I
t`s been a long exhausting day. The sun finally sets and the temperature decreases. While all the worker ants enter their nest, one ant remains outside. The ant then climbs to the top of grass blade, fixes itself firmly by its mandible and waits there patiently. Till what? Till it›s eaten by a grazing sheep or cattle. It›s not stupid as you might think but it›s controlled by a type of liver flukes «Dicrocoelium dendriticum» that lives inside sheep, snail and ant respectively. This trematode hijacks the ant «its intermediate host» and manipulates its behavior in order to facilitate its ingestion by the definitive host. Millions of years of co-evolution have driven a group of pernicious parasites to display very complex strategies to manipulate the behavior of their host turning them into zombies in order to advance their own reproductive success. Host manipulation by parasites has been documented in hundreds of cases in all living organisms. The nematode «Myrmeconema neotropicum» turns the abdomen of its ant intermediate host from black into bright red just like a berry. The ant then becomes lazy and settles between patches of red berries with their abdomen raised. Finally the definitive host a fruit eating bird mistakes it for a berry, eats it and the parasite life cycle is completed.
Another example: the hair worms «Nematomorpha, Gordiodis» that lives in terrestrial insects as crickets. While the uninfected insects strictly avoid water, the worm induces its host insect to jump into water where the adult worm leaves the insect that dies and find mate to reproduce sexually. Yes, the worm actually causes the cricket to commit a suicide. The plasmodium of malaria and filarial nematode manipulate their mosquitoes decreasing the duration of individual blood meal and increasing the number of hosts visited so ensure more parasite transmission. Generally parasite host manipulations are divided into four categories: In the
first the parasite renders its host more susceptible to predation by the next host as the first two zombies ants› examples. The second involves parasites force their host to reach favorable sites for sexual reproduction as the hair worms and crickets. The third type involves the vector borne parasites. The fourth and the most fascinating one is what›s known as the bodyguard phenomenon used by insect parasitoids as wasps.
After the parasitic wasp «Cotesia glomerata» lays several eggs into a caterpillar host, the hatching larvae feed on the living caterpillar and when ready they emerge from its body and pupate nearby. The caterpillar then stops eating and remains close to the wasp pupae. Controlled by substances secreted from the larvae before leaving it, the caterpillar act as a true bodyguard exhibiting violent head movements against any approaching predator. Another parasitic wasp deposits its eggs on the abdomen of its host spider where the larvae hatch and feed on
the spider›s hemolymph. At the day of its death and controlled by the larvae, the spider build a new web completely different from the normal one but more durable and able to withstand rain acting as a shelter for the future larvae.
In the vertebrate Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most convincing examples of parasitic manipulation. This protozoan must be transmitted from a rat intermediate host to a cat «the only DH». It reverses the innate aversion of the rat to the cat odor into attraction. The rat becomes fatally attracted to the smell of cat urine and finally eaten by it completing the parasite life cycle. Moreover, being sexually transmitted through rats, the parasite makes the infected males more attractive to females by increasing testosterone levels. Each species is a masterpiece of evolution; just think of a single cell «T.gondii» controlling a mammal! What about us? Unfortunately we are very similar to rats when it comes to the brain chemistry. T.gondii infects about ٣/١ of human population and apparently the individuals with
toxoplasmosis have altered personality profiles. Toxoplasmosis appears to be involved in the initiation of more severe form of schizophrenia. It increases the reaction time of infected subjects making them more susceptible for traffic accidents. Correlations have been found between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder and even attraction to cat odor. ٪٥٠ of animals on earth are parasites. Putting this into perspective, you may wonder how much of human behavior is actually the parasite doing the taking. It may be more than you think. One more issue if the mind is merely a machine that can be controlled by any organism having its code, does free will exist?!
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n the list prepared by the international union for Conservation of nature (IUCN) known as Red list , included nearly ٧٩,٨٠٠ species ,there are more than ٢٣,٠٠٠ species are threatened with extinction, including ٪٤١ of amphibians, ٪٣٤ of conifers, ٪٣٣ of reef building corals, ٪٢٥ of mammals and ٪١٣ of birds. The threats differ from one specie to another ,these threats include illegal wildlife trade ,habitat damage or diseases . we will overview the top critically threatened animals that can›t complete this year alive.
Javan rhinos
Sources: The Journal of Experimental Biology, Neural parasitology: how parasites manipulate host behaviour Advances in the study of behavior Vol. ٤١, Parasite Manipulation of Host Behavior: An Update and Frequently Asked Questions (Parasitology Research Monographs ٧) Heinz Mehlhorn (eds.)-Host Manipulations by Parasites and Viruses
By: Ahmed El-Hag
Javan rhinos are the most threatened of the five rhino species, with ٦٠ individuals surviving in Ujung Kulon National Park in Java, Indonesia. The Javan rhino is a dusky grey color and has a single horn of up to about ١٠ inches. It›s weight ٥٠٧١ – ١٩٨٤ pounds ,measuring ١٠,٥-١٠ feet in length ,Tropical forests are its original home,
illegal wildlife trade is the main cause of its extinction , As Javan rhinos were killed by trophy hunters during colonial times. They were also killed as agricultural pests and for their horn, a highly prized commodity in traditional Asian medicine. WWF supports habitat management in Ujung Kulon National Park to help in rhino survival.
anti poaching work in all Amur leopard habitat in the Russian Far East and in known leopard localities in northeast China
Cross river gorilla
Amur leopard
The Amur leopard is also known as the Far East leopard, Similar to other leopards, the Amur leopard can run at speeds of up to ٣٧ miles per hour. This incredible animal has been reported to leap more than ١٩ feet horizontally and up to ١٠ feet vertically .can live for ١٥-١٠ years, its population is more than ٦٠ individuals ,weighting ٧٠- ٦٠ pounds, temperate ,broadleaf and mixed forests are its original home ,illegal wildlife trade threats it too ,as is poached largely for its beautiful, spotted fur . WWF supports
Cross River gorillas live in a region populated by many humans who have encroached upon the gorilla’s territory— clearing forests for timber and to create fields for agriculture and livestock. Poaching occurs in the forests as well, and the loss of even a few of these gorillas has a detrimental effect on such a small population. Their population range from ٢٠٠ to ٣٠٠ individual ,weighting up to ٤٤٠ pounds , have length of ٤ to ٥,٥ feet on standing on two feet ,the main cause of being critically endangered animal is hunting ,illegal hunting is common in Cameron and Nigeria where they live. Efforts to protect these animals are focused on securing the forests that house them. WWF and partners
have worked with the governments of Cameroon and Nigeria to create a protected area for the Cross River gorilla that spans the border of these two nations.
leatherback turtle
forest ecosystem. They also share their lush forest habitat with several other endangered species, such as the Sumatran rhino, tiger, and orangutan, and countless other species that all benefit from an elephant population that thrives in a healthy habitat. S. elephant weights ٥ tons ,and measure up to ٢٠ feet in length , Sumatran elephants typically have smaller tusks but they are enough to tempt poachers who kill the animals and sell their tusks on the illegal ivory market.
Vaquita Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leather-like rather than hard, like other turtles . They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Although their distribution is wide, numbers of leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries by catch. Globally, leatherback status according to IUCN is listed as Vulnerable, but many subpopulations (such as in the Pacific and Southwest Atlantic) are Critically Endangered.
