Hyndavatha dharmavum darsanavum by മലയാളി

ssl-µ-hX-[-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

Fw.- Fw.- A-Iv-_多-

ssl-袖-hX-[-多-a-hpw Z-多-i-\hp-w-

NICHE OF TRUTH

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

temIØns\mcp {kjvSmhp≠v˛ Poh≥ \¬In hmbphpw sh≈hpw kuIcys∏SpØn `qansb PohnXtbmKyam°nb ]caImcpWnI\mb {kjvSmhv. \mw ChnsS Fßs\ Pohn°Wsa∂pw Cu PohnXØns≥d ]cae£yw Fs¥∂pw ZqX∑m¿ aptJ\ {kjvSmhv \sΩ ]Tn∏n®p. \ΩpsS PohnXØns≥d IW°v acWtijw \mw {kjvSmhns≥d apºn¬ t_m[n∏nt°≠nhcpw. A∂v ]pWyw sNbvXh\v \∑bpw ]m]w sNbvXh\v Xn∑bpw {]Xn^ew In´pw. AXn\m¬ {kjvSmhv Xs≥d ZqXcneqsS \¬Inb \n¿tZia\pkcn®v Pohn°pIbmWv a\pjys≥d c£mam¿Kw.

haindavatha darmavum dershanavum malayalam author: m.m.akbar publishers: niche of truth kalabhavan road, cochin- 18 first edition: january 1992 second edition: november 2002 typesetting : creative media illustration: usman cover : yoonus printing: screenoffset, cochin

price: rs. 100/-

\ap°v temI{kjv S mhv \¬Inb \n¿tZi kwlnXbmWv Jp¿B≥. aplΩZv \_nbneqsS Ah≥ B ktµiw a\pjy¿s°Øn®psImSpØp. CXdn™ hcpw AdnbmØhcpw \ap°nSbn¬ D≠v . temIsc apgph≥ {kjvSmhns≥d ktµiadnbn°¬ AXdn™ hcpsS _m[yXbmWv. AXn\mbn cq]oIrXamb Hcp {]kvYm\amWv "\n®v Hm^-v {SqØv'. \mYm, kXyaX ktµi{]NcWØn\p th≠n bp≈ hn\oXamsbmcp kwcw`amWnXv . \o G¬]n® DØchmZnØØns≥d \n¿hlWØn\p th≠nbp≈ Ffnb {iaw. CsXmcp {]Xn^em¿lamb {]h¿Ø\ambn kzoIcnt°Wta (Bao≥). UbdIvS¿

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

hm-b\ - ° - p-ap-ºv...""]-c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-s≥-d- \m-a-Øn¬-''ì"G-I- am-\-h-X-°v- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-iz-m-kw'.- 1989 Un-kw-_¿- 29,- 30,31,- 1990 P-\p-h-cn- H-∂v- Xo-b-Xn-I-fn¬- \-S-∂- Fw.-F-kv.-Fw k-tΩ-f-\{]ta-bw.- Cu- {]-ta-btØm-S\p-_-\v-[n-®- N¿-®-I-fm-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-Øns≥-dA-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂- B-{K-lw- tXm-∂n-∏n-®-Xv.hm-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- "i-_m-_n'¬- JWv-U-iv-i- F-gp-Xn-s°m-≠p-ancp-∂p.- ]-p-kv-X-I-am-°-W-sa-∂v- ]-e-cpw- B-h-iy-s∏´p.- A-t∏mƒ- A¬∏wA-h-Km-l-am-bn-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂p-d-®p.ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- ]-e- ho-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- t\m-°n-°-≠-hcp-≠v.- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn-¬- Cu- Z¿-i-\-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-®- ]eNn-¥-I-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- cm-lp¬- kmwIr-Xym-b≥, Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n,sI. Zm-tam-Z-c≥- F-∂n-h¿- {]-[m-\n-I-fm-Wv.- ]-t£,- C-kv-em-an-I- ho-£ W-Øn¬- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- t\m-°n-°-≠- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- C-s√-∂v- Xs∂]-d-b-Ww.- A¬-_n-dq-\n-bp-sS- "In-Øm-_p¬- ln-µv'- C-¥-y-°m-cp-sS- BNmcm-\pjv-Tm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®dn-bm-\p-≈- Xo-{h-am-b- H-cp- {i-a-am-Wv.- C-kveman-I- ho-£-W-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- hym-Jym-\-Øn-\-t±-lw- {i-an-®n-´n-√.- ]-tcX\m-b- Sn.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- km-ln-_n-s≥-d- "`m-c-Xo-b- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn sbmgp-°p-Iƒ'- Cu- cw-K-sØ- H-cp- hn-e-s∏-´- Im¬-sh-∏m-bn-cp-∂psh∂Xn¬- kw-i-b-an-√.- ]-t£-,- A-t±-lw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- `m-c-Xo-b- kw-kv-Im c-Øn-s≥-d- krjvSn-bn¬- sk-an-‰n-Iv- kw-kI v- m-cß - ƒ- F-ßs - \- kzm-[o\n®ncn-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- N¿®A-t±-lw,- A-Xns≥-d- `m-K-am-bn-´p-am-{X-am-Wv- \n¿-h-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- \mw-- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\m-Wv- Du-∂¬- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv.- B-Zy-`m-K-Øv- F-¥m-Wv- C-∂p- Im-Wp-∂- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂pw,- tZ-iob-X-bp-sS- \q-en¬- kv-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂- tjm-h-\n-k-Øn-s≥-d- A-hIm-i-hm-Z-ßƒ- F-{X-tØm-fw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv- ]-cn-tim-[n®n-cn-°p∂-Xv.- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fp-sS- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-sbkw-_-\v-[n®N¿-®-bm-Wv- c-≠mw- `m-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- aq-∂mw- `m-K-Øn-em-I-s´- ssl-µ-h Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-i-n-e-I-fpw- A-h- `m-c-X-Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hmNI-∑m-cp-sS- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-f-p-am-bn- F-ß-s\- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°-p-∂p-sh-∂pam-Wv- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xncn-°p-∂-Xv.-

°p-I-bpw- k-lm-bn-°-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- ]-c-∏-\-ßm-Sn- C-kvem-an-Iv- sse{_dn-bp-sS-bpw- A-¥-am≥- C-kv-em-an-Iv- sk≥-d-dn-s≥-d-bpw- {]-h-¿-Ø-I¿,kw-kv-Ir-Xm-£-c-ßƒ- ]-Tn-∏n-®p-X-cm≥- k-a-bw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-®- lw-k-amkv-‰-dpw,- d-lo-a-bpw...- A-ßs\- t]m-Ip-∂p- ]-´n-I.- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- \-µn]-d-tb-≠- H-cm-fp-≠v.- t]m¿-´v- ª-b¿- Nn-∑-bm-an-j-\n-sekzm-an,- {_-lvaNmcn- k-a¿-Xv-Y- ssN-X-\y;- A-t±-l-am-Wv- ]-e- km-t¶-Xn-I- i-_v-Z-ß-fpwF\n-°v- hn-h-cn-®p-X-∂-Xv.- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw- a-‰-pw- X-∂pw- A-t±-lw- k-l I-cn-®p.- A-t±-l-hp-am-bn- \-S-∂- \o-≠- N¿-®-I-fpw- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-sØkzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.-

Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- ssl-µ-h-Z¿-i-\-sØ- A-dnbm≥-th-≠n-bp-≈- H-cpIm¬-shbv-] - v- am-{X-am-Wv.- C-\n-bpw- Cu- cw-K-Øv- K-th-j-W-ßƒ- \-S-t°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- F-¶n¬- ssl-µh- Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- aq-ew- {]-hm-N-I{]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- h-f-sc- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- I-s≠-Øm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂- Dd®hn-izmk°m-c-\m-Wv- Cu- teJ-I≥.-

F-s∂- A-£c - w- ]Tn-∏n-®- F-s≥-d- D-∏˛- ta-te- ho-´n¬- A-_Zv- p-dlnam≥˛ A-t±-l-Øn-\v- A-√m-lp- ]-c-tem-I-ku-Jyw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-ø-s´- (B-ao≥)A-√m-lp- C-sXm-cp- k¬-°¿-a-am-bnkzo-I-cn-°-s´.- (B-ao-≥)Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_¿-

1992 em-Wv- "ssl-µ-h-X- h¿-Ω-hp-w- Z¿-i-\-hpw-'- H-∂m-w- ]-Xn-∏v- ]pdØph-∂-Xv.- B- h¿-j-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \-√- C-kv-em-an-I- {K-Ÿ-Øn-\p-≈- A_q-Zm-_n- ap-kv-enw- ssdt‰-gv-kv- t^-m-d-Øn-s‚- A-hm¿-Upw- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn\pe-`n-®p.- "am-Xr-`q-an-'-sb-t∏m-se-bp-f-f- ]-e- {]-ap-J- B-\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpw]p-kv-X-I-sØ- hn-a¿-i-\m-Xv-a-I-am-bn- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠v- teJ-\-ßƒ{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.- A-h-bn¬- \n-∂v- ]-e-Xpw- ]-Tn-®p-; A-dn-™p.- A-Xn-s‚A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- th-W-sa-∂p- tXm-∂n-b- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- am-‰-ßƒ- Cu]-Xn-∏n¬- h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- {]-k-Iv-X-am-b- hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ-°v- hn-a¿-i-Isc-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-an-√m-sX- X-s∂- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-≥- {i-an-®n-´pap-≠v.F¶n-epw,- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- ap-sº-gp-Xn-b- ]-pk -- v-X-I-Øn-s‚- c-≠-mw- ]-Xn∏mbnXs∂-bn-cn-°-Ww- C-Xv- F-∂-Xp- sIm-≠v- au-en-I-am-b- am-‰-ßsf-∂pw- hcpØn-bn-´n-√m-Xm-\-pw.ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw- B-cy˛ {Zm-hn-U- kw-kv-Im-c-ß-f-p-sS- D∞m\-]-X-\-ß-sf-bp-sa-√mw- kw-_-‘n-®v- C-Xn-s‚- H-∂mw- ]-Xn-∏v- ]p-d-Øp-h∂-Xn-\p- ti-jw- \n-c-h-[n- hn-e-s∏-´- ]-T-\-ßƒ- \S-∂n-´p-≠v.- A-h-bp-sSsb-√mw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚- {]ta-bw- X-s∂- H-∂pIq-Sn- hn-I-kn-∏n-®p- sIm-≠v- F-gp-X-W-sa-∂p-≠v.- A-√m-lp- A-\p-{K-ln°-s´- (B-ao≥)C-sX-gp-Xm≥- A-\p-{K-ln-®- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-\v- k¿-h-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpw.- hyIv-Xn-]-c-am-bn- \-µn- ]-d-tb-≠-h¿- H-cp-]m-Sp≠v.- C-sX-gp-Xm≥- k-l-I-cn-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

Xm-fp-If - n¬`m-Kw H-∂v-

[-¿-ahpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw 1. ln-µp-˛C-¥y-˛kn-\v-[p2. ln-µp-:- \n¿-h-N-\-ßƒ3. `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ4. a-X-hn-`m-K-ßƒ5. ln-µp- sF-Iyw-

19 14 40 72 79 `m-Kw c-≠v-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ1. th-Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ2. {_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ 3. B-c-Wy-I-ßƒ4. D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ5. th-Zmw-K-ßƒ6. ]p-cm-W-ßƒ7. kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ8. C-Xn-lm-k-ßƒ9. `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-

90 109 113 115 136 139 149 157 167 `m-Kw aq-∂v-

A-Sn-kvY - m-\i - n-eI - ƒ 1. G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw 2. _lp-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w3. A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-∏w4. ]p-\¿-P-∑-tam- ]-c-tem-I-tam5. sh-fn-®-Øn-te-°v-

180 201 225 250 259

`m-Kw H-∂v-

[-¿a- hpw- kw-kI v- m-ch - pw-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

-Xw--- a-\pjy-s≥-d- tam-£-sØ°p-dn-®m-Wv- N¿-®- sN-øp∂Xv.- a-\p-jy-\n-¿-an-X-am-b- A-Xn-cp-I-fpw- h-c-ºp-I-fpwa-XØ - ns≥d- Zr-jvS- n-bn¬- A¿-Ya - n-√m-ØX - m-Wv.- tZ-ißfp-sS-bpw- `m-j-bp-sS-bpw- PmXn-bp-sS-bpw- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°-XoXam-bn- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-sØ-bpw- a-\- n-s\-bpw- BXvam-hn-s\-bpw- \n-b-{¥n-°p-I-bpw- ]cn-h¿Øn∏n-°p-I-bpw sN øp-∂- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- a-Xw-.- a-Xw- a-\p-jys\- hn-im-e-X-bn-te°v\-bn-°p-tºmƒ- `u-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ßƒ- a-\pjy-s\-k¶p-Nn-XX - z-Øn-te-°m-Wv- \bn-°p-∂X - v.- C-∏d-™X - v- ssZ-hnIt_m-[-\-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- XX-z-ßfm-hn-jv-I-cn-®ncn°p-∂- a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv-.- C-tX- a-Xw -X-s∂- kzm¿-Y-cmba-\p-jy-cpsS- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ-,- a-\pjy\n¿-an-X- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-t∏m-se-Ø-s∂- k-¶p-Nn-X-Xz-Øn-s≥-d]Sp-Ip-gn-bn¬- B]Xn-°p-∂p-sh-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn-\v- N-cn{X Øn-s≥-d- G-Sp-I-fn¬- sXfn-hp-I-f-t\z-jn-t°-≠-Xn√.- h¿-Ø am-\-Im-ew- X-s∂- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-°p-≈- Pohn-°p-∂- sX-fnhpIƒ- \n-c-Øp-∂p.-

a-Xw- ]-d™p.- "a-\pjy-k-aq-l-ta,- \n-ß-sf- \mw-krjv Sn-®n-´p≈Xv- H-tc- B-Wn¬-\n-∂pw- s]-Æn¬-\n-∂p-am-Ip-∂p.\n-ß-sf- \mw- P-\-]-Z-ßfpw- tKm-{X-ß-fp-am-bn- X-n-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv\n-ßƒ- ]-ckv] - c - w- Xn-cn-®d- n-bp-∂X - n-\v- th-≠n-bm-Wv.- \n-ßfn¬-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ssZ-h-Øn-¶¬- G-‰hpw- B-Z-c-Wo-b¿-- \n-ßfn¬- G-‰-hpw- [¿a\n-jv-T-bp-≈-h¿- X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw'-1.ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn--epwa\pjy-sc-√mw- H∂m-sW-∂- B-i-b-a-pƒ-s°m≈p-∂- kq-IvX-ßƒ- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- am-\pjn-I- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ- A-hbn¬- D-®-˛\o-N-Xz-ß-fp-sS- Bi-b-ßƒ- X-n-cp-In-°-b-‰n-sb-¶nepw,-- ssZhn-I- t{km-X- p-I-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p- A-h-bpsSaq-em-i-b-ßƒ- F-∂v- hyIv-X-am-°n-s°m-≠v- km-tlm-Z-cy-Øns≥-d- B-i-b-ß-fpƒ-s°m≈p-∂- Nn-e- h-N-\-ßƒ- {ip-Xn-Ifnepw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fnepw- C-∂pw- \n-e-\n¬°p∂p.ssl-µh - - Z¿-i\ - s - Ø-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xn-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥ßsf-°p-dn®pw- H-´-\-h-[n- N¿-®-Iƒ- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Ime-am-Wn-∂v.- A-Xn\n-√mØ- ]-e- Kp-W-ß-sf-bpw- A-Xn¬B-tcm-]n-®p-sIm-≠pw- A-Xn-\p-≈- ]-e- KpWß-sf-bpw- \ntj[n-®p-sIm-≠p-am-Wv- Cu- N¿-®-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]ptcmKan-°p∂-sX-∂-Xm-Wv- h-kv-Xp-X.- ln-µp-a-X-Ø-n-eq-sS- X-ß-fp-sS- cmjv{So-b- kz]v\-ßƒ°v- \n-dw- sIm-Sp-°m≥- {i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- X-ßƒ-°n-jv-S-ap-≈- co-Xnbn¬- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\sØ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂p.- Cu- hym-Jym\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬- b-Ym¿-Y- "lnµp-a-X'-Øn-s≥-d- ap-J-ßƒImWm≥- ]-e-cpw- hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p.- B- ap-Jßƒ- X-ßfpsSC-Nv-O-°-\p-kr-X-a-s√-∂- h-kv-XpX,- "a-X'-sØ- cmjv-{So-b-hXv-I-cn-°m≥- X-]- n-cn-°p-∂-h-sc- A-kz-kv-Y-cm-°p-∂p.- Cu]-i-vNmØe-Øn-em-Wv- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- th-cp-IƒtX-Sn- \mw- bm-{X- Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv.- bm-{X- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºvC-∂p- Im-W-p-∂ lnµp-a-X-sØ- \-ap-s°m∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.A-Xns≥-d- A-hIm-i-hm-Zß-sf-bpw- Zm¿-i-\n-I- k-¶¬-]-ßsfbpw- ]-cn-ti-m-[n-°mw.-

1.- Jp¿-B≥- 49:-13

1 ln-µp-˛C-¥y-˛kn-\v-[p"tem-Im-k-akv-Xm- kp-Jn-t\m- `-h-¥p'-sh-∂- hN-\w- ]-e-t∏mgpw- D≤-cn-°s - ∏-Smdp-≠v.- a-\p-jy- km-tlm-Zc - y-sØbpw- sF-Iy-sØbpw- Ipdn-®p- ]-d-bp-∂- C-\n-bpw- Ip-td- h-N-\-ßƒ- \-ap-°v- sslµh{K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬ -\n-∂v- D-≤-cn-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- ]-t£,- C-h-sb-√mwC∂v- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- kv-Yn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- tI-h-e- D-≤c-Wn-Iƒ- am-{Xam-Wv.- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- A-\y-s\- \n-{K-ln-°m-s\m-cpßp∂- A-tX- I-c-ßƒ-°p-X-s∂ "]m©-P-\y'-I-fn¬- "am-Xm-`q-anx]pt{Xm- ]r-Yn-hy'- (`q-an-bm-Ip-∂p- am-Xmhv;-- A-Xns≥-d- ]p-{X-∑m-cmIp-∂p- \-Ω-sf-√mw)-sb-∂- hm-Iy-sa-gp-Xnsh-°m≥- ssh-a-\-ky-sam∂p-an-√.- X-X-z-h-N-\-ßƒ- ]m-cm-b-W-ß-fn-epw- {]-`m-j-W-ß-fn-epwam-{X-sam-Xp-ßp-I-bm-Wv.- A-s√-¶n¬-,- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn`qanbp-sS- a-°-sf-√mw- k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fm-sW-∂- [m-c-W- h-f¿-Øm≥]cym]vX - a - m-th-≠- h-N\ - ß - s - f-gp-Xn-sh-°p-∂- I-cß - ƒ-°v- F--ßs\bm-Wv- A\y-a-X-kv-Y-s≥-d- s\-©p- Ip-Øn-°o-dm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv?ssl-µ-h- Xo{hhmZn-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- Pn-lz-bpwXqen-I-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- sh-dp-∏n-s≥-d- XX-z-im-kv-{Xw- ]-Tn-∏n-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

°m≥- am-{Xam-sW-∂- h-kv-Xp-X,-- hm-bn-°m-\-dn-bp-∂-h¿-s°m-∂pw]-d-™p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-√.- C-Xm- Nn-e- D-≤-cWn-Iƒ-:-˛ "C-u- ln-µp-kv-Ym-≥- ln-µp-°-fp-sS- am-{Xw- tZ-i-a-s√-∂pw- B¿ °pw- B-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se- H-s°- s]-cp-am-dm-sa-∂pw- [-cn-°p∂-h¿- C-∂p- Nn-e-cp-≠v.- cm-jv-{Sw- F-∂- hm-°n-s\- A-Xn-s≥-d- bYm¿Y- A¿-Y-Øn¬- a\- n-em-°n-bm¬- am-{X-ta- Cu- cmjv-{Sw- ln-µpcm-jv-{S-am-Wv-;- ln-µp-°-fptS-Xm-Wv- F-∂- k-Xy-sØ- a-\- n-em-°m≥I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q'1- ."ssh-tZ-in-I- a-X-ß-fpw- A-h-sb- Xm-ßn- \S-°p-∂- ssh-Xmfn-I∑m-cpw- aq-Sp-Xmßn-I-fp-am-Wv- C-∂v- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sS- I-Æn-seI-c-Sp-I-fm-bn-Øo¿-∂n-´p-≈Xv.- B- I-c-Sp-Iƒ- \o-°w- sN-øm-Øn-StØm-fw- Im-ew- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sS- I-Æp-Iƒ- I-e-ßn-Ø-s∂-bn-cn°pw-.- ssN-X-\y-hpw- Np-dp-Npdp-°-p-ap-≈- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-sb- t\m-°ns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- A-Ωb - p-sS- I-Ænse- I-cS- p-Iƒ- C-\n-b[ - n-I- ImewA-hn-sS-bn-cn-°m-\n-S-bn-√.- A-c-bpw- X-e-bpw- ap-dp-°n-s°m-≠v- bphP-\-X- A-Sn-sh-®-Sn-sh-®v- ap-t∂m-´p-\o-ßn-s°m--≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv'-2."Cu- cm-Pyw- ln-µp-°-fp-tS-Xm-Wv.- in-h-tk-\- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬h∂m¬- F-√m-hc - pw- ln-µp-aX - Ø - n-te-°v- ]-cn-h¿-Ø\ - w- sNøs∏Spw'3."Cu- kw-L-a-m-cw-`n-®-Xv- ap-kv-enw- AXn-{I-a-ß-sf- {]-Xn-tcm[n-°p∂-X-n-\p-th-≠n- am-{X-a-√-;- {]-Xyp-X- B- tcm-Kw- ]q¿-W-am-bpwth-cdp-Øp- If-bm≥- th-≠n-bm-Wv'4.Cu- D-≤-c-Wn-I-fn-se- A-h-Imi-hm-Z-ß-fp-am-bn- \-ap-°vkwhZn°mw.ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Zw-:- "ln-µp'-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sbkw_\v-[n-®v- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- "kn-\v[p'sh∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- cq-]m-¥-c- kw-Pv-R-bm-Wv "ln-µp'--sh-∂X-m-Wv{]-_-e-hpw- {]k-Iv-X-hp-am-b- A-`n-{]m-bw.- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-hm-knIƒ,- hn-tZ-inI-fm-¬- kn\v-[p-sh-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂pw- ]n∂o-Sv1.- tI-k-cn- 15˛1˛1989 2. -tI-k-cn- 27˛7˛1987 3.- _m¬-Xm-°-sd-:- Times of India 30-4-1989. 4. tUm.- tKm-b¬:- cm-jv{- So-b- kz-bw- tk-hI - v- kw-Lv:- - am-Xr-`q-an-bn¬- D-≤c - n-®X - v- 14˛2˛1984.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

"k'-,- "l-'-bm-bn- am-dn-sb-∂p-am-Wv- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-b- ]-WvUn-X-∑m¿- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- t]¿-jy≥- `mj-bn¬- "kn'- D-®-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv- "ln'- F∂m-b-Xn-\m¬- kn-\v-[p,- ln-µp-hmbn- am-dn-b-Xm-bn-cn°m-sa-∂pw- A-\p-am\n-°p-∂p. "l'- F-∂- i-_v-Zw {Ko°p-Im¿-°vD®m-c-W- hn-jaw- krjv-Sn-®-Xm-W-t{X- ln-µp-°ƒ- C-¥y-°m-cmbnam-dm-\p-≠m-b- ImcWw1.`m-c-Xo-b- ]u-cm-Wn-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-sem-∂pw- ln-µp-sh-∂{]tbmKw- Im-Wp-∂n-s√-∂Xpw- G-I-tZ-iw- k-a-Im-en-I-am-b- sshtZ-in-I- tc-J-I-fn¬- Cu- {]-tbm-K-w- Im-Wp-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-am-Wv- CXn\p≈- {]-[m\- sX-fn-hv.- `mc-X-Øns≥-d- G-‰-hpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I- tc-Jsb-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬ "k-]v-X-kn-\v-[p'-sh-∂m-Wv{]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.C-u- A-`n-{]m-b- {]-Im-cw- ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Zw-X-s∂- ssh-tZin-I-amWv.- ssh-tZ-in-I- a-X-ß-sf-∂- I-c-Sp-I-sf- \o-°w- sN-øm≥cwK-Øn-d-ßp-∂h¿- kz-¥w- \m-a-Øn-se- ssh-tZ-in-I- I-c-Sn-s\-bt√- BZy-am-bn- \o-°w- sNtø-≠-Xv?- ]-t£,- A-h¿-°p-≈- sh-dp-∏vhn-tZ-itØm-S-√,-- a-s‰-¥n-t\m-sSm-s°-tbm- B-sW-∂m-Wv- a-\- nem-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- ssh-tZ-in-I- D¬-]-Øn- \n-cm-I-cn°p-∂- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- "ln-µp'-sh-∂- ]-Zw- ip-≤- kw-kv-Ir-Xkw-Pv-R-bmsW-∂m-W-h-cp-sS- hm-Zw.- "lnw'- "Z'- "D'- F-∂- ]-Z-ß-fpsS- k-ap-®-b-am-Wv- "lnµp'-sh-∂-s{X- A-h¿- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- "lnw'- lnam-e-b-sØbpw- "Z',- "D'- F-∂n-h- Z-£n-W- k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw- (Z-˛- Z£nWw.-- D-˛- D-≤n˛- k-ap-{Zw-)- Ipdn-°p-∂psh-∂pw- ln-µp-hn-s≥-d- A¿-Ywln-am-e-b-Øn-\pw- Z-£n-W- k-ap-{Z-Øn-\pw- C-S-bn-ep-≈-sX-∂m-sW∂pw- C-h¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-amWv- _r-l-kv]ZnB-K-a-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂-sX-∂v- B¿.-F-kv.Fkv- ap≥- k¿kwL-Nme-Iv- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿- ]-d-bp-∂p≠v.- A-t±-lw- D-≤-cn-°p∂p:ln-am-e-bw- k-a-cm-`y-bm-h-Zn-µp- k-tcm-h-cwXw- tZ-h-\n¿-an-Xw- tZ-iw- ln-µp-kv-Ym-\w- {]-N-Iv-jy-tX.1. Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda Vol, III, Page 228.

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

(tZ-h-∑m-cm-¬- kr-jv-Sn°-s∏-´-Xpw- ln-am-e-bw- sXm-´v- C-µpk-tcmhcw- (Z-£n-Wk - a - p-{Zw)- h-sc- hym-]n-®p-In-S° - p-∂X - p-am-b- tZi1 sØ-bm-Wv- lnµp-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂-v hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv) .C-Xn-se- H-∂m-a-sØ- A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- {]-_-e-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.G-Xm-bm-epw-˛Cu- c-≠v- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬- G-Xv- kzo-I-cn-®m-epw˛"lnµp'- i_vZw- H-cp- kw-kv-I-m-c-sØ-tbm- a-X-sØ-tbm- Ip-dn-°p∂n-s√-∂pw- H-cp- tZ-isØ- Ip-dn-°-p-∂- \m-awam-{X-am-W-sX-∂p-amWv- a\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- hntZ-in-Iƒ- C-¥-y-b-n-te-°v- IS∂p-h-∂-t∏mƒ- I-≠- hn-{K-l-]q-P-bn-epw- ]n-Xpcm-cm-[-\-bn-ep-a-[njv-Tn-X-a-m-b- P-o-hn-X-k-{º-Zm-b-sØ- C-¥y°m-cpsS- a-X-sa-∂- A¿Y-Øn¬- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂v- hn-fn-®n-´p-≠m-h-Ww.- AXm-bn-cn-°-Ww"ln-µp-a-X'-sa-∂- kwPv-R-bp-sS- D¬-]-Øn.- A-X-√m-sX- lnµp-a-Xsa-∂- H-cp- a-X-tam- Po-hnX-Z¿-i-\-tam- D¬-`-hn-°p-I-tbm- {]-N-cn°pItbm- sN-bv-Xn-´n-s√-∂-Xn-\v- th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-X-s∂- sX-fnhpI-fm-Wv.C-¥y-bn¬- hy-Xy-kv-X- ho-£-W-ß-fpw- a-X-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-´p ≠v.- Ah-bn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]-c-kv-]-c- hn-cp≤-am-b- B-i-b-ß-fpƒ-s°m≈p-∂h - b - m- Wv.- hn-jW v- p-hns≥-d- ]-Øm-as - Ø- A-hX - m-ca - m-b- I¬°nbm-Wv- Xm-s\-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-´v- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ an¿-km-Kp-emw- A-lv-aZn-s≥-d- Jm-Zn-bm-\o- a-Xhpw- k-Xy-km-bn-_m-_-bp-sS- Pm-e-hn-Zym-aX-hpw- "`-K-hm≥'- c-P-\o-jn-s≥-d- ssew-Kn-I- a-X-hp-sa-√mw- P-\n-®-Xv`mc-X-Øn-s≥-d- imZz-e-`q-an-bn¬ -X-s∂-bm-Wv.- ssi-hw,- ssh-jvWhw,- im-Iv-Xw,- ssh-Zn-Iw-,- _u-≤w,- ssP-\w,- kn-°v-,- enw-Km-bXw,- th-Zm¥w- Xp-S-ßn- hy-Xy-kv-X- a-X-ßƒ-°p- ]p-d-sa- "tem-Im b-Xw'- t]mse-bp-≈- ip≤ \n-co-iz-c Z¿-i-\-ßƒ-°pw- `m-c-Xw- P∑w\¬-In-bn-´p≠v.- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bncp-∂- A-\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw- A-hbp-sS- h-IvX - m-°f - m-b- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-saXn-cn¬- i_vZn-®- _p-≤-aX-sØ-bpw- ssP-\-a-X-sØ-bp-sa-√mw- A-h-bp-sS- k-aIm-en-I-cm-b- ]p-tcm-ln-X- a-X-°m¿- \-J-in-Jm-¥w- F-Xn¿-Øp-t]m∂n-´p-≠v.- i-¶cm-Nm-cy¿- X-s‚- A-ssZz-XaXw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-\m-bn_u-≤-˛ssP-\- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-amb- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn1.- am-[-h- k-Zm-in-h- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c,-- t]-Pv-:- 116

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

epw- kw-hm-Z-ß-fn-ep-ta¿-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- sX-fn-hp-Ifp≠v.- Cß-s\- hy-Xy-kvX-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf-sb-√mw,-A-h- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n®p-sh-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- ln-µp-a-Xsa∂- IpS°o-gn¬- A-Wn-\n-c-Øm-\p-≈- {i-a-am-Wv- C-∂v- \-S-∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂-Xv.A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- C-¥-y-°-I-Øp-≠m-b- Z¿-i-\-ßtfm- a-X-ßtfm- F{X-Xs - ∂- tæ-NO v- a - m-bn-cp-∂m-epw- ]-hn-{X-hpw- `m-cX - mw-_bpsSI-Æn-se- Irjv-W-a-Wn-bp-am-Wv.- AtX-k-a-bw,- ]p-d-Øp-≠m-b- a-Xß-tfm- Z¿-i-\-ß-tfm- F-{X-X-s∂- ]-cn-ip-≤-hpw- ]-hn-{X-hp-am-bBi-b-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- tæ-Nv-O-hpw- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sSIÆn-se- I-c-Sp-am-Wv.- Z¿i-\-ß-fn-se- B-i-bß-f√ -- -,- A-Xv- P-\n-®kv-Y-e-am-Wv- A-h-b-p-sS- kzo-ImcyX- \n-iv-N-bn-t°-≠-sX-∂- hnNn{X- hm-Z-am-Wv- ssl-µ-h- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-kw-L-S\-I-fpsS- A-Sn-kv-Ym\- XXz-sa-∂¿-Yw.- C-Xp- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- _p-≤n-°v- ac-hn∏v- _m-[n°m-Øh¿- k-∂-≤-cm-Ip-tam?- k-Xyw- ]-d-™-Xv- Ata-cn-°-°-m-c\m-sW-∂- Imc-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- A-Xv- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- ]m-Sn-s√∂pw,]-®-°-≈w- ]d-bp∂-Xv- `m-c-Xo-b-\m-b-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- kzo-I-cn-°W-sa-∂pw- ]dbp∂-Xp-t]m-se- hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-ß-sfam-{X-ta- C-¥y-°mc≥- kzo-I-cn-°m-hq- F-∂- hm-Z-hp-w.kz-¥-tØm-Spw- Ip-Spw-_-tØm-Spw- k-ap-Zm-b-tØm-Spw- tZ-i tØm-Sp-ap-≈- kv-t\-lw- a-\pj-y-s≥-d- P-∑-k-l-P-am-b- hn-I-m-c-amWv.H-cp- ap-kv-en-an-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- tZ-i-kv-t\-lw- hn-izmk-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-Wv.- am-Xr-cm-Py-sØ- kv-t\-ln-°p-I-bpw- A-Xns≥d- A-`n-hr-≤n-°p-th≠n- b-X-v\n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I-bm-Wv- tZ-ikv-t\lw- sIm-≠v- C-hn-sS- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv.- A-\y-cm-Py-Øn-s≥-dA-t[m-KXn-°p-th-≠n- b-Xv-\n-°p-I-bpw- Ab¬\m-´p-Im-sc-bpw- Ahc-p-sS-- kwkv-Im-c-sØ-bpw- sh-dp-°p-I-bpw- sNøp-I-bm-Wv- tZ-ikv-t\-l-sa∂v- \mw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂n√.- ]n-d-∂- \m-Sn-s≥-d- \m-e-Xncp-Iƒ-°p-≈n-ep≈-hs - c-√mw- am-em-Ja - m-cpw- ]p-dØ - p-≈h - s - c-√mw- sNIp-Øm-∑m-cp-amsW-∂- "sh-dp-∏ns≥-d- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X'-am-Wv- tZ-iob-X-sb-¶n¬-,- a-\p-jysc-√mw- H-∂m-sW-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-®- a-X-Øn-s‚-A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°v- B- tZio-b-X-sb- Po-hn-X-{]-am-W-am-bnkzo-Icn-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

