the user program. (a) Operating Environment (b) System Environment (c) Application Software (d) Operating System (e) None of these 19. In windows ME, What does M stand for? (a) Millennium (b) Micro Expert (c) Macro Expert (d) Multi Expert (e) None of these
20. The first Operating System that allows multi tasking with graphical user interface _______. (a) Windows NT 3.1 (b) Windows 3.11 (c) Windows 1.01 (d) Windows 3.0 (e) None of these 21. A chart placed in a work sheet is called ____________. (a) formatting chart (b) embedded chart (c) aligning chart (d) hanging chart (e) None of these 22. _______ contains volatile chips that temporarily store data or instructions. (a) CPU (b) ROM (c) RAM (d) RMA (e) None of these 23. A device that reads the information contained on a disk and transfers it to the computer's memory _______. (a) Monitor (b) Screen (c) Keyboard (d) Disk drive (e) None of these 23. The other name of mother board is ______. (a) Mouse (b) Computer board (c) Central board (d) System board (e) None of these 24. What term is used to describe using the mouse to move an item on the screen to a new location? (a) Click (b) Double-click (c) Drag and drop (d) Point (e) None of these 25. A disk's content that is recorded at the time of manufacture and that cannot be changed or erased by the user is _______. (a) Memory Only (b) Write Only (c) Run Only (d) Read Only (e) None of these 26. Computers Work in
(a) Machine linguistics (b) Binary language (c) HTML Code (d) Bit language (e) None of these 27. C, BASIC, COBAL, and Java are examples of ________ languages. (a) Low level (b) Computer (c) high level (d) System programming (e) None of these 28. Which of the following is/are interpreted Language? (a) C (b) Java (c) Visual Basic (d) Both b & c (e) None of these 29. A computer cannot "boot" if it does not have the ______. (a) Complier (b) Loader (c) Operating System (d) Assembler (e) None of these 30. Linux is an example of ______. (a) Free ware (b) Open Source Software (c) Share ware (d) Complimentary (e) None of these 31. Windows ME was designed for which purpose? (a) for home computer users (b) for business people (c) for desktop support (d) for system restore (e) None of these 32. In which chart, only one data series can be plotted? (a) Pie (b) Line (c) Bar (d) Column (e) None of these 33. In which table, we find the pivot table command? (a) Tools (b) Data (c) Insert (d) Format (e) None of these 34. In which option, we can show and print the Gridlines? (a) Page setup (b) format (c) Auto format (d) Style (e) None of these 35. In a spread sheet, the point at which a column and a row interesect is called a _____. (a) container (b) box (c) grid (d) cell (e) None of these 36. The main purpose of the supercomputer is (a) High speed calculations (b) Weather forecasting (c) Data Retreieval operations (d) All of the above 37. The Analytical Engine developed during First Generation of computers used ______ as a memory unit. (a) RAM (b) Floppies (c) Punch Cards (d) Counter Wheels (e) None of these 38. Manchester Mark I computer was based on __________. (a) stored program concept (b) processing concept (c) electronic change concept (d) All of the above (e) None of these 39. What is the Gray Code for decimal 7? (a) 0100 (b) 0101 (c) 0010 (d) 111 (e) None of these 40. An electrical pathway within a computer is called _____. (a) circuit (b) line (c) bus (d) track (e) None of these - K.S.Padmavathi
Answers 1) d 2) c 3) c 4) a 5) b 6) c 7) d 8) c
9) b 10) d 11) b 12) b 13) d 14) b 15) c 16) b
17) a 18) a 19) a 20) c 21) b 22) c 23) d 24) c