Sumatran elephant
Sumatran elephants feed on a variety of plants and deposit seeds wherever they go, contributing to a healthy
Vaquita, the world’s most rare marine mammal, is on the edge of extinction, Vaquita are often caught and drowned in gillnets used by illegal fishing operations in marine protected areas within Mexico›s Gulf of California. More than half of the population has been lost in the last three years. it weights up to ١٢٠ pound . The vaquita has a large dark ring around its eyes and dark patches on its lips. WWF is on red alert after a recent report from the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA) estimated the vaquita population at less than ١٠٠. Resourese World widelife fund WWF(https://www.worldwildlife.org) IUCN red list ,National geographic
By: Eman Khaled
THE SKY IN
HER EYES
H y p a t i a ...
Many years ago, in a time well-known by its contradictions, where dictators called for justice, where invaders called for peace, where immoral called for virtue, HYPATIA was born and murdered
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n the land of Alexandria, during transition from HELLENISM to CHRISTIANITY in the last years of the ROMAN empire, where mathematics & science considered nothing but heresy & source of evil. In such an era, being a scientist or a philosopher or let›s say a thinker was a clear crime against the new empire being delivered. An age when females were considered to be a semi human being. HYPATIA was the daughter of the great mathematician THEON, being raised in a home that appreciate science& scientists played a fundamental role in shaping her life & mostly her personality& way of thinking. She travelled to ATHENS & ROME seeking education as well as knowledge. Then she returned to Alexandria to start another episode in her life. In Alexandria she was being introduced to those willing to learn philosophy. She seemed to own a unique ways that attracted a wide variety of people of different backgrounds, positions, religions and ages. Soon enough she was well-known by her lectures in mathematics, astronomy, mechanics besides philosophy. When it comes to HYPATIA philosophy was not only a way of thinking but mostly a way of life. She led the NEOPLATONIC school in Alexandria in the late 4th& early 5thcenturies, and so she witnessed the birth of great philosophers that followed hersteps & called for the same principles she called, believed & owned. For fifteen centuries, she was often considered the only female scientist in history, even some assume that she is the only woman mentioned in the histories of mathematics and astronomy. Since non of HYPATIA›s writings have been preserved, all what we know about her is introduced to us in the writings of others that followed her,
some historians& some of her students. The most reliable sources are: the Church history of Socrates Scholasticus, the letters of Synesius of Cyrene (one of her students & followers) and Suda or Souda (the massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, by Suidas). HYPATIA`s scientific life and contributions: Her most significant work was in Algebra. Also she was very interested in CONIC SECTIONS (the geometric figures formed when a plane is passed through a conic), a field that became very neglected after her death until the beginning of the 17th century when scientists realized that many natural phenomena such as ORBITALS were best described by the curves formed by conic sections. According to Synesius, HYPATIA takes the credit for inventing the PLANE ASTROLABE (a medieval instrument used to determine the altitude of the sun or other celestial bodies). Furthermore, she developed a graduated BRASS HYDROMETER (an instrument used to determine the specific gravity of a liquid). She›s also often given the credit for developing an apparatus for distilling water. HYPATIA did a highly remarkable work in editing, writing & contributing in commentaries on major scientific books: - she edited her father›s commentary on EUCLID›s (a Greek mathematician called Euclid of Alexandria, often referred to as the father of geometry) ELEMENTS (one of the most important works in the history of mathematics especially geometry, the main source of teaching mathematics from the time of its publication until the late 19th century). - she wrote at least one book of THEON›s
works on PTOLEMY›s (a Greco-Egyptian writer, well-known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer... lived in Alexandria) ALMAGEST (an astronomical manual written in the 2nd century, one of the most influential scientific works in history, used until the 17th century). Also we find her name mentioned in the introduction of book III, as her father says «the edition hasbeen prepared by THE PHILOSOPHER, my daughter HYPATIA». Her tables for the movements of the celestial bodies «THE ASTRONOMICAL CANON» may have been part of THEON›s commentary or a separate work. - she wrote a commentary on THE CONICS of APOLLONIUS. - she wrote a commentary on the -13volume ARETHMETICA (an ancient Greek text on mathematics including a collection of 130 algebraic problems) of DIOPHATUS (a mathematician lived in Alexandria in the 3rd century). In spite of all what mentioned above, HYPATIA is always remembered by the shocking manner of her death. Living in a very critical period of time, during the Christian-Pagan hostility & as a philosopher that ignored all religious cults and practices & as a scientist that believed in numbers and analysis and only what she can perceive by her eyes or get by her mind, she considered a threat to the church& especially due to her position as the teacher & the friend of high ranked men in the city. During that period, CYRIL THE FIRST (the patriarch of Alexandria/known by «pillar of faith») surrounded by a group of monks with a very bad reputation:»it is only in terms of their appearance that they are human beings..» as said, & ORESTES (the bishop of Alexandria) who was a Christian and a personal friend of HYPATIA. Sources:
In 415 AD, the situation had become acute as CYRIL had expelled the Jews and had given his mob of monks a free hand to plunder and confiscate Jewish properties. When it comes to the bishop of the city, ORESTES, he defended the rightsof his citizens whatever religion they believed in, and as an abused minority, ORESTES took the side of Jews. Along with his personal relationship with HYPATIA, she was drawn into this critical conflict between the two heads of the city. All that when introduced to the public from CYRIL and his followers especially when massive massacres and individual executions took place on both sides, and as a majority, the Christian citizens decided that peace won›t be settled as long as HYPATIA was alive. So one day, a group of fanatic young Christians waited her in her way home, then they pulled her out of her chariot and dragged her to the Caessarian church. There they stripped her naked and dragged her on the street, they tore up the flesh of her body with sharp shells until she died. Then they quartered her body & burnt it in a place called Cinaron. Her final days considered an end of an era, her death wrote the gravestone of the Alexandrian golden age.. This is the story of THE PHILOSOPHER, the story of HYPATIA… I conclude with this quote from a litter of SYNESIUS:»We who experienced the most wonderful things together - we would not have believed the accounts of such things, had we merely heard about them, but we have seen with our own eyes and listened with our own ears to the woman who rightly holds the mastery over the mysteries of philosophy»
١. the websites: Springer – Sciencedirect – Wikipedia ٢. the books:Hypatia›s heritage – The hierophant of philosophy – Defending Hypatia
By: Shaimaa Said Albehary
L a s e r
A t t a c k s
Hi guys.. Whoever reading this article I want you to let me ask several questions.. Have you ever wondered what the LASER is?! And more importantly did you know its uses and dangers?
H
ave you ever imagined the possibility of this small pocket machine to cause serious fatal accidents?? Well, fortunately, I›m here to shed light on this topic and make some of these questions clear to your mind.
What`s LASER? A laser is a focused beam of photonsthat it is all one wavelength, unlike ordinary light which showers on us in many wavelengths. The acronym LASERstands for «Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.» Lasers work as a result of resonant effects. The output of a laser is a coherentelectromagnetic field in which all the waves have the same frequency and phase.
What are the possible uses of LASER? Lasers are one of the most significant inventions developed during the 20th century. They have found a tremendous variety of uses in electronics, computer hardware, medicine, and experimental science. Many useful inventions use lasers. So do many inventions to entertain us. • CD and DVD players use lasers. • Bar code readers in stores use lasers. • Doctors use lasers to do delicate surgery, such as eye surgery. • Lasers carry TV and telephone signals over special cables. • Metal workers use lasers to cut and weld metal into everything from street light poles to cars.
• Workers in clothing factories use lasers to cut through hundreds of layers of fabric at once.