°m≥- hn-j-a-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- C-u- kzm-`m-hn-I-X- tZit{Zm-l-am-sW-∂v- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h¿- "am-Xm- `q-anx- ]p-t{Xm- ]r-Ynhy'-sb-∂- h-N-\w- H-∂p-Iq-Sn- a-\ n-cp-Øn- hm-bn-®p-t\m-°-s´.ssZ-h-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- krjv-Sn-®-Xpw- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xpwkw-l-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-]n-°p-∂-Xp-sa-√mwF-∂m-Wv- aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu- \n-e-bv°v,- ssZh-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- henb- A-\p-{K-l-Zm-Xm-hv.-- A-h-\m-Wv- \µn- sN-øs∏-Sm≥- G-‰-hpw- A¿-l-\pw.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- B-Pv-RIƒ-s°-Xnsc- kz-¥w- ]n-Xm-thm- am-Xm-thm- t\Xm-thm- kz-¥w- C-Nv-O-Xs∂bp-tam- ]-d-™m-epw- A-Xp- h-en-s®dn-™v- {kjv-Sm-hns≥-d- I¬-] \-Iƒ- in-c-km-h-ln-°W -- -sa-∂m-Wv- a-X-ß-sf-√mw- ]Tn∏n-°p∂Xv.`q-an-bn-ep-≈- k-I-e-Xn-t\-°m-fpw- h-ep-Xm-Wv- kz¿-K-sa-∂pw- B kz¿-K-Øn-te-°p-≈- h-gn-bn¬- s]-‰-Ω-tbm- ]n-d-∂- \m-tSm- B-cp-Xs∂- hn-e-ß-Sn-®p- \n-∂m-epw- B- hn-e-ßp-I-sf- X-´n- am-‰p-I-tbm- ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-I-tbm- sN-bv-Xv- kz¿-K-Øn-te-°p-≈- {]-bm-Ww- Xp-S-cpI-X-s∂- th-W-sa∂pw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- B- {k-jv-Sm-hm-Wv.- "s]‰Ω-bpw- ]n-d-∂- \m-Spw- kz¿K-tØ-°mƒ- a-l-Ø-cw'- F-∂- ap-{Zm-hm Iy-sØ- AXn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- e-fn-X-am-b- am-\Øn¬- t]m-epw- AwKoI-cn-°m≥- hnizm-kn-Iƒ-°v- I-gnbm-Xn-cn-°-p-∂-Xn-s≥-d- Im-c-WwCsXm-∂p- am{X-a-m-Wv.- s]-‰-Ω-tb-°m-fpw- ]nd∂- \m-Sn-t\-°m-fpwkz¿-K-am-Wv- alØ-c-sa∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-Øn-t\m- Iq-dn-t\m- C-Sn-hp- ]-‰psas∂m-∂pwkw-i-bn-t°-≠-Xn-√.a-s‰m-cp- {]-iv-\w- kw-kv-Im-c-Ønt≥-d-Xm-Wv.- H-cp- Im-cyw- \mwa-\ n-em-°p-I.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-ßƒ-°p- am-{X-ta- kv-Ym-bn-bpwkp-i-Iv-X-hp-am-b- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-Im≥- I-gn-bq.- a\p jy-cp-sS- Pohn-X- co-Xn-bpw- cq-]-hpw F-ß-s\-bm-I-W-sa-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n t°-≠-Xv- {k-jv-Smhmb- ssZ-h-amWv.- tZ-io-b- kw-kv-Im-cw- F-∂k-¶¬ - ] - w- X-s∂- b-Ym¿-YØ - n¬- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- hn-Im-cß - f - n¬- am{Xwk-v-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´- C-Ø-cw- an-Yy-Iƒ-°v- H-cn-°-epw- kv-Ym-bo-`m-h-a-hIm-i-s∏-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- ap-kv-enan-\- v- ap-kv-en-ambn- \n-e-\n-∂p-sIm≠p-X-s∂- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-Im-cw- kzo-I-cn-®p-Iq-Sm-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

F∂- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°-dp-sS-1 A-`n-{]m-bw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂A¿-Y-an-√m-Ø-X-m-Wv.- C-kv-emw- ]p-tcm-ln-Xa-X-ß-sf-t∏m-seP]hpw- ]qP-bpw- G-Xm\pw- I¿-a-ßfpw- am-{Xw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Hcp- a-X-a-√.- AXv- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns≥-d- F-√m- ta-J-e-I-fn-te°pw- hy-Iv-X-amb- sh-fn-®w- ho-ip-∂p.- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- G-sX-¶nepwta-Je - - a-Xa - p-IvX - a - m-°p-Is - b-∂X - v- ap-kve - n-an-\v- Nn-¥n-°m≥- t]mepwI-gn-bn-√.- C-kv-em-an-I- kw-kv-Im-cw- C-kv-em-an-I- hn-izm-k-Øns≥-d`m-K-a-m-Wv.- hkv-{X[m-c-Whpw- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bp-sa√mw-X-s∂- C-kvem-an-I- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-I- ap-kv-enans≥d- _m-[y-X-bm-Wv.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bp-sa-∂-√- ssZ-ha-√m-Ø- B-sc-bpw,-- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-(k-)-sb-t∏m-epw- Bcm-[n-°m≥ap-kv-en-w-Iƒ-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-ssi-en-bn-tem- Po-hn-Xco-Xn-bn-tem- C-¥y-°v- kz-¥amb- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh-∂v- Ncn-{Xw- \-sΩ- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-a-n√.- E-tKz-Z- Im-e-Øv- kv-{XoI-fpw- ]p-cp-j-∑mcpw- X-e-∏m-hv- [-cn-®n-cp-∂p2sh-¶n-epw- B- B-Nmcwkzo-I-cn°m≥- C-∂p-≈-h¿- k-∂-≤-c-√.- ]-e- co-Xn-I-fpw- cq-]-ßfpw- k-a-\z-bn-®- \m-Sm-Wv- ]-≠p-ap-X¬-t°- C-¥y.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂- C-kv-em-anI- kwkv-Im-cw- h-en-s®-dn-™v- `mcXo-b- kw-kv-I-m cw- kzo-I-cn-®m-te- b-Ym¿-Y- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-hp-I-bp≈q-sh-∂- hm-ZØn-¬- bm-sXm-cp- I-g-ºp-an-√."ln-µp'-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- B-Zy-Im-eØv- - A-¿-Yw- C-¥y°m-cs\∂mbn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n-°-p-I-bpw- h-f-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-h sc-√mw- B- A¿YØn¬- ln-µp-°-fm-Wv.- ]-t£,- cm-a-s\-bpw- Irjv W-s\-bpw- tKm-amXmhn-s\-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-h≥- am-{X-am-Wv- C∂sØ- A¿-Y-Øn¬- "lnµp'.- Cu- \n¿-h-N-\-am-Wv- "ln-µp- a-Xw'F∂kv-Ym-]-\- a-X-Øn-\v- P-∑-w \¬InbXv.kn-\v-[p\-Zo-X-Skwkv-Im-cw-:- `m-c-Xo-bkw-kv-Im-cw- ssh-ZnI kw-kv-Im-c-am-sW-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m-\p-≈- sIm-≠p-]n-Sn-®- {iaßƒ- \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS-bm-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-I-m-c-sØ°pdn®- hn-h-c-ßƒ- e-`n-®-Xv.- 1856˛¬- ap¬-Øm≥-˛I-dm-®n- dq-´n¬sd-bn¬-thsse≥- \n¿-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-¬- F-©n-\o1.- tKmƒ- hmƒ-°¿-:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c- t]-Pv-:- 575 ap-X¬- 585 h-sc- t\m-°p-I.2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-:- 1,- t]-Pv-:-181

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

b-dm-b- tUm¨- {_¨-S¨- F∂- Cw-•ojp-Im-c-\m-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\Zo-XS- kw-kvI - m-cØ - n-s≥-d- A-Sb - m-fß - ƒ- B-Zy-am-bn- I-s≠-Øn-bXv.A-t±-l-hpw- k-tlm-Z-c≥- hn-eyw- {_¨-S-Wpw- \-K-cm-h-in-jv-S-ßfn-se- C-jv-Sn-I-I-ƒ- sIm-≈-sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- X-ßfp-sS- sd-bn¬thsse-\p-I-fn¬- ssa-ep-Itfm-fw- Zq-cw- C-jv-Sn-I- hn-cn®p.- 1870˛¬- B¿ °n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P\dembn-cp-∂- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- I-Ænw-Kv- lmw-,- tam-l≥-P-Zm-tcm- lm-c-∏kw-kv-Im-cw- ]-T-\ hnt[-b-am-°n-sb-¶n-epw- 1921˛¬- k¿- tPmäm¿-j-¬- B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn- ta-[m-hn-b-m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ- am-{X-amWvth-≠{X- {]m-[m-\y-tØm-sS- im-k{v- Xo-bam-b-- ]-T\ - w- \-S∂ - X -- v.- _n.kn2500˛m-am-≠n-\-Sp-Øm-Wv- ssk-\v-[-h- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- D-®n-sb∂m-Wv- `-q-cn-]-£w- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw1.- A-øm-bnc-tØm-fw- h¿-jw- ]-g-°-ap≈- Cu- kw-kv-Im-cw- \-K-c-kw-hn-[m\w,- hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy,- I-c-Iui-ew,- sIńS- \n¿-amWw,- ip-No-I-c-Ww,Ir-jn,- I-®-hSw,- I-∂p-I-m-en- h-f¿-Ø¬- Xp-Sßn-b- cw-K-ß-fn-se√mw- A-kq-bm¿-l-am-b- h-f¿-®- t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p2.- Cu- kw-kv-Im-cØn-\v- ssh-Zn-I-kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bnbm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[hp-an-√.- _n.kn.- 1200¬-- C-¥-y-bn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂- B-c-y-∑m-tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv-3 C-¥-ymN-cn-{Xam-c-w-`n-°p-∂-sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂-p- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S- kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- Adnhp- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- hn-Nm-cn-°-s∏ ńcp∂Xv.ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-sa-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-amWv- `m-cX - Ø - ns≥-d- ]u-cm-Wn-I- kw-kvI - m- c - s - a-∂- [m-cW - ° - v- kn\v[p\Zo-X-S- kwkv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Øw- C-f-°w-X-ń-®p.- thtZm]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- cq]w- \¬-In-b- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn- kZri-a√mØ- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-cw- kl{km_vZßƒ°v apºpXs∂ ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂- K-th-j-W- ^-ew- X-ß-fm-Wv- `mcX Øn-s≥-d- A-h-Im-in-I-sf-∂- A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂-h¿-°vAkl-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- D¬-J-\-\-ßƒ- A-Xv- h-kv-Xp-Xbm-sW∂v- sX-fn-bn-®p.1.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv-:- a-\p-jy≥- kz-bw- \n¿an-°p-∂p.2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\- tIm-iw,-- hm-fyw-:- 2.- t]-Pv-:- 766.3.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN-¬-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-¥p- kw-`-hn-®p?-- t]-Pv-:- 194.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-´w- _n.-kn- 1200˛\pw- 1400˛\pw- C-S-bn-emsW-∂mWv- {]-i-kv-X- P¿-a≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- am-Iv-kv-ap-≈-d-S-°w]-e- {]-K-Xv-`c-- psSbpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- F-∂m¬,- ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-´Øn-\v- ap-ºv- th-Z-ßtfm- a‰-p- B-cy-{K-\v-Y-ß-tfm- ]-Tn-°m-Ø- H-cpk-aqlw- C-¥y-bn¬- a-l-Øm-b- H-cp- \m-K-cn-I-X- kv-Ym-]n-®p-sh-∂ Im-cyw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥- ssh-a-\-ky-ap-≈-,- kv-Ym-]n-X- Xm¬-]-cy°-mc - m-b- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Øp-Im-cp-sS- ]pXnb- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw- sshZn-Ibp-Kw- _n.-kn- 3000˛Øn-epw- ]n-d-tIm-´m-sW-∂mWv.- A-ß-s\kn-\[ v- p-\Z- o-XS- - kw-kI v- m-cw- th-Z˛- ]p-cm-W- Im-eL - ´- Ø - n-s≥-d- ]n¥pS¿-®bm-sW-∂pw- {_m-lv-a-W- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cnW-Xim-Jbm-sW-∂pw- A-h¿- hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- _m-en-i-ß-fm-b- G-Xm-\pw- sXfnhp-Iƒ- C-h¿°v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h-sb-√mw-X-s∂A-Sn-kvYm-\-cln-X-ß-fm-sW-∂v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- G-sd- ]m-Sp-s]tS-≠-Xn-√.k-n-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-k-wkv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I¿- Idp-Ø-h-cmb- {Zmhn-U∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- ap-gph≥]n≥-_-e-hp-ap-≈-Xv.- {Zm-hn-U-∑m¿-°m-I-s´- B-cy∑m-cp-am-bn- F-s¥¶n-epw- k-mZr-iy-ßtfm- A-h-cp-sS- a-X-hni-zm-k-hp-am-bn- F-s¥-¶nepw- _-\v-[-ß-tfm- D-≈-Xm-bn- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- Cu{Zm-hn-U- kwkvIm-cw- \-in-∏n-®-Xv- B-cym-K-a-\-am-sW-∂pw- A-X-√kn\v[p\-Zn-bp-sS- K-Xn-am-‰-am-sW-∂pw- c≠-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp≠v.- H-∂ma-sØ- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-tf-sd-bp-≈-Xv.- tam¿-´n-a-¿hoe¿,- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-K-Xv-`¿- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b°m-cm-Wv.F-¥m-bn-cp-∂m-epw,- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-dIs≠-Ø-temS-p-Iq-Sn,- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssl-µ-h- kwkvIm-c-am-Wv- `m-c-X-Øns≥-d- ]u-c-m-Wn-I- kw-kv-I-m-c-sa-∂- A-h-Imi-hm-Z-Øn-\pw- ]n∂oSv- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂-h¿- hn-tZ-in-I fm-Wv,- A-h¿- ]p-d-Øp-t]m-I-W-sa-∂- B-i-b-Øn-\pw- h-ºn-®- XI¿®-bm-Wv- t\-cn-´-Xv.- "`m-c-X- kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kvIm-c'-sa-∂- k-a-hm-Iy-Øn-\v- sX-fn-hp-≠m-°m≥- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-bh-cpsS- Du¿-[i - zm-kw- am-{Xam-Wv,- ssh-ZnI- kw-kvI - m-cs - Ø- _n.kn 3000˛Øn-\p- ap-ºt- Ø-°v- ]n-Sn-®p-he - n-°m-\p-≈- {i-aØ - n-\p- ]n-∂n¬-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

_p≤n-bp-≈-h¿-°v- Z¿-in-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.B-cy-a-Xw-:- "hn-tZ-in-I-fm¬- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂-v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xn-\p- apºv- B-cy-∑m¿- ]n-¥p-S¿-∂- a-X-sa∂- \n-e-°v- ln-µp-a-XwBcy-a-X-sa-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.- ]-t£,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-\m-cy-∑mcpwC-tX- a-Xw -X-s∂- kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\m¬- B-cy-a-Xw- C-¥y-b-n-se- `q-cn`m-K-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p'.-1 B-cy-∑m-¿- sIm-≠-p-h-∂- a-X-am-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂¿-Yw.- Bcy∑mc√- C-¥y-bn-se- b-Ym¿-Y- B-Zn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-sf-∂v- \mw- a-\- nem-°n.- ]n-s∂- B-cy-a-X-Øn-\v- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-sa-∂- t]-cp- hn-fn°p∂sX-ßs - \-bm-Wv?- kn\v[ - p-\Z- o-XS- - kw-kvI - m-cs - Ø- \-in-∏n-®p-sIm≠vA-b¬-\m-Sp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- IpSn-tbdn-b- A-]-cn-jv-Ir-X-cm-bn-cp-∂pBcy-∑m-sc-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-a-Xw.2 {Z-mh - n-U¿-°p-ap-ºp-Xs - ∂- t{]m-t´m- B-k{v- Sn-tem-bU v- v- hw-i°mcmb- Nn-e- hn-`m-K-ßƒ- C-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-b-n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A-`n{]mba-p-≠v.- ]t£,- tam-l≥-P-Zm-tcm-hn-epw- lm-c-∏-bn-epw- a-l-Ømb\m-K-cn-I-X- krjv-Sn-®h¿- {Zm-hn-U-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬Hcp-hn-[w- F-√m- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- G-Im-`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-Wv.- C-h¿G-Xp- h-¿-K-Øn¬-s]-´-h-cm-sW-t∂m- FhnsS- \n-∂v- h-∂-h-cm-sWt∂m- hy-Iv-X-a-√.- X-Zzn-j-b-I-am-bn- hn-`n-∂- A-`n-{]mb°m-cm-Wv]Wv-UnX-∑m¿.sa-Un-‰t- d-\n-b≥- {]-tZ-iØ - p- \ - n-∂v- h-∂h - c - m-Wv- {Zm-hn-U∑ - msc∂m-bn- c - p-∂p- Cu-bS- p-Ø- Im-ew-hs - c- hn-iz-kn-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂X - v.- kqknb≥,- Fem-ssa-‰v,- _-lq-hn,- lq-dn-b≥,- Im-ssk-‰v `m-jI - f - pw- {ZmhnU`m-j-I-fpw- XΩn-ep-≈- km-Zr-iy-hpw-,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Ym≥-,- C-dm\nse- ]¿-h-X-{]-tZ-ißƒ,- bq-{-^-ó-kv- ssS-{Ko-kv- \-Zo-X-S-ßƒ- Xp-Sßn-bn-S-ß-fn-se- k-v-Y-e\m-a-ßƒ-°v- {Zm-hn-U- cq]-ß-fp-am-bp-≈tN¿-®-bpw- A-h¿- sa-Un-‰-td-\nb≥- {]tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂v- h-∂-h-cmsW∂v- ]-d-bm≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-sc- t{]cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-X3v .1. Satyavrata Patel: Hinduism, Religion and way of life Page: 1. 2. tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-¥v- kw-`-hn-®p-,- t]-Pv-:- 194.3. K.A. Nilakandashasthri: A History of South India. Page 118.

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥- hw-i-P-cm-b- Z-£n-W- bq-tdm-t∏m-bv-Uv- h-w-i°mcmWv- (southern europoid race)- {Z-m-hnU-sc-∂- A-`n{]m-b-sØB[p-\nI- \-c-hw-i- im-kv-{X-Pv-R-∑m¿- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n-√.- XmcXtay-\- sh-fp-Ø- h¿-K-°m-cm-b- bq-tdm-t∏m-bv-Up-I-fp-am-bn- B-IrXn-bnepw- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-epwhy-Xy-kv-X-cm-Wv- {Zm-hn-U-∑m¿.- {Zm-hn-Ucn¬- a-n-{i-hw-iØn-s≥-d- {]-Ir-Xn-bpw- L-S-\-bp-am-Wv- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.I-dp-Ø-tXm- Cfw-X-hn-´p- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈-tXm- B-b- N¿-aw,- I-´n-Ip-d™- Xe-ap-Sn,- an-X-am-bn- h-f¿-∂- i-co-c-tcm-a-ßƒ,- ]n--d-tIm-´v- sNcn-™v- Hs´m-s°- ]-c-∂- s\-‰n,- h-f-™p-hn-I-kn-®- ]p-cn-I-ßƒ,Ip-gn-™- \-b\-X-ew,- D-b-cw- Ip-d-™v- t\-sc-bp≈-tXm- A¬-]w\-Sp-hp-b¿-∂-tXm- B-b- aq-°n-s≥-d- ]m-ew,- H-´p-hn-S¿-∂- \m-km-Zzmc-ßƒ,- A¬-]w- X-Sn-®- Np-≠p-Iƒ,-- sN-dp-tXm- C-S-Ø-c-tam- B-bXm-Sn-sb-√p-Iƒ-,- km-am\yw- Ip-\n-™- ap-Jw,- \o-≠p-b¿-∂- X-e- Ch-bmWv- {Zm-hn-U-cp-sS- {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.- C-h-sb√mw- bq-tdm-t∏m-bvUv- hn-`m-K-Ønepw- \o-t{Km-bv-Uv- hn-`m-K-Øn-epw- Dƒ-s∏-´- Nn-e- {Kq∏-p-Iƒ- XΩn¬- tN¿-∂-Xn-s≥-d- e-£-W-ß-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- {]-KXv-` \m-b- Fw.- s\-kv-Xp¿-°n-s≥-d- A`n-{]m-bw1.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-epw- sa-k s]m-t´m-anb-bn-epw- \m-K-cn-I-X-°v- B-cw`w- Ip-dn-®-Xn-\v- G-I-tZiwk-a-Im-enI-am-bn-X-s∂- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬- \mKcn-I-X- kr-jvSn®- {Zm-hnU-∑m¿- Cu- c-≠p- h¿-Kß - f - p-sS-bpw- k-¶c - k - ¥ - X - n-If - msW∂- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp-s≠-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv.B-c-y-∑m-cp-sS- X-d-hm-Sv-:- Bcy-∑m-cp-sS- B-Zn-a-hm-k-kv-Y-ewF-hn-sS-bm-sW-∂-Xn¬- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymk-ßf - p-≠v.- ]-t£,- A-h¿ - - C-¥y-°p-]p-dØ - p-\n∂v- h - ∂ - h - c - m-sW∂Im-cy-Øn¬- H-cp-hn-[w- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-sc-√mw- tbm-Pn-°p-∂p.- C∂ sØ- l-¶-dn,- B-kv-{Sn-b,- s_m-lo-an-b- Xp-Sßn-bn-S-ß-fn¬- tUm.]n.- ssK¬kv- B-cy-X-dhm-Sv- Is≠-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- a-s‰m-cp- hn-`mKw]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- ]m-ao¿- ]o-T-`q-an-bm-Wv- BZy-B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- hm-kkvY - e - s - a-∂v- hm-Zn-®p.- P¿-a≥-Im-c\ - m-b- E-tKz-Z] - W - U v- n-X≥- G-Wkv‰vtlm-ao-kv- D-Ø-c-{[p-h-Øn-em-Wv- B-Zn-B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- X-d-hm-sS-∂v1. M. Nesthurkh: The Races of Mankind Page 174.

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- \n-c-Øn- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p-≠v-1. "Nn-e-¿- B-cy-∑m-cpsS]q¿hnI- hm-k-kv-Ym-\w- D-Ø-c-bq-tdm-∏m-sW-∂pw- ]iv-Nn-a- bqtdm∏m-sW-∂pw- kn-≤m-¥n-®p.- bq-tdm-∏n¬-\n-∂pw- G-jy-bn-seØn-btKm-{X-hn-`m-K-ß-ƒ- {I-ta-W- t]-gv-ky-,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Ym≥- F-∂o{]-tZ-i-ßƒ hgn- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- kn-≤m¥w.- I-cn-¶-S-en\p- hS-°p-≈- _mƒ-°≥- {]-tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂v- t]-gvky-h-gn- h-∂-h-cm-sW-∂- A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- km¿-h{XnIw.- 1988˛¬- tIm-fn≥- sd≥-^yq- F-∂- ]p-cm-X-X-z-]-Wv-Un-X≥- ]p-Xnsbm-cp- kn-≤m-¥-ap-∂-bn-®p.- Xp¿-°n-bn-se- A\-tØm-fn-bm- {]-tZi-Øv- Nm-X¬-l-bp-Kw- B-bn-cn-°-Ww- C-t¥m- bqtdm-]y-∑m-cp-sSbpw- A-h-cp-sS- aq-e-`m-j-bp-sS-bpw- D¬-`-h-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂pw- Duln°p-∂p.- Im¿jn-I- hn-I-k-\-tØm-sSm-∏-am-W-t{X- ]p-Xn-b- `m-jIƒ- D¬-`-hn-®-Xpw- hym-]n-®-Xpw.-- hv-fm-Zn-kv-em-hv- C-√n-®v-kv-hn-Zn-Iv,B-d≥-Z¬- Kthm¬-kv-In- F∂o- d-jy≥- `m-jm-]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- kzX-{¥-K-th-j-W-Øn-eqsS- C-t¥m-bq-tdm-]y-∑m-cp-sS- aq-e-tI-{µw- A\-tØm-fn-b {]-tZ-i-am-Im-sa-∂v- kn-≤m-¥n-®n-cp-∂p'-2.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

ky-[ma1 (C-∂pw- \m-sf-bpw- C-hƒ- Xp-ey-am-bn-Øs-- ∂- h¿-Øn°p∂p.- B- Zo¿-L-Im-e-tØ-°v- A-hƒ- h-cp-W-s≥-d- Kr-l-Øn¬t]m-Ip∂p'-)- F-∂- EtKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-hpw- CtXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®- kq-IvX-ßf - pw- DØ-c{- [p-hØ - nse- D-jx- I - m-es - Ø- h¿-Wn-°p-∂h - b - m-sW∂m-Wv- tem-Ia - m-\y-Xn-eI - s - ≥d- A-`n-{]m-bw.- "B- Zo¿-LI - m-et- Ø°vD-j-kv- h-cp-W-`-h-\Øn¬- t]m-bn- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p- F-∂p-≈-Xn-\v,B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- B-Zn-a-hm-k-kv-Y-eØv- B-dpamkw- A-\v-[-Im-c-amsW-∂m-Wv- A¿-Y-am-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xv'2.- B-dp- am-kw- ]-I-epw- B-dpamkw- cm-{Xn-bp-am-b- {]-tZ-iw- {[p--h-ß-fn-em-b-Xn-\m¬- A-hn-sS-\n∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww- B-c-y-∑mcp-sS- hn-hn-[- tZ-iß-fn-te-°p-≈- Ip-Sntb‰w- \-S-∂-Xv- F-∂pw- XneI≥- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.-

{]-K-Xv-`-cm-b- C-¥y≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw-,- B-cy-∑m¿- C-¥-y°p]pdØp- \n-∂p- h-∂h - c - m-sW-∂- A-`n-{]m-b° - m-¿X - s - ∂-bm-Wv.- tUm. F-kv.- cm[m-Ir-jv-W≥,- k¿ B¿.Pn.- `-WvUm¿-°¿,- A-t£m-bvIp-am¿- a-Pqw-Zm¿,- B¿.-C.-kn.- Z-Ø-,- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥XpSßnb- ]-Iz-a-Xn-I-fp-sS-sb√mw- A-`n-{]m-bw- C-X-s{X.-

B-cy-`m-js - b-°p-dn-®v- K-th-jW - w- \-SØ - n-b- ]-WU v- n-X∑mcpwAXn\v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- `m-j-bp-am-bp-≈- _-\v-[w- Nq-≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p≠v."E-tKz-Z-Ønse- `m-j-sb-∏-‰n- K-th-j-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- ]m-iv-N-m-Xy]Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- A-Xn-\v- t]¿-jy≥,- {Ko-°v-,- e-Øo≥,- Sq-t´m-Wn-Iv,kv-tem-thm-Wn-Iv- `m-j-I-fp-ambn- _-\v-[-ap-s≠-∂v- I-s≠-Øn.- Ahs°-√mw- Iq-Sn- s]m-Xp-hm-b- H-cp- aq-e-`mj-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mW-hc - p-sS- A-\p-am-\w.- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kvI - rX-Øn-\v- am-Xr-Xzw- I¬]n°m-\-h¿- X-ø-m-d-√.- Im-c-Ww,-- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- ]ga- tXm-∂n-°p-∂H-∂m-W,v - Gjym-ssa-\d - n-se- t_m-Lm-kt-v Im-b-v (Bogahazkoy) F∂nS-Øp-\n-∂v- I-s≠-Sp-Ø- in-em-tc-J-I-fn-se- `m-j'3.-

_m-eK - w-Km-[c - X - n-eI - s - ≥-d- ho-£W - Ø - n¬- B-cy-∑m¿- D-Øc -{[ph-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- h-∂-h-cm-Wv.- A-t±-lw- F-gpXn-:- "G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-cm-b- Bcy≥- P-\-X-bp-sS- hm-k-kv-Y-ew- D-Ø-c-{[p--h- {]m-¥ß-fn-se-hn-sS-tbm- B-bn-cp-∂p-.- C-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-∂p-th-≠sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- B-cy-h-¿-K-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-ß-fm-b- th-Zkm-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw- sk≥-dv- Ah-kv-X-3bn-epw- D-s≠-∂v- hn-i-zm-ktbm-Ky-amw-h-Æw- sX-fn-bn-°m≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂m-Wv- Rm≥- I-cpXp∂Xv'4.- ku-io-c-Zy-k- Zr-io-cn-Zp-tizm,- Zo¿-Lw- kNt¥-h-cp-W-

kn-\v-[p- \-Zo-X-S-Øn-se- en-J-n-X-ßƒ- (Indus scripts) C-Xphsc- hmbn-°m≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- A-Xp-hm-bn-°m≥- I-gn-™m¬ `mcXo-b- ss]-Xr-Is - Ø-°p-dn-®- ]-e- A-aq-ey-hn-PvRm-\ß - f - pw- a-\ - nem°m≥- I-gn-bpsa∂mWv- hn-Z-Kv-[¿- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fpwD-]\ - n-jØ - p-°f - p-sa-√mw- XpS-°Ø - n¬- ]-le v- h - n- en-]n-bn-em-bn-cp∂ph-t{X- F-gp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- {_mlv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- AXn-{]k-c-Øn¬-,- h-e-Xp-`m-K-Ø-p-- \n-∂v- F-gp-X-s∏Sp∂- ]-lv-e-hn-bn¬\n-∂v- Ah- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-te-°v- Xn-cn-™p-t]m-Ip-Ibm-W-t{X-

1.- hn-iz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- hm-:- 2 ""B-cy-∑m¿''- t]-Pv- 269 2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw-,- hm-eyw- 1 ""B-cy-∑m¿''-,- t]-Pv- 180.3.- C-dm≥-Im-cp-sS- ]u-cm-Wn-I- th-Z-{K-\v-Yw.4.- Bala Gangadara Tilakan: Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 19

1.- E-tKz-Zw- 1:123:-8.2.- Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 103. 3.- ]n.- Zm-tam-Z-c-]n-≈-:- K-Zy-ssI-c-fn- `m-:- 4 t]-Pv- 161