25) d 26) d 27) c 28) d 29) c 30) b 31) a 32) a
33) b 34) a 35) d 36) a 37) c 38) a 39) a 40) c
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›ÎPÀΔäˇÌŸã≥fi / ÚúÃZÌŸã≥fi RüΔ>ØÈ {¥˘{V>Ö ÁúΔäˇ ›ÎPÀΔäˇfi&2018 øÍΔÊˇô˲ {Á≥øÊ˝$ô˲” ∫ƒÒ˝*-sÒ˝-M>≤-Ài —øÍVÊ¸Ö CÖy¯ & ƒÊ˝$$Gã‹ Ú‹OØå˛fi AÖyä˛ sÒ˝M>≤-Ài ∏˘ΔÊˇÖ(-I-ƒÊ˝$$-Gã-‹-Gã-‹-sÏ˝Gãú) ∏ÎΔÊˇ”Δäˇz E–ö˛$√yÏ˛V> ∞ΔÊˇ”-Ìfl˝-Á‹$¢Ø˲≤ RüΔ>ØÈ {¥˘{V>Ö ÃZ {Á≥–Û˛-‘È-∞Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍ-Á‹$¢À$ B‡”-∞-Á‹$¢-ØÈ≤ΔÊˇ$. ÚúÃZ-ÌŸã≥: GÖÌ≥-M¸OØ˲ AøÊ˝≈-ΔÊˇ$¶-ÀMʸ$ A–˛$-«-M>-ÃZ∞ {Á≥–ö˛$$Q —‘Ë˝”-—-ßë≈-À-ƒÊ˝*ÃZœ Á‹–ö˛$√Δäˇ {¥˘{V>ÖÃZ øÍVʸÖV> Á≥«-‘Z´ßÊ˛Ø˲ A–ö˛-M>‘Ë˝Ö Mʸյ-›Î¢ΔÊˇ$. Á‹tΔˇ$$-Ú≥Ö-yä˛ô¯ ¥Îr$ —–ö˛*Ø˲ ^È»jÀ$ ^˛Õœ-›Î¢ΔÊˇ$. {¥˘{V>Ö M>À-–ö˛≈-–ö˛´®: 2018 Á‹–ö˛$√Δäˇ {¥˘{V>ÖÃZ øÍVʸÖV> 10 & 12 –ÈΔ>À$. AΔÊˇ·ô˲: ∫ƒÒ˝*-sÒ˝-M>≤-Ài JMʸ Á‹ªÒ˝j-Mʸ$tV> ^˲ßÊ˛$-–ö˛#-ô˲$Ø˲≤ ºsÒ˝-Mä¸/-G-–˛$√-Ô‹fi/-GÖ-º-º-Gã-‹/-º-∏Î-ΔÊˇ√Ô‹ ÚúOØ˲Ãå˝ CƒÊ˝$Δäˇ ^˲ßÊ˛$-–ö˛#-ô˲$Ø˲≤ —ßë≈-ΔÊˇ$¶À$ AΔÊˇ$·À$. GÖÌ≥Mʸ: IƒÊ˝$$-Gã-‹-Gã-‹-sÏ˝-Gãú ∞∫Ö-´ßÊ˛-Ø˲À {Á≥M>ΔÊˇÖ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: BØå˛-ÃÒ˝OØå˛ ßë”Δ> _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 fØ˲-–ö˛« 31 –˛ªå˝-Ú‹Oså˝: http://iusstf.org
ÃZMä¸-Á‹øÊ˝ Ú‹{Mʸ-sÙ˝-«-ƒÊ˝$så˝ »Ú‹Δäˇa ÚúÃZ-ÌŸã≥fi M¯Á‹Ö ÃZMä¸-Á‹øÊ˝ Ú‹{Mʸ-sÙ˝-«-ƒÊ˝$så˝ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$-ô¯Ö®. »Ú‹Δäˇa ÚúÃZ-ÌŸã≥fi: 25 AΔÊˇ·ô˲: –ö˛*Á‹tΔäˇ yÏ˛{X(-›˘-ÁŸÃå˝ Ú‹OØå˛fi). »Ú‹Δäˇa Á≥ºœ-MÛ¸-ÁŸØå˛fi {Á≥^˲$-«-ô˲–˛$O EÖyëÕ. –ö˛ƒÊ˝$Á‹$: 25 & 70 Á‹Ö–ö˛-ô˲fi-Δ>À –ö˛$´ßÊ˛≈ EÖyëÕ. ÚúÃZ-ÌŸã≥: ΔÊˇ*.10 ÀÑʸÀ$. Cô˲À AÀ-–˛-Ø˲$fiÀ MϸÖßÊ˛ ΔÊˇ*.50,000 C›Î¢ΔÊˇ$. –ö˛≈–ö˛´®: ΔˇÖyÊ˛$ Á‹Ö–ö˛-ô˲fi-Δ>À$ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: ¥˘Á‹$t, C–˛$-Δˇ$$Ãå˝ ßë”Δ> ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢À$ Á≥Ö¥ÎÕ. _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 fØ˲-–ö˛« 31 _ΔÊˇ$-ØÈ–ö˛*: The Director, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Room No. F-121, Parliamentary Library Building, New Delhi-110001. C–˛$-Δˇ$$Ãå˝: sricell-lss@sansad.nic.in –˛ªå˝-Ú‹Oså˝: http://www.loksabha.nic.in/
GΔˇ$$–í˛$fi Ø˲*≈…Ï˛Œœ Ø˲*≈…Ï˛-ÃZœ-ÃZ∞ BÕÖ-yÏ˛ƒÊ˝* CØå˛-Ì‹t-r*≈så˝ Bãú –˛$yÏ˛-MʸÃå˝ Ú‹OØ˛fiã‹ Ô‹∞-ƒÊ˝$-Δäˇ/-l-∞-ƒÊ˝$Δäˇ »Ú‹Δäˇa ÚúÃZ øÊ˝»¢Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍ-Á‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$-ô¯Ö®. AΔÊˇ·ô˲: G–˛$√-Ô‹fi(-∫-ƒÒ˝*-M¸-—$-{Ô‹t/-∫-ƒÒ˝*-Ìú-h-Mä¸fi/-∫-ƒÒ˝*-sÒ˝M>≤-À-i/ -k-–È-À-i/-ÃÒ˝Oãú Ú‹OØ˛fiã-‹/-GÖ-sÒ˝-Mä¸(-∫-ƒÒ˝*-C-Ø˲π-Δ>√sÏ˝Mä¸fi) ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: C–˛$-Δˇ$$Ãå˝, ¥˘ã‹t ßë”Δ> _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 fØ˲-–ö˛« 31 _ΔÊˇ$-ØÈ–ö˛*: Dr.M.R.Rajeswari, Professor, R.No. 3005A, Dept. of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi - 110029. C–˛$-Δˇ$$Ãå˝: sheoran925@gmail.com –˛ªå˝Ú‹Oså˝:www.aiims.edu/en/notices/recruitment/aiims-recruitment.html? id=7773
ƒÊ˝$*∞–ö˛«fisÓ˝ Bãú ÚflO˝ßÊ˛Δ>ªÍßä˛ ƒÊ˝$*∞–ö˛«fisÓ˝ Bãú ÚflO˝ßÊ˛Δ>ªÍßä˛ÃZ∞ Ú‹ÖrΔäˇ Bãú GΔäˇ¢, KÁŸØå˛ á AsÍ√Ì‹πƒÊ˝$«Mä¸ Ú‹OØå˛fiÃZ l∞ƒÊ˝$Δäˇ »Ú‹Δäˇa ÚúÃZ /»Ú‹Δäˇa A›˘Ì‹ƒÙ˝$så˝ ¥˘Á‹$tÀøÊ˝»¢Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$ô¯Ö®. l∞ƒÊ˝$Δäˇ »Ú‹Δäˇa ÚúÃZ AΔÊˇ·ô˲: G–˛$√Ô‹fi(GΔäˇ¢Ú‹OØå˛fi/ÌúhMä¸fi/›ÎsÏ˝ÃÒ˝Oså˝ –˛${sÍÀi /GM>Ài/∏ÎΔˇ{Ô‹t)ô¯ ¥Îr$ Ø˛så˝. ÃÙ˝ßë GÖsÒ˝Mä¸(«–˛*så˝ Ú‹∞fiÖVä¸/hƒÒ˝* CØå˛∏ÎΔ>√sÏ˝Mä¸fi). »Ú‹Δäˇa A›˘Ì‹ƒÙ˝$så˝ AΔÊˇ·ô˲: Á‹Ö∫Ö´®ô˲ ΔÊˇÖV>ÃZœ Ô≥Úfl˝^å˛yÏ˛. –ö˛$*yÊ˛$ Á‹Ö–ö˛ô˲fiΔ>À »Ú‹Δäˇa AØ˲$øÊ˝–ö˛Ö EÖyëÕ. ßÊ˛ΔÊˇRÍÁ‹$¢Mʸ$ _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: 2018 Ìú{∫–ö˛« 17 _ΔÊˇ$ØÈ–ö˛*: Prof P.S. Roy, Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof CR Rao Road P.O., Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad.