Dangers of LASER Don’t aim laser pointers at a person’s head and eyes! And don’t aim at strangers in general This is to prevent the beam from getting in their eyes, possibly causing eye damage. (One person reported being very disoriented because a laser incident affected only one of her eyes, which she notes “can cause people to stumble and fall.”) In sports, there have been cases of “laser louts” who aim lasers at sport players in a stupid attempt to disrupt the play. •Why lasers can cause eye damage
A laser’s light is concentrated into a narrow beam. If aimed at a person’s eye from close up, most or all of the light goes through the pupil. The already-concentrated light is further focused by the lens onto a sharp (“diffraction-limited”) dot on the retina. The power density from a 1 milliwatt laser, focused to a point, is brighter than the equivalent area of the sun’s surface. This can cause a detectable injury to the retina, if the laser stays in one spot for a few seconds. This is why in some countries such as the U.K., laser pointers are limited to 1 milliwatt or less. Fortunately, people have a “blink reflex” where bright light causes blinking and/or moving out of the light. Because the blink reflex automatically limits the exposure time, lasers with an output less than about 5 milliwatts are generally considered safe for the public to use. In the United States,
laser pointers are allowed if they are 5 milliwatts or less. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as of April 2012 they have never received a report of eye injury from momentary exposures to laser pointers below 5 milliwatts. However, deliberate staring at a beam under 5 milliwatts can cause blind spots; this has happened to drunk or stupid people. FDA has heard of injuries caused when a person intentionally stared into the beam for a prolonged period of time. • A UK youth deliberately aimed a laser pointer in
his eyes. This is what happened to his left eye, as reported here. •Balloon-popping lasers are also burn hazards Higher-power laser pointers can also be burn hazards. If a pointer can pop balloons, as some in the 250 milliwatt range can, then it could cause skin burns similar to hot wax, and of course it would be a serious eye hazard.
Lasers can cause accidents Airliners are being attacked more than ever by idiots with hand-held laser pointers who direct them into cockpits, distracting and endangering pilots as they land or take off. The number of
such reports has skyrocketed in the past year, according to federal officials, but a technological solution to the problem remains elusive. While laser pointers have been around for more than a decade, the threat to aircraft of laser targeting with small but increasingly powerful devices has achieved epidemic proportions within the last year, reported Aviation Week. In 2015, there were more than 6,600 incidents reported to the Federal Aviation Administration. The previous high was just over 3,900 incidents in 2014. In Europe, the problem has affected 24 different countries, and in 2014, laser “interference” strikes occurred at 57 locations, affecting 37 different air carriers, the magazine reported. The power of the lasers in laser pointers has increased, FAA officials said, making them more of a big safety risk. Part of the problem is that a tiny laser beam -- green, blue or red, may seem harmless when used inside. But the width of the beam increases as it travels from the source. That means that by the time it reaches the aircraft, it can flood the entire cockpit with distracting light. Some pilots have been treated for eye injuries,
according to Tammy Jones, an FAA spokeswoman. “Lasers can distract or temporarily blind pilots
and could compromise the safety of passengers,” Jones said. “It is a federal crime to shine a laser at an aircraft and violators may be subject to fines and time in jail. In addition to violating federal criminal law, shining a laser at an aircraft may result in FAA civil penalties of 11,000$ or more. We investigate each incident and work closely with law enforcement to locate violators.” So what are the solutions for such attacks? R. John Hansman, director of the International Center for Air Transportation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said the military is working on special in-flight goggles that would allow a pilot to fly an airplane without looking through the window. That is one possibility, but it hasn’t made it to the commercial industry yet. Special shades or electronic tinting devices might also work, he said. Until then, the only protection is looking the other way. “That’s why there’s a co-pilot,” Hansman said. “Hopefully both pilots are not looking the same way.” So NEVER aim a laser beam at an aircraft, a vehicle, or towards strangers. In other words, DON’T ANNOY PEOPLE WITH THE LASER BEAM. by : Mostafa El-Feshawi
Resources: Discovery channel ,Nasa,Laserpointersafety.com wikipedia
Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mtars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune , Pluto...
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lanets of solar system as we always knew, but today it’s quite different. At first we must know that in addition to the previously mentioned planets, our solar system has ٢ belts of rocky or icy objects, Asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and Kuiper belt beyond Neptune. Pluto, the farthestplanet from the sun, isa very small planet probably covered with ice. It’s onlyabout half the United States in width.Although its small size, it has ٥ moons with the largest called Charon. Most planets orbit the sun in a near-circle, the sun is in the center of this circle, but not Pluto. Pluto has an oval tilted orbit, and the sun is not in the center. In ٢٠٠٣ an astronomer found a new object beyond Pluto, and it’s larger in size so he thought that he hasfound a new planet. Later on, astronomers who are meant to name objects in space began to think of “What is the planet really ?”.. They decided that Pluto is not actually a planet
, It’s a “Dwarf Planet” , e٧lf ?! :D They put some characteristics for identification of Dwarf Planets from real Planets. Dwarf planets are much smaller and they can’t clear things from their path because of their low gravity. Pluto- and objects like it - wereofficially called dwarf planets and considered of Kuiper belt components in ٢٠٠٦. After about ٩ years of Pluto’s exclusion from solar system planets, the Jan ٢٠th issue appeared. Astronomers noticed that some of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) have unexplained orbits. They put many theories for their explanation, one of them was the possibility of existence of a ٩th Planet. The gravitational perturbations arising from the so called planet can adequately explain the observational data. In Jan ٢٠th ٢ ,٢٠١٥ astronomers Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown published a new research paperthat
provides mathematical evidence of a giant planet tracing an unusual orbit in the outer solar system. This ٩th planet is predicted to have a size ١٠ times as earth, with an elongated, oval and very wide orbit around the sun. BUT it’s yet not observed, It’s only theoretical. This ٩th planet - which is also called Planet X-is probably gaseous , and completes full orbit around the sun in about ٢٠,٠٠٠– ١٠,٠٠٠ years. Decades after decades, astronomers thought they knew all about our solar system main planets, but all of this appeared to be in the theory of Planets ezhar Planets e٥tfii, w da ٧al l doniaya bro. Astronomers now are using the mostpowerful telescopes to detect the planet, if it really exists,in its predicted orbit. “I’d love to find it!, but I’d also be perfectly happy if someone else found it. That’s why we are publishing this paper. We hope that other people are going to get inspired and start searching.” said Mike Brown.
References : • Fesenmaier, Kimm, «Caltech Researchers Find Evidence of a Real Ninth Planet,» press release, last modified January 2015 ,20 • Konstantin Batygin and Michael E. Brown, «Evidence for a Distant Giant Planet in the Solar System,» The Astronomical Journal • Green, James, «A New Planet in our Solar System? NASA Takes a Look,» video statement, last modified January 2015 ,20 • EVIDENCE FOR A DISTANT GIANT PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM – IOPscience [Internet]. [cited 2016 Jan 21]. Available from: http://sc.egyres.com/pNVGS
Your Baby as You want !
Lady :- I›m gonna have a baby , doctor . Doctor :- Great , How do you want him ? Lady :- Tall stature , green eyes and Yellow hair with High IQ ,please ! Doctor :- Okay , I will Schedule your «Gene editing « time, my Lady Lady :- Thanks Doctor. This scenario isn›t the Trailer of the next film for Christopher Nolan after his masterpiece «Interstellar «, Actually within few years from now this can be your wife asking for your new baby!