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

D≠m-bXv1.- kn-\v-[n-`m-jm-en-]n- A-d-_n- A-£-c-ß-sf-t∏m-se-bmWvIm-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- kw-kv-Ir-X- `m-j- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°s∏´Xvth-Zßfn-em-sW-∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- A-Yh - m,- B-cy- `- m-jb - m-b- kwkvIr-Xhpw- kn-\v-[n- `m-j-bpw- X-Ωn¬- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an√.- Cu"_-\v-[-an√m-bv-a' bpw- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv- B-cy-∑m¿- C-¥y°p- ]p-dØp-\n-∂v- h∂-h-cm-sW∂m-Wv-; A-h-cp-sS- `m-j-t]m-epw- C-¥y-°p]p-d-Øp- cq-]-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂pw.C-t¥m-bq-tdm-]y≥- `m-j-bm-b- kw-kv-Ir-Xw- kw-km-cn-®n-cp∂Bcy-∑m¿- t]-gv-ky-bn¬- (C-dm≥-)- Ip-sd-°m-ew- I-gn-®p-Iq-´n.- ]ns∂bm-Wv- C¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂-Xv.- t]-gv-ky-°m-cp-sS- sk≥-dv- Ah-kvXF-∂- {K-\-vY-Øn-se- `m-j-°pw- ssZ-h-ßƒ-°pw- th-Z-ß-fnse- `mj bpw- ssZ-h-ß-fp-am-bn- h-f-sc- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- C-{µ≥,- an-{X≥,- hmbpF-∂o- ssZ-h-ßƒ- c-≠n-epw- Im-Wmw2.C-sX-√mw- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-db - pw- sX-fn-hp-If - p-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvYm\-Ønep-≈- \n-K-a-\-ß-fm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- X-d-hmSvC¥y-bn¬- Xs∂- I-s≠-ØW-sa-∂v- \n-¿-_-\v-[-ap-≈- Nn-e-cp-≠v.Cu- Nn¥m-KX - n-bpsS- P-\b - n-Xm-hv- B-cy-ka - m-P- kvY - m-]I - \ - m-b- kzman- Zbm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bmWv.- \yq-Z¬-ln- tI-{µ-am-°n- {]-h¿-Øn-®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂- C-Xn-lm-kv- ip-≤n- k≥-kv-Ym≥- (N-cn-{X- ip-≤o-Ic-W- kw-L-S-\)- F-∂- {]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-[m-\- e-£yw- X-s∂B-cy-X-d-hm-Sv- ln-am-e-b-Øn-\n-∏p-d-Øv- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°p-Ib-m-Wv.s{]m^.- ]n. F≥.- Hm-°v- F-∂- "N-cn-{X-Imc-'-\m-¬- \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂{]-kv-Xp-X- kw-L-S-\- tem-I-Øp-≈- t]-cp-tI-´- {]-tZ-i-ßƒ- apgph≥- ssl-µ-h-h-Xv-I-cn-®v- C-Xn-\-Iw- {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v.- B-cyX-d-hmSv- C-¥y-bn-em-sW-∂-Xn-\v- Ip-td- "sX-fn-hp-Iƒ'- C-h¿- D-≤-cn°m-dp-ap≠v.- ]t£,- A-h- \q-dp- i-X-am-\-hpw- _m-en-i-ß-fm-sW-∂XmWv- hmkvX - h - w.- Bcy-Xd - h - mSv- C-¥y-°v- ]p-dØ - m-sW-t∂m- lnµpa-Xw- ssh-tZ-in-I-amsW-t∂m- kv-Ym-]n-°p-I-b-√- \Ωp-sS- e-£y sa-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-htbmtcm-∂-p-sa-Sp-Øv- hn-a¿-in-°m≥- sa-\-s°1.- Bridgett and Raymond Alchiur: The Birth of Indian Civilization D-≤-c-W-w- ]n.-sI.- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W≥-:- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥-d- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw.2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- `m-:- 1 t]-Pv-:- 180

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

Sp-∂n-√.- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-Xw- Bcy∑m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- Z¿i\-ßƒam-{X-am-sW-∂pw- A-h-b-√m-Ø-sX√mw- sshtZ-in-I-hpw- ]pd-Øm°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈- hm-Z-Øn-\v- bp-Iv-Xnbp-sS-bpw- hkvXp-XIfp-sS-bpwbm-sXmcp- ]n≥-_-e-hp-an-s√-∂v- a-\- n-em°m≥th-≠n- am-{X-amWv- B-cy-∑mcpsS- B-Zn-hm-k-kv-Y-e-sØ-°p-dn-®vA¬-]w- ]-cm-a¿-in-®Xv.B-cy-∑m¿- `m-c-X-Øn-\v- ]p-d-Øp-\n-∂v- h-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-sIm≠vA-hcp-sS- a-X-hn-i-zm-k-Øn-s≥-d- aln-a-tbm- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- Hu-PvP-ey-tam- Ipd-bp-∂n-√.- a-X-hpw- Z¿-i-\-hp-sa-√mw- tZ-io-b-X-Iƒ-°Xo-X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-XI-fm-Wv.- B-cyZ¿-i-\w- C-¥y-°-I-Øp-≠m-bXm-sW-¶n-epw- ]p-d-Øp-≠m-b-Xm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h-bp-sS- D¬-t_m[-\hpw- k-n≤ - m-¥ß - f - pw- D-PvP - z-eß-fm-sW-¶n¬- AXw-Ko-Ic - n-°m≥hn-th-I-ap-≈-h¿- ap-gp-h≥- k-∂-≤-cm-hpw.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- C-¥y-°I-Øp-≠m-bn-t∏m-bn- F-∂- H-scm-‰- Im-c-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- G-Xptæ-NO v- am-b- hn-iz- m-kß - s - f-bpw- sN-bX v- n-Is - f-bpw- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°m\pw]m-Sn-∏p-I-gv-Øm-\pwhn-Nm-c-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-sc-sbm-∂pw- In-´psa∂vtXm-∂p∂n-√.- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-t]m-se- `-K-hm≥- (?)- c-P\o-jn-s≥dssewKnI-X-bn-e-[njv-Tn-X-am-b- ssZ-h-X-Øz-im-kv-{X-hpw- km-bn_m-_-bp-sS- Pme-hn-Zym-ssZ-h-m-h-Xm-c-hp-sa-√mw- P-∑-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv- `mcX-Øn-s≥-d- im-Zz-e-`qan-bn¬-X-s∂-bm-W-t√m.tZ-i-ß-f-p-sS- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- B-Xvamhns\bpw- a-\ n-s\-bpw- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-sØ-bpw- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°pIbpw- \nb-{¥n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- a-X-w.- H-cp- tZ-i Øp≈h¿-°v- am{Xw- tam-£w,- H-cp- - X-dh - m-´n¬- ]n-d∂ - h - ¿-°p- am{Xwkz¿-Kw,-Xp-S-ßn-b- hnIrX-X-X-z-im-kv-{X-ßƒ- a-\p-jy-s\- hn-im-eX-bn-te-°-√- k-¶p-Nn-X-Xz-Ø-n-te-°m-Wv- \-bn-°p-I-sb-∂p-d-∏m-Wv.a-l-Ømb- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ- A-Ø-c-Øn¬- k-¶p-Nn-X-am-hp-I-bn-√.--Z¿i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn- ]n-∂o-Sv- h-∂h-cm-Wv- a-l-ØmbZ¿-i\ - ß - s - f- k-¶p-Nn-Xh - X - I v- c - n-®X - v.- sX-‰v- Z¿-i\ - Ø - nt≥d-X√ - ;- A\pbm-bn-I-fptS-Xm-sW-∂¿-Yw.ln-µp-cm-j{v- Sw-:- "`m-cX - w- ln-µp- cm-j{v- S-am-Wv'- F-∂- hm-ZØ - nem

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

Wv- ssh-Im-cn-I- ssl-µ-h-X- ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cuhm-ZØn-\v- ap-sº-∂-tØ-°m-f-p-a-[n-Iw- kzo-Im-cy-X- e-`n-®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ImcWw- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- Adnhn√mbva am-{X-am-Wv.- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- t]cn¬ cmjv{Sap≠m°p hm≥ {ian°p∂h¿ A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-fm-b- th-Z-ß-tfm- D-] \n-j-Øp-I-tfm- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm- B-cWy-I-ß-tfm- ]p-cm-W-ßtfm- F-¥n-\-[n-Iw- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X-t]m-ep-tam- A-h-sc- ]-Tn-∏n-°m-t\mA-Xn¬- \n-∂pw- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {]-amW-ßƒD-≤-cn-°m-t\m- k-∂-≤-cm-Im-dn-√.- lnµp-cmjv-{S-sa∂- kz-]v-\-Øn\vssk-≤m-¥n-I- A-Sn-Ø-d- tX-Sn- ssl-µ-h- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ]-c-Xp-∂-h¿-°v- \n-cm-i- am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw- ^-ew.th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n-sem-∂pw-X-s∂- H-cp- cm-jv-{S-k-¶¬-]wImWpI- km[y-a-√.- I-∂p-Im-en-I-sf- ta-®p-\-S-∂n-cp-∂- \m-tSm-SnI fm-b- B-cy∑mcp-sS- `m-c-Xm-K-a-\-hpw- C-hnS-sØ- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fmb{Zm-hn-U-cn¬- \n-∂pw- t\-cn-tS-≠n- h-∂- sN-dp-Øp-\n¬-]pw,- Bcy∑mcp-sS- {]m-Ir-X- ssZ-h-˛a-X- k-¶¬-]-ß-fp-sa-√m-am-Wv- th-Z-ß-fp-sShn-jb - w.- Po-hm-Xva - m-hn-s\-bpw- ]c-am-Xva - m-hn-s\-bpw- Ip-dn-®- Zm¿i\nI- N¿-®-I-fm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Z-im-h-Xm-cI-Y-I-fpw- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b- I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fpw- \nd™- ]p-cm-W ßtfm- a-{¥-{]-[m-\-am-b- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm- H-∂pw- H-cp- cmjv{Sk-¶-¬-]Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-Iƒ- k-a-¿-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- ]ns∂bp-≈-Xv- cm-am-b-W- a-lm-`m-c-X-ß-fm-Wv.- Cu- C-Xn-lm-k-ßƒ- cmPIp-Spw-_-sØ-bpw- hw-i-sØ-bpw- Nq-gv-∂p-\n¬-°p-∂- I-Y-Iƒ- A-hX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£-,- B-[p-\n-I- cm-jv-{Sk¶¬-]Øn-\v- B[m-c-am-th-≠- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ- tX-Sn- A-h bn¬- ap-ßn-Ø∏n-bm-epw- \n-cm-i- am{X-am-bn-cn-°pw- ^-ew.- ln-µpcm-j-v{S-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-bm-bn- Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂`-K-h-Zv-K-o-X-bp-sS kv-Yn-Xn-bpw-- X-ssY-h.kv-ar-Xn-I-fn¬- km-aq-ln-I-\n-b-a-ß-fpwcm-jv-{S-\n-b-a-ß-fpw{]kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- h¿-Wm-{i-a- hyhkvY-bn-e[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- \n-b-a-ß-fm-W-h- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.- "{_m lvaW-s\- sIm-√p∂- iq-{Z-s\- aq-∂p- {]m-h-iy-am-bn- Xo-bn-en-´v- Nn{X-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

h-[w sN-bv-Xp- sIm-√-Ww.- F-∂m¬,- iq-{Z-s\- a-‰p-≈-h¿- sIm-∂m¬H-cp- h¿-j-sØ- X-S-hpw- ]-{¥≠v- ]-ip-°-sf- ]n-g-bm-bn- h-kqem°pIbpw- sN-bvX - m¬- a-Xn'1- Xp-Sß - n-- {_mlva - W - \ - v- H-cp- \n-bahpwiq-{Z-\v- thsdm-cp- \n-b-a-hpw- N-Wv-Um-f-\v- a-s‰mcp- \n-b-a-hp-sa-∂"kva - r-Xn'I-fn-se- X-Xz- i - m-kv{- Xw- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS- \n¿-an-Xn°pth-≠- ASn-kvYm-\- \n-b-a-ß-f-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-amsW-∂vln-µp- dn-ssh-h-enkv-‰p-Iƒ- t]mepw- ]-d-bp-sa-∂p- tXm∂p-∂n-√.C-¥y- H-cn-°-se-¶n-epw- cm-jv-{So-b-am-b- H-tc-I-I-am-bn-cn-∂p-s√-∂-Xn-\v- N-cn-{Xw- km-£n-bm-Wv.- ap-K-f-cpw- A-^v-Km-\n-I-fpw- Cdm\n-I-fpw- a‰pw- C-¥ybn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- ]-c-kv-]-cwt]mcm-Sns°m-≠n-cp∂- tKm-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- h¿-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- PmXnI-fpsS-bpw- \m-Sp-hmgn-I-fp-sS-bpw- k-aq-l-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- cm-Py-Øp≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv.- ln-µp-a-Xtam- Z¿-i-\-tam- kwkv-Im-c-tam- N-cn-{XØn-sem-cn-°-epw- H-cp- G-Io-I-c-W- iIvXnbm-bn-cp-∂n-´n-√.- am-XrImln-µp-cmjv-{Sw- F-∂p- ]-d-bm-hp-∂- H-cp- cm-jv-{Sw- C-¥y-bp-sS- K-X Im-e- Nc-n{- X-Øn-sehn-sS-bpw- Im-Wp-I- km-[y-a√.- F-tßm-´pw- hf®vhymJym-\n-°m-hp-∂- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- kzm¿Xv-Y-Øn\p-th≠n- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-hm-Z-°m¿.- C-hcpsS- thZ-{K-\vY - a - m-b- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°d - p-sS- "hn-Nm- c - [ - m-c'-bp-sS- kvYnXnbpw- a-dn-®√ - .- H-cp- B-Xy-¥n-I- tZ-io-bX - b - p-sS- hm-Nm-ea - mb- hmIvt[mcWn-I-f-√m-sX- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- A-hn-I-e-amb- H-cp- cq-]-tcJt]mepw- A-Xn¬ I-s≠-Øp-I- km-[y-a√ - .- ln-µp-cm-j{v- S-sa-∂- k¶¬]-Øn-\v- sshIm-cn-I-am-b- B-th-i-a-√m-sX- ssk-≤m-¥n-I-am-b bmsXm-cSn-kv-Ym-\-hp-an-s√-∂¿-Yw.ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- Zm-¿-i-\n-I-am-b- bm-sXm-c¿-Y-hp-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw- H-cp- tZ-i-°m-sc- hn-fn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®- kw-Pv-Ram-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-sX-∂pw- \mw- a-\ - n-em-°n.- ]-t£,- C-∂p- lnµpa-X-sa-∂v- ]-db -- -s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- {Zm-hn-U-hn-izm-km-Nm-c-ß-fpw- B-cy-hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fpw- IqSn-°-e¿-∂- a-X-Øn-\m-Wv.- A-Xm-I-s´- _lpssZ-h-m-cm-[-\- A-w-Ko-I-cn-°p∂p- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn-e-√m-sX- a-s‰m1.- Ku-X-a-[¿-Ω- kq-{Xw-:- D-≤-c-W-w- Ir-jv-Wm-\-µ-kzm-an-:- C-¥y-bn-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cw

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

∂n-epw- G-I-X-b-n-√m-Ø- Ip-sd-b-[n-Iw- a-X-ß-fp-sS- k-¶-e-\-am-Wv.A-sX¥m-bm-epw- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- k-¶-en-X- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- ln-µpa-X-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{K-\v-Y-ß-fp-sS- B-i-b-ß-fn¬- ssZ-hn-It_m-[-\-Øns≥d- k-zm-[o-\-ap-t≠m- F-∂X-mWv- \mw At\z-jWhn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-ep-≈"ln-µp'- i-_Zv- Ø - ns≥d- hn-h£ - - C-∂p- hy-hl - c - n-°p-∂- co-Xn-bnep≈kv-Ym-]-n-X-- ln-µp-a-XamWv.-

2 ln-µp-:- \n¿-h-N-\-ßƒ"ln-µp'-a-X-sa-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- a-X-tam- Z¿-i-\-tam- `m-c-Xo-bNcn{XØn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-´n-s√-∂v- \mw- a-\ n-em-°n.- F-¶n-epw- C∂v"ln-µp-a-Xw' Hcp- km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-Wv-.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- Af-hp-tIm¬- am-{Xw- sh-®p-t\m-°n- "ln-µp'- F∂H-∂n-s√-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- i-cn-b√.- C-∂v- ln-µp-a-Xw- F∂p]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A¿-Y-am-°p∂-sX-¥m-sW-∂- A-t\-z-j-W-Øn-\vAXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- G-sd- {]-kIv-Xnbp-≠v.ssl-µ-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- \m-a-ßƒ- k-Xy-{h--X-]t´¬- Xs‚- "lnµp-bn-kw-:- a-X-hpw- Po-hn-X-am¿-K-hpw'-1 F-∂- {K-\v-YØn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- "B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-\m-cykw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ka-\z-b-Øn¬- \n∂m-Wv- A-`n-\-h- ln-µpa-X-X-X-z-ß-f-p-sS- ]n-d-hn-sb-¶n-epw- B-cy-∑m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- a-Xsa∂- \nebv-°v- A-Xn-s\- B-cy-a-X-sa-∂v,- hntZin-I-fm-¬- ln-µp-aX-sa-∂v- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- a-p-tº-hnfn°s∏´p'-.1. Sathyavratha Patel: Hinduism: Religion and Way of Life.

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

th-Z-ß-sf- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{]-am-W-am-bnkzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ssh-Zn-Ia - X - w- (Vedic Religion) F-∂v- ln-µp-aX - w- A-dn-bs - ∏-´p.- {_mlva-W≥-,- £-{Xn-b≥,- ssh-iy≥,- iq-{Z≥- F-∂n-ßs - \- P-\ß - s - f \mepX-´p-I-fmbn- Xn-cn-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬- hn-i-z-kn-°p-∂- a-X-sa∂\n-ebv° - v,- km-aqlnI- h-o£ - W - Øn¬- h¿-Wm-{i-a[¿-as - a-∂v- lnµpa-Xw- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´p.- {_mlv-a-W∑m-cm-¬- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- a-Xsa ∂- \n-ebv-°v- B-Zy-am-bn- {_mlva-W-a-X-sa-∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww- ln-µp a-Xw- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv1.Km-\v-[n-Pn- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-\v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂- \n¿-h-N-\w- {i-≤n°p-I-:- "Rm≥ kz-bw- k-\m-X-\- ln-µp-sh-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.- I-m-cWw:-- (1)-- Rm≥- th-Z-ß-fn-epw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n-epw- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn epw- a-‰p- ln-µp- a-X-{K\v-Y-ß-fn-epw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fnepw- ]p-\¿-Pv-P∑Øn-epw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- (2).- C-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- A-]-cn-jv-Ir-Xco-Xn-bn-e√ - m-Ø,- I¿-°i - a - m-bn- th-Zß - fn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°s - ∏-´- coXnbn-ep-≈- h¿-Wm-{i-a- [¿-a-Øn¬- Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.- (3)-.- C-∂v{]-kn-≤-am-b-Xn-epw- A-[n-I-am-b- A¿-Y-Øn¬- Rm≥- ]-ip-hn-s≥-dk-w-c-£-W-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- (4)-.- Rm≥- hn-{K-lm-cm[-\-bn¬A-hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-√'-2.km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-\v- \¬Ip ∂- hn-iZo-I-cWw- t\m-°p-I-:- "`m-c-X-tZ-i-Øn¬- D-Xv-`-hn-®- k-\m X-\- [¿-a-im-kv-{X-ßƒ,- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ F-∂n-h-sbs]m-Xp-hm-tbm- `mKn-I-am-tbm- kz[¿-am-Z¿-i-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-®v- BZcn-°p-I-bpw- `m-c-X-tZ-isØ- am-Xr-`q-an-bm-bpw- ]p-Wy-`q-an-bm-bpwI-cp-Xn- _-lp-am-\n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-Xm-tcm- A-bmƒ- ln-µp'-3.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

`qanbm-bpw- ]n-Xr-`q-an-bm-bpw- I-W-°m-°p-∂- B-sf- ln-µp- F-∂phnfn°p∂p)1.C-ß-s\- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- \n¿-h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-Øn\v\¬-I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- ]n-d-∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-√mw- sslµ-h-sa-∂- hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xn-c-m-Wv- Km-\v-[n-b≥- ho-£-Ww.- th-tZ-m-]\nj-Øp-°ƒ-°v- {]m-am-Wn-I-X- I¬-]n-°m-Ø- H-´-\-h-[n- Nn-¥m-[mc-Iƒ- C-¥y-bn¬- ]-n-d-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- "cm-a-\pw- Ir-jv W-\pw- Cu-iz-c-s≥-d- A-hXmc-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°m-Ø- F{Xtbm- t]¿- ln-µp- [¿-a-Øn-\I-Øp≠v'2 F-∂- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒhmƒ°-dp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p∂-h-t\- ssl-µ-h-\m-Iq-sh-∂- Km-\v-[n-b≥- ho-£-Ww.- ]-ip-hn-s\am-{X-a-√,- \m-K-sØ-bpw- Xp-f-kn-s®-Sn-sbbpw- KwKm-P-e-sØ-bpwA-ßs - \- ]-eX - n-s\-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂h - c - p-≠v ssl-µh - c - n¬.- hyXykv-X- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- \m-Km-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ßsf-bpw- a-‰p- tZ-h-tZ-h-Xm- hn-izm-k-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- hn-i-Z-am-bnF-®v.-F-.- tdmkv,- "ln-µp- ssZ-h-ß-fpw- tZ-h-X-I-fpw'-3 F-∂- {K-\v-YØn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- X-Zv-hn-j-b-I-am-b- hn-i-Z-am-b- {]-Xn-]m-Z\-Øn-\v- C-hnsS- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bn-√.- hn-i-z-m-k-Øns≥-d-tbm- B-Nm-cØn-s≥-d-tbm- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- am-{Xw- ssl-µ-h-X-sb- \n¿-hNn°m≥- Ign-bn-s√-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-i-o-b-X-sb- ASnkv-Ym-\-am-°n-bp-≈- \n¿-h-N-\-ßƒ°p≈- t{]-c-W- e-`n-®Xv.- hnizmk- hn-πh-Øn-\p- apºn¬- ]-cm-Pbs∏-Sp-sa-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- Ip-dph-Sn-I-fpw- I-Tm-cn-I-fpw- {]-tbm-Kn-°p-Isb-∂- X-{¥-Øn¬- A-\pbmbn-I-sf- X-f-®n-Sm≥- t\-XrXzw- H-cp-sº-Sp-∂-X-v.-

{io-Zm-tam-Z-c- k-h¿-°¿- X-s≥-d- "ln-µp-Xzw'- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-IØn¬- F-g-pXp-∂p-:"B- kn-\v-[p- kn-\v-[p- ]-cy-¥m-b-ky- `m-c-X-`q-an-Im]n-Xr-`q- ]p-Wy-`q-iv-ssN-h-k-ssh- ln-µp-cn-Xn-kv-ar-Xm'(kn-\v[ - p-XS- w- ap-X¬- k-ap-{Zw- h-sc-bp-≈- `m-cX - `- q-an-sb ]pWy 1. Ibid-Page 1-3 2. Gandhi M.K: Complete Works Vol XXI, Page 246 3.- km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥- ]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,-- t]-Pv- 7-

1. Quoted in `m-c-X- hn-Pvm-\-tIm-iw- hm-fw- 2 t]-Pv- 828. 2.- hn-Nm-c-[m-c- t]-Pv- 576 3. H.A. Rose: Hindu Gods and Goddesses

[-¿a - h - pwkw-kvI - m-ch - pw-

3 `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-ßƒZ¿-i-\-sa-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- ]p-cm-X-\-∑m¿- I¬-]n-®n-cp-∂- A-¿Yw{]-] ©-Øn-s≥-db - pw- a-\p-jy-s≥-db - pw- B-¥c - n-I- kz-`m-hs - Ø-°pdn®- ]-T-\-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- {]-Ir-Xn,- {]-]-©w-,- a-\p-jy≥,- Pv-Rm-\w,Nn-¥,- - {]-XnPvR,- C-{µn-bm-\p-`q-Xn,- Po-hn-Xw- ,- - a-cW - w- F-∂n-hs - b√mwZ¿-i\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- At\z-jW - - ]-cn-[n-bn¬-s]-Sp-∂p.- F-hn-sS- \n-∂mWva-\p-jy≥- h-∂X - v?- F-tßm-´m-Wh - s - ≥-d- bm-{X?- B-cm-Wv- a\pjy≥?a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns≥-d- A¿-Y-hpw- e-£y-hp-sa-¥m-Wv?- \-∑-bpwXn-∑-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- hy-Xym-k-sa¥v?- F-¥m-Wv- {]-]©w?- {]-]©-Øn-\v- X-p-S-°-tam- H-Sp-°-tam- D-t≠m?- {]-]©-Øn-s≥-d- ImcW-sa-¥v?- Xp-Sß - n-b- H-´\ - h - [ - n- tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°p-≈- DØ-cß - f - m-bmWvZ¿-i-\-ßƒ- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv.- k-Xy-sa-¥m-sW-∂- A-t\z-j-W-am-WvZ¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-tNm-Z-\w.- hy-Xy-kv-X- co-Xn-I-fn¬- Cu- {]iv\ßsf- k-ao-]n-®- Zm¿-i\ - n-I∑ - m¿- X-Ωn¬- Nq-Sp-]nSn-®- N¿-®I - f - pw- kwhmZ-ß-fpw- \-S-∂-Xm-bpw- A-Xn¬-\n-∂pwhn-`n-∂-ß-fmb- Z¿-i-\-ßƒP-\n®-Xmbpw- tem-I-N-cn-{Xw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.`m-c-XØn-s≥-d- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-hpw- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- H-´pw-

`n∂-a-√.- `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-sØ- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-t∂m- \m-k-vXn-I-sat∂m- H-‰-b-Sn-°v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- h-f-sc- kq-£n-®p-thWw.- Im-c-Ww,-`m-c-X- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- BXv-ao-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- ù-Xn-I- Z¿-i-\-ßfpwkzm-[o-\w- sN-e-p-Ønb-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-w.- Im-e-Øn-\-\p-kcn-®v- Cu- kzm-[o-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-]m X-Øn¬- G-‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp≠m-bn-cp-t∂-°mw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂- B Xvao-b- Z¿-i-\-ßƒam-{X-am-Wv- `m-c-X N-cn-{X-Øn¬- kzm[o\w- sN-ep-Øn-bn-´p-≈-sX∂hm-Zw-t]m-se-X-s∂- ù-Xn-I- Z¿-i-\-ß-fm-Wv- `mc-Xo-b- ]ptcm-KXn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂- ho-£-W-hpw- A-Sn-kv-Y-m-\- c-ln-X-am-Wv.`m-cXo-b- XX-zN - n-¥- km-cmw-iØ - n¬- B-[ym-Xva - n-Ia - m-sW-∂pw- cmjv{So-b- kwL-S-\-I-tfm- km-aq-ln-I- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-tfm- A-√,- A-Km-[am-b- B-Xv-ao-bXbm-Wv- Im-e-Øn-s≥-d- sI-Sp-Xn-I-sf-bpw- N-cn-{XØn-s≥-d- BI-kv-an-I-X-Isfbpw- t\-cn-Sm≥- C-¥y-°p- I-gn-hp-≠m°n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv- F∂p-ap-≈- tUm.-cm[m-Irjv-Ws≥-d-1 hn-e-bn-cpØ¬- H-c-f-hp-h-sc- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n-epw- ù-Xn-I-sa-∂- v- hn-fn-°-s∏Sp∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-s∂- `m-c-X- ]p-tcm-KXnsb- kzm-[o-\n®n-ń-s√-∂- ho-£-Ww- ]-£-]m-X-c-ln-X-am-sW-∂p- ]-d-bmh-X-√.]-c-tem-I-{]m-]v-Xn-bn-tem- C-l-tem-I-\n-tj-[-Øn-tem- Du∂n-\n¬-°p-∂- H-cp- kw-kvI - m- c - w,- A-s√-¶n¬- tem-Ih - o-£W - w,- C{Xk-ar-≤h - pw- ssh-hn-[y- ]q¿-Wh - p-am-b- Po-hn-X- {]-Im-iß - ƒ-°v- cq]w\¬-Ip-sa-∂v-hn-iz-kn-°m≥-X-s∂- {]-bm-k-am-sW-∂pw- ]-c-tem-Ihn-izm-k-Øn¬- A[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- k-l-{km_v-Z-ß-fn-eq-sS- \n-e-\n-∂p-t]m-cm≥- km-[y-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ F∂pap-≈- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hn-s≥-d-2 ho-£-W-am-I-s´,ap≥- [m-c-W-bn¬-\n∂p-S-se-Sp-Ø- A-_≤w- am-{X-am-Wv.- ssZ-hn-IZ¿-i\ - ß - ƒ-°√ - m-sX,- H-scm-‰- `-uX - n-IZ- ¿-i\ - Ø - n\pw- Im-eØ - n-s≥dH-gp-°n-s\- \n-b-{¥n-°m-t\m- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°mt\m- kv-Ym-bn-bmbn- {]-tNm-Zn-∏n-°m≥- t]m-ep-tam- I-gn-™n-ń-s√-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn\vN-cn-{Xw- km-£n-bm-Wv.- `m-c-X- N-cn-{X-Øn-¬-Ø-s∂- I-s≠-Ømhp-∂- Nm¿hm-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- ]n-≥-ap-d- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥- AXym[p\n-I- bpIvXnhm-Zn-Iƒ-°p-t]m-epw- ssh-a-\-ky-amsW-∂- h-kvXp1. Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy, Vol: 1 Page 24-25 2. Jawaharlal Nehru: Discovery of India Page 71

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

X-Xs∂- C-Xn-\p-≈- sXfn-hm-Wv.`m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-∂pw- \m-kv-Xn-I-sa-∂pwc-≠mbn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- "]-X-Rv-P-en-bp-sS- ({In.- ap:150)- A-`n {]m-b-Øn¬ -"AXp≠v'- F-∂p- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h≥- B-kv-Xn-I-\pw"A-Xn-√'- F-∂p- hn-iz-kn-°p∂-h≥- \m-kv-Xn-I-\p-am-Wv.- Cu- temI-Øn-\-∏p-d-Øv- H-cp- ]-c-tem-I-ap-s≠∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-sc- BkvXn-I-sc-∂pw,- A-Xn-s√-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-sc- \m-kv-Xn-I-sc-∂pwhn-fn-®n-cp-∂p-h-s{X.- Im-e-{I-a-Øn¬- Cu- ]-Z-ßƒ-°v- ]p-Xn-b- A¿Y-hym-]v-Xn-bp-≠m-bn.- th-Z-ß-fp-sS- B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b- B-[nImcn-IXsb- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-∂pw- th-Z-{]-am-W-ßfpsS- km-[p-X-sb- tNm-Zyw- sN-bv-X-h- \m-kv-Xn-I-ß-sf-∂pw- \n¿-hNn-°-s∏-´p.- Cu- hn-`-P-\-a-\p-k-cn-®v- kmw-Jyw,- \ym-bw,- tbm-Kw-,ssh-ti-jn-Iw,- ]q¿hao amw-k,- th-Zm-¥w F-∂o- Z¿-i\ - ß - ƒ- BkvXn-Iß - f - pw- tem-Im-bX - w,- am[yan-Iw,- ku-{Xm-¥n-Iw,- ssh-`m-jnIw,ssP-\w- F-∂n-h- \m-kv-Xn-I-ß-fp-amWv'1.`m-c-X-Øn¬- H-´-\-h-[n- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ- cq-]-sa-Sp-Øn-´p-s≠-¶n epw- {][m-\-am-b- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ- B-sI- B-sd-Æ-am-Wv.- C-h-sb-bmWvj-Uv-Z¿-i-\ßƒ- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.- \ym-bw,- ssh-ti-jn-Iw,kmw-Jyw,- tbm-Kw,- ]q¿-haoamwk,- th-Zm-¥w- F-∂n-h-bm2-W-h.Ch-sb- \-ap-s°m-∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏Smw-:-˛ \ym-b-Z-¿-i-\w-:- A-£-]m-Z-s\-∂pw- Ku-X-a-s\-∂p-a-dnb-s∏´n-cp-∂- _n.-kn- 400˛\pw- 600˛\pw- C-S-°v- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- hy-Iv-Xn-bmWv- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hv.- C-t±-l-Øns≥-d- Po-hnX-Im-es - Ø-∏‰ - n-tbm- PohN-cn-{X-sØ-∏‰ - n-tbm- N-cn-{X-]c - a - m-b- sXfnhp-Is - fm-∂p-an-√.- Du-lm-t]m-lß - f - p-sS- A-Sn-kY v- m-\Ø - n-em-Wv- At±l-Øn-s≥-d- Po-hn-XI - m-es - Ø-∏‰ - n-bp-≈- ]-cm-a¿-is - a-∂¿-Yw.- "\ymbkq-{X'-ß-sf-∂- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øns‚-- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{K-\v-Yw- {In-kvXp-hn-\p-ti-jw- c-≠pwaq-∂pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬- Ku-X-a≥cNn-®-Xm-sW-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.eu-In-I-am-b- Zpx-J-ß-sf- X-c-Ww- sN-bvXp-sIm-≠v- \nx-t{i1. sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥- t]-Pv- 119 2.- tUm.- sI.- Ip-©p-Æn-cm-P-:- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v-,- 1988 am¿-®v- 20˛26