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07
24, 2018-
ntbhadradri.com
46. ? 1) M.S.R-(V.C x L.C) 2) M.S.R-(V.C + L.C) 3)M.S.R + (V.C - L.C) 4)M.S.R+(V.C x L.C) 47. ? 1) 2) 3) 4) 48. ()
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. 3. . 4. 1) -1, -2, -3, -4 2) -4, -3, -2, -1 3) -4, -2, -3, -1 4) -4, -1, -3, -2 41. .......... ? 1) 2) 3) 4) 42. ? 1) 2) 3) 4)
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08
24, 2018-
ntnews.com
ntbhadradri.com
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™‰úŒ £æ…Jfçñ¸ ¢Á’úÕéπ™¸ é¬™‰ñ¸
$÷uúµÕMx™E ™‰úŒ £æ…Jfçñ¸ ¢Á’úÕéπ™¸ é¬™‰ñ¸– Ø√Ø˛ °œ> WEߪ’®¸ ®„ÆœúÁçö¸ §ÚÆæ’d© ¶µºKhéÀ ü¿®ºë«Ææ’h©’ éÓ®º’ûÓçC. ¢Á·ûªhç ë«S©’ : 70 N¶µ«í¬©¢√K ë«S©’ : ߪ÷éÀqúÁçö¸ Åçú˛ á´’®„bFq 10, ÅØÁÆ‘m≠œßª÷ 4, •xú˛ ¶«uçé˙ 2. ¢Á’úÕÆœØ˛ 4, Ŷ¸ÂÆdvöÀé˙q Åçú˛ Èíj$鬩@ 12, Ǯ°úÕé˙q 2, ÂÆ®ºbK 6, °‘úÕߪ÷vöÀé˙q (é¬uV¢√Löà 5, ¢Á’úÕÆœØ˛ 9, EßÁ÷Ø√ö«©@ 2, ØÁv§∂ƒ©@ 6 $®ºqK 6), úÁçô™¸ Åçú˛ 㮺™¸ Æ殺bK 2 Å®º|ûª : áçÉGáÆˇ/ GúÕáÆˇ ÖBh®ºgûªûÓ§ƒô’ úµÕMx ¢Á’úÕéπ™¸ éıEq™¸/ úµÕMx úÁçô™¸ éıEq™¸ í∫’Jhç°æ€ §ÒçC Öçú≈L. 2015 úÕÂÆç•®º’ 31 Ø√öÀéÀ Éçô®¸o≠œ°ˇ °æ‹JaîËÆœ$¢√®º’ ü¿®ºë«Ææ’hèπ◊ $®º’|©’. ´ßª’Ææ’ : 2017 úÕÂÆç•®º’ 31 Ø√öÀéÀ 30 à∞¡Ÿx áç°œéπ: ®«ûª Kéπ~ üΔy®« ®«ûª°æKéπ~: áçGÉáÆˇ Ŷµºu®º’n©èπ◊ ï$J 29, GúÕáÆˇ Ŷµºu®º’n©èπ◊ °∂œv•´J 5$ ü¿®ºë«Ææ’h >vÊÆd≠æØ˛ áçGGáÆˇ N¶µ«í¬EéÀ ï$´J 22$, GúÕáÆˇ N¶µ«í¬EéÀ ï$´J 30$ ¢Á¶¸ÂÆjö¸: www.hosp.gov.in
12
Ð-û¦-è[ª
®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-†-¨»-ÆæYç
v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ñ 4 §ƒ®∏√uç-¨»© †’ç* Éçô-®˝™ 3 †’ç* 5 ÅA Ææy©p Ææ´÷-üμΔ† ûª®Ω£æ… v°æ¨¡o©’, §Úöà °æK-éπ~™x 5 v°æ¨¡o©’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. 鬕öÀd §ƒ®∏√uç-¨»© *´®Óx É*a† 2 ´÷®Ω’\© v°æ¨¡o©ûÓ §ƒô’ ´’üμ¿u™ ≤ƒCμç-*† Ææ´’-Ææu-©-†’ πÿú≈ îªü¿-´úøç ´’ç*C. ´·êu-¢Á’i† §∂ƒ®Ω’t-™«-©†’ äéπîÓô ®√Ææ’- π◊E, ´®Ω_-´‚-™«©’, Ææç´-®Ω_-´÷Ø√©ûÓ ´·úÕ-°æúÕ Ö†o ™„éπ\©†’ ¶«í¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L.
'--©ç-úø-Ø˛ -•-™«-©’— -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ...?
°æ-üΔ®Ωnç Æœn-ûª’-©’, ≤ƒd®·éÀ-ßÁ÷-¢Á’-vöÀ, -Ö-≠æg í∫-Aéπ-¨»-ÆæYç, ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-Eéπ Ææ´’-û√-ÆœnA, Ç´÷x©’ – é~¬®√©’ -v°æ: −73°C ´ü¿l ™„éÀ\ç-îªçúÕ.
4
3 ï: í∫A-ï-¨¡éÀh = ⎯ 2
ví¬. -O’ü∑ËØ˛ ¢√ߪ·´¤ í∫A-ï-¨¡éÀhE
= 1.5 × 0.25 × 200 × 8.314 = 623.6 J
-v°æ: 27°C ´ü¿l 5 ¢Á÷™¸© úÁjØÁj-vö-ïØ˛ í∫A-ï-¨¡éÀhE ™„éÀ\çîªçúÕ. 3 ï: í∫A-ï-¨¡éÀh = ⎯ nTR 2 3 = ⎯ × 5 × (27 + 273) × 8.314 2 = 1.5 × 5 × 300 × 8.314 = 18706.5 J
-v°æ: N2, O2, CH4 ¢√ߪ·´¤™x àC ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢√u°æ†ç îÁçü¿’-ûª’çC? áçü¿’-´©x? ï: CH4 ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢√u°æ†ç îÁçü¿’-ûª’çC. DE Åù’ vü¿´u®√P N’í∫û√ ¢√ߪ·-´¤© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ (16 ví¬/ ¢Á÷™¸). -v°æ: 27°C ´ü¿l CO2 ¢√ߪ·´¤ RMS ¢Ëí∫ç, í∫J≠æe Ææç¶μ«-´uû√ ¢Ëí¬-©†’ éπ†’-éÓ\çúÕ. ⎯⎯
3RT ï: Urms = √ ⎯⎯ M
√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 × 8.314 × (27 + 273) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 44 ⎯⎯ 1000
= 4.42 × 102
-O’./ÂÆ.
UMP = 0.8166 × Urms = 0.8166 × 4.42 × 102 = 3.36 × 102
O’./ÂÆ. v°æ: '©çúøØ˛ •™«©’— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: È®çúø’ û√û√\-Léπ Cyvüμ¿’´ Åù’-´¤© ´’üμ¿u ÖçúË Çéπ®Ω{ù •™«©’. ÖüΔ: n – °çõ‰Ø˛ v°æ: -ú≈--©d-Ø˛ -§ƒéÀ~éπ °‘-úø-Ø√-© -E-ߪ’-´÷-Eo -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ. -ï: Æœn®Ω °∂æ’-†°æ-J-´÷-ùç, -Ö-≥Úg-ví∫-ûª-© -´-ü¿l -Ωu -ï®Ω°æ-E ¢√-ߪ·-´¤-© N’v¨¡´’ °‘úø†ç, üΔE™ ÖçúË Å†’-°∂æ’-ôéπ ¢√ߪ·´¤© §ƒéÀ~éπ °‘úø-Ø√© (P1, P2) ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ææ´÷†ç. P-¢Á·-ûªhç = P1 + P2
v°æ: Æœn®Ω °æJ-Ææ®Ω Ö≥Úg-ví∫û√ °‘úø-Ø√©’ (S.A.T.P) Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: 298.15 K Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª, 1 ¶«®˝ °‘úø†ç v°æ: ¢√ߪ· Åù’-´¤© í∫J≠æe Ææç¶μ«-´uûª, Ææí∫ô’, R.M.S ¢Ëí¬© E≠æp-AhE ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ï: UM.P : UAV : UR.M.S =
√
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 2RT 8RT ⎯⎯ : ⎯⎯ : M ΠM
√
®Ω-·-ûª -á.-á-Ø˛.-áÆˇ. -¨¡çéπ®Ω®√-´¤ -N-≠æ-ߪ’ -E°æ¤-ù’-©’
nTR
3 4 = ⎯ × ⎯ × (−73 + 273) × 8.314 2 16