Flashback .٦-١ The story started in the Mediterranean port of Santa Pola in Spain, ١٩٩٣ . Researchers first described specific sequences of DNA segments nearly ٣٠ bases for each, separated from each other by different segments with variable sequences , on the genome of E.coli but they couldn›t determine their functions till ٢٠٠٢ . In ٢٠٠٢, researchers suggested that these repeats are a part of the adaptive immunity of the bacteria against any invasion i.e. :-Bacteriophage or plasmids , and so called later «Clustered regularlyinterspaced short palindromic repeats or «CRISPRs» Later on, researchers managed to determine « CRISPRs « in many bacteria and Archaea. ٢٠١٢ Dr.Jennifer Doudna and her colleagues came up with a brilliant idea about the role of «Cas٩» protein in this process , constituting the fundamental theory of Gene editing techniques . Finally- in February -٢٠١٦UK scientists got the Go-ahead sign to edit genes in human embryo . Bacterial Immunity٦-٢ & A-B On the microscopic level we can interestingly watch a microscopic war between a virulent type of viruses called Bacteriophage and bacteria, in which this phage begin to inject its genome that incorporates with the bacterial genome and control over all of its activities . this time bomb begins to explode leading to burst of the bacteria and release of new viral particles , this is called the lytic cycle of the phage . On the other hand some bacteria may survive this inescapable
fate by developing a specific immune response against the temperate types of these phages that even protect their next generations against further invasion by the same types of the phages . And here›s the idea behind this mechanism . After injecting the viral genome , It›s scattered between specific repeats on the bacterial genome of « CRISPRs» locus So CRISPR locus is formed of two parts now :١ - CRISPR repeats «Bacterial genome « ٢ -Spacer repeats «Scattered viral genome « CRISPR locus undergoes transcriptional process forming what›s called CRISPRs RNA «cr RNA « . crRNA is identical to one strand of the bacterial DNA -including the incorporated viral genome - and complementary to the other, this cr RNA unites with different specific RNA in the bacterial cytoplasm called transactivating CRISPR RNA or «Tracr RNA « , this complex of «cr RNA & Tracr RNA « is bounded to other specific protein called Cas ٩ completing the formation of the bacterial Immune complex against viral invasion , and here›s the idea of how does this complex work ! -Cas٩ protein :- acts as helicase and Nuclease enzymes , that break the hydrogen bond and phosphodiester
bond of any nucleic acid. -cr RNA :- containg parts of the viral genome that will base-pair with any further invading viral genome of the same type, and trigger the activity of Cas٩ leading to cleavage of the new viral genome to dysfunctional segments , thus no further infection by the same virus could be done against this bacteria or any member of their generation And this is what Microbiologists call «Bacterial Vaccination « . -Tracr RNA :- binds with cr RNA and activates it to form a single guide RNA or «sg RNA « . Now the idea is that you can break any segment of any genome (not just viral ) using cr RNA -that base-pair with it- , Tracr RNA and Cas٩ protein . All you have to do is to reprogramme cr RNA to base-pair with any gene . And to introduce Tracr RNA and Cas ٩ Protein to the cell . This is exactly the basic idea of gene editing , that was introduced by Dr.Jennifr Doudna and her colleagues ٢٠١٢ . (look at the figure ) - Gene editing in eukaryotes ٣ Researchers now can use CRISPR-Cas٩ techniques in the blastocyst stage of the embryonic development of many eukaryotic organisms like mice . Mice reproduce sexually by fertilization between a sperm and an ovum (Each of them carries the haploid number of chromosomes ) , leading to formation of a zygote that undergoes further mitotic divisions to from blastocyst . December ٥ ٢٠١, three groups of researchers managed to isolate cells of the inner cell mass of Mice blastocyst -That gives rise to the embryonic cells and treated them using CRISPR-Cas٩
technique from defective dystrophin gene that triggers a genetic disease called Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD ) then grew the genetically-modified cells producing a new generation of mice , treated from DMD . - Now to human !٥-٤ If you still questioning about CRISPR techniques and the ability of gene editing, let me tell you that , on the first dawn of February ٢٠١٦ , UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA) , gave the green light to an application by developmental biologist Kathy Niakan, at the Francis Crick Institute in London, to use the genome -editing technique CRISPR–Cas٩ in healthy human embryos. During the first week of The embryonic development . This work by Dr.Niakan can shed the light on the human genetic diseases and suggests many solutions to these mutations . -Ethical issues Of course this will stir up too many debates on using CRISPR technique in Human genome editing and all the restrictions that must be settled to restrain all of its possible hazards , but let›s hope we can do it wisely just for the benefit of mankind And now, would you like to write down How do you want your baby ?! Sources :-١The heroes of CRISPR -Cell Magazines -٢ CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea -Science Magazine -٣ Gene Editing Offers Hope for Treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Studies Find -New York Times -٤ UK scientists given go-ahead to genetically modify human embryos (CNN) -٥ UK scientists gain licenseto edit genes in human embryos (Nature ) -٦Wikipedia ---------------------------A- Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas٩ -Jennfier Duodna B- We Can Now Edit Our DNA. But Let›s Do it Wisely | Jennifer Doudna | TED Talks
Einstein was right !
L
adies and gentlemen, we have detected gravitational waves,” said David Reitze, the executive director of the LIGO Laboratory, at the press conference . These few words are considered the conclusion of Einstein›s miraculous work in ١٩١٥ on the General theory of Relativity . Four centuries ago Sir Isaaic Newton descried gravity as a force between two objects towards each other and managed to formulate the equation that describe this force , which is directly proportional to the masses of these objects and inversely proportional to the distance between them , But He couldn›t exactly describe the essence of gravity, till ١٩١٥ when Einstein introduced his general theory of relativity describing Gravity as a distortion (bend) in the fabric of space and time .
Einstein imagined the universe as a fourdimensional field of Space and time that›s bent or distorted on introducing any Astrophysical particles like Sun ,Galaxy or even a black hole . Each of these particles cause a specific bent in the fabric of space and time which determines its ability to attract any other astrophysical particles . by this concept he managed to describe the nature of gravity , and how does any particle affects the other . So the sun can attract the whole solar system and earth attracts the moon only , this because the sun is tremendously more
massive than the earth and hence it produces more distortion in the fabric of space and time . But what›s the effect of a great acceleration between two massive astrophysical particles like Black holes on Spacetime field ?! According to Einstein general theory of relativity this acceleration produces ripples of squeezing and stretching in the field known as gravitational waves , (Just like the waves produced in the water on throwing a large particle ) But the question is , how did they test this idea ? These ripples produce squeeze and stretch in
the fabric of space and time in merely fractions of an atomic diameter and that makes it pretty difficult to detect , but that is what the LIGO team had achieved .»Said professor Brian Greene « LIGO team ( Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ) did it by using two laser detectors one in Washington and the other is in Louisiana , these detectors emit and receive laser waves (in speed of light ) which in turn interfere with each other creating a specific interference pattern, but if there is a change (even minimal one ) like squeezing and stretching in the fabric of space and time , this interference pattern will change according to the detected change in space-time . Feb. ٢٠١٦ ,١١ The LIGO team managed to detect this minimal change in the interference pattern announcing the real presence of Gravitational waves, exactly as Einstein predicted , Hundred years ago ! This tremendous discovery will allow scientists to expl ore the universe not only using waves of light but also using waves of gravity ! by : Nour Torky Sources :-١ Gravitational waves seen for the first time - New Scientist -٢Einstein gravitational waves seen from black holes -BBC -٣Professor Brian Green explains Gravitational waves -٤Wikipedia - Newton›s law of universal gravitation .