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

b-kw- F-∂- ]-cn-]q¿-W-X-bn-se-Øn-t®-cp-I-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- ]ca-am-b- e-£y-sa-∂pw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-sØ-°p-dn-®- i-cn-bm-b- Pv-Rm-\Øn-eq-sS- am-{X-am-WXp- km-[y-am-hp-I-sb-∂p-am-Wv- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-X-X-zw.- {]]©w- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- H-c-p- bmYm¿-Yy-am-sW-∂pw- A-hn-`m-Py-ß-fm-b- ]-c-am-Wp-°-fm-Wv- {]-]-©Øn-s≥-d- aq-e-L-S-I-sa-∂p-am-Wv- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-]-©ho£-Ww.-- ]r-Yzn,- A-]v,- tX-P- v,- hm-bp,- B-Im-iw- F∂o- ]-©-`qX-ß-fm-Wv- {]-]-©- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- aq-e-L-S-I-ßƒ.- {]-amWw,- {]tabw,- kw-i-bw,- {]-tbm-P-\w,- Zrjv-Sm-¥w,- kn-≤-m-¥w,- A-h-b-hw,X¿-°w,- \n¿-W-bw,- hm-Zw,- P¬]w,- hn-XWv-Uw-,- tl-Xzm-`m-kw,O-ew,- PmXn,- \n-{K-l-kv-Ym\w- F-∂o- ]-Xn-\m-dp- ]Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sSi-cn-bm-b- kz-`m-h-hnti-j-ßƒ- a-\- n-em-°n-bm¬- am-{X-ta- ]-c-aam-b- ]-cn-]q¿-W-X- As√¶n¬- \nx-t{i-b-kw- F-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bnse-Øm≥- I-gnbq F--∂- {]Jym-]-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- Ku-X-a-s≥-d- [¿a-kq-{X-ßƒ- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-tabw- A-Y-hm- A-dn-b-s∏-tS≠hn-j-b-Ø-n-\v,- {]-am-Ww- A-Y-hm- A-dn-hv- t\-Sm-\p-≈- D-]m-[n-I-sfA-t]-£n-®v- c-≠mw- kv-Ym-\w- am-{X-ta-bp-≈q.i-co-cw,- B-Xv-am-hv,- C-{µn-b-ßƒ,- _p-≤n,- a-\- v- Xp-S-ßn-b-hsb√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-ßƒ- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- Pv-Rm-\w- A-Y-hm- tN-X-\bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- e-£-Ww.- Pv-Rm-\- k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\p-≈- D-]I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv- C-{µn-bßƒ.- i-cn-bm-b- Pv-Rm-\w- t\-Sm-\p-≈- D]m-[n-Iƒ-°v- \ym-b-kq-{X-ß-fn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]-m-[m-\yw- \¬-I-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p.- {]-Xy-£w,- A-\p-am-\w,- D-]-am-\w,- i-_-vZw- F-∂n-ßs\- \m-ep-X-cw- {]-am-W-ß-fm-Wv- Pv-Rm-\-kºm-Z-\-Øn-\p-≈- D-]m[n-I-fm-bn- Ku-X-a-s≥-d- \ym-b-kq-{X-ßƒ- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.C{µn-b-hpw- h-kv-Xp-hpw- X-Ωnep-≈- k-º¿-°-Øn¬- \n-∂p-≠mhp∂- hy-Iv-X-am-b- hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv- {]-Xy-£-Pv-Rm-\w.- B-Im-i-ØvIm¿-ta-Lw- Im-Wp-tºmƒ- a-g-bp-≠m-hp-sa-∂v- I-cp-Xm-sa-∂hnhcsØ-t∏m-se- {]Xy-£-Øn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºvA-\-p-am-\n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂- hnPv-Rm-\-ß-fm-Wv- A-\p-am-\-Pv-Rm-\w.A-dn-b-s∏-´p-I-gn-™- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v- a-s‰m-cp- h-kv-Xp-sh-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°p-∂- A-dn-hm-Wv- D-]-am\-Pv-Rm-\w.- A-\p-`-h-kv-Y-s≥-d- B-[n-Im-cn-Ia-- mb- A-`n-{]m-bw-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

As√¶n¬- B-]v-tXm-]-tZ-iw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- i-_v-Z-Pv-Rm-\-sa-∂\m-emw- {]-am-Ww- sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- B-]v-tXm-]tZiamWv- i-_v-Z-sa-∂v- (B]v-tXm-]-tZ-ix-i-_v-Zx)-1 Ku-X-a-≥- ]-dbp-tºmƒ- th-Z-hm-Iy-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂pw- A-s√∂pw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-¿-°n-S-bn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.Ku-X-a-s≥-d- \ym-b-kq-{X-ßƒ-°v- H-´-\-h-[n- hy-Jym-\-{K-\v-Yß-fp≠v.- D-tZym-Xc - I - s - ≥-d- \ym-bh - m¿-Øn-Iw,- hm-Nk - v] - X - n-an-{i-s≥d\ym-b-h¿-ØnI- Xm¬-]-cySn-I,- {io-I-Wv-T-s≥-d- \ym-bm-e-¶m-cw,- Pb¥-`-´-s≥-d- \ym-b-a-Pv-R-cn,- hm-¬-kym-b-\-s≥-d- \ym-b-`m-jyw- F∂nh-bm-Wv- C-h-b-n¬- {]-[m\-s∏-´-Xv.- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- A-Sn-kvYm-\{- K-\vY - ß - f - n-sem-∂m- b - n- ]-cn-KW - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- D-Zb - \ - s - ≥-d- \ymbIp-kp-am-Pv-R-en-bn¬- h-f-sc- k-a¿-Y-am-bn- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iyw- hy-IvX-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- `u-Xn-I-{]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- Im-c-Ww- H-cp- k-tN-X-\i-Iv-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw- A-Zr-jv-Sw- A-tN-X-\-am-b- X-Ø-z-ambXp-sIm-≠v- A-Xn-s\- {]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°m-≥- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥d- B-hiy-ap-s≠-∂pw- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- th-Z-ß-fn¬- sX-fn-hp-I-fps≠∂pw- D-Z-b-\≥- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p'2.ssh-ti-jn-I- Z¿-i-\w-: I-Wm-Z-ap-\nbm-Wv- ssh-tijn-I- Z¿i\Øns≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hv.- A-t±-lw- F-t∏mƒ- F-hn-sS- Pohn-®ncp-∂psh-∂-Xn-\v- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- bm-sXm-cp- sX-fn-hp-an-√.- I-WmZs≥-d- ssh-tijnIkq-{X-ß-fm-Wv- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {]-am-W-w.- sshtijn-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- \ymb-Z¿-i-\-tØ-°mƒ- ]-g-°-ap-s≠-∂v- Duln°-s∏-Sp-∂p.ssh-ti-jn-I- Z¿-i-\-{]-I-m-cw- {Z-hyw-,- Kp-Ww,- I¿-aw,- km-am\yw,-hn-ti-jw,- k-a-hm-bw,- A-`m-hw- F-∂o- G-gp- ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sSk-a-\z-bamWv- {]-]-©w.- ]r-Yzn,- P-ew,- A-Kv-\n,- hm-bp,- B-Im-iw,Im-ew-,- Zn-°v,- B-Xv-am hv,- a-\- v- F-∂n-ß-s\- {Z-hy-ßƒ- H-º-XmWv.cq-]w-,- c-kw,- K-\v[w,- kv]¿ iw,- i-_v-Zw,- kw-Jy,- ]-cn-am-Ww,- ]rYIv-Xzw,- kw-tbm-Kw,- hn`mKw,- ]-c Xzw,- A-]-c-Xzw,- _p-≤n,- kp-Jw,Zpx-Jw,- C-O,- tZz-jw-,- {]-b-Xv-\w,- Kp-cpXzw,- {Z-hy-Xzw,- kv-t\-lw,1.- \ym-b- kq-{X-ßƒ-:- 1:-1:-7 1.- \ym-b- Ip-kp-amR-v-Pen-:- 1:-1:-7

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

[¿-aw,- A-[¿-aw,- i-_v-Zw,- kw-kv-Im-cw- F∂nß-s\- C-cp-]-Øn\mev- Kp-W-ß-fm-Wv- {Z-h-y-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.ssh-ti-jn-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kw-`m-h-\- AXn-s≥-d- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv.- Cu- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-≤m-¥w- {In-kvXp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- A-©mw- \q‰-m-≠n¬- P-o-hn-®- {Ko-°v- X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-≥U-tam-{In‰-kns≥-d- ]-c-am-Wp- kn-≤m-¥-tØ-°mƒ- a-l-Ø-c-am-sW∂m-Wv- {]-K-Xv-`-\mbam-Iv-kv-ap-≈¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv.1- sshti-jn-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-]©-hymJym-\-am-Wv- ]-c-amWpkn-≤m¥w.- A-Xn-ß-s\- kw-{K-ln-°mw-:- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hpw- A-Xn-s≥-dhn-hn-[- `m-K-ßƒ- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂p-≠m-b-XmWv.- h-kv-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂v- `mK-ß-sfth¿-Xn-cn-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-bpw- sN-dnb- sN-dn-b- `m-K-ß-fm-bpw- A-h-sb- ho-≠pw- `m-K-ß-fm-bpwhn-`-Pn°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-ß-s\- `m-Kn-®v- `m-Kn-®,-v- `m-Kn°m≥- I-gn-bm-ØA-h-kv-Y-bn-se-Øp-∂- I-W-Øn-s\--bm-Wv- I-Wm-Z≥- ]c-am-Wp-sh∂v- hnfn-®-Xv.- ]-c-am-Wp-hm-Wv- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- L-SIw.- c-≠p- ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v- H-cp- Zz-Wp-I-hpw- Zz-W-p-Ißƒ- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v- {XzWp-I-ß-fpw- A-h- ho-≠pw- Iq-Sn-t®¿∂v- NXp-c-Wp-I-ß-fpw- D-≠m-Ip-∂p.- NXp-c-Wp-I-ß-fp-sS- hn-hn-[- A\p]m-X-Øn-ep-≈- Iq-Sn-t®-c-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- hn-hn-[- h-kv-Xp-°-fp≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.ssh-ti-jn-I- kq-{X-ßƒ-°pw- H-´-\-h-[n- hym-Jym-\- {K-\v-Y ß-fp≠v.- {]-ik - X v- ] - m-Zs - ≥-d- ]-Zm¿-Y[ - ¿-ak - w-{K-lw,- thym-ai - n-hs≥dthym-a-]-Xn,- {io-[-c-s≥-d- \ym-b-I-µ-fn,- D-Z-b-\-s≥-d- Im-c-Wm-h-enF-∂n-h-bm-Wv- A-h-bn¬- {]-i-kv-X-am-b-h.- {]-]-©w- ]-c-am-Wp-hn¬\n-∂v- ]-cn-W-an-®p-≠m-bXn-\p- ]n-∂n¬- I-Wm-Z≥- I¬-]n-®n-cn-°p∂A-Zr-jvS- Ø - n-\v- {]-ik - vX - ] - mZ≥- {k-jvS- m-hm-b- Cu-iz- c - ≥ F-∂- A¿ YI¬-]-\- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- A-t±-l-Øn s≥-d- ]-Zm¿-Y-[¿-a- kw-{K-lØn¬- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iyw- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥ -th≠n- hn-hn-[- sX-fn-hp-Ifp-≤-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\ - w-:- I-]n-e\ - m-Wv- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- kvYm]-I≥.- C-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn-t®m- Ir-Xn-Is - f-°p-dn-t®m1. Max Muller: Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, Page196

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

hy-IvX-hpw- N-cn-{X-]-c-hp-am-b- hn-h-c-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-s∂-bn-√.- kmwJy-Z¿-i\ - Ø - ns≥d- {]m-cw-`c - q-]ß - ƒ- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-°f-- p-sS- Im-eØ - pX-s∂- B-cw-`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑mcp-sS-bp-w- A-`n-{]m-bw.- Om\vtZm-Kyw,- ti-z-Xm-iz-X-cw,- I-T-w,- {]-iv\wF∂o- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- kmwJym-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-ƒ- ImWm-sa-∂v- kmw-Jy-Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿- hm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ- C-Xp-sX-‰m-sW-∂-v thZm-¥-kq-{X-Øns≥-d- I¿-Øm-hm-b _m-Zc - m-bW - ≥- sh-√p-hn-fn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.1- - _u≤-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\pw- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\pwap-ºm-Wv- kmwJym-Z¿-i-\Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn- F-∂-s{X- {]-K¬-`-\m-b- lo≥-dn-®v- kn-Ω-dp-sSA-`n-{]m-bw.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xn-:- ""N-cn-{X-cq-]-Øn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-bpw]u-cmWnI- cq-]-Øn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-bpw- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-]-c-º-c-Iƒ-°pwap-ºv- h-f-sc- hnZqchpw- ssh-Zn-I-a-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b- ]-g-b- B-Zn-a-k-apZm-b-Øn-em-Wv- kmw-Jym-Z¿-i\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- tbm-K-Z¿-i-\-Øns≥dbpw- th-cp-Iƒ- A-t\z-jn-t°≠Xv'2.F-√m-X-cw- Zp-x-J-ß-sf-bpw- ]o-U-I-sf-bpwth-Z-\-I-sf-bpwD∑qe\w- sN-øm≥- ]-‰n-b- am¿-Kw- I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-em-Wv- (Zpx-J-{X-bm`n-L-m-Xm- Pn-PvRm-km- X-Z-h-Lm-X-tI-tl-Xu-)-3 kmw-Jym-Z¿-i-\Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- kmw-Jym-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- kn-≤m¥-ßƒ- D-]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- cq]w- sIm-≠n-´p-s≠-¶n-epwc≠mw- i-X-I-Øn-\p- ti-j-ap-≠m-b- Cu-iz-c-Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- kmw JyIm-cn-I-bm-Wv- Cu- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- hnh-c-ßƒ- \¬-Ip-∂G-‰-hpw- ]p-cm-X-\- Ir-Xn.- hm-N-kv-]-Xn-an-{i-s≥-d- kmwJy- {]-hN-\kq-{X-hp-am-W-v kmw-Jym-Z¿-i\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- a-‰p- A-Sn-kY -v m-\- {K-\Y v ßƒ.B-[ym-Xv-an-Iw-,- B-[n-`u-Xn-Iw,- B-[n-ssZ-hn-Iw- F-∂o- aq-∂p- XcØn-ep≈- Zpx-Jß - f - n¬-\n-∂pw- c-£s - ∏-Sm-\p-≈- am¿-Kß - f - m-Wv- kmwJym-Z¿-i-\w- At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xv.{]-Ir-Xn,- ]p-cp-j≥- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠p- im-iz-X- XØ--z-ß-fnem-Wv- kmw-Jyw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- ]p-cp-j≥- {]-Ir-Xnbn¬-\n-∂v`n-∂\m-Wv.- {]IrXn- ]-cn-Wm-aØ - n-\p- hn-t[-ba - m-W.v- - ]-t£,- {]IrXn1.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c-≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥,-- t]-Pv-:- 193 2. Heinrich Zimmer: Philosophies of India, Page 281 3.- kmw-Jy-Im-cn-I- 1

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

bn¬- {]-Xn-`mkn-°p-∂- ]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ- ]p-cp-j-s\- _m[n-°p-∂n√.A-I¿-Øm-hm-b- ]pcpj-s≥-d- tam-Iv-j-Øn-\p-th≠n-bm-Wv- {]-IrXn{]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.- kmwJyX-Øz-- -ß-fn-se- ]p-cp-j-k-¶¬-]-am-WvB- Z¿-i-\-Øn-se- Cu-iz-c- k-¶¬-]am-bn- hn-I-kn-®-Xv.- k-mw-JymZ¿-i-\w- bm-Km-Zn-I¿-a-ßƒ-s°-Xn-cmWv.- lnwkm-Xv-a-I-am-b- bmKßƒ- ]m-]-am-sW-∂m-Wv- kmw-Jy-kn-≤m-¥w-.tbm-K-Z¿-i-\w-:- tbm-K-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hm-bn]XRvPe -- -n-bm-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- D-]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-ØpwA-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-sa-√mw-X-s∂ tbm-K-X-Øz-- -ßƒ- {]-Ncn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- sX-fn-hpI-fp-≠v.- tiz-Xm-iXtcm-]-\n-j-Øn¬- hyIvX-am-bn-Øs - ∂- tbm-Km-`ym-kØ - n-s≥d- B-hi - y-IX - s - b-°p-dn-®v- {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p≠v. kn-\[ v- p-\Z- o-XS-\m-Kc - n-IX - b - p-sS- A-hi - n-jSv- ß - f - n-sem-∂v- aq∂vX-e-I-fp-≈-Xpw- H-cp- tbm-Kn-sb-t∏m-se- ]-Xv-am-k-\-Øn-en-cn-°p∂Xpw- inhs≥-d- {]m-Kv-c-q-]-sa-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏--Sp-∂-Xp-am-b- in-em-ap-{Z-bm-sW-∂- h-kvXpX,- B-cym-K-a-\-Øn-\p- ap-ºp-X-s∂- tbm-K-hnZy°v- {]-Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-hm-bn- {]K¬`cm-b- ]-e-cpw- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠vtbm-K-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hm-bn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂]XRvPe - n-bp-sS- Po-hn-XI - m-es - Ø-°p-dn-®v- hy-Xy-kvX - ß - f - m-b- A`n{]m-b-ßfp≠v.- _n.-kn- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw- A-X-√- c≠mw\q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw-A-Xn-\p-ti-j-amsW-∂p-sa-√mw- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.- X-\n-°v- ap-ºp-X-s∂-bp ≠m-b-n-cp-∂- tbm-K-km-[-\-I-sf-°p-dn ®- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf- k-am-[n,- km-[\,- hn-`q-Xn,- ssI-h-eyw- F-∂nß-s\- \m-ep-]m-Z-ß-fn-em-bn- 195 kq-{X-ß-fn¬ H-Xp-°n- Nn-´-s∏-Sp Øn- H-cp- Z¿-i-\-am-°n- am-‰p-I-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv.Xm-Xzn-Ia - m-bn- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\ - t- Øm-Sv- ASp-∏w- {]-IS- n-∏n-°p∂Z¿i-\a - m-Wv- tbm-Kw.- kz-X{- ¥-am-b- {]-Ir- X - n- ]p-cp-j\ - p-th-≠n-bmWv\n-e \n¬°p-∂-Xv.- Ahn-Zy-bm-Wv- ]p-cp-j-\pw- {]-I-r-Xn-bpw- X-Ωnep-≈- _-\v-[ Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww.- A-hn-Zy- \-in-®v- ]p-cp-j-\pw- {]-IrXn-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈- kwtbm-Kw- A-{]-Xy-£a - m-Ip-∂- A-hk - vY - ° - mWvssI-h-eyw- F-∂p- ]-dbp-∂-Xv.- ssI-h-ey-am-Wv- tbm-K-Øn-s≥-d-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

e£yw.- ]p-cp-j≥- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- kz-X-{¥-\msW-∂- hnth-I-]q¿-W-am-b- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ- am-{X-ta- ssIh-ey-sa-∂- e-£yw- km-£m-XI v- c - n-°m≥- Ignbq.- tbm-Km-`ym-kØ - n\vbaw,- \n-ba - w,- B-k\ - w,- {]m-Wb - m-aw,- {]Xym-lm-cw,- [m-cW - ,- [ym\w,k-am-[n- F-∂n-ß-s\- F-´v- Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v.- Cu- Aw-K-ß-fn-eq-sSIS-∂p-h-∂v- ssI-h-ey-Øn-se-Øp-tºm-gm-Wv- a-\p-jy≥- ]-cn-]q¿-W\pw- kz-X-{¥-\p-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.- a-\- n-\v- G-Im-{K-X- e`n-°m≥Cu-iz-c-[ym-\-amWv- tbm-Kw- \n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.ao-amw-km- Z¿-i\ - w-:- th-Zß - s - f- A-Sn-kvY - m-\- {]-am-Wß - f - mbnkzo-Ic - n-°p-∂- Z¿-i\ - a - m-Wv- ao-amw-km-Z¿-i\ - w.- ]q¿-ha - o-am-wk - ,- DØc-ao-amwk- F-∂o- c-≠p-Xc - w- ao-amw-kmZ¿-i\ - ß - f - p-≠v.- ]q¿-ha - o- amwkth-Z-a-{¥-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-f-p-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\Ønep≈- I¿-a-ßƒ-°v- {]m[m-\yw- \¬-Ip-tºmƒ- D-Ø-c-ao-amw-k- D-]-\nj-Øp-°f-- n-se- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf- hym-Jym-\n-°m\mWv- {i-an-°p-∂-Xv.- D-Ø-c-ao-amwk- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- th-Zm¥-Z¿i-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]q¿-h-ao-amw-k- ao-amw-kmZ¿-i-\-sa-∂pw.ao-amw-km- Z¿-i\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- D-]P - R v- m-Xm-hv- sP-an-\n-bm-W.v- - Ct±l-Øns≥-d- Po-hn-XI - m-eh - pw- X-¿° - h - n-jb - a - m-Wv.- {In-kvX - p-hn-\v- apºv\memw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pwaq-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw- {In-kvXp-hn-\v- ti-j-am-sW-∂p-sa-√mw- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.ao-amw-km-Z¿-i-\-{]-Im-cw- [¿-aw,- A¿-Yw,- Im-aw-,- tam-£-wF∂n-h-bm-Wv- Po-hn-X-e-£y-ßƒ.- Cu- Po-hn-X-e-£y-ßƒ- t\-Sm\p-≈- am¿-Kß - s - f-°p-dn-®m-Wv- ]-{¥-≠v- A-[ym-bß - f - n-em- b - n- c-≠mbnc-Øn- A™q-tdm-fw- kq-{X-ß-fp-≈- sP-an-\n-bp-sS- aoamw-kmkq{Xßƒ- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v.- I¿-aw- sN-øm≥- a-\p-jy-sc- t{]-cn∏n-°p∂hn-[n-I-fm-Wv- [¿-aw- (tNmZ-t\m- e-£-tWm f¿-tYm- [¿-ax)-1.- {]Xy£- PvR - m-\w-sIm-≠v- [¿-as - Ø- A-dn-bm≥- I-gn-bm-ØX - n-\m¬- [¿awA-dn-bm\p-≈- G-I- am¿-Kw- th-Z-hn-[n-I-f-\p-kcn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- I¿-asa-∂- ]-Z-w-sIm-≠-v {]-hr-Øn-sb-∂- tI-hem¿-Y-Øn-ep-]-cnbm-bnssh-Zn--I- hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- bm-Km-Zn- I¿-a-ß-fpw,- a-‰p- a-X-N-S-ßp-Ifp-am-Wv- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- I¿-a-ßƒ- aq-∂p-X-c-am-Wv:- \n¿-_1. ao-a-mw-kmkq-{X-ßƒ- 1.-1.-9

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

\v-[-am-bp-w sN-tø-≠- I¿-a-ßƒ,-- C-jv-S-ap-s≠-¶n¬- sN-øm-hp-∂I¿-a-ßƒ,- H-cn-°-epw- sN-øm≥- ]m-Sn√m-Ø- I¿-a-ßƒ.- kz¿-K-{]m]v-Xn-bmWv- bm-K-ß-fp-sS- e-£yw.- tam-£w-,- sF-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn\-∏p-d-Øp-≈- kz¿-K-Øn-se- B-\-µ-am-b- Po-hn-X-am-Wv.ao-amw-kmkq-{X-ß-fn¬- Cu-iz-c-s\-°pdn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒIm-Wm-\n-s√-¶n-epw- I¿-Øm-hpw- t`m-Iv-Xm-hp-am-b- H-cp- B-Xv-am-hns≥-d- im-iz-X-Øs-- Ø-°p-dn-®v- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-]q¿-h-sa∂A-Zr-iy-am-b- H-cp- \nKqV- i-Iv-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®pw- sP-an-\n- ao-amw-kmkq-{X-ß-fn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p-≠v.- I¿-a-^-ew- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv- A]q¿h-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.th-Zm-¥Z- ¿-i\ - w-:- th-ZØn-s≥-d- A-¥y-`m-Ka - m-b- D-]\ - n-jØ - p°-sf- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°p-∂ Z¿-i-\-am-Wv- th-Zm-¥w.- hn-hn-[- hyIvXn-I-fm¬- hyXy-kv-X- Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- D-]-\n-j-Øp°-ƒ- Htc- co-Xn-bn-ep≈- N-n-¥m-k-c-Wn-I-f-√- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂Xv.hy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-am-b- ho-£-W-ßƒ- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.- Cu- {]iv-\w- ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\- v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fn-¬-\n-∂- v- th-Zm-¥Z¿-i-\-Øn-\p t]m¬-_-e-I-am-b- kq-Iv-X-ßƒk-am-l-cn-®v,- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-am-b- {_ lv-a-kq-{X-ßƒ- c-Nn-®- _m-Z-cm-b-W-\m-Wv- th-Zm-¥-Øns≥d- D-]PvRm-Xm-hm-bn- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v.- _n.-kn- \m-emw- \q-‰m- ≠ - n-\pw- F.Unc-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- a-lm-`m-c-X- I¿Øm-hmbth-Zhym-k≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- _m-Zm-cm-b-W-s\-∂m-Wv- `q-cn-]-£w]-Wv-Un-X∑m-cp-sS-bpw- ]-£w.th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-{]-Im-cw- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- aq-e-Im-cWw {]] ©mXo-am-b- {_lva - s - a-∂- H-cp- tI-he - - ssN-X\ - y-am-Wv.- \m-ev- A[ymb-ß-fn-embn- A-™q-‰n- A-dp-]-Xv- kq-{X-ß-fp-≈- _m-Z-cm-b-W-s≥d{_-lv-a-kq-{X-Øn-s≥-d- t{]-c-W-- {_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-dn-bm-\p-≈B-{K-l-am-sW∂v- (AYm-tXm- {_-lv-a- Pn-Pv-Rm-km-1)- At±-lw- B Zyw -X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p≠v.- ]-t©-{µn-b-ß-fn-eq-sS- e-`n-°p-∂A-\p-`-h-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-\-∏p-dw- {]]-©-Øns≥-d- \n-Kq-V-c-l-ky-a-dnbm-\p-≈- A-t\z-jW - a - m-Wv- th-Zm-¥Z- ¿i-\Ø - n¬- \mw- Im-Wp∂Xv.1.- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-ßƒ- A-[ym-bw- 1 ]m-Zw- 1 kq-{Xw- 1

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬-X-s∂- hn-hn-[-ßfm-b- D-ƒ-]n-cn-hp-Ifp≠v.- `mcXo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- j-Uv-Z¿-i-\-ß-tf-°m-f [n-Iw- {]-k-IvXn- Cu- Dƒ-]n-cn-hp-Iƒ-°m-Wv.- Cu- Dƒ-]n-cn-hp-I-fn eq-sS- \-ap-s°m∂v- ItÆmSn°mw.A-ssZz-Xw-:- A-ssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-h-m-bnA-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Ku-V-]m-Z-\m-Wv.- am-Wv-Uq-tI-m-]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-dhym-Jym-\ {K-\v-Y-am-b- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Im-cn-I-1bn-eq-sS- {_-lv-awam-{Xam-Wv- k-Xy-sa-∂pw -a-‰p-≈-sX-√mw- an-Yy-bm-sW-∂pw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv{_lv-a-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈- kn≤m-¥-ßƒ- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.A-ssZ-zX - t- h-Zm-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- ASnkvY - m-\X - Ø - ß - f - m-bn- am-dn-b- ambm hm-Zw- A-Y-hm- hn-h¿-Ø-hm-Zw,- k-Ømkn-≤m-¥w,- {_lv-aPv-Rm\wsIm-≠p-≈- tam-£-w- F-∂o- kn-≤m-¥-ßsf √mw- kw-£n-]v-X- cq] Øn¬- A-Xn-e-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n´p-≠v.- ]n-∂oSp h-∂- ]-Wv-UnX ∑m¿- A-hs - b- hn-iZ- o-Ic - n-°p-Ib - pwhn-Ik - n-∏n-°p-IbpamWv- sNbvXXv.Ku-V-]m-Z-\p- ti-jw- F-Sp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠- a-s‰m-cp- hy-Iv-XnbmWv- `¿-Xr-l-cn.-- A-t±-lw- X-s≥-d- hm-Iy-]-Zo-bw- F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬i-_v-Z {_lv-a- kn-≤m-¥-sa-∂- X-Øz-w- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- A-£-cambi-_v-Z-{_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-Y-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- hn-h-¿-Ø-\-am-Wv- {]]©-sa-∂m-Wv- Cu- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cp-ƒ.A-ssZz-Xt- h-Zm-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- ]-ca - m-Nm-cy-cm-bn- K-Wn-°s - ∏-Sp∂Xv- KuV-]m-Zcm-sW-¶n-epw- A-Xn-s≥-d- ap-Jym-Nm-cy-cpw- hym-JymXmhp-am-bn- tem-Iw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv- {io-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-sc-bm-Wv.F.Un.- F-´mw- \q‰m-≠n-s≥-d- A-hk - m-\Ø - n-¬- tI-cf - Ø - n- s - e- ImeSn{Km-a-Øn¬- in-h-Kpcp,- B-cymw-_- F-∂- {_m-lv-a-W- Z-º-Xn-I-fp-sS]p-{X-\m-bn-´m-Wv- {io- i-¶c≥- P-\n-®-sX-∂m-Wv- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.A-km-am-\y- _p-≤n-im-en-bm-bn-cp-∂- {i-o- i-¶-c≥- F-´mw- h-b- n¬X-s∂- th-Zm-[yb\w- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-I-bpw- A-Ω-bp-sS- A-\p-hm-ZtØm-sS- k-\ym-kw- kzo-I-cn-®p- tZim-S-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.\¿-a-Zm- Xo-c-Øp-sh-®v-,- Ku-V-]m-Z-cp-sS- in-jy-\m-b tKm-hn-µ- `-Kv h-Z] v- m-Zs - c- Kp-cp-hm- b - n- kzo-Ic - n-®p-sIm-≠v- A-ssZz-XZ¿-i\ - s - Ø- hyIvX-am-b- H-cp- kn-≤m-¥-am-bn- h-f¿-Øn-.- {]-kv-Ym-\-{X-b-ß-sf-∂-dn1.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Im-cn-I-°v- "Ku-V-]m-Z-Im-cn-I'- F-∂pw- t]-cp-≠v.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

b-s∏-Sp-∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{Xw,- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-ƒ,- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- F-∂nh°v- `mjy-ßƒ- F-gp-Xn.- km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°pth-≠-n- in-h-kv-tXm{X-ßƒ,- hnjv-Wp-kv-tXm-{X-ßƒ,- e-£v-ao- kv-tXm-{X-ßƒ,- K-W]-Xn- kv-tXm-{X-ßƒ- F∂n-ß-s\- A-t\-Iw- kv-tXm-{X- {K-\v-Yßƒc-Nn-®p.- hn-th-I- Nq-Um-aW - n-,- D]-tZ-ik - m-l{- kn,- `-Pt- Km-hn-µw,- eLphm-Iy-hr-Øn,- i-X-iv-tfm-In,- kuµ-cy-e-l-cn- Xp-S-ßn-b- A-t\-Iw{K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- {i-o-i-¶-c≥- c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.- ap∏-Øn-c-≠p- h¿-jw- am{XwPo-hn-®- {io-i-¶-c≥- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- `m-c-X-Øns≥-d- \m-ev- A-Xn¿-Øn-I-fn-em-bn- \m-evaT-ßƒ- (In-g-°v- P-K-∂m-Yw,- ]-Sn-™m-dv- Zzm-c-I,- h-S-°v- _-Zco-\mYw,- sX°v- irw-tK-cn-)- kv-Ym-]n-®v- A-ssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- {]Nmc-Ww- \n¿-h-ln-®-Xpw- {io-i-¶-c≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv.{io-i¶ - c - s - ≥-d- A-ssZ-zX - t- h-Zm-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- ap-gp-h≥- km-cmwihpw- "{_-lv-a-am-Wv- k-Xyw-;- P-K-Xv- an-Yy-bm-Wv-;- Po-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv{_-lva - w- ,- as‰m-∂p-a√ - ' ({_-lva - - k-Xyw- P-K≥- an-Yym,- Po-thm- {_lvssa-h- \m- f ]-cx)- F-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- h-N-\-Øn¬- A-Sßnbncn-°p-∂p.- h-kvX - p-\n-jvT - a - m-b- `u-Xn-I- {]-]© - w- bm-Ym¿-Yya√.- anYybm-sW-∂p- w- k-®n-Zm-\µ - a - b - h - pw- G-Ih - pw- A-ssZz-Xh - p-am-b- {_lvawam-{X-am-W- v- k-Xywsa-∂p-w-- Po-h≥- A-Y-hm- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- B-Xv-am-hvb-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬- {_-lv-aw-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂p-am-Wv- i-¶-c≥- hn-iZoIcn®-X.v - F-¥m-W-v {_-la -v s - a-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\-v D-]\ - n-jØ - p-°ƒ - - \¬Ip∂D-Øc - a - m-b- "P-∑m-Zn-Iƒ - - G-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂m-tWm- A-Xm-Wv {_lvaw'(P-∑m-Zy-ky- b-Xx)- F-∂- hm-IyØn-\v- i-¶-c≥- \¬-Ip∂- hym-Jym \-Øn-¬ -\n-∂v- {_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t±l-Øn-s≥-d- ho£WwIp-td-°q-Sn- hy-IX v- a - m-Ip-∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-ßs - \-bmWv:- "\m-ac - q-]ß-fneqsS- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- A-t\-Iw- I¿-Øm-°-sf-bpw- t`mIv-Xm-° sf-bpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - pw- ¢n]vX - s - ∏-´- kvY - e-Im-e- Im-cWßsfbpw{In-b-Iƒ,- ^-e-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-sbbpw- B{i-bn-°p-∂Xpw- a-\- n\pt]m-epw- A-Nn-¥y-am-b- c-N\ - m-cq-]t- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX - p-am-b- P-KØns≥dD¬-]-Øn- kv-Yn-Xn- e-b-ßƒ- k¿-h-PvR-hpw- k¿-hi-Iv-X-hp-am-bbm-sXm-cp- Im-cW - Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- D-fh - m-Ip-∂p-thm- AXmWv- {_-lvaw'1.1.- i-¶-c≥-:- {_-lv-a-kq-{X- `m-jyw- 1.- 1.-2