=
-ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 24 áì÷J 2018
√
⎯⎯ 3RT ⎯⎯ M
= 1.000 : 1.128 : 1.224
v°æ: 'ÆæçCí∫l¥ Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?CO2 èπ◊ üΔE N©’´ áçûª? ï: äéπ EJl≠dæ Ö≥Úg-ví∫-ûª-°j† áçûª °‘úøØ√Eo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*Ø√ ¢√ߪ·-´¤-†’ vü¿O-éπ-Jç-îª-úøç Å≤ƒüμ¿uç. Ç Ö≥Úgví∫-ûªØË ÆæçCí∫l¥ Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª Åçö«®Ω’. CO2 -ßÁ·éπ\ TC = 30.98°C v°æ: 'vü¿¢√© ûª©-†uûª— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? SI ߪ‚E-ôx-™ üΔE v°æ´÷-ù«-©†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ï: vü¿´ Ö°æ-J-ûª-©ç°j UÆœ-† Í®êèπ◊ ©ç•C¨¡™ àé¬çéπ §Òúø-´¤Â°j Cí∫’-´-¢Áj°æ¤ °æE îËÊÆ •©ç. v°æ´÷-ù«©’: Nm−1 v°æ: 'Æœoí∫nû√ í∫’ùéπç— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? SI ߪ‚Eôx™ üΔE v°æ´÷-ù«-©†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ï: àé¬çéπ Ææp®√z ¢Áj¨»©uç (A), àé¬çéπ ¢Ëí∫ v°æOùûª
du ⎯⎯ dz
( )
v°æ: Åçúø-®˝-™„jØ˛ îËÆœ† ´‚©-鬩 ÇéÃq-éπ-®Ω-ù Æœnûª’-©-†’ ™„éÀ\ç-îªçúÕ. -ï:
a) Cr2O7−2 b) CaO c) OF2 d) K2MnO4 2 a) Cr2O7−2 b) CaO2 2x + 7 (−2) = −2
+ 2 + 2x = 0
∴x=6
∴ x = −1
-Ö-†o vü¿´ v°æ¢√-£æ«°æ¤ §Ò®Ω°j °æE îËÊÆ x + 2 (−1) = 0
•©ç du F = η.A. ⎯⎯ dz
PV Z = ⎯⎯ nTR
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
v°æ: •£æ…y-†’-§ƒûª Eߪ’-´÷-Eo ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ï: 2 ´‚™-鬩’ éπ©Æœ, 2 ™‰üΔ Åçûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡-Ø√-©†’ à®Ωp-JÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ Æœn®Ω vü¿´u®√P Ö†o äéπ ´‚©-éπçûÓ ÆæçßÁ÷í∫ç îÁçüË 2´ ´‚©éπ°æ¤ vü¿´u-®√-¨¡Ÿ©’ Ææ®Ω∞¡ °æ‹®√gçéπ E≠æpAh™ Öçö«®·. ÖüΔ: CO & CO2 v°æ: °æ®√u-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† 2 Jú≈é˙q Ωu-©-†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ï: ★ vü¿´ H2E Éçüμ¿-†çí¬ ¢√úø’-éÓ-´úøç, ★ -ã-ñ -Ø˛ ®Ωç-vüμ¿ç °®Ω’í∫’-ü¿-©èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Á’i-† -§∂Úx®Ó 鬮Ωs-†’x v°æ: i) 540 ví¬. í∫÷xéÓñ¸ ii) 200 ví¬. CaCO3™ Ö†o ¢Á÷™¸© Ææçêu†’ ™„éÀ\ç-îªçúÕ. vü¿´u-®√-P ï: (i) ní∫÷xéÓñ¸ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ví¬¢˛’ ¢Á÷™«®˝ vü¿´u®√P 540 = ⎯⎯ = 3 180
¢Á÷™¸©’ vü¿´u-®√-P (ii) nCaCO3 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ví¬¢˛’ ¢Á÷™«®˝ vü¿´u®√P 200 = ⎯⎯ = 2 ¢Á÷™¸©’ 100 v°æ: äéπ Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡†ç ņ’-¶μ«-Néπ §∂ƒ®Ω’t™« CH2O. üΔE Åù’-¶μ«®Ωç 90. Ç Ææ-¢Ë’t-∞¡†ç Åù’-§∂ƒ-®Ω’t-™«†’ éπ†’éÓ\çúÕ. ï: ņ’-¶μ«-Néπ §∂ƒ®Ω’t™« CH2O ¶μ«®Ωç = 12 + 2(1) + 16 = 30
= (CH2O)3 = C3H6O3
v°æ: 250 N’.M.© 0.1 N Ba(OH)2 E ûªôÆ‘néπJç-îª-ö«EéÀ áçûª Ø√®√t-Löà -Ö-†o 50 N’.M.© Ba(OH)2 Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’´¤-ûª’çC? ï: V1N1 = V2 N2 V2 N2 250 × 0.1 ∴ N1 = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ V1 50
3
v°æ: 100 N’.--M.© 0.1 M H2C2O4.2 H2O vüΔ´ùçûÓ Ææ©÷p¥ u-Jé˙ Ç´’xç Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ îª®Ωu ï®Ω°æú≈EéÀ 鬴©-Æœ† 0.1 M KMnO4 vüΔ´ùç °∂æ’†°æJ-´÷-ù«Eo í∫ùÀç-îªçúÕ. ï: 2 -¢Á÷-©’-© KMnO4 = 5 -¢Á÷-©’-© H2C2O4.2H2O V1M1 V2M2 ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ n2 n1 V2M2n1 100 × 0.1 × 2 ∴ V1 = ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 40 n2M1 5 × 0.1
Ææ´’-ûª’-©uç -îËÆœ-† ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’† ÆæO’éπ-®Ωùç ®√ߪ’çúÕ. 4 NO (¢√) + 6H2O (¢√) 4 NH3 (¢√) + 5 O2 (¢√) v°æ: -vü¿-´u®√-P -véÀ-ߪ÷ -E-ߪ’-´÷-Eo -E®Ωy-*ç-îªç-úÕ. ï- : ä- éπ ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’†- î- ®ª √u-¢íË ç∫ v- éß -À ª÷ï- †- é¬-© v- éß -À ª÷Q- ©vü¿´u®√-¨¡Ÿ©- ©- ¶- «lE-¥ éÀ Å- †- ’-™-´÷-†’-§ƒ-ûçª ™- Ö- ç-ô’ç-C. v°æ: 'í∫-Aéπ Ææ-´’-û√Æœn-A— -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? ï: Ææ-´’-û√ Æœn-A -´-ü¿l -Ωu -ï®Ωí∫-úøç -™‰-ü¿-ØË -v¶μº-´’ éπ-©’í∫’ûª’ç-C. é¬-F -E-ñ«-EéÀ Ææ-´’-û√ Æœn-A -´-ü¿l -véÀ-ߪ÷ï†é¬©’, véÀߪ÷-ï-Ø√u© í¬úμø-ûª™x ᙫçöÀ ´÷®Ω’p-™‰†çü¿’ ´©x °æ¤®Ó-í¬N’ √u-¢Ëí∫ç, A®Ó-í¬N’ √u-¢Ë-í¬EéÀ Ææ´÷-†çí¬ Öçô’çC. v°æ: 0.1825% HCl ï©-vüΔ-´ùç pH -†’ ™„éÀ\çîªçúÕ. .1825 × 1000 = 5 × 10−2 ï: N = 0⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 36.5 × 100 pH = − log [H +]
pH = − log [5 × 10−2]
N’.--M.