ﻻ أﺣــﺪ ﻳﻌــﺮف ﻗﻄﻌ ـ ﹰﺎ ﻣــﻦ أﻳــﻦ أﺗــﺖ ,ﻟﻜــﻦ ﹸﻫﻨــﺎك ﻧﻈﺮﻳـ ﹲـﺔ ﺷـ ﹲ ـﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺗﻘــﻮل ﺑــﺄنﹼ ﺻﺤﻔـ ﹲـﻲ ﹸﻳﺪﻋــﻰ ﻟﻮﻳــﻞ ﺗﻮﻣــﺎس ﺳــﺎﻋﺪ ﻓــﻲ ﻧﺸــﺮ اﳋﺮاﻓــﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣــﺎ أﺳــﺎء اﻗﺘﺒــﺎس ﻋﺒــﺎرة ﻟ ـ ﻋﺎﻟــﻢ اﻟﻨﻔــﺲ اﳌﺸــﻬﻮر وﻳﻠﻴــﺎم ﺟﻴﻤــﺲ ﻓــﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣــﺔ ﻛﺘــﺎب اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴــﺔ اﻟﺒﺸــﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻳــﻞ ﻛﺎرﻳﻨﺠــﻲ » ﻛﻴــﻒ ﺗﻔــﻮز ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺪﻗــﺎء وﺗﺆﺛــﺮ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻨــﺎس » ! اﻟﻌﺒـ ﹲ ـﺎرة ﺗﻘــﻮل » :أنﹼ اﻹﻧﺴــﺎن ﻳﺴــﺘﺨﺪم ٪ ١٠ﻓﻘــﻂ ﻣــﻦ ﻣــﺎ ﳝﻜﻨــﻪ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﹺﻣــﻦ ﻗﺪراﺗــﻪ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴــﺔ » ,ﻋﺒــﺎرة ﻻ ﺗﻌﻨــﻲ ﻗﻄﻌ ـ ﹰﺎ ﻣــﺎ ﺣــﺎول اﻟﺼﺤﻔــﻲ اﻹﺷــﺎرة إﻟﻴــﻪ ﻫﻨــﺎك ﻣــﻦ ﻳﻘــﻮل أﻳﻀـ ﹰﺎ أن اﻳﻨﺸــﺘﺎﻳﻦ أﻋــﺰى ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺘــﻪ اﻟﻔــﺬﹼ ة ـﺪرة دﻣﺎﻏــﻪ إﻟــﻰ ﻛ ﹾﻮﻧــﻪ ﻳﺴــﺘﺨﺪم أﻛﺜــﺮ ﻣــﻦ ﻧﺴــﺒﺔ اﻟ ـ ٪١٠ﻣــﻦ ﻗـ ﹺ ,وﻟﻜــﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜــﲔ ﻟــﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻠــﻮا إﻟــﻰ ﺻﺤــﺔ ﻗــﻮل اﻳﻨﺸــﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﻬــﺬا اﻟﻘــﻮل ﻓﻌ ـ ﹰﻼ..
رﲟــﺎ أﺳــﻬﻤﺖ اﻷﺑﺤــﺎث اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﻬــﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜــﻮن اﻷواﺋــﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺠﻬﻠــﻮن ٪٩٠ﻣــﻦ دور ﺧﻼﻳــﺎ اﳌــﺦ ﻓــﻲ ﺧﻠـ ﹺـﻖ ﹸ اﳋﺮاﻓـ ﹺـﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ـﺄي ﻣﻬــﺎم ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻹﻃــﻼق ﺗﻘــﻮل ﺑــﺄنﹼ ﻫــﺬا اﳉــﺰء ﻻ ﻳﻘــﻮم ﺑـ ﹼ ﻓﻤﺜ ـ ﹰﻼ أﻃﻠــﻖ ﻫــﺆﻻء اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜــﻮن اﺳــﻢ »اﻟﻘﺸــﺮة اﳋﺎﻣﻠــﺔ« ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻧﺴــﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴــﺮة ﻣــﻦ أﻧﺴــﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﻔــﲔ اﻟﻜﺮوﻳــﲔ و ﺗﻮﺻــﻞ ﺑﺪورﻫــﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜــﻮن ﺣﺪﻳﺜ ـ ﹰﺎ إﻟــﻰ أن ﻫــﺬه اﳌﻨﻄﻘــﺔ ﹸﺗﺴــﺎﻫﻢ ﹺ أداء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴــﻪ اﳌﻌﻘــﺪة ﻣﺜــﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴــﺮ اــﺮد و أداء وﻳﻄﻠــﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬــﺎ اﻵن اﺳــﻢ اﳌﻬــﺎم اﳊﺴــﻴﺔ اﳊﺮﻛﻴــﺔ اﳌﻌﻘــﺪة ﹸ »ﻗﺸــﺮة اﻟﺮﺑــﻂ« وﻣﺼﺪﻗﻮﻫــﺎ ﲢﻜﻴــﻢ ٠٫٠١ رﲟــﺎ إذا ﻛ ﹼﻠــﻒ ﻧﺎﺷــﺮوا اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـ ﹺـﺔ ﹸ ﻋﻘﻠﻬــﻢ ﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻮا أنﹼ ﻫــﺬه ﹸ اﳋﺮاﻓــﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﻘـ ﹸـﺪ ﻷﻗــﻞ ٪ﻣــﻦ ﻗــﺪرة ﹺ اﻟﻘﻠﻴــﻞ ﻣــﻦ اﳌﻨﻄــﻖ أو اﻷدﻟــﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬــﺎ ! أﻋﻨــﻲ ..إذا ﻛﻨــﺎ ﻧﺴــﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﻘـ ﹰﺎ ٪ ١٠ﻓﻘــﻂ ﻣــﻦ ﺳــﻌﺔ دﻣﺎﻏﻨــﺎ ,ﻫــﻞ ﹸﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨــﺎ إذن أن ﻧﻘــﻮ ﹶم ﺑﻘﻄــﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﻗــﻲ ﻣــﻦ دﻣﺎﻏﻨــﺎ ؟ ﳌــﺎذا ﻧﺨــﺎف ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺴــﻜﺎت اﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴــﺔ إذن؟ وﳌــﺎذا دﻣـ ﹸ ـﺎغ اﻹﻧﺴــﺎن ﻣﻠــﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻼﻓﻴــﻒ واﻟﺘﻌﺎرﻳــﺞ؟ ﻳﺴــﺄل ﺑﺎﺣﺜــﻮا ﻋﻠــﻢ اﻟﻨﻔــﺲ اﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜــﻲ وﻋﻠــﻢ اﻟﻨﻔــﺲ اﻟﻌﺼﺒــﻲ ﻫــﺬه اﻻﺳــﺌﻠﺔ.. ﻋﻠــﻢ اﻷﻋﺼــﺎب أﻳﻀ ـ ﹰﺎ ﻳﻘــﻮل ﺑــﺄنﹼ أﺟــﺰاء ا ﹸﳌــﺦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔــﺔ ﺟ ـ ﹼﺮاء إﺻﺎﺑـ ﹴـﺔ ﻣــﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣــﺎ ﹸﺗﺼﺒـ ﹸـﺢ ﻏﻴ ـ ﹶﺮ ﺻﺎﳊـ ﹴـﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﻬــﻲ ﺑﻬــﺎ اﳌﻄـ ﹸ ـﺎف أن ﺗﺬﺑـ ﹶـﻞ وﺗﺘﺤﻠـ ﹶـﻞ أو ﺗﺴــﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬــﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـ ﹴـﺔ أﺧــﺮى إﻟــﻰ ﹾ ـﺘﻌﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻣــﻦ أﺟـ ﹺـﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﳊﻬــﺎ اﳋﺎﺻــﺔ وﻫــﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴــﺪ ﺗﺴـ ﹸ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﻟــﻢ ﻧﻜــﻦ ﻟﻨ ﹶﺮﻫــﺎ ﻟــﻮ أنﹼ ﹸﻣــﺦﹶ اﻹﻧﺴــﺎن ﹸﻣﻌﺘـ ﹲـﺎد ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺧﻤــﻮل ٪ ٩٠ﻣــﻦ أﻧﺴــﺠﺘﻪ أﺻ ـ ﹰﻼ !! وﻣــﻊ ﻛﻞ اﺘﺮﻋــﺎت اﳌﺘﺰاﻳــﺪة اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺷــﻬﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻘــﺮن اﳌﺎﺿــﻲ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻘــﻮم ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳــﺮ ا ﹸﳌــﺦ ﻛﺎﺷـ ﹰ ـﻔﺔ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺎت اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﺘــﻢ داﺧﻠــﻪ ﻣﺜــﻞ أﺟﻬــﺰة اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻧــﲔ اﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻲ و أﺟﻬــﺰة رﺳــﻢ اﳌــﺦ وأﺟﻬــﺰه اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳــﺮ اﳌﻘﻄﻌــﻲ ,ﻟــﻢ ﹶﺗﻈ ﹶﻬــﺮ أي ﻣﻨﺎﻃــﻖ ﺧﺎﻣﻠــﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﳌــﺦ ﺗﻨﺘﻈـ ﹸـﺮ أن ﹸﺗﺴــﻨﺪ ﻟﻬــﺎ اﳌﻬــﺎم ! وﻫﻨــﺎك اﳊﻘﺎﺋــﻖ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻘــﻮل ﺑــﺄنﹼ اﳌــﺦ وز ﹶﻧــﻪ ٪٢-٪٣ﻣــﻦ وزن اﳉﺴــﻢ وﻟﻜﻨــﻪ ﻳﺴــﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻧﺴــﺒﺔ أﻛﺴــﺠﲔ ﺗﻘــﺪر ﺑ ـ ٪ ٢٠ﻣــﻦ اﻷﻛﺴــﺠﲔ اﻟﻜﻠــﻲ اﻟــﺬي ﻧﺘﻨﻔﺴــﻪ ,ﻛﻴــﻒ اذا ﺗﺴــﻤﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺨــﺎب اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌــﻲ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺟــﺎء ﻋــﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬــﺎ اﳌــﺦ ﺑﺈﻫــﺪار ﻛﻞ ﻫــﺬه اﳌــﻮارد ﻓــﻲ ﻋﻀـ ﹴـﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺴــﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺘــﻪ ؟ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻳﺒــﺪو أنﹼ ﻫــﺬه ﹸ اﳋﺮاﻓــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻜﺬﺑــﺎت اﳌﺮﻳﺤــﺔ ﻋﻨــﺪ اﻹﻧﺴــﺎن اﻟﺘــﻲ ﲤـ ﹼـﺪه ﺑﺎﻷﻣــﻞ و اﻟﺘﻔــﺎؤل ﻟﺬﻟــﻚ ﻻ ﹶﻳ ﹸﻜـ ﹼـﻒ ﻋــﻦ ـﻴﻤﺮ زﻣـ ﹲـﻦ ﻃﻮﻳـ ﹲـﻞ ﻧﻄﻠـ ﹸـﺐ ﻓﻴــﻪ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻬــﺎ رﻏــﻢ ﹸﺳـ ﹺ ﹺ ـﺨﻔﻬﺎ وﺳـ ﹸ ﻛﺎﺗﺒــﻲ اﻷﻓــﻼم إﺣﺘــﺮام ٪١٠ﻓﻘــﻂ ﻣــﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻨــﺎ وﻻ ﻳﺨﺮﺟــﻮا ﻋﻠﻴﻨــﺎ ﲟﺜــﻞ ﻫــﺬه اﻻﻓــﻼم ! .. ﺑﻘﻠﻢ :روﺿﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﺎﻣﻲ
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ﻳــﺲ ﻫﻨــﺎك ﺷــﻲء ﻻ ﳝﻜــﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘــﻪ ﻣﻬﻤــﺎ ﺑﻠــﻎ ﹸﺳــﺨﻔﹸ ﻪ اذا ﻣــﺎ ﹸﻛـ ﱢﺮ ﹶر ﺑﺎﻟﻘــﺪر اﻟﻜﺎﻓــﻲ » وﻳﻠﻴــﺎم ﺟﻴﻤــﺲ
ﻳﻈـ ﹼـﻦ اﳌﺸــﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣــﺎ ﹸﻋـ ﹺـﺮ ﹶ ض ﻓﻴﻠــﻢ ﻟﻮﺳــﻲ أﻧــﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻈــﺮ ﻓﻴﻠﻤ ـ ﹰﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴ ـ ﹰﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳــﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤــﺔ رﲟــﺎ ﻷن ﺑﻄﻠــﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﻠــﻢ ﹸﻣﺴــﻤﺎه ﻋﻠــﻰ اﺳــﻢ »ﻟﻮﺳــﻲ« اﻟﻬﻴــﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤــﻲ ا ﹸﳌﻜﺘﺸــﻒ ﻟﺴــﻠﻒ ﻣــﻦ أﺳــﻼف اﻹﻧﺴــﺎن ﻓــﻲ ﺻﺤــﺮاء ﹸأﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴــﺎ أو ﹸرﲟــﺎ ﻟﻮﺟــﻮد اﳌﺸــﺎﻫﺪ اﳌﺘﻘﻄﻌــﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﹸﺗﺮﻳــﻚ ﻣﺸــﻬﺪ ﺑﺪﻳــﻊ ﻹﻧﻘﺴــﺎم اﳋﻼﻳــﺎ و اﳊﻴــﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳــﺔ و ﹸرﲟــﺎ ﺣﺘــﻰ ﻷن ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔــﻪ اﳋﻴــﺎل اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﻟﻜــﻦ ﻓــﻲ اﳊﻘﻴﻘــﺔ أﻧــﺖ ﺗﻨﻈــﺮ إﻟــﻰ ﻓﻴﻠــﻢ ﻳﻔﺘﻘــﺪ ﺑﺸــﺪة ﻟﺸــﻖﹼ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﻓﻴــﻪ . ـﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻜ ـ ﹶﻢ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺰﻣــﺎن و اﳌــﻜﺎن ,ﺗﺘﻌﻠــﻢ ﺑﺴــﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴـ ﹸ ﻓﺎﺋﻘــﺔ ,ﺗﺴــﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲢﺮﻳــﻚ اﻷﺷــﻴﺎء ﻋــﻦ ﹸﺑﻌــﺪ
ﻛﻞ ﻫــﺬا وأﻛﺜــﺮ ,ﻗـ ﹲ ـﺪرات ﺧﺎرﻗـ ﹲـﺔ إﻛﺘﺴــﺒﺘﻬﺎ »ﻟﻮﺳــﻲ« ﻋﻨﺪﻣــﺎ اﺳــﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ اﻟﻮﺻــﻮل اﻟــﻰ ٪١٠٠ﻣــﻦ ﺳــﻌﺔ دﻣﺎﻏﻬــﺎ .. ﻧﻌــﻢ ﻋﺰﻳــﺰي اﻟﻘــﺎرئ أﻧــﺖ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻣﻮﻋــﺪ ﻣــﻊ اﻟﻮﻫــﻢ ,وﻫــﻢ إﺳــﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻧﺴــﺎن ﻟ ـ ٪١٠ﻣــﻦ ﺳــﻌﺔ دﻣﺎﻏــﻪ ﻓﻘــﻂ ﻣﺠــﺪدا ! ﺑﻌــﺪ اﺳــﺘﻬﻼك ﻫــﺬه اﻟﻔﻜــﺮه ﻓــﻲ اﻓــﻼم ﻣﺜــﻞ limitless و flight of the navigatorو ﻣﺴﻠﺴــﻼت ﻣﺜــﻞ heroes ﻳﻄــﻞﹼ ﻋﻠﻴﻨــﺎ ﻓﻴﻠــﻢ lucyﻟﻴﺒﻴ ـ ﹶﻊ ﻟﻨــﺎ ﹸ اﳋﺮاﻓــﺔ ﻣﺠــﺪد ﹰا , ﹸﺧﺮاﻓـ ﹸـﺔ ﻳﺼـ ﹼـﺪقﹸ ﺑﻬــﺎ ﻧﺴـ ﹲ ـﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴـ ﹲ ـﺮة ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺒﺸــﺮ ﺣﺘــﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨــﺎ ﻫــﺬا !! ﻫــﺬا اﻻﺻــﺮار ﻋﻠــﻰ إدﺧــﺎل ﻫــﺬه اﻟﻔﻜــﺮة ﻓــﻲ اﻷﻓــﻼم وﻛﺘــﺐ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴــﺔ اﻟﺒﺸــﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﻌﻠــﻚ ﺗﺘﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ; ﻛﻴــﻒ ﺑــﺪأت ﻫــﺬه اﳋﺮاﻓــﺔ ؟
ﺍﻟﻜــﻮﻥ ﻓــﺈﻥ ﻟــﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺮﻳــﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴــﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﻳــﺪﺓ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬــﺎ ﻏﻴــﺮ ﺣﺎﺳــﻤﺔ ﺣﺘــﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ،ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻘــﻂ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﺃﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴــﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴــﴼ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫــﺎ ﻟﻴــﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﻴــﻒ ﻭﻟــﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴــﺎﺓ... ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ. ﻳﻨﺘﻘــﻞ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟــﻲ ﻟﺴــﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻬﻢ:ﻣــﺎ ﻫــﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ؟؟...ﻭﻳﺸــﺮﺡ ﻫﻨــﺎ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﻣــﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﻧﺴــﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴــﻦ ﺑﻌﻜــﺲ ﻣــﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘــﺪﻩ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻨﺎ،ﻟﺪﺭﺟــﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﻳــﺪ ﺍﻟﻌــﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴــﻖ ﻟﺠﻴﻨــﺎﺕ ﻓــﻲ ﺃﺣــﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﻴﺎﺕ)(chromosome ﻣــﺎ ﻳــﺰﺍﻝ ﻏﻴــﺮ ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺡ،ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻣــﺎ ﻳﺒﺴــﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺸــﻜﻞ ﺑﺴــﻴﻂ ﻣﻤﺘــﻊ ﻳﻨﺘﻘــﻞ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑــﻊ ﻟﻺﺩﻋــﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤــﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑــﻪ ﻭﺍﻟــﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺷــﺌﴼ ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ:ﻧﺤــﻦ ﺧــﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ؟؟...ﻣﻬ ﹰ ﻼ:ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻦ؟؟..ﻧﺤــﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴــﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨــﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ،ﻓﺄﺟﺴــﺎﺩﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻴﺴــﺖ ﺃﻻ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻳــﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬــﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸــﺎﺭﻫﺎ!!...ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺻــﺎﺩﻡ ﻛﻮﻧــﻪ ﻳﻘﻠــﺐ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻧــﺎ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﻤــﺎ ﺃﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎﻫــﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻴﺔ«ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨــﺎﺕ ﻫــﻲ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺨﺪﻣــﺔ ﺑﻘــﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ«ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ«ﻭﺟــﺪﺕ ﺍﻷﻧــﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﺘﺤﻤــﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ«!!...