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-\m-Zn-bpw- A-\i - z-ch - p-am-b- {_lva - w- am-{X-am-Wv- i-¶c - h - o£W-Øn-¬ b-mY - m¿-Yyw.- P-KØ - v- A-Yh - m- {]-]© - h - pw- A-Xn-se- kIeh-kv-Xp-°-fpw- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- C-Xv- H-cp- `m-K-Øv.- a-dp-`m-K-Øm-I-s´-,{]]-©-hpw- A-Xn-se- k-I-e- h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-∂v- i-¶c≥- hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- {_-lv-a-a-√m-sX- a-s‰m-∂pw- X-s∂-bn-√.- "{]-]-©amsI,- {]-]-©-Øn¬- Fs¥-√mw- \ne-\n¬-°p-∂p-t≠m- A-sX-√mw{_-lv-a-am-Wv'- ({_-lv-ssa-th-Zw- hn-izw-k-a-kv-Xw- C-Zw-P-K-Xv)-.- {]]©w- am-{X-a-√-,- B-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-am-Wv- (B-Xv-am-N),- Rm≥- {_lva-am-Wv- (A-lw- {_-lv-am-kv-an),- \-o-bpw- A-Xp-Xs∂- (X-Øz-a-kn-). C-Xm-Wv- A-ssZ-z-X- th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cpƒ.- i¶c≥- X-s∂hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v- t\m-°p-I:- "{_-lva - Ø - n-¬\ - n-∂v- hy-Xy-kvX - a - mbnH-cp- h-kv-Xp-hn-\pw- \n-e-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√.- A-Xn-\p- sX-fnshm∂pan-√.- hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬- a-‰v- F-¥n-s≥-d-sb-¶n-epw A-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ°p-dn®v- bmsXm-cp- sX-fn-hpw- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bn-√'1.- {]-]-© Øns≥d- ap-gph≥- aq-e-Im-c-W-am-b- ]-c-amXv-am-hpw- a-\p-jy-s≥-dB-Xv-am-hm-b- PohmXv-am-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ssZz-X-`m-h-ß-fn-s√-∂m-Wvi-¶-c-a-Xw.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\pw- {]m-]-©n-I- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°p-sam-∂pw{_-lv-a-Øn¬-\n-∂v- hn`n-∂-am-b- Akv-Xn-Xz-an-s√-∂¿-Yw.ap-ºv- F-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw- A-\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xpw- kv-a-c-W-bm-bn- a-\ n¬ X-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂-Xp-am-b- H-∂n-s\-∏-‰n- ]n-∂o-Sv- a-s‰m-cn-S-Øp≠m-Ip-∂- {]Xo-Xn-bm-Wv- A-[ym-kw.- b-Ym¿-Ya - m-b- H-∂n-t∑¬- AbYm¿-Y-am-b- a-s‰m-∂n-s≥-d- [¿-a-ßƒ- A-[ym-tcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒA-Xn-\v- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬-C√mØ- [¿-a-ßƒ- D-≠v- F-∂- {]-Xo-Xnbp≠m-Ip- ∂ - p.- I-bdn-s≥-db - pw- ]m-ºns≥-db - pw- D-Zm-lc - W - Ø - n-eq-sS- {io i-¶-c≥- C-Xv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v.- I-b¿- ]m-º-√.- ]-t£,- a-ßn-bsh-fn-®-Øn¬- Nn-e-¿- I-b¿- ]m-ºm-sW-∂v- sX-‰n-≤-cn-°pw.- b-Ym¿Y-Øn¬- ]m-ºn-s√-¶ne-pw- A-[ym-k-Øn-s≥-d- ^-eam-bn- ]m-ºn-s≥d{]-Xo-Xn-bp-≠m-I-p-∂p.- C-Xp- an-Yym-Pv-Rm-\w- A-Y-hm- A-hn-Zy-bmWv.sh-fn-®w- h-∂v- A-hn-Zy- \o-ßn-bm¬- b-Ym¿-Y- I-b¿- {]Xy£-s∏Spw.- C-Xp-t]m-seam-b-bp-sS- A-Y-hm- A-[ym-k-Øn-s≥-d- ^-e-ambnb-Ym¿-Y-Øn-ep-≈- {_lv-a-Øn-\p-]-I-cw- {]-]-©-hpw- ssP-h-h-kv1. Ibid III.2.32

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

Xp-°f - pw- \-ap-°v- A-\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp-∂p.- C-hs - b√mw- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^eam-Wv.- A-hn-Zysb- \o-°w- sN-bvX - m¬- C-hs - b-√mw- an-Yy-bm-sW∂pwb-Ym¿-YØ - n-ep-≈X - v- {_-la v- w- - am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- AhnZy-bm-Ip-∂- I-Æm-Sn-sb- F-Sp-Øp-am-‰n- Xm≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-aw(Alw-{_-lv-am-kv-an)- F∂- A-hkv-Y- A-Y-hm- {_-lv-a-km-£m-XvIm-cw- ssI-hc - n-°p-Ib - m-Wv- tam-£w.- tam-£Ø - n-\p-≈- am¿-Kw- PvRm\w- am-{X-am-Wv.- I¿-a-hpw- `-Iv-Xnbpw- PvRm-\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\v- klmb-I-bm-bn- h¿-Øn-°p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- sN-øp-∂sX-∂pw-- A-h- t\-cn´vtam-£-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂n-s√-∂p-am-{X-am-Wv- i-¶-cs≥-d- ]-£w.X-s≥-d- hm-Z-ßƒ-°-\p-Iq-eam-bn- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy-ß-sf- hym Jym\n-°p-∂-Xn¬- i-¶-c≥- hn-P-bn-®p.- hn-hn-[- B-i-b-°m-cm-bZm¿-i-\n-I-∑mcp-sS- Nn-¥-I-fpwkw-hm-Z-ß-fpw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p∂D-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy-ßfn¬- X-s≥-d- Nn-¥-sb- {]-Xn-Iq-en-°p-∂- kq-I-v X-ß-sf- Zp¿-hymJym-\w- sN-øm\pw- h-f-s®m-Sn-°m-\pw- h-sc- i-¶c\v- a-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-√.- kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv-Zm-kv- Kp]v-X- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "{_lvawam-{X-am-Wv- ]-c-a-bm-Ym¿-Yy-sa-∂pw- a-‰p-≈-sX-√mw- A-b-Ym¿-Y-amsW-∂p-ap-≈- i-¶-c-s≥-d- aq-e-kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv- D-]-\n-jØp-°-fn¬{]-kvX - m-hn-°s∏-´n-´p-≈X - v- F-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂X - n¬- A-t±-lØ - n\vXm¬-]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- Cu-iz-c-hm-Z-sØ-bpw- ssZzXhm-Z-sØ-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂- A-t\Iw- kq-Iv-X-ßƒD-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n-ep-≠v.- i-¶-c-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-sØ- k-a¿-Y-n-°p-∂H-c¿-Yw- Ah- \-¬-Ip-∂p-s≠-∂v- hm-°p-I-sf-s°m-≠v- F-s¥-¥vIk¿-Øp-Iƒ- Im-Wn-®m-epw- t_m-[y-am-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√'-1.i-¶-c-s≥-d- am-bm-hm-Zw- _p-≤-a-X-Ø-n¬-\n-∂v- I-S-sa-Sp-Ø-XmsW∂v- ]-db - p-∂- ]-WvU - n-X∑ - m-cp-≠v.- ]-Xn-\m-dmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- BXva-o-b-hm-Zn-bmb- ln-µp-Zm¿-i-\n-I≥- hn-Pv-Rm-\-`n-Iv-jp "hn-Pm-Xo-bm fssZz-Xm-]-Øn-ivN' F-∂- kmw-Jy- kq-{X-sØ- hy-m-Jym-\n-®p-sIm ≠v- C-ß-s\- ]-d-™p:- "\ΩpsS- _-\v-[-\w -tI-h-ew- H-cp- {`-a-amsW∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂- Hscm-‰- {_-lvakq-{Xw- t]m-ep-an-√.- X-ß-sfth-Zm-¥n-Iƒ- F-∂v- kz-bw- hn-fn-°p-∂-Bfp-Iƒ- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®- hnNn{X-am-b- am-bm-hm-Z-sØ-∏-‰n- ]-d-bp-I-bm-sW¶n¬- A-Xv- _u-≤-∑-m1. Surenthranath Dasguptha: History of Indian Philosophy, Vol II, Page 2

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

cp-sS- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- H-cp- h-I-t`-Zw- am-{X-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm≠m-Wv- Nn-e- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m¿- A-ssZ-z-X-th-Zm-¥Øn-s≥-d- kn≤m¥-ß-sf- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-≠v- i-¶-c-s\- {]-O-∂-_p-≤≥- F∂p-hnfn-°m≥- t]m-epw- ap-Xn¿-∂-Xv.'-1.- {]-K¬-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- tam-Wnb¿- hn-eyw-kv- ]-d-bp-∂p-:- "C-∂v- `m-c-Xo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬{]-Np-c-{]-Nm-cw- kn-≤n-®n-´p-≈- am-bm-hm-Z-Øn-\v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ -- bm-sXm-cp- ]n¥p-W-bpw- \¬-Ip-∂n-√.- A-Xv- _p-≤-a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂p≈- C-d-°p-a-Xn-bm-Wv'2- .i-¶-c-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬- hn-hn-[-ß-fm-b- ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fp-≠v.- H-cp`m-KØv- {_-lv-awam-{X-am-W-v k-Xy-sa-∂pw- {]-]-©w- ap-gp-h≥- anYybm-sW-∂pw- i-¶-c≥- kv-Ym-]n-°-p-∂p.- a-dp-`m-K-Øm-I-s´- tem-Iwapgp-h≥- {_-lv-a-amsW-∂p (k¿-hw- J-ep-C-Zw- {_-lv-a)- hm-Zn-°p-Ibpw- sN-øp-∂p.- {]-]-©w anYy-bm-sW-∂v- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂- i-¶-c≥X-s∂- {]-]-©-Øn-ep-≈- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-√mw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-∂v- hmZn°p-∂p.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- ]-c-amXv-am-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ssZz-X-`m-h-ß-sfm∂pw-X-s∂-bn-√- F-∂- i-¶-c-a-X-Øn-ep-ap-≠v- ssh-cp-≤yw.- ]-cn-anXn-I-fn-√m-Ø- {_-lv-a-sØ-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-ƒ- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- Po-hm-Xv-am-hm-I-s´- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn¬-\n-∂p- apIvX-a-√.- A-Xn-\v- ]-e- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v.- {_-lv-a-w- A-\-iz-c-am-sW¶n¬- Pohm-Xvam-hv- A-\n-Xy-am-Wv.- {_l-v-aw- \n¿-Kp-W-am-Wv.- Po-hm Xv-am-hn¬- kz`m-h-ßfpw- Kp-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v.F-√mw- {_lv-a-am-sW-∂- kn-≤m-¥w- a-X-Øn-\pw- [¿-a-Øn\p-sa-Xn-cm-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂h-cp-ap-≠v.- Po-hn-X-tØm-Sp-≈- hncIv-Xn-bpw- kmaqln-I- tk-h-\-Øn-\p-≈- ssh-a-\-ky-hp-am-WvAssZzXw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂sX-∂m-Wv- Cu- hn-`m-K-Øn-s≥-d- A-`n-{]mbw.- F√mw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-∂- t_m[-ap-≠m-bm¬- B-Xv-a-ip-≤n-°pw]c-\-∑-°pw-th-≠n- {]-b-Xv-\n-°p∂-sX-¥n\v- F-∂- tNm-Zy-am-WvD≠m-hp-I-sb-∂pwhm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p3.F-∂m¬- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Po-hm-Xv-am-hp-sa-∂- [mcW- ]c-kv] - c - - km-tlm-Zc - y-Øn-te-°m-Wv- \-bn-°p-Is - b-∂p- hm-Zn°p1. D-≤-c-W-w- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xob-- N-n-¥- t]-Pv-:- 369.2. Monier Williams: Indian Wisdom, Page 118. 3. A.C. Bosanquet: Comparative religion Page 127

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

∂- ]-WvUnX-∑m-c-p-ap-≠v.- "\n-s∂-t∏m-se- \n-s≥-d- A-b¬-°mc-s\bpw- k-v-t\-ln-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv- ss__n-fn-s≥-d- B-lzm-\w.- C-Xn\p≈- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-¥mWv?- \n-s≥-d- A-b¬-°m-c≥- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬\n-s≥-d- B-Xv-am-hp-X-s∂-bm sW∂pw- \n-s∂- A-h-\n¬-\n-∂vth¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- am-b-bm-sW-∂pw- \ns∂- th-Zm-¥w- D-]-tZ-in°p-∂p'-1 kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥- F-gp-Xn-:- "sIm-√c - p-Xv,- lnw-kn-°cpXvap-X-em-b- [¿-tam-]-tZ-i-ßƒ- F-√m- a-X-ß-fn-ep-ap-s≠-¶nepw- AXn\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- B-cpw- \n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂n-√.- Rm≥- F-¥p-sIm-≠vFs≥d- A-b¬-°m-c-s\- lnw-kn-®p-Iq-Sm.- hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-ßƒsIm-≠p-am-{Xw- Xr]v-X-c-√m-Ø- ln-µp-°ƒ- Nn-e- Zm¿-i-\n-I- kn≤m¥-ßƒ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-X-p-h-sc- Cu- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- Xr-]v-Xn-I-cam-b- a-dp-]-Sn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- B-Xv-am-hv- k¿-hhym-]n-bpw- tI-h-ehpwA-\¥ - h - p-am-sW-∂v- lnµp-°ƒ- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- Ab¬hm-kn-sb- lnw-kn-°p-tºmƒ-- H-cp-h≥- X-s∂-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- lnwkn°p-∂X - v.- C-Xm-Wv- F-√m- [¿-aØ - n-s≥-db - pwaq-e` - q-Xa - m-b- Zm¿-i\nI2 XØ--zw' .i-¶-c-s≥-d- A-ssZz-X-Nn-¥- km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw- kv-t\-l-hp-amWv]-Tn∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂v- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿- i-¶-c-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- kmaqln-I- ho£W-sØ- a-d® - p-sh-°p-Ib - m-Wv- sN-øp-∂X - v.- ]-ca - m-Xva - mhpX-s∂-bm-Wv- PohmXv-am-hp-sa-∂- i-¶-c- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvYm-\-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-km£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\v- F-√m- a-\p-jy-cpw- A¿lcm-sW-∂m-Wv- A-t±-lw- ]-Tn∏n-°p∂-sX-∂pw- a-\p-jy≥- ]-S® - - PmXnI-sf- C-√m-bv-a- sN-ø-W-sa-¶n-¬- AssZz-X Nn-¥- h-f-cp-I- am-{XamWv- am¿-K-sa-∂p-sa-√mw- D-Zv-tLm-jn-°-s∏Smdp-≠v.- A-Ø-c-am-fpIƒ- i-¶-cIr-Xn-Iƒ- hm-bn-°m-Ø-h-tcm- A-s√-¶n-¬- hm-bn®Xvad-®p-sh-°p-∂-h-tcm- B-sW-∂v- ]-d-bm-sX- \n¿-hm-l-an√.- tUm.\-o-eI-Wv-T-≥- C-f-b-Xv- Fgp-Xp-∂p:-- "{_-lv-a- km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\vk-aq-l-Ø-nse- F-√m-h-cpw- H-cp-t]m-se- A¿-l-cm-sW-∂v- A-ssZzXnhn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-hn-[- h¿-W-kv-Y-cm-b- a-\p-jyscA[n-Im-c- t`-Z-a-\p-kcn-®v- ho-≠pw- c-≠m-bn- Xn-cn-°mw ˛ I¿-a-tbm Kw- A-\p-jvTn-t°-≠-h-cpw- PvRm-\-tbm-Kw- A-\p-jv-Tn-t°-≠-h-cpw˛ 1. Paul Duessen: Philosophy of Upanishads Page 49

2. D-≤-c-W-w tUm.- sI.-F≥.- \o-e-I-Wv-T≥- C-f-b-Xv-:- A-ssZ-z-X-[¿-aw- t]-Pv- 118

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

F-∂m¬- Chn-sS- \m-em-a-sØ- h¿-Wn-I-fm-b- iq-{Z-sc- th-Zm-¥-hnZy-°v- A-\[ - n-Im-cn-If - m-bn- {]-Jym-]n®n-cn-°p-∂p.- th-Zm-¥h - n-Zy A`ykn-°p-∂Xv- am-{X-a√ - - AXv- {i-hn-°p-∂X - pw- iq-{Z¿-°v- \n-jn-≤a - mWv'1._m-Z-cm-b-W-s≥-d- "{i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m¿-Y- {]-Xn-tj-[m-Xv-kvar-tXivN'2 F-∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-h-N-\w- hy-mJym-\n-®p-sIm-≠v- i¶c≥- F-gp-Xn:- "A-Xp-sIm-≠v- iq-{Z-\v- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-\-v A-[n-Imc-an-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- kvar-Xn- A-bmƒ- th-Zw- tIƒ-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bpwA-[y-b-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xns\-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[n-®ncn-°p-∂p.- th-Z-{i-hW-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- thZm¿-Y-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpwth-Zm\p-jv-Tm-\-Øns≥-d-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- iq{Z-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- kvarXn-I-fn¬- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- {i-h-W{]-Xn-tj-[Øn\v- D-Zm-l-c-Wam-bn "th-Z-hm-Iyw- {i-hn-®m¬- A-bm-fp-sS- sN-hn-bn¬- Cu-bh -- pwA-c-°pw- D-cp-°n-sbmgn-°-Ww'.- iq-{Z≥- k-©-cn-°p-∂- iv-aim-\-amIp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- iq-{Z-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øp-sh-®v- th-Zw- A-[yb-\wsN-øm≥- ]m-Sn-√'.- C-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- hn-[n-®ncn°p∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- bm-sXm-cp-h-s≥-d- k-ao-]w- A-[y-b-\wsNøm≥- ]mSn√tbm- Ah≥- kz-bw- th-Zm-[y-b-\w- sN-øp-∂-sXß-s\?- "A-h≥- thtZm-Nv-Om-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xm¬- Pn-lzm-tO-Zw- sNø Ww.- th-Z-a-{¥-ßƒ- [-cn-®m¬- sIm√-Ww'- F-∂pw- ]-d-™n-´p-≠v.A-Xn-\m¬- A-bmƒ-°v- th-Zm¿-YPv-Rm\-hpw- A-\p-jv-Tm-\-hpw- ]mSns√-∂p- kn-≤n-°p-∂p.- "i-q-{Z-\v- _p-≤n- (Pv-Rm\w) sIm-Sp-°-cp-Xv'F-∂pw- ]-d-™n-´p-≠v3.th-Z-Øn-se- ]p-cp-j-kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- B--cw-`-n-®v- `m-c-X-Øn s≥-d- kmaq-ln-I-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-em-sI- C-cp-´p-]-c-Øn-b- Pm-Xn-k-{ºZmb-Øn-\v- ]®-s°m-Sn- I-m-Wn-°p-∂- A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-s\-bm-Wv- \-ap1.- A-ssZz-X- [¿-aw- t]-Pv- 133 2.- {_-lv-a-kq-{Xw- 1:3:38 3.- C-X-iv-N-\- iq-{Z- kym-[n-Im-c- b- Z-ky- kv-ar-tXx- {i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m¿-Y- {]-Xntj-[m- `-h-Xn.-th-Z-{i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- th-Zm-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-kv-Y-X- Z¿Y-Pv-Rm-\m-\p-jv-Tm-\- tbm-iv-N- {]-Xn-tj-[x- iq-{Z-ky- `-h-Xn- {i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj[- kv-Xm-h-Xv.- ""A-Ym-ky- th-Z-ap-]-ir-Wz-X-kv-{X- ]p-P-Xp-`ymw- t{im-X-{h-]p-cmWw''- C-Xn.- ""]-Zyp-l-hm- G-X-Xv- iv-a-im-\w- sb-Nv-O-{Z-kv-X-kv am-Oq-{Z- k-aot]-\m-t[ym-X-hy''.- C-Xn-N- A-X- G-hm-[y-b-\-{]-Xn-tjx- b-ky-ln-k-aot]- ]nXm-t[y-X-hyw- `-h-Xn,- k-I-e- a-{Xp-X- a-[o-bo-X,- `-h-Xn-N-th-tZm-®m-c-tW- Pnlzm-tO-tZm-[m-c-tW-i-co-c- t`-X- C-Xn.- A-X- G-h- Nm¿-∞m-Z¿-∞- Pv-Rm-\m-\pjv-Tm-\-tbmx- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- `-h-Xn.- ""\-iq-{Zm-b- a-Xn- Z-Zym-Xv''- C-Xn-˛{_-lv-a-kq{X- im-¶-c- `m-jy-w 1:3:38

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

°n-hn-sS- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- F-√m-h¿-°pw- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn\¿-l-X-bp-≠v F-∂m-Wv- i-¶-c-s≥-d- A-ssZ-z-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-dXØ--z-sa-∂pw- "Po-thm- {_-lv-ssa-h\m- f]-c-'- F-∂- hm-Iy-Øn-eq-sSB-Xa v- o-b- km-tlm-Zc - y-am-Wv- A-t±-lw- {]t_m-[\ - w- sN-bX v- s - X∂pwhym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h¿- iq-{Z-t\m-Sv- ar-K-ß-sf-t∏m-se- s]-cp-amdWsa-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- {_-lv-a-kq-{X- `m-jyw- I≠n-s√-∂v- \Sn°pI-bm-Wv.- iq-{Z-sc- A-tbm-Ky-cm-bn- I¬-]n-°p-∂- km-aq-ln-Im-Nmcw\n-e\ - n-∂- k-aq-lØn-em-Wv- Po-hn-®s - X-∂X - n-\m-em-Wv- i-¶c - \ - v- Cß-1 s\- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-∂-sX-∂v hym-Jym-\n-®v- i-¶-c-s\- sh-≈-]q-ip-∂Nn-e-cp≠v.- Cu- hm-Zw- _m-en-i-am-Wv.- _p-≤-ssP-\m-Zn- a-X-ß-sfbpwkmwJyw,- \ym-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-bpwhn-a¿-in-®p-sIm≠mWv- i-¶-c≥- AssZzXw- kvYm-]n-®-Xv.- A-ssZ-z-Xw- sIm-≠vAt±lw- hn-h-£-n-°p-∂-Xv- B-Xvssa-Iy-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈- kmtlmZ-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- A-∂p- \ne-\n-∂- a-X-ß-sf- hn-a¿-in-®ptXm¬-]n-®-Xp-t]m-se- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-sØ-bpw- F-Xn¿-ØvtXm¬-]n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-lw- e-£yan-´Xv- km-tlm-Z-cyØns≥d- ktµ-iw- ]-c-Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√-;- {]-Xyp-X,- krjv-Sn Pmeß-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- ]m-c-º-cy-a-X-Ø-n-\v- Xm-Øzn-I- A-Sn-Ø-d]Wnbm≥- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.]-t£,- A-`n-\-h- ssl-µ-h- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-t∏m-se- ln-µp-cm-jv{S-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-sbm-∂pw- i-¶-cmNmcy¿- kz-]v-\w- Im-Wm-Xn-cp∂-Xn-\m¬,- A-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-sfb-pw- a-X-ß-sfb-p-sa√mw- k-a\z-bn-∏n-®v- H-cp- IpS-°o-gn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cm≥-- A-t±-lw- H-cpsº-´n-cp-∂n-√.- k-a-Im-en-I- a-X-ßƒ- ap-gp-h≥- A¿-Y-iq-\y-ß-fmsW-∂pw- thZm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- A-ssZz-X- hy-m-Jym-\-w- am-{X-am-Wv- tam£-am¿-K-sa-∂pw- {ioi¶-c≥- hm-Zn-®p.- "tbm-Kw- sIm-t≠m- kmwJywsIm-t≠m- a-X-I¿-a-ßƒ-sIm-t≠m- sh-dpw- hn-Zy-sIm-t≠m- tam-£wt\-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- B-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂m-sW-∂v- A-\p-`-hn®-dn-bp-I- am-{X-am-Wv- tam-£-km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-Kw'-2.- k¿1. P.V. Kane: History of Dharmashasthra Vol II Part 1 Page 33 2.- \-tbm-tK-\- \- kmw-tJy-\- I¿-Ω-Wm- t\m-\-hn-Zy-bm -{_-lv-am-Xv- ssa-I-Xz-tbm-tK-\- tam-£x- kn-[y-b-Xn- \m-\y-Ym'hn-th-I- Nq-Vm-a-Wn- 5:18

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

h-a-X-k-Xy-hm-Z-Øns≥-d aqSp-]-Sw- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- k-∂-≤-\-√m bncp∂- {io-i-¶-c≥- `m-c-X-Øn¬-X-s∂- P-∑-sa-Sp-Ø- a-‰p- Z¿-i-\ßsf-√mw sX-‰m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-®n-cp-∂p.- "th-Zm-¥a - X - Ø - n-s≥-d- A-ssZzXhy-m-Jym-\w- am-{X-am-Wv- i-cn-sb-∂v- i-Tn-®- i-¶c≥- ssP-\-˛_p-≤-aX-ßƒ-,- ao-amw-km-a-Xw,- ssi-h-a-Xw,- Im-]m-en-I-a-Xw,- imIv-tX-b-aXw,- ssh-jv-W-h-a-Xw- XpS-ßn- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- B-i-bßƒ-s° Xn-cm-bp-≈- a-X-ßƒ- ap-gp-h≥- A¿-Y-iq-\y-ß-sf-∂v- hm-Zn-®n-cp-∂p'1.Z-¬ln-bn-te-°v- hy-Xy-kv-X- Zn-°p-Ifn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X- h-gn-I-fneq-sS- bm{X- sN-bv-Xv- hy-Xy-kv-X- k-a-b-Øv- e£y-kv-Ym-\-sØØp∂-Xp-t]m-se- bmYm¿-Yy-Øn-te-°p-≈- hy-Xy-kvX - - h-gn-If - m- W - v- hnhn [- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-ß-fp-sa-∂2 B-[p-\n-I- ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-UnX-∑mcn¬Nn-ecp-sS-- -hm-Zw- {ioi-¶c-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂p- kmcw.hn-in-jvSm-ssZz-Xw-:- \n-¿-Kp-W-amWv- {_-lv-a-sa-∂- i-¶-ckn≤m¥Øn\v- hn-cp-≤a - m-bn- {_-lva - w- kKp-Wa - m-sW-∂pw- {]-]©wan-Yy-b-√- bmYm¿-Yy-am-sW-∂pw- A-Xv- {_-lv-a-Øn-¬-\n∂v- - ]-cnWan-®p-≠m-b-X-m-sW-∂pwhm-Zn-®- `m-kv-I-cm-Nm-cy-\pw,- C-u-iz-c≥,NnØv,- A-Nn-Øv- F-∂o- aq-∂v- cq-]-ß-fn-em-bn- {_-lv-aw- ]-cn-W-an °p-∂p-sh-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-®- bm-Z-h- {]Im-i-\pw- i-¶-c-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- hncp≤-am-b- X-Øz-im-kv-{X-ßƒ- A-h-Xcn∏n-°m≥- {i-an-®p-sh-¶n-epwhy-Iv-X-hp-w- k-a-{K-hp-am-b- H-cp- Z¿-i-\-Øn\v- Xd-°-√n-Sp-∂-Xn¬A-h¿ - -- ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏-Sp-Ib - m-Wv- sN-bvX - X - v.- i-¶c - t≥-dXn¬-\n-∂v- hyXykv-X-am-b- H-cp- k-a-{K- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- cq-]w- \¬-Ip∂-Xn¬- ]n∂oSvhn-P-bn-®-Xv- ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- Po-hn-®- cmam\p-P≥- am-{Xam bn-cp-∂p.]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- B-cw-`Øn¬- Im-©o-- h-c-Øn\vk-ao]ap-≈- H-cp- sN-dn-b- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øn¬- P-\n-®- cm-am-\p-P≥\q-dp-sIm-√-Øn-e-[n-Iw- Po-hn-®v- 1137˛¬- N-c-aw- {]m]n-®p.- {io-`mjywF-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-`m-jyw,- Ko-Xm-`m-jyw,- thZm-¥-km cw,- th-Zm-¥-Zo-]w,- K-Zy{Xbw,- th-Zm-¥- kw-{K-lw- Xp-S-ßn-b- H-´ \-h-[n- _r-l-Zv-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS- cm-am-\p-P≥- X-s≥-d- hn-in-jv-SmssZz-Xw- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p.1.- ]n.-sI.- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W≥-:- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥-d- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw- t]-Pv- 3 2.- km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-tiz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω-]-cn-N-bw- t]-Pv- 258.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