v°æ: N≤ƒh®Ω, í∫£æ«† üμ¿®√t-©çõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: N≤ƒh®Ω üμ¿®Ωtç: °æüΔ®Ωn °æJ-´÷-ùç°j Ç-üμΔ®Ω°æúË üμ¿®Ωtç. ÖüΔ: vü¿´u-®√P, °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷ùç. í∫£æ«-†- üμ¿®Ωtç: °æüΔ®Ωn °æJ-´÷-ùç°j ÇüμΔ-®Ω°æúøE üμ¿®Ωtç. ÖüΔ: ≤ƒçvü¿ûª, Æœoí∫l¥ûª. v°æ: äéπ Ωuèπ◊ 300 K ´ü¿l Ææ´’-û√-ÆœnA Æœn®√çéπç 10. DEéÀ Δ G° N©’´ áçûª? ï: Δ G° = −2.303 RT log Kc = −2.303 × 8.314 × 300 × log 10 = −2.303 × 8.314 × 300 × 1 = −5.744 K.J
v°æ: Ö≠æg-í∫-Aé𠨻ÆæYç ´‚úÓ Eߪ’-´÷Eo E®Ωy*çîªçúÕ. ï: °æ®Ω-´’-¨¡⁄†u Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª ´ü¿l °æJ-°æ‹®Ωg ¨¡Ÿü¿l¥ Ææp¥öÀéπ °æüΔ®Ωnç áçvö°‘ N©’´ ¨¡⁄†uç.
= − [log 5 + log 10−2]
= − [0.6990 − 2] = 1.3010 v°æ: 10−8 M NaOH vüΔ´ùç pH E ™„éÀ\ç-îªçúÕ. ï: [OH−] = [OH−]NaOH + [OH−] H2O = 10−8 + 10−7 = 10−7 (10−1 + 1) = 1.1 × 10−7
[
]
pOH = − log [OH−] = − log 1.1 × 10−7 = 6 96
.
∴ pH = 14 − pOH = 14 − 6 96
.
= 7.04 v°æ:- 0.05 M Ba(OH)2 vüΔ´ùç pH E ™„éÀ\çîªçúÕ. ï: [OH−] = N = 2 × 0.05 = 0.1 = 10−1 pOH = − log [OH−]
= − log [10−1] = − (−1) = 1
lim S = 0
T→0
v°æ: 'áçü∑Δ-Mp—E E®Ωy*çîªçúÕ. ï: Æœn®Ω Ö≥Úg-ví∫û√, °‘úø-Ø√© ´ü¿l äéπ ´u´Ææn™ ÖçúË Åçûª-®Ω_ûª Ö≠ægç. v°æ: 'áçvö°‘—, 'v°æ´÷ù ¢Á÷™«®˝ áçvö°‘— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: áçvö°‘: äéπ ´u´-Ææn™ Ö†o Åù’-´¤© véπ´’®√£œ«-û√uEéÀ éÌ©ûª. ★ v°æ´÷ù ¢Á÷™«®˝ áçvö°‘: 25°C Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª, 1 Åö«tÆœp¥ßª’®˝ °‘úø-Ø√© ´ü¿l äéπ- ¢Á÷™¸ °æüΔ®Ωnç ßÁ·éπ\ áçvö°‘. v°æ: CO, CO2, N2O, N2O4© Ææç°∂æ’-ô† áçü∑Δ-Mp©’ ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ −110, −393, 81, 9.7 K.J/ ¢Á÷™¸. Å®·ûË éÀçC Ωuèπ◊ ΔrH N©’-´†’ éπ†’-éÓ\çúÕ. N2O4 + 3CO → N2O + 3 CO2
-ï: ΔrH = HvéÀߪ÷-ï-Ø√u©’
Kc =
[NH3] 4 [O2] 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ èπ◊ Ææç•çCμç*† [NO] 4 [H2O] 6
ï:
= 0.5 N
Çü¿®Ωz ¢√ߪ·-´¤-©èπ◊ Z = 1 v°æ: '¶«®·™¸ Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: NÆæh %ûª °‘úøØ√™x à Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª ´ü¿l Eï ¢√ߪ·´¤ Çü¿®Ωz ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«Eo §ƒöÀ-Ææ’hçüÓ Ç Ö≥Úgví∫ûª-†’ ¶«®·-™¸ -Ö-≥Úg-ví∫-ûª -Åç-ö«®Ω’. v°æ: ¢√çúø-®˝-¢√™¸ ÆæO’-éπ-®Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. n2 ï: (P + a ⎯ ) (V − nb) = nTR v2 a, b = ¢√çúø-®˝-¢√™¸ Æœn®√ç-鬩’ n = ¢Á÷™¸© Ææçêu, P = °‘úø†ç, V = °∂æ’.°æ, T = °æ®Ω´’ Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª, R = N-¨¡y-¢√ߪ· Æœn®√çéπç v°æ: 'ņ-†’-§ƒûª Ωu— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: äéπ Jú≈é˙q Ωu™ äÍé ´‚©éπç äÍé-≤ƒJ ÇéÃqéπ®Ωùç, éπ~ߪ’-éπ-®Ωùç îÁçü¿ôç.
Åù’-§∂ƒ-®Ω’t™« ¶μ«®Ω-ç 90 (n) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = ņ’-¶μ«-Néπ §∂ƒ®Ω’t™« ¶μ«®Ω-ç 30 Å--ù’-§∂ƒ-®Ω’t™« = (ņ’-¶μ«-Néπ §∂ƒ®Ω’t™«)n
2 (+1) + x + 4 (−2 ) = 0 ∴ x = +6
x = +2
v°æ´÷-ù«©’: NS m−2 v°æ: 'Ææç°‘-úø† í∫’ùéπç— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: äéπ ¢√ߪ·´¤ Eï-¢Á’i† ¢Á÷™«®˝ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«-EéÀ, Çü¿-®Ωz-¢√-ߪ·´¤ ¢Á÷™«®˝ °∂æ’†-°æ-J-´÷-ù«--EéÀ Ö†o E≠æpAh
v°æ:
d) K2MnO4
c) OF2
v°æ: 'Nñ«-Bߪ’ Ææ´’-û√-ÆœnA— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: Ææ´’-û√-Æœn-A™ ÖçúË véÀߪ÷-ï-†-鬩’, véÀߪ÷ïØ√u©’ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ v§ƒ´-Ææn-™x Öçúøôç CaCO3 (°∂æ’) CaO (°∂æ’) + CO2(¢√)
−H
véÀߪ÷-ï-†-鬩’
= [3 HCO2 + HN2O] − [HN2O4 + 3HCO] = [3 × (−393) + 81] − [9.7 + 3(−110)] = −778 K.J
v°æ: 'Ææñ«-Bߪ’ Ææ´’-û√-ÆœnA— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: Ææ´’-û√-Æœn-A™ ÖçúË véÀߪ÷ï†-鬩’, véÀߪ’ïØ√u©’ ÅFo äÍé v§ƒ´-Ææn™ Öçúøôç. N2 (¢√) + 3H2 (¢√) 2 NH3 (¢√)
pH = 14 − pOH = 14 − 1 = 13
v°æ: 'vüΔ-´-ùÃ-ߪ’û√ ©•l¥ç— Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ï: Ææçûª%°æh ©´ù vüΔ´-ùç™ Íéô-ߪ÷Ø˛, džߪ÷Ø˛ í¬úμø-ûª© ©•l¥ç. v°æ´÷-ù«©’: (¢Á÷™¸q/-M-ô®Ω’)n v°æ: 50 -N’.M. 0.1 M NH4OH, 25 -N’.M. 2 M NH4Cl ©†’ N’v¨¡´’ç îËÆ œ, •°∂æ®˝ vüΔ´ù«Eo ûªßª÷®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’. DE pKb N©’´ 4.8 Å®·ûË DE pH N©’´ áçûª? ï:
Ms Vs pOH = p Kb + log ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Mb Vb 2 × 25 = 4 8 + log ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 4.8 + 1 = 5.8 0 1 × 50
.