ﻫــﺬﻩ ﻫــﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ«ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨــﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ«ﻭﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨــﺎﺕ ﻫــﻲ ﻣﺮﻛــﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄــﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬــﺎ ﻫﺪﻓﻬــﺎ. ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴــﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴــﺔ ﻳﻮﻇــﻒ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ«ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨــﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﻧﻴــﺔ« ﻟﻔﺤــﺺ ﺗﻔﺎﻋــﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ،ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪﺍﺋﻴــﺔ ﺗﺠــﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺧــﺮ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﺑــﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳــﺐ ﺗﺤﻤــﻞ ﻣﻌــﻦ ﻓــﻲ ﺿــﻮﺀ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴــﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑــﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨــﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺳــﺮﻱ ﻓﻌــﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴــﺔ ﺩﺍﺧــﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻨــﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴــﻦ
ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴــﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﻳــﺔ ﺟﺪﴽ،ﻭﺣﺘــﻰ ﺻــﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺟﻴــﺎﻝ ﻳﺤﻤــﻞ ﻣﻐــﺰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻳــﴼ ﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﴼ،ﺃﻣــﺎ ﺍﻟﺨــﺪﺍﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳــﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻓﻬــﻢ ﻛﺬﻟــﻚ ﻟﻴﺴــﻮﺍ ﺃﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋــﴼ ﺑﺸــﺮﻳﴼ. ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷــﺮ ﻳﺘﻀﻤــﻦ ﺷــﻄﺤﺔ ﺟﺴــﻮﺭﺓ:ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ«ﺍﻟﻤﻴــﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ«...ﻭﻫــﻮ ﻳﻤﺜــﻞ ﻧﻈﻴــﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻨــﺎﺕ ﻓــﻲ ﻧﻄــﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜــﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸــﺮ...ﻓﻬﻞ ﺗﺠــﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ؟؟..ﻳﺠﻴــﺐ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺠﺎﺏ،ﺍﻷﻣــﺮ ﻓــﻲ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ،ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻴﻢ memeﻳﻨﺴــﺦ ﻧﻔﺴــﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ،ﻭﻳﺴــﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺩﻣﻐﺘﻨــﺎ ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺒــﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﻤﻠــﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻩ،ﻭﻫــﻮ ﻣــﺎ ﻳﻔﺴــﺮ ﻛﺜﻴــﺮﴽ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺗﻨــﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ،ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗــﻊ ﻳﻤﺜــﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻞ ﺍﻟﺠــﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺜــﺮ ﺇﺭﺑــﺎﻛﴼ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــﺎﺏ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ،ﻟﻜﻨــﻪ ﻳﺴــﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴــﺮ ﺑــﻜﻞ ﺗﺄﻛﻴــﺪ. ﺳــﺆﺍﻝ:ﻫﻞ ﺟﻌﻠــﻚ ﺍﻟﻌــﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻌﺘﻘــﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــﺎﺏ ﻳــﺮﻭﺝ ﻟﻘﻴــﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﻧﻴــﺔ ﻭﺣــﺐ ﺍﻟــﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨــﺪﺍﻉ ﻓــﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑــﻞ ﻗﻴــﻢ ﺍﻷﻳﺜــﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ؟؟..ﺣﺴــﻨﴼ ﻛﺜﻴــﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﺟﺎﺑــﻮﺍ ﻧﻌــﻢ ﻟﻜﻦ:ﻓﻜــﺮ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﴽ...ﻭﺇﻟﻴــﻚ ﺃﻫــﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴــﺮ ﻭﻳﻌــﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫــﺎ ﺇﻣﺘﺎﻋــﴼ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ«ﺍﻷﻓــﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒــﻮﻥ ﻳﺤﻠــﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﹰ ﻻ«،ﻭﻓﻴــﻪ ﻳﺴــﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﺃﺣــﺪ ﺍﻷﺷــﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺒــﺔ ﻟﻘﻠﺒﻪ:ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺳــﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈــﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ،ﻟﻴﻌﻘــﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧــﺎﺕ ﺑﻴــﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻫــﺞ ﺗﺼــﺮﻑ ﻓﺮﺿﻴــﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺿــﺔ ﻟﻔﻬــﻢ ﺃﻳﻬــﺎ ﻗــﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠــﺎﺓ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴــﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ..ﺗﻨﻮﻋــﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫــﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿــﺔ ﺑﻴــﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺩﻋــﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴــﺎﻣﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﻠــﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴــﺎﻣﺤﺔ ﺑﻴﻘﻈﺔ...ﻭﺑﻌــﺪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠــﺎﺭﺏ ﻳﻌﻠــﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋــﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﺃﻳﺪﺗﻬــﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸــﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ...ﺍﺗﻀــﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒــﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﻴــﺔ ﻫــﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤــﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟــﻲ. ﻋــﺮﺽ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﺑﺄﺳــﻠﻮﺏ ﺳــﻬﻞ ﻭ ﺷــﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃﻳــﻦ ﻛﻤــﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴــﻦ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫــﺬﺍ ﺃﺣــﺪ ﺍﻷﺳــﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﺟﻌﻠــﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــﺎﺏ ﻳﻘــﺮﺃ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻣــﺪﻯ ٤٠ﻋــﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﻈــﻞ ﻳﻄﺒــﻊ ﻭﻳﻨﺸــﺮ ﻛﺄﺣــﺪ ﺃﻭﺳــﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺃﻧﺘﺸــﺎﺭﴽ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳــﺦ. ﺑﺎﻟﻌــﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺴــﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:ﻳﺒــﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤــﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴــﺢ ﻫــﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌــﺪﻝ ﻣﻘﻮﻟــﺔ ﻭﺍﻳﻠــﺪ ﻟﺘﺼﺒــﺢ »It›s all about genes».
ﻓــﻲ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻨــﺎ ﺑﻌﻠــﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴــﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤــﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟــﻰ ﺧــﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠــﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴــﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨــﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺿــﻮﻉ ﻣﻬﻢ«ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋــﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ«،ﻭﻫــﻮ ﻳﺸــﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺴــﺖ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻋــﻦ ﺍﻷﺷــﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ،ﺣﻴﻨﻤــﺎ ﻭﺻــﻞ ﺍﻷﺳــﺘﺎﺫ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛــﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺼــﺮ ﻓــﻲ ﻛﻼﻣــﻪ ﻭ ﺃﺿــﺎﻑ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ«ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛــﺮ ﻫــﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔــﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴــﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻴــﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳــﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻣــﺔ ﺣﻴــﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ،ﻭﺍﻟــﺬﻱ ﻳﺴــﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠــﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗــﻪ ﺣﺘــﻰ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺍﺳــﺘﺌﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻀــﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳــﻞ«..ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻏﻴــﺮ ﻣﻬــﻢ ﺇﺫﻥ؟؟ﻫﻜــﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﻨــﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﻭﻟﻬــﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺻﺪﻣﺘــﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﺔ ﻻﺣﻘــﺔ ﻟﺴــﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺳــﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻳﻠــﺪ«...«It›s all about sexﻓﻤــﻦ ﺃﺻــﺪﻕ ﺇﺫﻥ؟!... ﻟــﺪﻯ ﺭﻳﺘﺸــﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻫﻨــﺎ. ﻳﺴــﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻭﻛﻨــﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼــﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴــﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ:ﻟﻤــﺎﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ؟؟ﻭﻫــﻮ ﺍﻟﺴــﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺴــﺎﻋﺪ
ﻫــﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــﺎﺏ ﻓــﻲ ﺇﻋــﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺗﻪ،ﺛــﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﻘــﻞ ﻓــﻲ ﻓــﻼﺵ ﺑــﺎﻙ ﻟﻨﺤــﻮ ٣,٥ﻣﻠﻴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋــﺎﻡ ﻣﻀــﺖ ﻟﻴﻌــﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴــﻚ ﺃﻫــﻢ ﻗﺼﺔ...ﻗﺼﺘﻨــﺎ. ﻓﻔــﻲ ﺍﻟﺒــﺪﺀ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺴــﺎﻃﺔ،ﻓﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﺤــﻮﻱ ﺗﺠﻤﻌــﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴــﺮﺓ ﻣــﻦ ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻤﻴــﺰﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻧــﺖ ﻓــﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺧــﺮﺓ ﻣــﻦ ﻋﻤــﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ..ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳــﺔ،ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻘــﻂ ﻭﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈــﺔ ﺍﻷﻫــﻢ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨــﺎ ﺗﺠﻤــﻊ ﺧﻠﻴــﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﺑﻲ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻠــﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﻨﺘــﺞ ﺣــﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ،ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ!!!ﻭﺳــﺘﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻮﺍﺀ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺸــﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺗﻬــﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﺭﺑــﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛــﺐ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻣــﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﺴــﻨﻴﻦ.....ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗــﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ؟؟ﻛﻴــﻒ ﻭﻟــﺪﺕ ﺣــﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﻠــﻚ؟؟ ﻳﻤﺜــﻞ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺃﺣــﺪ ﺃﻫــﻢ ﺍﻷﺳــﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻــﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺴــﻬﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴــﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺴــﺆﺍﻝ ﻋــﻦ ﻣﻴــﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻜــﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ،ﻭﻛﻤــﺎ ﺍﻟﺤــﺎﻝ ﻣــﻊ ﺃﺻــﻞ