\n¿-Kp-W-{_-lv-aw- F-∂- k-¶¬-]w- A-kw-_-\v-[-am-sW-∂pwssNX-\yw- \n-d-™- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k-Kp-W- {_-lv-a-am-sW∂p-amWvhn-in-jvS- mssZz-XZ- ¿-i\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY - m-\X - X-zw.-- {_-lva - w,- \nXyhpw- im-iz-X-hp-am-sW-¶n¬- \n-Xy-X,- im-iz-X-X-zw- F-∂o- Kp-Wßƒ{_-lv-a-Øn-\p-s≠∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- Xn-∑-I-fn¬-\n-∂pwA]q¿-W-X-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- F-√mw- Xn-I-®pw- kz-X-{¥-\pw- \n-c-h-[n\-∑I - f - pw- D-XvI - r-jvS- Kp-Wß - f - p-ap-≈h - \pamb- ]p-cp-tjm-Øa - \ - mWv{_lv-aw.- Pv-Rm-\w,- B-\-µw,- i-IvXn,- \-∑,- kvt\lw,- Z-b- F-∂nhbm-Wv- k-Kp-W{- _-la v- Ø - n-s≥-d- A-Sn-kY v- m\- KpW-ßƒ.- tem-IsØ\n-b{- ¥n-°p-∂X - v- hn-hn-[ß - f - m-b- \m-\m-iI - X v- n-If - √ - ,- {]-Xyp-X- Cuizc≥- F-∂- G-I i-Iv-Xn- am-{X-am-Wv.Cu-iz-c\ - pw- Po-hm-Xa v- m-°f - pw- ù-Xn-I{- ]-]© - h - p-sa-√mw- hyXykvX-ß-fm-b- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-Wv.- A-Nn-Øv- (ù-Xn-I- ]-Zm¿-Yw-),Nn-Øv- (B-Xv-am-hv-),- C-u-iz-c≥- F-∂n-h- A-S-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- X-Ø-z-{Xbw.- Nn-Øpw- ANnØpw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h- Cu-iz c-s≥-d- `m-K-ß-fm-Wv.- Cu-iz-c≥- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- Po-hm-Xv-amhn-s≥-d-bpw- B-Xv-am-hm-Wv.- B-Xv-am-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- Cu-iz-c-s≥-dAw-i-ß-fm-sW-¶n-epw- Cuiz-c-\-√.- k¿h-PvR-\pw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X\pw- \n-Xy-\p-am-b- Cu-iz-c≥,- \n-Xy-sa-¶nepw- A-i I-v-Xamb- Po-hmX-v-am-hv,- A-tN-X-\-am-b- ù-Xn-I- ]-Zm¿-Yw- ˛Cu- X-Øz-- -{X-b-Øns≥dsF-Iy-am-Wv- {_-lv-aw.- C-Xv- H-c¿-Y-Øn¬- A-ssZ-z-X-am-sW-¶nepwtI-h-eam-b- A-ssZz-X-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- cm-am-\p-P≥- X-s≥-d- Z¿-i-\Øn-\v- hn-injv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xw- F-∂m-Wv- t]-cn-´-Xv.cm-am-\p-P-s≥-d- ho-£-W-Øn¬,-- tam£w- {]m]n-°-W-sa-¶n¬BXvam-hv- i-co-c-tam- ùXn-I-tam- A-s√-∂pw- Cu-iz-c-s≥-d- Aw-iam-sW-∂p-ap≈- t_m-[a - p-Zn-®v- kw-km-cZ- px-Jß - f - n¬-\n-∂pw- tam-N\wt\-S-Ww.- "tam£-sa-∂m¬- Cu-iz-c-\p-am-bp-≈- km-ayw- A-s√-¶n¬km-Zr-iyw- am{X-am-Wv.- km-cq-]y-tam- Xm-Zm-Xv-ay-tam- A-√'-1 F-∂mWvcm-am-\p-P≥- ]-d-bp∂Xv.- tam£-{]m-]v-Xn-°pti-j-hpw- B-Xv-a-m-hv{_-lva - a - m-bn- ]-cn-Wa - n-°p-Ib - n-s√-∂v- kv] - j - vS- a - m-bpw- kvY - m-]n-°p∂c-m-am-\p-P≥- "Po-thm- {_-lv-ssa-h- \-m- f]-c'- F-∂- i¶ch-N-\-sØ1. apIvXkykzcq]w {_lvatWm `mhxkz`mhx\Xp kzcqss]Iyw˛thZm¥kq{Xw {io`mjyw 1:1:1

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

]-c-ky-am-bn- J-Wv-Un-°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- i-¶c≥- ]-d-™Xpt- ]m-se- PvR - m-\a - m-Wv- tam-£Ø - n-\p-≈- am¿-Kw- F-∂√ - - cm-am-\pP≥]-d™ X - v.- {]-Xyp-X- I-¿a - hpw- `-IvX - n-bp-am-Wv- tam-£Ø - n-\p-≈- am¿Ksa-∂m-Wv.- B-Xv-ao-b- kw-Xr-]v-Xn-°p-th-≠n-tbm- `u-X-nIhpw- kmºØn-Ih - p-am-b- t\-´ß - ƒ-°p-th-≠n-tbm- D-≈- I¿-aß - ƒ- tam£{]m]vXn-°p- \n-Zm-\-am-Ip-∂n-√.- \n-jv-Im-a-I¿-a-hpw- B-Xv-am¿∏WhpamWvtam-£-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-≈- am¿-Kw.F-√m- a-\p-jy-cpw- Cu-iz-cmw-i-ß-fm-Wv- F-∂v- hm-Zn-®- cm-am \p-Ps≥d- hn-in-jv-S-m-ssZ-z-X-Z¿-i-\-hpw- km-aq-ln-I- k-a-Xz-tam- k¿hkm-tlm-Z-cytam- {]t_m[-\w- sN-øp-∂n-√.- A-bn-Ø-hpw- sXm-´-pIq-Sm-bv-a-bpw- Xo-≠n-°qSm-bv-a-bp-sa-√mw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- h¿-Wm{i-a-[¿-a-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-hpw- tam£-{]m-]v-Xn-°-p-th-≠n-bp-≈I¿-a-ß-fn¬- Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.- F-√m- a-\pjy-cpw-˛Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw-˛Cuizcmw-i-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cpw- Xmgv∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cpap-≠m-hp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂- {]-iv-\-Øn-\v- D-Ø-cw- ImWm≥- hninjv-Sm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ-°v- I-gn-™n-√.- a-t‰-sXm-cp- ssl-µ-h-Z¿i-\-Øns≥dbpw - t ]m- s e - X - s ∂- C- X m- b n- c p- ∂ p- hn- i n- j v - S m- s sZ- z - X Øns≥dbpw- G‰-hpw- h-en-b- Zu-¿-_-eyw.ssZz-Xw-:- {InkvXm_vZw 1238˛se- hn-P-b-Z-i-an-Zn-\-Ønem-Wv-I¿-Wm-S-I-Ønse- D-Up-∏n- \-K-c-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]-Xn-aq-∂v- In-tem-ao‰¿sX-°p-In-g-°m-bn- kvYnXn- sN-øp-∂- ]-P-I- t£-{X-sa-∂- {Km-aØn¬-- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mbam-[z≥- P-\n-®X - v2- .- am-[z-`m-jy- w- F-∂d - n-bs∏Sp∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-hy-Jym\w,- `m-K-h-XXm¬]-cy-\n¿-W-bw,- a-lm`mc-XX--Xz-- -\n¿-W-bw,- hn-jv-WpXX-z-\n¿W-bw,- k-tXzm-tZym-Xw- XpSßn-b- ap-∏-tØ-gv- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS- At±lw- th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-dssZz-X-hym-Jym-\w- \m-Sp-\o-sf- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p.Po-hm-Xva - m-hpw- ]-ca - m-Xva - m-hpw- H-∂s - √-∂pw- P-KØ - v- an-Yy-bs√∂p-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fp-sS- k-tµ-i-sa-∂-v am-[-zm-Nm-cy¿- i-Iv-Xnbm-bn- hmZn®p.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW-¶n¬]n-s∂- {_-lvasØ- A-dn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW-∂v- A-ssZz-X-kn≤m-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- h-IvXm-°tfmSv- am--[zm-Nm-cy¿- tNm-Zn-®p.- A-dn-hv- t\Sp

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

∂- hy-IX v- n-bpw-- A-dn-bs - ∏-tS-≠- hnjb-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\[ v- Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.- hnj-b-hpw- hn-j-bn-bpw- H-∂msW-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? A-PvR-X,- A-\nXy-X,- A-]q¿-W-X- F-∂n-h-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- a-\p-jy-s\- A\-¥-hp-wA-\-iz-c-hpw- k-ºq¿-W-hpw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-hp-am-b- {_-lv-a-tØm-Sv- D]an°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂- ]m-X-I-am-Wv.- {_-lv-aw- \n¿-Kp-W-\m-sW-∂- i¶chm-Zs - Ø-bpw- a-m[ - zm-Nm-cy≥- J-WU v- n-°p-∂p.- \n¿K-pW - \ - m-Wv- {_lva-sa-∂p- ]-dbp-∂h - ¿- {_-la v- Ø - n¬- \n¿-Kp-WX - z-sa-∂- Kp-Ww- - Btcm]n-°p-I-bmWv- sN-øp-∂sX--∂pw- A-ß-s\- \n¿-Kp-W-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS{_-lv-aw- t]m-epw -k-Kp-W-am-sW-∂pw- A-t±-lw- ]-d-™p.Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- b-m-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-Wv.- A-h- am-bb √.- ]-t£,- A-h-°v- kz-X-{¥-am-b- \n-e-\n¬-]n-√.- {_-lv-aw- tI-h ehpw- kz-X{¥-hp-am-b- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-sW-¶n¬- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {]]©-hpw- {_-lv-asØ- B-{i-bn-®v- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fmWv.- a-\p-jy≥- ]o-Un-X\pw- Zpx-Jn-X-\pw- A-]q¿-W-\p-sa-√mw- B-bnØo-cp-∂-Xv- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^-e-ambn-´m-sW∂- i-¶-ckn-≤m-¥-sØhn-a¿-in-®p-sI-m≠ - v- am-[z≥- tNmZn-®p:- "B-cp-sS- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^ew?'a-\p-jy-\pw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂m-sW-¶n¬- Pohm-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- A-hn-Zy]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d-bpw- A-hn-Zy-bm-sW∂v- h-cpw.- A t∏mƒ- {_-lva-Øn-\v- A-Pv-R-X-bp-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂- "A-hn-Zy'- F-∂- H-∂p-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂- {_lvahpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- c-≠pw- c-≠m-sW-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-°-em-Wv.- AX√A-ssZ-z-X-amWv- i-cn-sb-∂v- iTn-®m¬- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- k¿-h-Pv-RX- \ntj-[n-°-embn-cn-°pw.i-¶-c-s≥-d- am-bm-hm-Z-sØ- i-¶c-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®- D-Zm-l-c-Wß-f-p-]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- am-[zm-Nm-cy¿- hn-a¿-in-°-p-∂p-≠v.I-b¿- ]m-ºmbn tXm-∂-W-sa-¶n¬- Cu- tXm-∂-en-\p- \n-Zm-\-am-bI-b¿- am-{Xw- t]m-cm,- AXn-t\m-Sv- k-Zr-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- ]m-ºv- F-∂H-cp- b-Ym¿-Y- h-kv-Xp-Iq-Sn- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- C-Xp-t]m-se- P-K-Ø-v {` a-am-sW-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°W - s - a-¶n¬- A-Xn-\v- k-Zr-ia - m-b- H-cp- b-Ym¿YP-K-Øv- th-Ww.- ap-ºv- A-dn-bm-Ø-Xpw- F-hn-sS-bpw- C-√m-Ø-Xpamb- H-∂n-t\m-Sv- {`-a-sØ- km-Zr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- A-Xp-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

sIm-≠p-X-s∂- "P-K-Xv-a-nYy'-sb-∂- hm-Zw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnXam-Wv.Hm-tcm- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\pw- A-Xn-t≥-d-Xm-b- {]-tXy-I- Kp-W-ßfp-≠v.- H-cp- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv- a-s‰m-cp- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\-t∏m-se-b-√. -]q¿h-I¿-a-ß-fpsS- ^-e-am-bn- i-co-cw-,- C-{µn-b-ßƒ,- a-\- v- apX-em-bh-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp ∂-Xp- sIm-≠-m-Wv- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\p- Zpx-Jß-fpw- Zp-cn-X-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.- kw-km-c-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬- \n-∂p-≈tam-N-\w- Cu-iz-c- Ir-]bn-eq-sS- am-{X-ta- e-`y-am-Iq.- Cu-iz-c-s\- {] km-Zn-- ∏ - n-°p-∂X - n-\p-≈- am¿-Ka - m-Wv- `-IvX - n.- I¿am-\p-jvT - m-\I - \ - v- am{Xta- Cu-iz-c-s\- `-Iv-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn- [ym-\n-°m≥- I-gnbq.- k-X-yw,Zm\w,- Z-b,- th-Z-]m-cm-b-Ww- F-∂n-h- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\- ]-cn-ip-≤ am-°p-∂p.- A-\m-h-iy-ß-fpw- A-]m-b-I-c-ß-fp-am-b- F-√m-hn-[- A]hn{X-X-I-fn¬ -\n-∂pw- t_m-[-]q¿-hw- c-£-s∏-´v- ]-cn-ip-≤ cq-]w{]m-]n-°p-∂- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\m-Wv- sF-ln-I-_-\v-[-ß-sf- X-c-WwsNbv-Xv- tam-£w- {]m]n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-I.th-Zm-¥- Z¿-i-\-Øn¬-X-s∂- ssZ-z-Xw,- A-ssZz-Xw,- hn-in-jvSmssZ-zXw- F-∂o- aq-∂v- Nn-¥m-[m-c-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- \nw-_m¿-°-s≥-dssZz-Xm-ssZzXw,- h-√`- P - s - ≥-d- ip-≤m-ssZ-zX - h - m-Zw,- `m-kI v- c - s - ≥-d- t`Zmt`-Z-hm-Zw,- ssN-X-\y-s≥-d- A-Nn-¥m- t`-Zm-t`-Zw- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-kvYm\-ßf - pw- cq-]s - ∏-´p-sh¶n-epw- C-hs - b-√mw- ssZz-Xw,- A-ssZz-Xw,- hninjv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xw- F-∂o- Nn¥m[m-c-I-sf- hn-hn-[- A-\p-]m-X-ß-fn¬Iq-´n-t®¿-Øp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- Cu- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ-°v-{]-m-[m-\yw- \¬-Is∏Sp-∂n-√. B-kvX - n-I- Z¿-i\ - ß - s - f-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- j-UvZ- ¿-i\ - ß - s - f°pdn®mWv- \mw- C-Xp-h-sc- a-\- n-em-°n-b-Xv.- th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- {]m-amWysØ- \n-tj-[n-°p-∂- \m-kX v- n-IZ¿-i\ - ß - ƒ- {]-[m-\a - m-bpwaq-∂mWv._u-≤-Z¿-i-\w,- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w,- tem-Im-b-X-w- F-∂n-h-bm-W-h.- Chsb-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- `mc-Xo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn {X-tØm-Sv- Im-Wn°p-∂- I-Sp-Ø- A-\o-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw._u≤Z¿-i-\w:- _n.-kn-.- 567˛483 Im-e-Ø- v- `m-c-X-Øn¬- Pohn®n-cp∂- KuX-a-_p-≤-≥- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- a-X-am-Wv- _p-≤-aXw.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

{In-kX v- p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 567˛¬- I-]n-eh - k - X v- p-hn¬- im-Iym-Ip-em-[n-]\mbip-t≤m-Z-\-s≥-d- ]p{X-\m-bn-´m-Wv- kn-≤m¿-Y≥- P-\n-®-Xv.- cmPIobkp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-fn-sem-∂pwkw-Xr-]-vXn- I-s≠-Øm-Xn-cp-∂- At± lw- 29˛ma-sØ- h-b- n¬- H-cp- k\ym-kn-bm-bn.- Zpx-J-Im-c-W-hpw\n-hm-cW - a - m¿-Kß - f - pw- At\z-jn-®v- hn-hn-[- tbm-Ko-hc - y-∑m-cp-sS- ASp°¬- sN-√p-I-bpw- G-gp- h¿-j°m-ew- I-Tn-\ß-fm-b- X-]- -\p-jvTn°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- C-Xn¬-\n-s∂m-∂pw-X-s∂- e-£y-]m-]v-Xn- e`n°m-Xn-cp-∂- Ku-Xa - ≥,- K-bb - n-se- H-cp- a-c® - p-h´- n-en-cp-∂1v- [ym-\n°m≥Xp-S-ßn.- s]-s´s∂m-cp- Zn-h-kw- A-t±-lØn\v- AX-v-`p-X-I-c-amw-h Æw- ] - p-Xn-sbm-cp- PvR - m-t\m-Zb - w- D-≠m-sb-∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p.-- Aßs\-bm-Wv- kn≤m¿-Y- cm-PIp-am-c≥- Ku-X-a-_p-≤-\m-bn- amdnbXv._ - p-≤≥ - - A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- Po-hn-XI - m-eØ - v- {K-\vY - ß - s - fm-∂pwcNn®n-´n-√.- A-t±-l-Øns≥-d- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fpw {]-`m-j-W-ß-fpw- IYI-fpw- kam-l-cn-®v- "]n-S-I'-ßƒ- F-∂- t]-cn¬- {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv A-t±l-Øn-s≥-d- ]n≥Km-an-I-fm-Wv.- kp-Ø-]n-S-Iw,- hn-\-b-]n-S-Iw,- A-`n [-Ω-]n-S-Iw- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂p- ]n-S-I-ßfm-Wv. Zpx-Jw- (Zpx-J-sa-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yyw),- k-ap-Z-bw- (Zpx-J-Øn-\p-≈Im-cW-ßƒ),- \n-cp≤w- (ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-Ww)--,- am¿-Kw- (Zpx-J-\n-hm-cWØn-\p-≈- am¿-Kß - ƒ)- F-∂n-hb - m-Wv- Zpx-Js - Ø-°p-dn-®- \m-ep- hnip ≤- k-Xy-ßƒ.- Xr-jv-W-bm-Wv- Zpx-J-Im-c-Ww.- t`m-K-Xr-jv-W,- `m-h Xr-jvW - ,- hn-`h - X - r-jvW- F-∂n-hs - b- X-S™ p-\n¿-Øp-Ib - m-Wv- ZpxJ\n-tcm-[w.- i-cn-bm-b- Po-hn-X- ho-£-Ww-,- i-cn-bm-b- Po-hn-X- e£yw,i-cn-bm-b- Po-hn-X-N-cy-Iƒ- Xp-S-ß-n-b-- A-jv-Smw-K-am¿-K-ß-fn-eq-sSbm-Wv- Zpx-J-\n-tc-m-[w- km-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- k-ayKv-hn-izm-kw,- k-ayKv\n-iv-N-bw,- k-ay-Kv-h-N-\w,- k-ayKv-I¿-aw,- k-ayKv-Po-hnXw,- k-ay--Kv-bPv-Rw,- k-ayKv-hn-Nm-cw,- k-ayKv-[ym-\w F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- A-jv-SmwKam¿-K-ßƒ._p-≤-a-X-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- Cu-iz-c-s\-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn]mZn-°p-∂X - m-bn- \mw- Im-Wp-∂n-√.- _p-≤≥- {]-]© - I - m-cW - a - m-b- {_lva-sØ- \ntj-[n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- ]n≥-Im-e- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cn¬- ]-ecpw1. Cu- a-c-Øn-\m-Wv- ]n-∂o-Sv- t_m-[n-hr-£w- F-∂- t]-cp-h-∂-Xv.-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- {]-]-©-Øn-∂- v- Im-c-W-an-√ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂phv- k - m-£m-XI v- m-cs - a-∂- B-ib - s - Øbpwt{X- _p-≤s - ≥d- hm-Zw1.- {_-la tZ-h-{]m¿-Y-\sb-bp-sa-√mw- _p≤≥- hn-a¿-in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- ]dbs∏Sp-∂p.Zpx-JØ - n¬-\n-∂pw- Zp-cn-Xß - f - n¬-\n-∂pw- ]q¿-Wt- am-N\ - w- t\Snimiz-Xa - m-b- B-\µ - Ø - n--se-Øp-∂- A-hk - vY - s - b-bmWv- _p-≤≥- \n¿ hm-Ww- F-∂v- hn-fn-®-Xv.- Zpx-J-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- Zp-cn-X-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pwap-Iv-Xn- t\-Sm≥- A-h-b-p-sS- `u-Xn-I- Im-c-W-ß-sf- \n¿-am¿-P-\wsN-øm-\-√,-- {]-Xyp-X- B¥-cn-I- hn-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- kz`mh- ss\¿-ae - y-Øn-eq-sS-bpwam\knI- ]-cn-{i-aß - f - n-eq-sS-bpw- \n¿hmW-Ønse-Øn-t®-cm-\m-Wv- A-t±-lw- A\p-bm-bn-I-sf- B-lz-m-\wsN-bv-X-Xv.{_-m-lv-a-W- ta-[-m-hn-X-z-sØ- i-Iv-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂- F-Xn¿-°pI-bpw- h¿-Wm-{i-a- hy-h-kv-Y-s°-Xn-sc- i-_v-Zn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X{io-_p-≤-s\- A-k-`y-ßƒ-sIm-≠pw- A-{I-a-ßƒ- sIm-≠pam-WvA∂-sØ- {_ml-v-aW- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.- A-t±-l-sØsIm-e- sN-øm≥- t]m-epw- Ah¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\- \-S-Øn.- A-{I-a ßƒ- sIm-≠v- _p-≤-a-Xw- \-in-°n-s√-∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b- {_mlv-a W- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- k-a\ - z-bØ - n-s≥-d- X{¥-ßƒ- sI-m≠ - m-Wv- _p≤a-X-sØ- \m-am-h-ti-j-am-°n-b-Xv.- {i-o-_p-≤-s\- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-dH-º-Xm-a-sØ- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- A-`n-\-hssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn-e-[n-I-hpw._p-≤-s≥-d- \n¿-hm-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw- Cu- Z¿-i-\-Øn¬ -A-`n {]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bpw- ]m-j-Wv-U≥-am¿- F-∂- hn-`mKwD-S-se-Sp°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cp- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-ti-jw- a-lmkmw-Ln-I-∑m¿,- tY-c-hm-ZnIƒ- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ho-≠pw- ]nf¿∂p.- A-tim-I-s≥-d- `c-W-Im-e-Øv- A-t±-lw- _p-≤-a-X-{]-N-c-WØn-\p-th-≠n- b-Xv\ - n-®p.- _p≤-aX - w- a-lm-bm-\w,- lo-\b - m-\w- F∂nß-s\- c-≠p- {Kq-∏p-I-fm-bn- ho≠pwhn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´p.- a-lm-bm-\who-≠pw- am-[y-an-Iw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Zw- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ]n1. Caraws: The Gospel of Budha, Page 23

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

f¿∂p.- A-ß-s\- ]n-f¿-∂v- ]n-f¿-∂v- _p-≤-a-X-Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\-´v{][m\- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- A-™q-tdm-fw- D-]-h-n-`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w-:- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 599˛¬- h-Pv-Pn-bp-sS- X-ekv-Ym-\-am-b- ssh-im-en- \-K-cn-bn-em-Wv- ssP-\-a-X- kv-Ym-]-I-\mb- h¿-[-am-\- alm-ho-c≥- `q-Pm-X-\m-b-Xv.- a-lm-ho-c-\p- ap-ºpw- ssP\-a-X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- E-j-`-tZ-h≥- ap-X¬-- B-cw-`n-®- Xo¿Y¶c- ]-c-º-c-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- Xo¿-Y-¶-c≥- am-{X-am-Wv- h¿[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s\-∂p-am-Wv- hnizm-kw.- P-bn-®-h≥- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈"Po-\'- -]-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- hyp¬-]-∂-amb- Pn-\≥- F-∂- ]-Zw- sIm≠v- cm-K-tZz-jm-Zn-I-sf- P-bn-®h -- ≥- F-∂v- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- BsI-bp-≠mb- C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ev- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpwkn≤m-¥-ßsf- t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®-Xm-W-t{X- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w.- B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- BNm-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v- in-jy∑m-cnte-°v- t\-cn-´v- hm-sam-gnbm-bn-- {]-N-cn∏n-°-s∏-´Xn-\m¬- Cu- Z¿i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- \n¿-{K-\vY-∑m¿- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-´p.- h¿-[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bnbm-bn-cp-∂- tI-h-en- F.Un.- 57˛¬ ssP-\-Z¿-i-\- kn-≤m-¥-ßƒt{Im-Uo-Ic - n-°p-Ib - pw- kq{X-ßƒ,- {]-Io¿-Wß - ƒ,- \n¿-bp-IvX - n-Iƒ,D-]mw-i-ßƒ,- tO-Z-ßƒ- F-∂o- h-I-I-fn¬- F¨-]-Øn-\m-ep- {K\v-Y-ßƒ- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- kw-`m-h-\- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.ssP-\- Z¿-i-\w- {]-]-©-Øn-se- F-√m- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- Po hßƒ- F-∂pw- A-Po-h-ß-sf∂pw- c-≠m-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- C-hc-≠pw- imizX-ß-fm-Wv.- `u-Xn-I- ]-Zm-¿-Yw- (]p-Zv-K-ew),- kv-Y-ew,Im-ew,- N-e-\w- ([¿-aw-),- \n-iv-N-eX- (A-[¿-aw-)- F-∂n-ß-s\- A©pX-c-am-Wv- A-P-o-h-ßƒ.- Cu- A-Po-h-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´m-WvPoh≥- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv.- Po-h≥-X-s∂-bmWv- BXv-am-hv.- ]-c-amWp-hn-\p-t]m-epw- tN-X\ - b - p-≠v.- a-\p-jy-s≥d- C-{µn-bß - f - pw- a-\ pwizm-k-hp-apƒ-s∏sS- {]-]-©-Øn-se- F-√m- {]-Xn-`m-k-ßfpw- ]-cam-Wp-°-fp-sS- kw-tbm-Kw- sIm-≠m-Wv- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.Hm-tcm- Po-hn-Iƒ-°pw- th-sd- th-sd- B-Xv-am-hp-≠v.- A-h-°vhyXy-kv-X- h-ep-∏-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- B-\-°v- B-\-tbm-fw- h-ep∏-ap-≈B-Xv-am-hpw- D-dp-ºn-\v- D-dp-ºn-t\m-fw- h-en-∏-ap-≈- B-Xv-am-hp-am-Wp-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

≈-Xv.- B-Xa v- m-hv- \nXyhpw- A-\iz-ch - p-am-W.v- - c-mK - t- Zz-jt- em-`- tamlmZn-If - n¬-\n-∂v- ap-IvX - a - mbn- B-Xva - o-b- hn-Im-kØ - n-s≥-d- k¿-thm∂X]-Z-hn-bn-te-°v- F-Øn-t®-cp-Ibm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- e-£yw.- I-¿-aiIv-XnsIm-≠v- -{]-b-Xv-\-Øn-eq-sS- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-∑m-cp-sS- ]-Z-hn-bn-se Øn-t®-cp-∂-Xm-Wv- \n¿-hm-Ww.-

XØzw {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zn-I-sf- ]-cn-l-k-n-°m≥th-≠n- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- {]tbm-K-am-sW-∂m-Wv- a‰pNn-e- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]mbw.- tem-Im-b-X-sa∂- t]-cp- e-`n®-Xv- `u-Xn-I-tem-I-sØ- B-kv-]-Z-am-°n-b- XØ-z-im-kv-{Xw- F∂A¿-Y-Øn-em-sW-\pw- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp≠v.-

ssh-Zn-I-I-¿-a-ßƒ-°pw- {_m-lv-a-W- ]-u-tcm-ln-X-y-Ø-n-\pwF-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂- ssP-\a - X - m-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°pw- A-°m-es - Ø- ]utcmln-Xy-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- i-Iv-X-am-b- F-Xn¿-∏v- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.- ]n¬ °me-Øv- ssP-\ Z¿i\w- Zn-Kw-_-c-∑m¿,- tiz-Xmw-_-c∑m¿- F-∂nß-s\- c-≠p- hn-`m-K-ambn- ]n-cn-™p.- k¿-h-kw-K-]-cn-Xym-K-sa-∂ssP-\-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-i-bw- hym-Jym-\n-®v- hym-Jym\n-®v- D-Sp-Xp-Wn-t]m-epw- D-t]-£n-°-W-sa-∂ \n-e-bn-se-Øn-b-hcm-Wv- Zn-Kw-_-c-∑m¿-˛Zn-°v- h-kv-{X-am-°n-b-h-sc-∂¿-Yw.- sam-Ø Øn¬- Po-hn-X-sØ- {]-[m-\-am-bn- Im-Wp-I-bpw- Ip-Spw-_-Po-hn-Xw\n-tj-[n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- sh-≈-h-kv-{X-[m-cn-I-fm-Wvti-z-X-mw-_-c-∑m¿. Cu- c-≠p- hn-`m-K-ßƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- bm-]-\o-b-∑m¿Fs∂mcp- hn-`m-Kh - pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- sP-\a - X - Ø - n¬- D-Ss - e-Sp-Øp-sh-¶nepwAXv- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- \n-e\n-∂n-√.-

Nm¿-hm-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-sfm-∂pw-Xs∂- C∂v- In-´m-\n-√.- `m-cXo-b- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ-°v- km-ln-Xy-ßf-p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√s√--∂v- C-Xn-\¿-Y-an-√.- a-t‰-sXm-cp- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpwt]m-se-Øs-- ∂- [mcm-fw- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\p-≠mbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.- Cu- kmln-Xy-ßƒ-°v- F-¥p-]‰n?- P-h-l¿-em¬s\lvdp- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-" C-¥y-bn-se- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z- km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬an-°-Xpw- ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn-se- ]p-tcmln-X-∑m-cpw- a-‰p- ]m-c-º-cyaX-hn-izm-kn-I-fpw- \-in-∏n-®-Xm-hm-\m-Wv- C-S-bp-≈-Xv'1- .- Nm¿-hm-IZ¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v- C-∂p- \aps°-s¥-¶n-epw- a-\- n-em-°m≥- Ignbp-∂-Xv- A-Xns≥-d- hn-a¿-i-I-sc-gp-Xn-b- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬\n-∂m-Wv.]-Xn-\-©mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- th-Zm-¥-]-Wv-Un-X≥- am-[hmNm-cy¿- F-g-p-Xn-b- "k¿-h-Z¿-i-\- kw-{K-lw'- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬\n-∂-m-Wv- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- kn≤m-¥-ßsf°p-dn-®v- G-It- Z-iw- hn-iZ- a - m-bn- \-ap-°v- a-\ - n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp∂Xv.Nm¿-hm-I-Z¿-i-\-sØ- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-s≠-gp-Xn-b- {]-kv-Xp-X- {K-\vYØn-se- ]-c-m-a¿-i-ßƒ- ]q¿-W-am-bnkzo-I-cn-°m≥- \n-jv-]-£- ]T\w- \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°m-h-n-s√-¶n-epw- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®vA-Sn-kv-Ym\- hn-h-c-ßƒ- \¬-Ip-∂- G-I-t{km-X- v- F-∂- \n-ebv°vk¿-h-Z¿-i-\kw{K-l-sØ-bm-Wv- C∂v F-√m- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpwB{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.-

Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i\ - w-:- th-Zß - s - f- ap-gp-h≥- hn-a¿-in-®v- Cu-izc\vAkv-Xn-Xz-an-s√-∂v- hm-Zn-®- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\m-W- v- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\wA-s√-¶n¬- temIm-b-X- Z¿-i-\w- F-∂p- ]-d-bp-∂Xv.- _r-l-kv]Xnkv-Ym]n-®- Z¿-i-\-amWv- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-sa-∂pw- tem-I¿-°n-S-bn¬A-Xn-\v- kn-≤n-®- {]-Nm-c-w- sIm-≠m-Wv- tem-Im-b-Xw- F-∂p- t]-cphn-fn-s®-sX-∂p-am-Wv- Nn-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- \n-K-a-\w.- _r-l-kv]-Xn-bp-sS- in-jy-\m-b- Nm¿-hm-I-\m-Wv- Cu- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- kvYm]-I-s\-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- Nm¿-hm-I≥- H-cp- {]tXy-I- hy-Iv-Xnbp-sS- t]-c-s√-∂pw- kp-µ-c-am-b- (Nm-cp-hm-b-)- hm-°p-I-sf-s°m-≠vP-\-ß-sf- B-I¿-jn-®p- h-gn-sX-‰n-°p∂- `u-Xn-I-hm-ZnI-sf- s]mXphm-bn- kwt_m-[-\- sN-ø-m-\-p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-- ]-Zam-bn-cp∂pNm¿-hm-I-∑m¿- F-∂p-am-Wv- a-‰p- Nn-e- ]Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- ]-£w."N-h-bv-°p-I'- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈- "Nm¿-hv'- F-∂- [m-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂pw- cq-]sa-Sp-Ø- Nm¿-hm-I≥,- "Xn-∂pI-;- Ip-Sn-°p-I-;- kp-Jn-°p-I'- F-∂-

Cu-iz-cs - \-bpwth-Zß - s - f-bpw- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-bpw- iIvXambn- hn-a¿-in-®- tem-Im-bX - ∑ - m-cp-sS- X-Øz-- ß - s - f- {]-KX - v` - - am¿Ivknkv-‰v- Nn-¥-I-\m-b- sI.- Zmtam-Z-c≥- C-ß-s\- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn°p∂p.1.- `q-an,- sh-≈w,- Xo-,- hm-bp- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- aqe-[m-Xp-°ƒ.1. Jawaharlal Nehru: The Discovery of India, Page 86.