.
∴ pH = 14 − pOH = 14 − 5 8 = 8 2
. . v°æ: 'v¶«Ø˛-ÂÆdú˛ é~¬®√-©Fo ©÷®‚ é~¬®√™‰— N´JçîªçúÕ. ï: v§Úö«Ø˛ Æ‘yéπ®Ωh v¶«Ø˛-ÂÆdú˛ é~¬®Ωç. NH3 äéπ v§Úö«Ø˛ (H+)E Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-í∫-©ü¿’. NH3 äéπ á©-wé¬dØ˛ ïçô†’ NH3 éÀ üΔ†ç îÁߪ’u-í∫©ü¿’. 鬕öÀd NH3 v¶«Ø˛-ÂÆdú˛ é~¬®Ωç, ©÷®‚- é~¬®Ωç. v°æ:
NH3 + H+ → NH4+ AlCl3, Na2CO3, CuSO4, CH3COONa
ï© vüΔ´-ù«-©†’ Ç´’x, é~¬®Ω vüΔ´-ù«-©’í¬ ´K_-éπJçîªçúÕ. -ï: Ç´’x: CuSO4, AlCl3 é~¬®Ω: Na2CO3, CH3COONa
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Ççvüμ¿ ®√V-©’í¬ éÃJh§ÒçC-†-¢√®Ω’ – é¬éπBߪ·©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¶μ«≠æ ´÷ö«xúË ¢√®Ωç-ü¿-JF àéπç îËÆœ §ƒLç*çC – é¬éπ-B-ߪ·©’ ✤ é¬éπ-B-ߪ·©’ ¢Á·ü¿ô á´-JéÀ ≤ƒ´’ç-ûª ’-© ’í¬ ÖçúË¢√®Ω’ – ®√≠æZ-èπÿ-ô’©’, éπ∞«uùÀ î√∞¡Ÿ-èπ◊u©’ ✤ é¬éπ-B-ߪ·©’ ¢Á·ü¿ô à °æü¿-NE îË°æ-ö«d®Ω’? – ®ΩôdúÕ (ví¬´’-°ü¿l) ✤ È®çúÓ v§Ú©-®√V §ƒ©Ø√ é¬©ç – véÃ.¨¡. 1116 - 1157 ✤ Ææyûªçvûª é¬éπ-Bߪ’ ®√ïu-≤ƒn-°æ-èπ◊úø’ – ®Ω’vü¿üË´¤úø’ (1158 - 1195) ✤ ®√ï-üμΔ-EE £æ«†’-´ ’-éÌçúø †’ç* ã®Ω’-í∫-© ’xèπ◊ ´÷JaçC? – ®Ω’vü¿-üË-´¤úø’ ✤ £æ«†’-´’-éÌç-úø™ ¢Ë®·-Ææhç-¶μ«© í∫’úÕE éπöÀdç*çC? – ®Ω’vü¿-üË-´¤úø’ ✤ ´®Ωç-í∫©’x •ßª’öÀ éÓô íÓúøèπ◊ áEo üΔy®√©’ ÖØ√o®· – Ø√©’í∫’ ✤ ®√ï-üμΔE, †í∫®Ω ¶μº´-Ø√©’, ®√ï Åçûª”-°æ¤®Ω E¢√-≤ƒ©’ Ö†o v§ƒçûªç – ®√A-éÓô ✤ ®√A-éÓ-ôèπ◊ áEo üΔy®√©’ ÖØ√o®· – Ø√©’í∫’ ✤ ®√A-éÓô ™°æ© EJtç-*† üË¢√-©ßª’ç? – Ææyߪ’ç¶μº÷ P¢√-©ßª’ç ✤ é¬éπ-B-ߪ·© ´ç¨¡ üÁj´ç – Ææyߪ’ç¶μº÷P´¤úø’ ✤ é¬éπ-Bߪ·™x íÌ°æp-¢√úø’? – í∫ù-°æ-A-üË-´¤úø’ (1199 - 1262) ✤
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îÓ∞¡Ÿ©’ ûª´’ ®√ñ«uEo ᙫ N¶μº->ç-î√®Ω’? – ´’çúø™«©’, ´©-Ø√-úø’©’, Ø√úø’©’, ví¬´÷©’ ✤ È®jûª’© Æœn®Ω E¢√-≤ƒ©’ – Ö®˝©’ ✤ Ö®˝© Ææ´‚-£æ…Eo à´’E °œL-îË-¢√®Ω’ – Ø√úø’ ✤ Ø√úø’© §ƒ©† ´u´-£æ…-®√©’ á´J ÇDμ-†ç™ ÖçúËN – ¢Á™«x©’ ✤ ¢Á™«x©’ Åçõ‰ – Ææç°æ†o È®jûª’ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«©’ ✤ üμ¿†-´ç-ûª’-™„j† ¶μº÷≤ƒy-´·©’ §ÒçC† G®Ω’-ü¿’©’? – ´·¢Ëyçü¿ ¢Ë©Ø˛, Å®Ω-ߪ÷u®˝ ✤ ´·¢Ëyçü¿-¢Ë-©Ø˛ Åçõ‰...? – ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ®√V-©èπ◊ ÊÆ´©çCçîË È®jûª’ ✤ Å®Ω-ߪ÷u®˝ Åçõ‰.. – ´·ê’uúø’ ✤ v¶«£æ«tù’-©èπ◊ •£æ›-éπ-Jç-*† ¶μº÷N’ – v•£æ«tüËߪ’ ✤ v¶«£æ«tù‰-ûª®Ω È®jûª’-©-éÀ-*a† ¶μº÷N’ – ¢Á©xØ˛¢√Èíj ✤ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»© E®Ωy-£æ«-ù-éÀîËa ¶μº÷N’ – ¨»©-¶μí∫ ✤ üË¢√-©-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ÉîËa ¶μº÷N’? – üË¢√-üΔ†/ A®Ω’-Ø√´·ûª’héπ\E ✤ ñ„j† ÆæçÆæn©èπ◊ É*a† ¶μº÷N’ – °æRx-îªa ¥çü¿ç ✤ v¶«£æ«tù’©’ Ææ¶μº’u-©’í¬ °æE îËÆ œ† Ææ¶μº©’ – Ææ¶μº ✤ îÓ∞¡Ÿ© 鬩ç-Ø√öÀ ´®Ωhéπ Ææç°∂æ÷©’? – †í∫®Ωç/ †í∫-®√©’ ✤ Öûªh®Ω ¢Ë’®Ω÷®˝ ¨»Ææ†ç ©Gμç-*† v§ƒçûªç? – îÁçí∫©pô’d >™«x, ûªN’-∞¡-Ø√úø’ ✤ îÓ∞¡Ÿ© é¬©ç™ Ææ¶μºèπ◊ ᆒoèπ◊ØË Ææ¶μº’u© Å®Ω|-ûª©’: 1) °æ†’o îÁLxçîË ¶μº÷N’ éπLT Öçú≈L. 2) ≤Òçûª É©’x éπLT Öçú≈L. 3) 35 -†’ç-* 70 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´’üμ¿u ´ßª’Ææ’ Öçú≈L. 4) ¢ËüΔ© í∫’Jç* ûÁL-Æ œ-†-¢√È®j, Eñ«-ߪ’-B-°æ®Ω’™„j Öçú≈L. -Å-†®Ω|-ûª-©’: 1) í∫ûª ´‚úø’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ à éπN’öÙ Ææ¶μº’u-úÕí¬ Öçúøèπÿúøü¿’ 2) í∫ûªç™ ™„éπ\©’ îª÷°æ-E-¢√È®j Öçúøèπÿ-úøü¿’. ✤ Å®Ω’|-™„j† Ææ¶μº’u-©†’ ᆒo-èπ◊ØË NüμΔ†ç? – ™«ôK °æü¿l¥A (èπ◊çúø™ <öé’ ¢ËÆœ ¶«©’-úÕûÓ B®·ç-îË-¢√®Ω’) ✤ 12´ ¨¡û√•lç Ø√öÀ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u© @N-û√-©†’ N´JÆæ’h†o ví∫çü∑¿ç – °Jߪ’ °æ¤®√ùç ✤ °Jߪ’ °æ¤®√-ùç™ Ê°®Ì\†o èπ◊©ç – °æ¤©-ߪ·©’ ✤ °æ¤©-ߪ·©’ E´-Æ œ-Ææ’h†o ví¬´’ç – Åü¿-†÷®Ω’ v§ƒçBߪ’ ®√ñ«u© ÇN-®√s¥´ç – é¬éπ-B-ߪ·©’ ✤ véÃ.¨¡. 1000 - 1400 ´’üμ¿u ´’£æ…-¶μ«-®Ω-û√Eo ûÁ©’í∫’™ ®√ÆœçC – ††oߪ’u, Aéπ\†, áv®√-v°æ-í∫úø ✤ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æü¿u 鬴uç? – X´’-üΔçvüμ¿ ´’£æ…¶μ«-®Ωûªç ✤ v°æû√-°æ-®Ω’vü¿ ߪ’¨-¶μº÷-≠æùç ví∫çü∑¿ ®Ωîª-®·ûª? – NüΔu-Ø√-ü∑¿’úø’ ✤ véÃú≈-Gμ-®√´’ç ví∫çü∑¿ ®Ωîª-®·ûª? – N†’-éÌçúø ´©x¶μ«-´÷-ûª’uúø’/ ´©x-¶μº-®√-ߪ·úø’ ✤ 'v°æû√-°æ-®Ω’vü¿ îªJvûª— ví∫çü∑¿ ®Ωîª-®·ûª? – àé¬v´’Ø√-ü∑¿’úø’ ✤ ¨»Ææ-Ø√©’, ≤ƒ£œ«ûªu ÇüμΔ-®√© v°æ鬮Ωç é¬éπBߪ’ ´ç¨¡ ´‚©-°æ¤-®Ω’-≠æflúø’ – ü¿’®Ωbߪ’
¶μ«≠æ, L°œ, íÌ°æp ví∫çü∑Δ©’
¢Á÷ô’-°æLx Ŷμºßª’ ¨»Ææ†ç ¢Ë®·ç-*çC? – í∫ù°æAüË-´¤úø’ ✤ Ççvüμ¿-üË-¨»Eo §ƒLç-*† ûÌL ´’£œ«∞« §ƒ©-èπ◊®√©’? – ®Ω’vü¿-´’-üËN ✤ ®Ω’vü¿-´’-üËN §ƒ©-Ø√-鬩ç? – véÃ.¨¡. 1262 – 1289 (27 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’) ✤ CMxE §ƒLç-*† àÈéjéπ ´·Æœxç ´’£œ«∞« §ƒ©èπ◊®√©’? – Ææ’™«hØ√ ®Ω>ߪ÷ ✤ ®Ω’vü¿-´’-üËN é¬©ç™ ®√ñ«uEo Ææçü¿-Jzç-*† ÉôM ߪ÷vA-èπ◊úø’ – ´÷®Ó\-§Ú™ ✤ Ø√öÀ ¨»ÆæØ√™x ®Ω’vü¿-´’-üË-NE à´’E éÃJhçî√®Ω’? – ®Ω’vü¿-üË´ ´’£æ…-®√V ✤ îªçü¿’-°æôx ߪ·ü¿l¥ç™ ®Ω’vü¿-´’-üË-NE îªç°œçC? – é¬ßª’Ææn Åç•-üË-´¤úø’ ✤ îªçü¿’-°æôx ví¬´’ç à >™«x™ ÖçC – †™Ô_çúø >™«x ✤ é¬éπ-B-ߪ·© 鬩ç-Ø√öÀ ÂÆjEéπ °æü¿l¥A? – Ø√ߪ’çéπ®Ω NüμΔ†ç ✤ véÃ.¨¡. 1270™ véπçï ví¬´’ç™ '®Ω’vü¿-üË´ ´’£æ«®√V— (®Ω’vü¿-´’-üËN) íı®Ω-¢√®Ωnç üΔ†ç îËÆœ, ¨»Ææ†ç ¢Ë®·ç*† Ø√ߪ’ç-éπ-®Ω’úø’ – ¶ÔLx Ø√ߪ’èπ◊úø’ ✤ ¶ÔLx Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ 10 éÌ©-ûª-©’†o ¶μº÷N’E à üË´¤úÕ ÊÆ´-èπ◊-©èπ◊ üΔ†ç î˨»úø’? – éπ∞«u-ù-Íé-¨¡´ üË¢√-©ßª’ ÊÆ´-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ✤ ´u´-≤ƒßª’ ÅGμ-´%-Cl¥éÀ é¬éπ-B-ߪ·©’ ¢ËöÀE NJ-Ní¬ ûªNyçî√®Ω’ – îÁ®Ω’-´¤©’ ✤ üË¢√-©ß - ª÷© E®√t-ù«-EéÀ ÅCμé- πçí¬, ¶μº÷´·-©†’ üΔ†ç îËƆœ Æ‘©Y ’ – ´·°æp´- ÷ç•, ¢Á’©i ´’t (¢Á’™i «ç-•) ✤ é¬éπ-B-ߪ·© é¬©ç™ Æ‘Y©èπ◊ ÇÆæ ’h© ’, ÇJnéπ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç (ÇÆœh £æ«èπ◊\) ÖçúËC. ✤
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´’† ¶μ«¢√-©†’, ņ’-¶μº-¢√-©†’ Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ °æçéÓ´-ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úËC ¶μ«≠æ. ✤ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¶μ«≠æ-©†’ ®√ߪ ’ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æßÁ÷TçîËC L°œ. ✤ ¶μ«≠æ üΔy®√ØË ´’†ç Ç™-*ç-îªúøç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ´úøç, ´÷ö«x-úøôç îË≤ƒhç. ✤ ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ È®çúø’ v°æüμΔ† ¶μ«≥ƒ èπ◊ô’綫©’Ø√o®·. ÅN: 1) vü¿Núø ¶μ«≠æ©’ 2) ÉçúÓ–-Ç-®ΩuØ˛ ¶μ«≠æ©’ ✤ ûÁ©’í∫’, ûªN’∞¡ç, éπ†oúøç, ´’-©-ߪ÷∞¡ç, íÓçúø’ ¶μ«≠æ©’ vü¿Núø ¶μ«≠æ-©’í¬ Ê°®ÌçüΔ®·. ✤ ÆæçÆæ \ %ûªç, £œ«çD, ´’®√K∏, ¶„çí¬M ™«çöÀ ¶μ«≠æ©’ ÉçúÓ Ç®ΩuØ˛ ¶μ«≠æ©’ ✤ ¢Á·ü¿öx Åéπ~-®√©’ ¶Ô´’t© ®Ω÷°æç™ ÖçúËN. 4000 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© éÀçü¿ô Æœçüμ¿’ Ø√í∫-J-éπûª v°æï©’ ¶Ô´’t© L°œE ¢√ú≈®Ω’. é¬F Æœçüμ¿’ L°œE Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ -á-´®Ω÷ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. ✤ ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ ØËúø’ ´’†ç ¢√úø’-ûª’†o L°æ¤©EoçöÀéà ´‚©ç Ũ-èπ◊úÕ ¨»Ææ-Ø√-©-™E v¶«£‘«tL°œ. ✤ véÃ.°æ‹. 200 Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©-Ø√öÀ °æ¤®√-ûª† P™«¨»-Ææ†ç Ççvüμ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸-™-E í∫’çô÷®Ω’ >™«x- ¶μºöÀdv§Ú©’™ ©Gμç-*çC. ✤ ¢Á·ü¿öx îÁô’d ¶„®Ωúø’, Çèπ◊©’, ü¿’Ææ’h-©’, èπ◊çúø©Â°j L°œE ®√ÊÆ-¢√®Ω’. ✤ ü¿éÀ~ù ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ û√öÀ Çèπ◊-©Â°j †©x®Ωçí∫’ Æœ®√ûÓ °∂æ’ôçûÓ ®√ÊÆ¢√®Ω’. ✤ Öûªh®Ω ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ £œ«´÷-©ßª’ °æ®Ωyûª v§ƒçû√™x ©GμçîË ¶μº÷®Ωb °ævû√© îÁô’d ¶„®Ω-úø’†’ ®√ߪ’ú≈-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îË-¢√®Ω’ (é¬T-ûªç™« Ö°æßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úËN). ✤ ¶μ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ ûÌL ≤ƒ£œ«-ûªuçí¬ ¢Ëü¿ ≤ƒ£œ«û√uEo Ê°®Ì\ç-ö«®Ω’.
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¢ËüΔ-©†’ ¢Á·ü¿öx ´’¯"-éπçí¬ ¶Cμç-îË-¢√®Ω’. 3 ¢Ë© Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©-§ƒô’ ¢√öÀE ´’Ja-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ 鬧ƒúÕ, ûª®√yûª L"ç-î√®Ω’. N¨¡yç °æ¤ô’déπ, v§ƒ®Ωç¶μºç í∫’Jç* N´-JçîË 'Ø√Ææ-Dߪ’ Ææ÷éπhç— ®Ω’Ííy-ü¿ç™ ÖçC. ®√´÷-ߪ’ù, ´’£æ…-¶μ«-®Ω-û√-©†’ ÉA-£æ…-≤ƒ-©’í¬ Ê°®Ì\çö«®Ω’. ÇC 鬴uçí¬ Ê°®Ìç-C† ®√´÷-ߪ’-ù«Eo ¢√MtéÀ ÆæçÆæ \%ûª ¶μ«≠æ™ ®√¨»úø’. v°æ°æç-îªç-™ØË ÅA °ü¿l ví∫çü∑¿çí¬ Ê°®Ìç-C† ´’£æ…¶μ«-®Ω-û√Eo ¢Ëü¿ ¢√uÆæ’úø’ ÆæçÆæ \%ûª ¶μ«≠æ™ ®√¨»úø’. v°æ°æç-îªç-™-È陫x Åûªu-Cμéπ ¨x鬩’ éπL-T† ví∫çü∑¿ç ´’£æ…-¶μ«-®Ωûªç. ¶˜ü¿l¥ ñ«ûªéπ éπü∑¿™x éÀ≤Ú íÓûªN’/ éÀ≤ƒ íıûªN’ éπü∑¿ í∫’Jç* N´Jçî√®Ω’. ûªN’∞¡ éπ´¤©’, éπ´-®·-vûª’©’ ®√Æœ† ≤ƒ£œ«û√uEo Ææçí∫ç ≤ƒ£œ«ûªuç ™‰üΔ Ææçí∫ç ߪ·í∫ç Åçö«®Ω’. 'F ®√ïuç à†’-í∫’-©ûÓ EçúÕ Ö†o ü¿ôd-¢Á’i† Åúø-N™« ÖçC. áü¿’-í∫’-ûª’†o °œ©xLo ᙫ v¨¡ü¿l¥í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çö«¢Ó Å™«Íí F ®√ñ«uEo èπÿú≈ ÅçûË v¨¡ü¿l¥í¬ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L— ÅE ®√V í∫’Jç* Ææçí∫ç ¢√ïcߪ’ç™ Ê°®Ì\Ø√o®Ω’. Çߪ·-Í®yü¿ ¢Ájü¿u ví∫çü∑¿-¢Á’i† Ωéπ Ææ磜«-ûª†’ Ωèπ◊úø’ ®√-¨»úø’. ¨¡ÆæY *éÀû√q ví∫çü∑¿-¢Á’i† ¨¡Ÿv¨¡Ÿûª Ææ磜«ûª†’ ¨¡Ÿv¨¡Ÿ-ûª’úø’ ®Ω*ç-î√úø’. Ç®Ωu ¶μºöÃdߪ’ç ví∫çü∑ΔEo Ç®Ωu-¶μºôd í∫’°æ¤h-©é¬©ç™ ®√-¨»úø’. ¶μº÷ v¶μº´’ùç -´-©x ®√vA, °æí∫©’ à®Ωp-úø’-ûª’Ø√oߪ’E, Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ ¶μº÷N’ ô÷d A®Ω-í∫úøç ™‰ü¿E îÁ°œp-çC Ç®Ωu-¶μºôd. ü¿¨»ç¨¡ °æü¿l¥-AE, ≤ƒn† N©’-´©’, Ææçë«u´÷Ø√©†’ v°æ°æç-î√-EéÀ ÅçC-ç-*çC ¶μ«®Ω-B-ߪ·™‰.