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

2.- i-co-cw,- C-{µn-bßƒ,- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- ap-X-em-b-h- Cu- aq-e [m-Xp-°-fp-sS- hy-Xy-kv-X- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- kw-tbm-P-\w- sIm-≠p≠mb-Xm-Wv.3.- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- Nn-e- {]-tXy-IX-cw- [m-\y-ß-fp-sSkwtbm-P-\-Øn¬-\n-∂v- e-l-cn- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≠m-hp-∂-Xp-t]m-se- aqe[m-Xp-°-fp-sS- kw-tbm-P-\-Øn¬-\n-∂v- {]-Pv-R-bp-≠m-hp-∂p.4.- {]-Pv-Rtbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- i-co-c-am-Wv- B-Xv-am-hv.5.- Imaw- am-{X-am-Wv- ]p-cp-jm¿-Yw-.6.- a-c-W-am-Wv- tam-£w-1.{_-m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-bpw- ssh-Zn-II¿-a-ß-sf-bpwhna¿-in-®- v- _r-l-kv-]-Xn- F-gp-Xn-b-sX-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂- h-cn-I-fn¬\n∂pw- tem-ImbX- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- Xo-{h-X- a-\- n-em-°m≥Ignbpw."A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- aq-∂v- thZ-ßƒ,- k-\ym-kw,- `-kv-aw- ]qi¬,Chsbm-s°- _p≤n-bpw- ]u-cp-j-hpw- sI-´-h-cp-sS- h-b-‰p-]n-g-∏n-\pth-≠n- ]S-®p-≠m-°n-b- G¿-∏m-Sp-Iƒ- am-{X-am-Wv'-2."tkm-ab - m-KØ - n¬- sIm-e- sN-øs - ∏-´- ar-KØ - n-\v- kz¿-Kw- In´p sa¶n¬ b-Pa - m-\≥- kz-¥w- A-NO - v- s - \-Øs-- ∂- bm-Kth-Zn-bn- ¬ - - F¥psIm≠v- l\n-°p-∂n-√?'3 "Po-hn-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw- I-m-ew- kp-J-am-bn- Po-hn-°-Ww.- I-Swhmßn-bpw- s\-øv- I-gn-°-Ww.- i-co-cw- Np-´p-Nm-ºem-bm¬- ]n-s∂Xn-cn-®p-h-cp-∂sX-ß-s\?'4."A-Xp-sIm-≠v- {_m-lv-a-W≥- a-cn-®-h¿-°v- ti-j-{In-b-Iƒhn[n®Xv- X-ßƒ-°v- D-]P - o-h\ - - am¿-Ka - p-≠m-°m≥- th-≠n-am-{X-amWv.1.- `m-c-Xo-bNn-¥,- t]-Pv- 144.2.- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw- {X-tbm-th-Zmx- {Xn-Z-Wv-Uw- `-kv-a- Kp-Wv-T\w- _p-≤n- ]p-cp-j-lo-\m \mw- Po-hn-Im- [m-Xr- \n¿-Ωn-Xn-3.- ]-ip-iv-tN-∂n-l-Xx- kz¿-§w- tP-ym-Xn-jv-Tm-ta- K-an-jy-X-nkz-]n-X- b-P-am-t\-\- X-{X-I-kvam-∂- lnw-ky-tX4.- bm-h-Pv-Po-hw- kp-Jw- Po-th-Zv- E-Ww- Ir-Xym- Lr-Xw- hn-t_-Xv-;`kv-ao- `q-X-ky tZ-lw-ky- ]p-\-cm-K-a-\w- Ip-Xx?-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

a-s‰m-∂pw- Hcn-S-Ø-p-an-√'-1.C-ß-s\,- ssh-Zn-I-a-X-sØ-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcm-lnXysØ-bpwbm-Km-Zn- I-¿-a-ß-sf-bp-sa-√mw- i-Iv-X-am-bn- hn-a¿-in-®Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- {_m-lv-a-W]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- X-ß-fp-sS- ka-b-hpw- i-I-vXn-bpw- {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn\mem-bn-cn-°-W-w- Nm¿-hm-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-sfm-∂pw- X-s∂- A-h-ti-jn°mXn-cp-∂-Xv.- "h-©-I-∑m-cpw- tIm-am-fn-I-fpwcm-£-k-∑m-cpw- Iq-Sn- ]S®p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv- th-Z-ßƒ'2 F-∂v- ]-c-ky-ambn- {]-Jym-]n-®temIm-b-X-∑m-sc- ssh-Zn-I- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- F-Xn¿-°m-Xn-cp-s∂¶n-te-- A-Xv-`p-X-ap-≈q.- ]-t£,- ]u-cm-Wn-I- `m-c-Xo-bN-cn{Xw- th-Z sØ-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°s-- f-bpw- a-‰p- ssl-µ-h-{K-\v-Y-ß-sf-bpwAwKo-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂- P-\h - n-`m-KØ - n-s≥-d- am-{Xw- N-cn-{X-am-sW-∂- hmZØn-¬-- Igºn-s√∂v- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Xpw- sshZnIZ¿-i-\-hpw- X-Ωn¬- \S∂- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- N-cn-{Xw- hy-Iv-Xam°p-∂p.Cu-iz-c-\n-s√-∂v- hm-Zn-®- Nm¿-h-m-I-s\-t∏m-epw- kzo-I-cn-®m\-bn-°m\pw- _r-l-kv-]-Xn-sb- ap-\n-bm-bw-Ko-I-cn-°m-≥- k-∂-≤am-hm≥- am{Xw- hn-im-e-a-\-kv-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-cØn-s≥-d- A\pbm-bn-I-sf-∂pw- C-{X-bpwhn-im-eam-b- ho-£-Wwsh-®p-]p-e¿-Øn-b- a-s‰mcp- Z¿i-\-tam- cm-jv-{S-tam- tem-I-N-cn-{XØn¬- C-∂p-h-sc- D-≠m-bn-´n-s√-∂pw- lnµp-cm-jv-{S-hm-Z-°m¿- D-Zv tLm-jn°m-dp-≠v.- k-X-y-sØ- h-f-s®m-Sn-®psIm-≠p-≈- {]Nm-c-Wwam-{X-a-t{X- C-Xv.- Nm¿-hm-I- Z-¿-i-\-sØ- \-in-∏n-°m≥- th≠n- BZ¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ- Np-s´-cn-®-Xv- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p?- Nm¿hm- n-∏n-®h - ¿- BcmI∑m¿- A-kp-c∑ - m-cpw- cm-£k - ∑ - m-cp-am-sW-∂v 3 {]-Nc bn-cp-∂p?- temIm-b-X- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Isf- h-I-h-cpØnbXm-bn-cp-∂p.?-4 ]ucm-Wn-I- `m-c-Xo-b¿- F-∂m-Wp-Ø-cw.- hyIv1.- X-X-iv-N- Po-h-t\m-]m-tbm- {_m-lv-a-ssW¿- hn-ln-Xm-kv-Xz-n-l- ar-Xm-\mw- t{]-X Im-cym-Wn- \-Xz-\y-Zv- hn-Zy-tX-Iz-Nn-Xv(D-≤-c-Ww-:- tUm.- F≥.-hn.-]n.- D-Wn-Øn-cn-:`m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø- ap-Jw- t]-Pv- 26˛17)-.2.- {X-tbm- th-Z-ky- I¿-Xm-tcm- Z-Wv-U- [q¿-X- \n-im-N-cmx3.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥- t]-Pv- 143.4.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw-:- hm-eyw- 1 t]-Pv-:- 653.-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

X-ambn- ]-d™ m¬- th-tZm-]\ - n-jØ - p-Iƒ - ° - v- A-{]-amZn-Xzw- I¬]n®ssh-ZnI- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpw- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw.- Chsc-bm-Wv- temIm-b-X-sØ-t∏m-epw- ]q-am-e-bn-´v- kzo-I-cn-®- alm-a\-kv-I-cm-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂- h-kv-Xp-X- F-¥p- am-{Xw- hnNn{X-a-√!-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-hsc- A-Xw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p'-1.- `m-c-Xo-b- Zm¿-i\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-®m¬- Cu- ]-c-am-_-Zv-[w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥Bsf-°n-´p-I-bn-√. A-Xn-\m-em-bn-cn-°mw- B-Z¿-i-tam- B-i-b-tam]Tn-∏n-°m-sX- A-\v-[-am-b- tZ-io-b- hn-Im-c-hpw- A-\y-a-X-hn-tc-m-[hpwam-{Xw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂p \mw- I-cp-Xp-I.-

Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-hpw- ssh-Zn-I- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬- am-{Xa-√,- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv.- `m-c-XØn-ep-≠mb- ap-gp-h≥- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬-X-Ωn¬- kw-hm-Z-ßfpwkw-L-´-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.- {_lvaw- k-Ø-pw- {]-]-©w- A-k-Øp-am-sW-∂- th-Zm-¥n-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv Ym-\-m-Z¿-i-sØ- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i-\- kv-Ym-]I≥- {]-]© - w- k-Øp-Xs - ∂-bm-sW∂v- kvY - m-]n-°p-∂X - v1.- \-tS- kqNn∏n-®- {]-I-m-cw {io-i-¶-c≥- X-s≥-d- A-ssZzX- th-Zm-¥w- kv-Ym-]n-® Xv- k-a-Im-en-I-ß-fm-b- Z¿-i-\-ßƒ- ap-gp-h≥- A-_≤-ß-fm-sW-∂vk-a¿-Yn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.- C-ß-s\- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- kw-hmZØn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv- ssh-tZ-in-I-am-b- a-t‰-sXm-cp- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpwt]mse -X-s∂- `m-cX-o-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- h-f¿-∂p-hn-I-kn-®-Xv.- `mcXo-b- Z¿i-\Ø - n-\v- A-{]-am-Zn-Xz-w- I¬-]n-°m≥- P-\ß - t- fm-Sv- Blzm\w- sN-øp-I-bpw- A-ß-s\- a-X-hn-Im-c-Øn-t∑¬- cm-jv-{Sw- ]-Wn-bmsa-∂v- hymtamln-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-h¿- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ- a-d-®psh-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- `m-cXo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øns≥-d-bpw- k-a-\z-b-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- N-cn-{X-am-sW-∂v- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\wsN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-h¿- F-gpXp∂p-:- "H-∂p- am-{Xw- i-cn-;- a-s‰-√mw- sX‰v'F-∂- sk-an-‰n-Iv- ho-£-Ww- A-`m-c-Xo-b-amWv.- H-cp- sk-an-‰n-Iv- "aX'sa-∂p-X-s∂- I-cp-Xm-hp-∂- am¿-Ivkn-k-Øn¬- hn-izkn-°p-∂- \ºqXn-cn-∏m-Sn-\v- B- a-XØ - n-s≥-d- ho-£W-ap≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Ia - mWv.`m-c-Xo-b- ho-£-Ww- a-\p-jy≥- sX-‰n¬-\n-∂v- i-cn-bn-te-°v- ap-t∂dp∂p-sh-∂m-Wv-.- A-Xv- H-∂n-s\-bpw- I-Æpw-]q-´n- \n-tj-[n-°-p-∂n-√.B-hiym-\p-k-c-Ww- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p.- `q-Xt{]-X-ßƒ- ap-X¬- ]c{_lv-aw- h-sc- I-√pw- a-c-hpw- ap-X¬- \n-cm-Im-c- \n¿-Kp-W- {_-lv-aw1.- kmw-Jy-Im-cn-I- 9.-

1.- ]n.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-:- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v-:- 1989 Pq¨- 11˛17

4 a-X-hn-`m-K-ßƒhn-hn-[- Z¿-i-\-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®v- hy-Xy-kv-X- B-cm-[-\mk-{ºZm-b-ß-fpw- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- C-∂pw- \n-e-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v C-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xpw.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- B-hn¿-`-hn-®- {]-[-m-\a-Xß - ƒ- thZm-¥w,- sshjvW - h - w,- ssi-hw,- im-IvX - w,- ku-cw,- KmW]-Xyw,- Iu-am-cw,- tbmKw,- kmw-Jyw,- a-o-amw-k,- ssP-\w,- _u-≤wF∂n-h-bm-Wv.- C-h-bn¬- th-Zm¥w,- tbm-Kw,- kmw-Jyw-,- ao-amw-k,ssP-\w,- _u-≤w- F-∂o- a-X-ßƒ- \tS- {]kv-Xm-hn-®- Z¿-i-\-ßtfmS-\p-_-\v-[n-®-p-≠m-b- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fmWv.- ssh-jv-Whw,ssi-hw,- im-Iv-Xw,- ku-cw,- Km-W-]-X-yw,- Iu-am-cw- F-∂o- a-X-ßfpwZ-¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- Dt]m¬-]-∂-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw- A-h- tI-hew- Bcm[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ- am-{X-ta- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂p-≈q.- Z¿-i-\-ßsf°p-dn-®v- \-tS-{]-kv-Xm-hn-®- kv-Yn-Xn-°v- a-‰p- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Z-m-bß-sf- A-Yh - m- a-Xß - s - f-°p-dn-®v- am-{Xw- km-am- \ - y- a - m-bn- \-ap-s°m∂v]-cn-N-bs∏Smw.ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-w-:- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- A[n\m-b-I-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- G-I-ssZ-h-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h≥-am¿.- {ioIrjv-W≥,- {iocm-a≥- Xp-S-ßn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-ßfpw- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-\v- B-cm-[y-ß-fm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-c-m-[-\bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-∂v- hm-Zn °p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Ønsbkw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈- sF-Xn-ly-w- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- H-cn-°¬- E-jn-am¿Iq-Sn- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- B-cm-Wv- ]q-Pm¿-l-s\∂v- ]-co-£n-°m≥`r-Kp- a-l¿-jn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `rKp-hn-s\A-hK - W - n-®p.- A-hs - c- i-]n- ® - v- hn-jW v- p-hn-\S- p-sØ-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ- At±lw- tbm-K-\n-{µ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- tIm-]n-®v- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n¬N-hn-´n-b-t∏mƒ- hn-jv-Wp- D-W-cp-I-bpw- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- Im-ep-X-S-hnt£-a-a-t\z-jn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- hn-jvWp-X-s∂bm-Wv- ]q-Pm¿-l-s\-∂v- ap-\n-am¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv.- ]m-©cm-{X-sa∂pw`-m-K-h-X- [¿-a-sa∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-\v- t]-cp-I-fp-≠v.B-≠n¬- aq-∂p- {]m-h-iyw- \-S-°p-∂- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-sehntTm_m- D¬-k-h-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-thm¬-k-h-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s∏´-Xv.- {io-Ir-jW v- m-kY v- m-\a - m-b- ku-cm-j{v- S-bn-se- Zzm-cI - \ - m-Y- t£{Xhpw- Xn-cp-∏-Xn-bn-sesh-¶n-tS-iz-c- t£-{X-hpw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Kp-cp hm-bq¿- t£-{X-hpw- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- aq-∂v- ssh-jvW - h - - t£-{X-ßfmWv.sX-°v- {io-]-Xv-a-\m-`- kz-m-an- t£-{Xw- ap-X¬- h-S-°v- _-Z-co-\m-Yt£-{Xw- h-sc- C-¥y-bn-ep-S-\o-fw- [mcmfw- ssh-jv-W-h- t£-{Xßfp-≠v.- cm-a-\-h-an,- P≥-am-jv-S-an,- \-h-c-m-{Xn,- Zohm-fn F-∂n-h-bm-Wv{]-[m-\- ssh-jW v- h - m-tLm-jß - ƒ.- F-√m- am-kß-fn-epw- c-≠v- GImZin- \m-f-p-I-fn¬- {h-X-a-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-Xpw- Kr-lm-¶-WØn¬- hn-jvWp-hn-\v- ]-cn-ip-≤-am-b- Xp-f-kn- h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xpw- hn-jv-Wp- k-l{k\m-aw- sNm-√p-∂-Xpw- ]p-Wy-I¿-a-ß-fm-bn- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wvssh-jv-W-h- `-Iv-X-∑m-¿.- \m-c-Z-]-©-cm-{Xw,- Pv-Rm-\m-ar-X-km-cw,\m-c-Z-`Iv-Xn-kq-{Xw,- im-Wv-Un-ey- `-Iv-Xn- kq-{Xw,- a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw,hnjv-Wp- ]pcmWw,-l-cn-hwiw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- ssh-jv-Who-b- {K\vY-ß-fm-bn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv.ssh-jvW - h - - a-XØ - n¬-Xs - ∂- hy-Xy-kvX - - D-]- a-Xß - f - p-≠mbn´p≠v.- cm-am-\p-P≥- kvY - m-]n-®- {io- k-{º-Zm-ba - m-Wv- C-hb - n¬- G‰hpw]u-cmWn-Is - a-∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- hn-jW v- p-hn-s\-bpw- e-£a v- n-sbbpw-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-bpw- B-cm-[y-cm-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂- {io- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬X-s∂- th-Z-Kz-mfmbn-Iƒ-,- sX-¶-fm-bn-Iƒ- F-∂o- c-≠p- hn-`m-K-ßfp-≠m-bn.- th-Z-K-zm-fm-bn-Iƒ,- e-£v-an-sb- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- k-lhm-kn-bpw- A-\-¥-bpw- krjv-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-fp-am-bn- I-W-°m-°ptºmƒ-,- sX-¶-fm-bn-Iƒ- A-h-sc- Znhy-Xz-ap≈-h-sc-¶n-epw- kr-jv-Sn bm-b-pw- a-[y-h¿-Ø-I-bm-bp-am-Wv- a-\- n-em-°p∂-Xv.- cm-am-\-µ≥kv-Ym-]n-®- cm-am-\-µn-I-ƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sshjvW- hn-`mK-Øns≥-d- B-cm-[y-∑m¿- cm-a≥,- ko-X-,- e-£v-a-W≥,- l-\p-am≥- F∂n-h cm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jW v- s - ≥-d- ]-{¥-≠v- h-b - n-\p- ap-ºp-≈- cq-]a - m-b- _metKm-]m-e-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- cp-{Z- k-{º-Zm-b-sa-∂- ssh-jv-W-hhn-`m-KØn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- h-√-`-\m-Wv.{io-I-r-jv-W-s\- ]-c-tam-∂-X-\m-bn- Im-Wp-∂- ssN-X-\y-∑m¿F∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏Sp-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- Ir-jv-Wm-hXm-ca - m-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- ssN-X\y- a-lm-{]-`p-hm-Wv.- `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy≥- kv-Ym ]n-®- \nw-_m¿-°- hn-`m-K-am-I-s´- Ir-jv-W-t\msSm-∏w- cm-[-sb-bpw- B-cm[n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- {i-o-Ir-jv-W-s\-bpwcm[m-h√ - ` - s - \-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- cm[m-h√ - ` - - h-n` - m-KØ - n-s≥-d- kvYm]-I≥- l-cn-h≥-jv- B-Wv.- am-d-Øpw- tXm-fpI-fn-epw- ssh-jv-W-hNnlv-\w- Np-´- C-cp-ºn-\m¬- ]-‰n-®p-tN¿-°p∂- am-[h- hn-`m-K-Øns≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- hm-bp-tZ-h-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂v- hnizkn-°-s∏Sp-∂- am-[-hm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv-.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX- N-c¨-Zm-kn-Iƒ,- Zm-Zp-]¥nIƒ,- l-cn-]-µn-I-ƒ-,- I-_o¿- ]-µn-Iƒ-,- Jm-°n-Iƒ,- ap-ep-Iv-Zm-knIƒ,- aocm-`m-bn-Iƒ,- cm-b-Zm-kn-Iƒ,- tk-\m-bn-Iƒ,- km-Jn-_m-hIƒ,- k-[¿-a-]-µ-n-Iƒ- Xp-S-ßn- H-´-\-h-[n- hn-`m-K-ßƒ- ssh-jv-Wha-X-Øn-ep-≠v.ssi-h-a-X-w-:- {]m-No-\-Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- in-h-]q-P-bpwenw-K-]q-P-bpw- \n-e-\n-∂p-h-∂n-´ps≠-¶n-epw- ssi-h-a-X-Z¿-i-\-ßƒ]q¿-hIme- in-hm-cm-[-\-bp-sS- ]n-¥p-S¿-®-b-s√-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-Xa-Xw.- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- kw-lm-c-I-\m-b- in-h-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂h-cm-Wv- ssi-h≥-am¿.- "inh-Pv-Rm-\-t_m-[w'- F-∂- {K-\v-Y-sa-gp-Xnssi-h- kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ-°v- Zm¿-i\n-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- \¬-Im≥- {ian ®- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- sa-bv-°-Wv-U¿.- ip≤m-ssZz-Xw- F-∂- t]-cn-e-dn

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

b-s∏-Sp-∂- ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-cw- {_lv-a- -a-√- in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-aam-b- k-Xyw.- ùXn-I{- ]-]© - h - pw- Po-hm-Xva - m-hp-sa√mw- b-mY - m¿-Yyßfm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h- in-h-\p-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.- bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ- aq-∂m-Wv.- ]-Xn,- ]-ip.- ]m-iw ˛kr-jv-Sn-kv-Yn-Xn- kwlm-c ß-fp-sS- \m-Y-\m-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-a-k-Xy-am-b- ]-Xn.- A-hn-Zybm-Ip∂- I-b-dn-\m¬- tem-I-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂- Po-hm-Xvam-hm-Ip-∂-p- ]ip,- A-hn-Zy,- I¿-aw,- am-b- F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈- Po-hmXv-am-hn-s\- _-\v-[n-°p-∂- I-b-dp-I-fm-Wv- ]m-iw.- Cu- ]m-iw- A-dpØp-I-f-™v- ]-ip- ]-Xn-bp-am-bn- H∂n-®p -tN-cp-∂-Xm-Wv- tam-£w.]-ip-hpw- ]-Xn-bpw- H-∂n-®p-tN-cp-I-sb∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- ]-ip-]-Xnbm-bn- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂-√;-- - {]-Xyp-X- ]-ip- (Po-hm-Xv-am-hv)- ]q¿W-X- {]m-]n-°p-I-sb-∂-p- am-{X-am-Wv- A¿-Y-am-°p-∂Xv.- in-h-]pcmWw- lm-e-ky-]p-cm-Ww- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- in-h-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-ß-fmb]p-cm-W-ßƒ.Im-©o-]p-cw,- Nn-Zw-_-cw,- X-©m-hq¿,- F-t√m-d,- a-Yp-c,- ssIem-kw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Yw,- Im-io-hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-{Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- {]kn≤-ß-fm-b- t£{X-ßƒ- ap-X¬- C-¥-bn-se- t£-{X-ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]£-hpw- in-h-t£-{X-ß-fm-Wv.- in-h-\v- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- `m-h-ßfp-≠v.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ssh°w,- G-‰pam-\q¿,- I-Sp-Øp-cp-Øn- t£-{Xß-fn¬- hn-hn-[- `m-h-ß-fn-ep-≈- in-h-{]-Xn-jv-T-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- in-henw-K- {]-Xn-jv-T-Iƒ- {]-kn-≤-amWv.- Im-in- hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-{Xw,- tkma-\m-Y-Iv- t£-{Xw,- cm-ta-iz-c- t£-{Xw,- DPv-P-bn-\n-se- a-lm-Ip-teiz¿- t£-{Xw,- amƒhbn-se- Hm-¶m-tc-iz-c- t£{Xw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Yt£-{Xw,- a-√n-Im¿-Pp-\- t£-{Xw,- ss{Xw-_-tI-iz-c-t£-{Xw,- sshZy-\m-Y-t£-{Xw-,- ò-a-i-¶-c-t£-{Xw,- \m-tiz-c-t£-{Xw,- Lpjv-taizc-t£-{Xw- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se- in-h-enw-K-{]-Xn-jv-T-Iƒ- kz-bw-`q-hmsW-∂m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.ssi-h-a-X-Ønep-ap-≠v- A-t\-Iw- D-]-hn-`m-K-ßƒ.- ]-c-a-in-h \m-Wv- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- k-Xy-sa-∂pw- tem-Iw- in-h-s≥d{]-Xn-^-e-\-am-sW-∂pw- ]-c-in-h-\p-am-bn- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- Xm-Zm-Xv-ayw{]m-]n-°p-∂-XmWv- tam-£-sa-∂p-am-Wv- Im-iv-ao-cn- ssi-hkn-≤m-¥Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cpƒ.- k¿-h-Pv-R-\pw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-\pw- k¿-th-iz-c-\pam-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\-√m-sX- a-s‰mcp- ssZ-h-an-s√-∂pw- B-cm-[-I-\pw-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

]c-a-in-h-\p-an-S-°v- a-[y-h¿-Øn-bm-b- {_m-lv-a-W- ]p-tcm-ln-X-s≥-dB-h-iy-an-s√-∂pw- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s\- ]q-Pn-°-p-I,- enw-K-]q-P- \-S-Øp-I,sh-≈n-bp-sStbm- sN-ºn-s≥-d-tbm- X-In-Sn-\p-≈n-em°n- in-h-enwKwI-gp-Øn¬-s°-ń-Øq-°p-I- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- tam-N-\-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-Kß-sf∂pw- Xo¿-Y-bm-{X-I-fpw- bm-Km-Zn- I¿-a-ß-fpw- X-]- p-I-fpw\ncm-lm-c- {h-X-ß-fp-sa√mw- A-\m-h-iy-ß-fm-sW-∂pw- kn-≤m-¥n®ho- c - s si- h - ∑ m- c m- W v - 1 a- s ‰m- c p- hn- ` m- K w.- \m- K - k - \ ym- k n- a m¿,AtLmcw,- ssh-Zn-Iw,- ]m-ip-]m-Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- th-sd-bpw- ssihh-n-`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw- A-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xn-\pw- Iq-Sp-X¬\n-e-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-™n-ń-√.a-lm-in-h-cm-{Xn-bm-Wv- ssi-h-∑m-cp-sS- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- H-cpBtLmjw.- in-h-cm-{Xn- Zn-h-k-Øn¬- cm-{Xn-bn¬- {h-Xm-\p-jv-Tm\-tØm-sS- D-d-ßm-sX- D-]-hm-kw- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-I-bpw- in-h-kv-XpXn\-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-tø-≠-Xp≠v.- C-{]-Im-cw- {h-Xw- A-\p-jvTn-°p-∂h¿- in-ht- em-Iw- {]m-]n-°pw.- ]m-]nIƒ-°p-t]mepw- in-hc - m-{Xn- BNcn-®m¬- tam-£w- {]m-]n-°m-sa-∂m-Wv- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.im-Iv-X-a-Xw-:- i-Iv-Xn- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- _-ew,- Hm-P- v- F-∂n ß-s\-bm-W¿-Yw.- in-h-]-Xv-\n-bm-b- t-Zh-n-bm-Wv- i-Iv-Xn.- i-Iv-Xnbpam-bn- _-\v-[-an-s√-¶n¬- in-h≥- A-i-Iv-X-\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.- in-h-s≥dkr-jv-Sn- kvYnXn -kw-lm-c-ß-sf-√mw- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØmSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- \-S-Øp-∂Xv.- i-Iv-Xn-°v- Zp¿-K,- Im-fn,- `p-h-t\-iz-cn,alm-am-b,- `-K-h-Xn- F-∂n-ß-s\- hnhn-[- \m-a-ß-fp-≠v.- C-ß-s\Cu-iz-c-s\- am-Xr-`m-h-Øn¬- Im-Wp-Ibpw- A-h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-Ibpw- sN-øp-∂- a-Xam-Wv- im-Iv-X-a-Xw.- A-\m-cy-∑mcmb- C-¥y-bnseB-Zn-hm-kn-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n¬- {]-Nc - n- ® - n-cp-∂- A-Ω- ssZ-hk - ¶ - ¬-]Ø - n¬\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-hn-]q-Pm- k-{º-Zm-bw- D-Ss - e-Sp-Øs - X-∂v- N-cn-{X-Imc∑m¿2 I-cp-Xp-∂p- .- A-Ω- ssZ-h-sØ- ]-c-a-in-h-s≥-d- ]-Xv\n-bp-sS- ]-Zhnbn-te-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv- B-Zy-˛Z-kyp-- k-¶-e-\-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-bncp∂p-sh-∂pw- Du-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.a-Yp-c-bn-se- ao-\m-£n,- tI-c-f-Øn-se- `-K-h-Xn,- ssa-kq-cn-se1. IgpØn¬ enwKw sIńØq°p∂Xn\m¬ Ch¿ enwKmbX∑m¿ F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂p 2. Marshall: Mohanjodara and the Indus Civilization-Page 50-51

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

Nm-ap-Wv-Un,- _w-Km-fn-se- Im-fn- F-∂n-h- {]-kn-≤-ß-fm-b- A-ΩssZ-h-ß-fm-Wv.- i-Iv-Xn-]q-P-I-∑m¿-°v- ssew-Kn-I-{]-[m-\-ß-fm-bhnhn-[- a-X- N-S-ß-p-I-fp≠v.- tZ-h-X-bpsS- t]-cn-ep-≈- _-en-I-tfm-S\p-_-\v-[n-®m-Wv- C-Ø-cw- ssew-Kn-I-ß-fm-b- a-X-N-S-ßp-I-ƒ- \-S °p∂-Xv.- cm-{Xn-bn¬- c-lk - y-am-bn- \-S° - p∂- N-Sß - p-If - n¬- \m´nse\n-eh - n-ep-≈- B-Nm-cß - ƒ- \n-jn-≤a - m-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂s - X-√mw- Xn-∂pIbpw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ib - pw- k-`y-Xb - p-sS-bpw- a-cym-Zb - psS-bpw- G-‰h - pwkm[mc-W-ß-fm-b- \n-b-a-ß-sf-t∏m-epw- e-Pv-P-bn-√m-sX- ]-c-ky-am-b-n- ew Ln-®p-sIm-≠v- B-Wp-ß-fpw- s]-Æp-ß-fpw- H-∂n®v- bm-sXm-cp- ASp°pw- a-p-d-bp-an√m-sX- sI-´n-a-dn-™v- Iq-Øm-Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-1.i-Iv-Xn-]q-P- {_-lv-a-km-£-m¬-Im-c-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-K-am-bm-WvB[p\n-I- im-Iv-X-a-X-°m¿-t]m-epw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv.- im-Iv-X-aXØn-epw- hyXy-kv-X- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- D-]-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠v.Km-W-]-Xy-a-Xw-:- in-h-s≥-d- ]-p-{X-\pw- K-W-ß-fp-sS- \m-b-I\p-ambn- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- K--W-]-Xn-sb- B-cm-[n°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv- Km-W-]-Xyw.- X-S- -ßƒ- \o-°p-∂- Cu-izc-s\-∂- A¿-Y-Øn¬- hn-Lv-t\-iz-c≥- F-∂p- h-n-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- K-W]-Xn- ]-c-{_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- Ah-Xm-c-am-sW-∂m-Wv- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏Sp-∂-Xv.- B-\-bp-sS- ap-J-ap-≈- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- sIm-ºv- ]-c-ipcm-a-\p-am-bp-≈- bp-≤-Øn¬- H-Sn-™p-t]m-bn.- aq-jn-I-s\- hm-l-\ambn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- `m-cy-am¿- kn≤n-bpw- hnZv[n bp-am-Wv.- G-Xv- {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- B-cw-`n-°p-tºm-gpw- K-W] - X - n°v- \mfntI-cw- D-S-®v- X-S- -ßƒ- \o-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- Km-W-]-Xy-aXØn s≥d-Xm-Wv.Iu-am-c-a-X-w-:- ap-cp-I≥,- Im¿-Øn-tI-b≥,- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy≥,jUm\ \≥- F-∂o- \m-a-ß-fn¬- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {io-Ip-am-c-s\B-cm-[n-°p-∂- aX-am-Wv- Iu-am-cw.- {io-Ip-am-cm-[-\- {Zm-hn-Vk -- w-kvIm-c-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- {Zm-hn-V-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s≥-d- A-hinjv-S-ßƒ-\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- C-¥y≥- k-aq-l-ßfn-em-Wv- {io-Ip-am-c-]q-P- C-∂pw- ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂-Xm-Wv- CuA-\p-am-\-Øn-\p- \n-Zm-\w.1. Abbe-J.A. Dubois: Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies Vol 1 Page 288

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

ku-c-a-Xw-:- k-q-cy-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv- kuca-Xw.- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- {]-]u-{X-\m-b- I-i-]y-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn-ep≠m-b- ]{¥≠v- B-Zn-Xy-∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J-\m-Wv- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\-∂mWv- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- B-Zn-Xy-lr-Z-b-a-{¥w- sNm-√n- kq-cytZ-h-s\- {]-km-Zn-∏n-®- ti-jamWv- cm-a-\v- cm-h-W-s\- sIm√m≥Ign-™-sX-∂v- B-≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-bWw- ]-dbp-∂p.- {K-lm-[n-]-\mbpw- {]-Xy-£- \-ak - vI - m-cØ - n-eq-sS-bpw- kq-cys\- ]q-Pn-°p-∂h - c - p≠v.{K-l-im-¥n- F-∂- I¿-a-Øn-eq-sS- {K-lm-[n-]-\m-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂kqtcym-]m-k-I¿- kq-cy-s\- ]q-Pn-°p-tºmƒ- B-Zn-Xy-\-a-kvIm-c-Øneq-sS-bm-Wv- c-≠m-a-sØ- hn-`m-Kw- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\- {]-km-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv.- C-¥ybn¬- h-f-sc- Np-cp-°w- Nn-e- kq-cy-t£-{X-ß-fp-≠v.-

[-¿a - h - pwkw-kvI - m-ch - pw-

5 ln-µp- sF-Iywhy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-]-co-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-am-b- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p-∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- a-X-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Zmb-ßf - p-sa-√mw- C-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- C-¥y- b - n-ep-≠m-b- a-Xß - fpwZ¿-i-\-ß-fp-sa-√mw- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-sW-¶n¬- C-Ø-cwhy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-amb- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- B-cm-[\m- k-{º-Zmb-ß-fp-sa-√mw- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥d-`m-K-amsW-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.C-hn-tS-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂- hn-tZ-in-I-sf- C°mcyw- A-Xv-`p-X-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-´p-≠m-I-Ww.- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-amb- B-i-b-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p-∂- a-X-ß-fp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- ]-c-kv-]cw- t]m-c-Sn®pwkw-hm-Z-ßƒ- \-S-Øn-bpw- sIm-≠n-cp-∂- Im-e-Øm-Wv- A-d-_n-IfpwA-√m-Øh - c - p-am-b- hn-tZ-in-If - p-sS- B-Ka - \ - a - p-≠m-bX - v.- B- k-ab - ØvZ¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- kw-hm-Z-ßƒ- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√.- Pm-Xo-b-X-bpsSkw-lm-c-hpw- A-Xn-s≥-d- F-√m-hn-[- cu-{Z-`-m-h-ß-tfm-Sp-w -Iq-Sn- \ne\n-∂ncp∂p.- C-hn-S-Øp-Im-cm-b- B-fp-I-fp-sS- B-cm-[-\m-k-{º-Zm-bßƒ- a-\- n-em-°m≥- {i-an-®- A-d-_n-Iƒ°v- {_m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcmln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- iIv-X-am-b- {]-Xn-tcm-[w- Imc-Ww- \n-cm-i-cm-tI≠nh-∂p.- F-∂n-´pw- h-f-sc- {]-bm-k-s∏-´v- {_m-lv-a-W-`mj- ]-Tn-®v- `mcXo-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-bpw- sslµ-hm-Nm-c-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- a-\ n-

em-°n- "In-Øm-_p¬- ln-µv'-1 F-∂- hn-Jym-Jym-X- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®- A_q-db - vl - m≥- ap-lΩ - Z- v_ - n≥- A-lva - Z- v- A¬-_n-dq-\n-sb-t∏m-se-bp≈h¿- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- {]-iw-k-\o-b¿- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- F-∂n-´pwssl-µh - - a-Xß - f - p-sS- A-Sn-kvY - m-\- kn≤m¥-ßf - n-¬- ]-eX - pw- Ah¿°v- A-Pv-Rm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-ß-fn¬- A-h¿- I-≠- G-IsF-Iy-kz`m-hw- hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. A-ß-s\C¥y-bn-se- hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- a-p-gp-h≥- a-X ßsfbpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®p-sIm-≠v- A-d-_n-I-tfm- a-‰p- hn-tZ-in-ItfmB-bncn°Ww,- C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- a-X-sa-∂- \n-ebv°v- "ln-µp-a-Xw'F-∂v- B-Zy-am-bn- hnfn®Xv."ln-µp-°ƒ- H-∂m-Wv',- "ln-µp-°ƒ- H-∂n-°p-I'- Xp-Sß - n-b- C∂vDb¿-∂p- tIƒ-°p-∂- ssl-µh - - sF-Iy-Øn-s≥-d- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-\vN-cn{X-]c - a - m-b- Nn-e- Im-cW - ß - f - p-≠v.- hn-iz- m-kØ - n-s≥dtbm- kn≤m¥-ßf - psS-tbm- a-X{- K-\vY - ß - f - p-sS-tbm- a-X{- ]-hm-NI - s - ≥-dtbm- a-XkvY - m-]I - s - ≥-dtbm- t]-cn¬- ln-µp-aX - w- F-s∂m-∂v- D-≠m-°phm-t\mln-µp-°s - f- H-∂n-∏n-°phmt\m- I-gn-bn-s√-∂-v \mw- a-\ - nem-°n.- C¥ybn¬- {_n-´o-jv- `-cW - w- D-d® - Xn\v- ti-ja - m-Wv- ln-µp°ƒ- F-∂- a-X ]-ca - m-b- sF-Iy-t_m-[h - pw- B-ibhpw- h-f¿-∂p-hc - m≥- Xp-Sß - n-bsX-∂m-Wv- N-cn-{Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ- a-\ - n-em-hp∂-Xv-.- C-kveman-s≥-d- B-Ka - \ - t- Øm-S\ - p-_\ - v[ - n-®v- C-¥y-bn¬- cq-]s - aSp-Ø- `-IvX - n{]-kvY - m-\h - pw- a-‰pw- Cu- Nn-¥s - b- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-°mw.- ]-t£,- AXn\v- kw-LS- \ - m- cq-]w- e-`n-®X - v- {_n-´ojv- `-cW - I - m-eØp-Xs - ∂bmWv.ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- B-[p-\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒc-≠p-X-cw- {]-kvYm-\-ß-sf- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gnbpw.- H-∂v- a-X-] cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d-Xm-sW-¶n¬- a-s‰m-∂v- a-X-]p-\-cp≤-m-c-W-Ønt≥-d-Xm-Wv.- cm-am-\p-P-s≥-d- in-jy-\m-b- cm-am-\-µ≥- kv-Ym-]n-®- `-Iv Xn-{]-kv-Ym-\w- C-Xn¬- H∂m-a-sØ- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s]-Sp-∂p.- {_mlva-W- ]u-tcm-ln-X-y-Øn-\pw- _n-w-_m-cm-[-\-°pw- Pm-Xn-a-X- k-¶pNnXX-X-z-ßƒ-°p-sa-Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-am-bn-X-s∂- B-™-Sn-®- `-Iv-Xn-{]kvYm-\w- th-tZm-]\ - n-jØ - p-Is - f- X-≈n-∏d - ™ n-cp-∂n√.- C-kvem-ans≥dB-i-b-ß-fpw- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p- `-Iv-Xn-{]-kv-Y-m-\-Øn-\v{]tNm-Z\w- \¬-In-b-Xv F-∂m-Wv- {]-K-Xv-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sSsb1.- A¬-_n-dq-\n- I-≠- C-¥y-:- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an,- \yq-U¬-ln.-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

√mw- A-`n-{]m-bw.--1- k-Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- k-aq-ln-I- A-\m-Nm-c-ßƒ-°pw_lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-\pw- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-Iƒ-°p-sa-Xn-sc- B-™Sn®- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥-tdm-bn-bp-sS- {_-lv-a-k-am-P-hpw- ln-µp- ]-cn-jv°-cW - - kw-cw-`Ø - ns≥-d- `m-Ka - m-bn-cp-∂p.- kr-jvS- n-°s - ∏-´- Po-hnIsftbm- h-kvXp-hn-s\-tbm,- A-hX - m-cß - s - f-∂v- hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂h - t- ctbmB-cm-[n-°p-∂X - v- i-cn-bs - √-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- {_-la v- k - a - m-PØ - n-s≥-d- ImgvN-∏m-Sv.- Pm-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- Abn-ØØ - n-\p-sa-Xn-sc- i-IX v- a - m-bn- B™Sn®- tI-c-f-Øn-se- {io-\m-cm-b-W- Kp-cp-hn-s≥-d- ap-t∂-‰-hpw- ln-µpaX- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s≥-d- `m-Kw -X-s∂-bmbn cp-∂p.- ""H-cp- Pm-Xn,H-cp- a-Xw,- H-cp- ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-\v''- F-∂- Kp-cp-X-XzØn\p≈- {]tNmZ-\-hpw- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-b- ap-kv-enw- Nn-¥-I-∑m-cp-sS- c-N\-I-fmbncp∂p-sh-∂v- kq-£v-a-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬- \-ap°v- hy-Iv-X-am-hpw.- ssZhm-cm[\- am{XamWv- C-l-]-c-tam-£-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-sa-∂v- hm-Zn-®a-lm-tZh- tKm-hnµ-dm-\-sUbpw- {]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P-hpw- ln-µp-]cnjv-°-c-W-{i-a-ß-fm-Wv- \S-Øn-b-Xv. F-∂m¬- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-I-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p al¿jn - Z-bm-\µ - k - c - k - z-Xn-bp-sS- B-cy-ka - m-Pw.- Z-bm-\µ - k - c - k - zXna-X-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øns≥d- h-Iv-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- a-X-]-cn-jv-°-c-WØn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°ƒ- hy-Xy-kv-X- a-X-ß-sf- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®v- tZ-io-bsF-Iy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- {i-an-®-t∏mƒ- At±l hpw- A-t±-lw- kv-Ym]n-®- B-cy-k-am-P-hpw- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-b-X-bpw A\y-a-X-hn-tcm-[hp-am-Wv- {]-Nc - n-∏n-®X - v.- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®- "k-Xym¿-∞{- ]Im-i'2 sa∂]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- C-¥y-bn¬- Po-hn-°p-∂-h¿- ap-gp-h≥- th-Z-ßfpsSA- { ]- a m- Z n- X zw- Aw- K o- I - c n- ° - W - s a- ∂ pw- A- √ m- Ø - h - s cm- ∂ pwC¥ybn¬- Pohn-°m≥- A¿-l-c-s√-∂pw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥- ]m-Sp-s]´n´p-≠v.- C-kvemwaXw,- {In-kv-X-p-a-Xw,- _p-≤-a-Xw,- ssP-\-a-Xw XpSßn-b-h- am-{X-a-√- \thm-∞m-\- kw-cw-`-ß-fm-b- {_-lv-a-k-am-Phpw{]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P-hp-sa-√mw- A-kXyØn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°-fm-sW ∂pw- Ahsb√mw Bcykwkv°mcØns≥d i{Xp°fmsW∂pw B-cy--k-am-Pw- hm-Zn-®p.- {_-lv-a-k-am-P Ønepw- {]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P1. M G. Ranede- The Rise of the Maratha Power, Page 55. 2.- Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- The Light of Truth -F-∂- t]-cn¬- Cw-•o-jn-te-°vX¿-Pv-P-a- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.-

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

Øn-epw- a-‰v- ]-cn-jv-°-c-W- {]-kv-Ym-\-ß-fnepw- {]-h¿-Øn-®-h¿-°p≈- {]-[m-\- sX-‰v- ap-kv-enw-Itfm-Spw-{In-kv-Xym-\n-ItfmSpw- Xm-gv-∂Pm-Xn-°m-tcm-Spw- Iq-sS-bn-cp-∂v- A-h¿- `£-Ww- I-gn-°p-∂psh-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xn-:- ""Ah¿- bm-sXm-cp- hnthN-\h - p-an-√m-sX- Xn-∂p-Ib - pw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂p.- bq-tdm-]y∑m¿,ap-lΩ-Zo-b¿,- Pm-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- {`-jv-S-cm-°-s∏-´-h¿- apX-em-b-hcpsS- Iq-sSbn-cp-∂p-sIm-≠pt]m-epw- A-h¿- Xn-∂p-Ib - pw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ibpw1 sN-øp-∂p'' .- Pm-Xn-Iƒ- Iq-Sn-°-e-cp-∂-Xn-s\- i-Iv-X-am-bn- hn-a¿-in®Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kzXn- h¿-Æm-{i-a-hy-h-kv-Y-sb- \ym-b-o-I-cn-°p-I-bpwPmXn-Iƒ- \n-e-\n¬-t°-≠-Xv- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- A-Xym-h-iy-am-sW-∂v- ° - m-sc- ln-µp-aX - Ø - n-te-°v- ]-cnh¿hm-Zn-°p-Ibpw- sN-bvX - p-2.- a‰p-aX Ø-\w- sN-øn-°m\pw- ln-µp-a-XsØ- kp-i-Iv-X-am-°m-\pw- {i-an-®Z-bm-\-µ-k-c-kz-Xn- t]m-epw- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- D¬-Ir-jv-Ssa-∂pwhn-{K-l-cm-[\- i-cn-b-s√∂pwhm-Zn-®p-sIm≠m-Wv- X-s≥-dkn-≤m-¥ß - ƒ-°v- A-Sn-Ød - - ]-Wn-XX - v.- Pm-Xnbpw- k-h¿-Æ- ta[mhnXz-hpw- \n-e-\n¿-Ø-W-sa-∂pw- A-Xm-Wv- `m-c-Xob- k-aq-l-Xn-\v- A`n Im-ay-sa-∂pwhm-Zn-®- B-cy-k-am-P-am-Wv- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-sa-∂- k-¶¬∏-Øns≥-d- B-Zy-sØ- {]-Nm-c-I-sc-∂m-Wv- sX-fn-bp-∂-Xv.- "lnµpcmjv{- S'sa∂- k-ck - z-Xn-bp-sS- Nn-¥I - ƒ-°v- Po-h≥-\¬-Im≥- {i-an-°p∂A-`n-\-h- Bcy-k-am-P-°m¿- `m-c-Xo-b- k-aq-l-sØ- F-tßm-´m-Wv\-bn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn-∂p-≈- kq-N-\- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- e-`n-°p-∂p.- tZim`n-am-\-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-bv-ap-J-a-Wn-™p-sIm-≠m-Wv- B-cy-k-am-Phpw{]-h¿-Øn-®-sX-∂v- \mw- a-\- n-em-°-Ww.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- s\-lv-dp- F-gp Xp-∂p-:- ""\niv-N-ehpw- {]-Xn-tcm-[m-Xv-a-I-hp-am-b- ln-µp-a-X-sØ- A{I-a-Wm-Xv-a-I-am-b- H-cp- an-jn-\-dn- a-X-am-°m-\p-≈- {i-a-am-bn-cp-∂pB-cy-k-am-P-Øn-t≥-d-Xv.- ln-µp-a-X- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- AXns≥-d- e-£yw.- Cu- {]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-\v-A¬-∏w- iIv-Xn- \¬-In-b-XvtZ-im-`n-am-\-Øn-s≥-d- \n-d-am-bn-cp-∂p.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- lnµp- tZiob-XzØn-s≥-d- X-e-s]m-°-em-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- ln-µp- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-b Xn-\m¬- A-Xn-\v- C-¥y≥- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-Im≥- hn-j-aw- t\cn´p''3. 1 Swami Dayananda Saraswathy: The Light of Truth Page 433. 2 Ibid Page 88-91. 3 Jawaharlal Nehru: Glimpses of World History Page 436

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

H-cp-hi - Ø - -v ln-µp-aX - - ]-cn-j° -v c - W - Ø - n-s≥-d- h-IX -v m-°f - pw- adphi-Øv- ap-ke v- nw- {]-kY v- m-\ß - f - pw- hy-IX v- n-Xz-ßf - pw- sIm-tfm-Wnb¬hm-gN -v s - °-Xn-sc- i-_Z-v a - p-b¿-Øp-Ib - pw- P-∑\ - m-Sn-\-v k-zm-X{¥yw- thWsa-∂- X-Xz-Øn¬- H-∂n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX -v t- ∏mƒ- sh≈-°m-c\ - -v Xs≥dB[n-]X - y-Øn-s≥-d- Xp-S¿-®° - m-hi - y-am-b- a-‰v- am¿§-ßf - t- \z-jn-°¬\n¿-_\ - [ v- a - m-bn-h∂ - p.- C-¥ybp-sS- B-Xa v- m-hv- Is≠-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØa-\p-jy≥- F-∂v- `-Kvh - m≥- Kn-Zvh - m-\n- ]d™- Sn-∏p-kp¬-Øm-s≥-db - pwH-∂mw- kzm-X {¥y-ka - c - Ø - n-\v- B-th-iw- \-eI - n-b- h-lm-_n- {]-kv Ym-\Ø - n-s≥-db - pw,- N-cn-{Xw- hnkvac - n-®- \nch[n [o-c\ - m-bI - ∑ - m-cpsSbp-sa-√mw- N-cn-{X-Øn¬-\n-∂pwap-kv enw-Is - f- h-fc - phm-\pw- ln-µp°fp-am- b - n- B-ib - h - n-\n-ab - w- \-SØ - phm-\pwhn-´m¬- X-ßfpsS- I-tk-cC-fI - p-sa-∂v- a-\ - n-em-°n,- "`n-∂n∏n-®v- `-cn-°p-I'-sb∂- \n-IrjvS- \ - bw\-S∏ - m-°n-b- sh-≈° - m-cs - ≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - f - pw- ln-µp-]p-\c - pPvPoh\-Øn-\v- Po-h≥- \¬-In.- lnµp-aX - m-Nm-cß - ƒ-°v- k¿-°m¿- klmb ßƒ- \¬-In-s°m-≠-v X-ßƒ- ln-µp-°f - p-sS- `m-KØ - m-sW-∂-v hcpØnØo¿-°m-\p-≈- sIm-≠p-]n-Sn-®- {i-aß - f - m-W-v \-S∂ - X - .v - ""bm-Kß - ƒ°pwD¬-kh - ß - ƒ-°pw- {_m-lva - W - - k-Zy-Iƒ-°pw- th-≠n- K-h¨-sa≥-dvhenb- Xp-II - Iƒ- sN-eh - g - n-®p-''1.- k-Xn-t]m-ep-≈- km-aq-ln-I- Z- p-cm Nm-cß - ƒ-t]mepw- t]m-eokp-Im-cp-sS- ta¬-t\m-´Ø - n¬- \-SØ - s - ∏´p2.""tZ-hm-cm-[\tbm-Sv- _-\[ v- s - ∏-Sp-Øn- - \-SØ - p-∂- {Iq-ch - pw- A-km≥am¿§n-Ih - p-am-b- BNm-cß - f - m-b- Xq-°w,- hn-[h - m-Zl - \ - w- Xp-Sß - n-bh - t- ]m 3 epw- {_nó-jp-Im-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- \-SØ--s∏-´p''- .- kw-kvI - r-Xhn-Zym`ymk-sØ- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°m-\m-bn- kw-kv-Ir-X- kv-Iqƒkv Y m- ] n- ° m≥ K- h ¨- s a≥- d v - {i- a n®p- s h- ¶ n- e pw- cm- P m- d mwtaml≥tdmbn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈h - c - p-sS- F-Xn¿-∏v- ImcWw- A-Xv- \n¿Ønsh-t°≠n-h-∂p-4.- ln-µp-°-sf- B-Nm-c-ß-fp-sS- Be-bØn¬sI-ń-bn-Sp-I-bpw-Ahcn¬- ]q¿-hIm-esØ°p-dn-®- an-Yym-`n-am\whf¿ØpI-bpw- sNbvX- {_n-ó-jp-Im-c\pw- ln-µp-aX - s - a-∂- kvY - m-]\-aX - sØ- C∂sØ- cq-]Ø - n-em-°p-∂X - n¬- A-hK - W - \ - o-ba - √ - m-Ø1. J.N. Farquhar: Modern Religious Movements in India, Page 12. 2. Jatindra Kumar Majumdar: Rajaram Mohan Roy and Progressive Movement in India, Page 184 3. Modern Religious Movements in India, Page 8. 4. Premnath Bazaz: The Role of Bhagvad Gita in Indian History, Page 394.

[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw-

]¶p-hln®n-´p≠v.hy-Xy-kv-X- B-Nm-c-ß-fpw- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpapƒ-s°m≈p∂- k-¶-en-X-am-b- Hcp- kw-kv-°m-c-am-Wv- C-¥y-°p≈-Xv.- A-hsb- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d-tbm- B-Nm-c-Øn-s≥-d-tbm- [¿-aØn-s≥-d-tbm- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\Øn¬- H-∂n-∏n-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√.- ln-µphn-Im-c-Øn-t∑¬- km-{am-Pyw- ]-Wn-b-W-sa-∂v- hym-tam-ln-°p-∂h¿- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- ""C-∂n∂-hn-izm-kß - f - n-te-°v- a-Sßp I''-sb-∂v- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- ap-g-°mØ-Xv.- A-h¿-°m-h-iyw- k-Xy-Øns≥-d- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-a-√.- [¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- ]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-hp-a-√-;- {]Xyp X- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dp-I- am-{X-amWv.- R-ßƒ- ln-µp-°-fp-sS- `m-K Øm-sW-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-´- sh-≈-°m-c-s≥d-bpw- B-h-iyw- kz¥wA-[n-Im-cw- D-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.- A-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xykv-X-am-b- H-cp-t±-iy-hpw- A-`n-\-h- lnµpXo{hhmZn kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°n-√.- "cm-a-P-∑-`q-an'- ap-X¬-°p-≈- ]-≈n-]n-Sn-®-S-°¬- {]-kv-Y-m-\Øn-s≥-d-bpw- e-£yw- cm-a-t\m-tSm- Ir-jv-W-t\m-tSm- D-≈- t{]-aw{]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-b-√.- a-dn-®v,- hyXy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-am-b- B-Nm-c ß-fpw- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- sh-®p-]p-e¿-Øp∂- hn-`m-K-ß-sf- ap-gp-h≥kw-L-Sn-∏n-®v- "lnµp-a-X'-ap-≠m-°p-I-bpw- A-Xns≥d-b-Sn-kv-Ym-\Øn¬- k¿-h-tc-bpw- "`-cn-°pI'-bp-am-Wv.C-¥ybn¬- a-X-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´n-s√-t∂m- ssZ-hn-I- am-¿-§Z¿i\w- C¥y-°m¿-°v- e-`n-®n-´n-s√-t∂m- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- a-\- n-em°n-°qSm-ØX - m-Wv.- C¥y-bnepw- ssZ-hn-I- a-Xw- - \ne\n∂ncn-°Ww.F-√m kaqlØn-te-°pw- ssZ-h-Zq-X-∑m¿- I-S-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v.- AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂- C¥y-bn-te-°pw- \-_n-am¿- h-cn-I-bpw- C-kv-emw{]t_m-[-\w- sN-øp-Ibpw- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠m-h-Ww.- G-I-ssZ-h -hn-izmk-Øn¬- \n-∂- v- ]-cn-W-an-®v- _lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn-se-Øn- \n¬°p-∂-Xm-Wv- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sa-∂v- \ap°v- a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- A-Xp- sIm-≠p -X-s∂- `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿i\-ß-fpsS- A-I-Ø-fß-fn¬- ssZ-hn-I- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- F-{X-tØm-f-ap≠v- F-∂]-T-\-Øn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp-≠v.- b-Ym¿-∞- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Dd-hnSwtX-Sn-s°m-≠p-≈- A-t\z-jW - a - m-Wv- A-Øc - w- ]-T\ - ß - ƒ.- C-\nbp≈t]-Pp-If - n-eq-sS- \mw- \n¿-∆l - n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂X - v- B- At\z-jWw-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

am-{X-am-Wv.- `m-cX - o-b- a-Xß - f - psS- D-dh - n-Sw- tX-Sn-bp-≈- A-t\z-jWw.`mc-Xo-b- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-se- ssZ-hn-I- kzm-[o-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\zjWw,- kXyØn¬ \ - n-∂v- A-kX - y-Øn-te-°v- C-¥y≥- a-Xß - ƒ- Fßns\-bm-Wv- ]-cnW-an-®-sX-∂- A-t\z-j-Ww.......-

`m-Kw c-≠v-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

-sXm-cp- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw- Ip-dn-®- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- hnh-c-ßƒ- \¬tI-≠-Xv- A-Xn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- {K\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv.- kn-\v-[p-\-ZoX-S-Øn-se- ssZh-k-¶¬∏-sØ-tbm- a-X-hn-izm-k-ß-sf-tbm- kw_-\v-[n-®- hy-IvX-hpwkwi-b-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- en-Jn-X-tc-J-Iƒ- \-ap°v- e-`y-a-√.- D≈tc-JI - f - psS- hymJym-\w- C-Xp-hs - c- km-[n-®n-´p-an-√.- tcJ-Ifn¬]-e-Xpw- B-cy-m-{I-a-W-Øn¬- \-in-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°m-\pw- C-Sbp≠v.- tam-l≥-PZ- m-tcm-˛lmc∏- kw-kv° - m-cØ - n- s - e- hnizm-kmNmc-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- e-`n-°p-∂- hn-h-c-ßƒ- A-∂-sØ- I-cI-u-ieh-kv-Xp-°-fn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- B hn-h-c-ßƒ- F{XtØmfw- kXyk\v-[-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-I- h-ø.-

B-cym-K-a-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-hpw- en-Jn-X- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- hn Pv-Rm\- hn\n-a-bw- H-cp- A-\n-hm-tcy-m-]m-[n-bm-bn- K-Wn-°-s∏´ncp-∂n-√.- en]n-bp-sS- {]tbmKw- \n-jn-≤-am-bn- A-∂p-I-cp-X-s∏´n- m¿-°v- D-∂X - - kvYmcp-∂p-.1- kvt- {Xm{Xw- sNm-√p-∂- ]p-tcm-ln-X∑ \-am-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.- cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpw- a-‰v- D-b¿-∂- hn`mK°m-cp-apƒ-s∏-´- £-{Xn-b∑ - mtc °mƒ- D-∂X - s - c-∂v- kzbw- hnfn°-s∏-´- {_m-lv-a-W-∑m¿- kv-t{Xm{X-ß-fpw- a-‰v- a-Xm-Nm-c-ßfpwHm¿-Ω-bn-eq-sS- sI-am-dp-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fn1.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 41.-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

epw- a-‰v- aXm-Nm-c-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈- k-z-¥w- Pm-Xn-bp-sS- A-[o-iXzwA-c-°n-´p-d-∏n-°m≥- Xe-apd-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈- Cu- t{]-j-W-coXn-bm-Wv- A-`n-Im-ay-sa-∂v- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cn°-Ww.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-''- Aßs\- hnZKv≤sXm-gn¬-°m-sc-∂- \n-e-bv-°v- {_m-lv-a-W- ]p-tc-m-ln-X∑m¿Hm¿Ω-i-Iv-Xn- am-{Xw- D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈- H-cpt{]£-W-coXn- Bhn-jv-°-cn-®-Xn-\m¬- F-gp-Øv- H-cp- A-[nI∏-‰m-bn-cp-∂p''1.ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf- s]m-Xp-sh- c-≠m-bn- Xn-cn-°mw.H∂v,- {ipXnIƒ.- c-≠v,- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ-˛ {ip-Xn-Iƒ- F-∂m¬- {ihn°-s∏´Xv- F-∂¿-∞w.- th-Z-hpw- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- IrXn-I-fpw- ssZhØn-¶¬-\n-∂v- E-jn-am-cm¬- {i-hn-°-s∏-´-h-bmsW-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-h-sb√mw- {ip-Xn-I-fmWv.E-jn-am¿- kz-¥w- Hm¿Ωbn¬- \n-s∂-Sp-sØ-gp-Xn-b- {K-\v-Y-ßfm-Wv- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ.- {ip-Xn-Iƒ- ]q¿Æ-am-bn-Ø-s∂- {]-am-Z-apIvX-am-sW-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-kw.-

1 th-Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ"th-Z'-sa-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- A-dn-hv,- hn-Zy- F-s∂m-s°-bm-Wv- A¿∞w.- B-[ym-Xv-an-I-PvRm-\-sa-∂m-Wv- km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn- hn-h-£n°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ßƒ- A-]u-cp-tj-b-ß-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.A-Y-hm- a-\p-jy \m¬- c-Nn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xpw- Zn-hy-am-b- A-¥-iv-tNmZ\-bm¬- I-s≠-Ø-s∏´-Xp-am-sW-∂¿-∞w.- ""]-c-a-]p-cp-j-\m-b- b-Pv R-`-K-hm-\n¬-\n-∂v- th-Zw- D¬∏-∂-am-bn''- F-∂m-Wv- E-tKz-Zw- 10˛mwa-Wv-U-ew- 90˛mw- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- ]-d-bp∂Xv.- ""k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-bssZhw- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- B-cw-`-Øn¬- th-Z-ß-sf- krjv-Sn-®p''-sh-∂vB-cy-ka - m-P- kvY - m-]I - \-mb - - kzm-an- Z-bm-\µ - - k-ck - zXn- hmZn-°p∂p.A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- ""th-Z-ßƒ- A-dn-hn-s≥-d- `-Wv-Um-chpwimkv{X-im-J-I-fp-sS- t{km-X- p-am-Wv.- A-h- A-\-¥-hpw- A-\-izc-hp-amWv.- Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-se- \m-aap-≈- k-I-e-X-n-s\-bpw-Ip-dn®p≈- ]-cn-]m-h-\-hpw- A{]-am-Zn-X-hp-am-b- hn-Pv-Rm-\-ß-fm-W-h- Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xv''-1.ssh-Zn-I- `m-j-t]m-epw- ssZ-hn-I-am-sW-∂m-Wv- Nn-e- ]-WvUnX-∑mcpsS- A-`n-{]m-bw.- ""k¿-§m-cw-`-Øn¬-˛ kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°-

1.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-¥v- kw-`h-n-®p,- t]-Pv-:- 195.-

1 Dayananda Saraswathy: Rigveda Bhashyam, Page 11.

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

Øn¬-˛th-Zßƒ- {]-Im-in-X-am-sb-∂pw- ssh-Zn-I-`m-j- te-m-I-Øn se- G-I-`m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- {]m-No-\- `m-c-Xo-b-hnZzm-∑m¿- GI-I-Wv-T-am-bn- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- eu-In-I-kw-kv-I-r-Xw- thZIm-e-Øn-\p-ti-jw- h-f-sc-°-gn-™v- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂p-sh-∂pw- th-Z`mj- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-j-I-fp-sS- cq-]m-¥-c-am-sW-∂pw- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-hnZzm≥-am¿- F-√m-h-cpw- \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂p''-1.- F-∂m¬- Cu- ssZ-hn-Ihm-°v- C-∂-sØ- kw-kv-Ir-X-a-√.- A-Xv- a-s‰m-cp- `m-j-bm-Wv.- ""CussZ-hn-I-hm-°v- a-\p-jy-hm-°v- A-√.- a-\p-jy-hm-°v- kw-kv-Ir-X-amWv.th-Z-Øn-se- kw-Pv-R-I-sf- B-{i-bn-®m-Wv- a-\p-jy-hm-°v- D-≠m-bXv.tZ-h-hm-Wn- F-∂- ]-Zw- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-\v- C-∂v- {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂psh¶n-epw- ssZ-h-hm-°pw- a-\p-jy-hm°pw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- km-ayw- \n-anØwa-\p-jy-hm-°v- {I-ta-W- tZ-hh - m-Wn- F-∂t- ]-cn¬- A-dn-bs - ∏-´X - mWv''2.`m-jm-im-kv-{X-Pv-R-∑m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- C-t¥m-˛bq-tdm]y≥- tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-´- `m-j-bm-b- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-\v- C-dm-\n-b≥th-Z-`m-j-bmb- A-sh-kv-X-bp-am-bn- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- km-ay-ap-≠v.- Cdm\n-b≥- th-Z-{K-\v-Y-am-b- sk≥-dv- A-sh-kv-X-bn-se- `m-j-°pw- E-tKzZkq-Iv-X-ßƒ-°pw- h-fsc-b-[n-Iw- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- F-∂m¬- sshZnIkm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- B-Zy-Ime-Øv- en-]n- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- en-]nbpsS{]-tbm-Kw- \n-jn-≤-am-bn- A-∂v- Icp-X-s]-´n-cp-∂p.- F-√m- [¿-Ω {K\v-Y-ß-fpw- ]-d-b-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-hm-bn- {io- \-tc{µ`q-j¨- a-\p-c-{_-ho-Xv-,- {]-Pm-]-Xn-c-{_-ho-Xv,- Ejn- c-{_-ho-Xv,- ap\nc{_-ho-Xv- F-∂o- {]-tbm-K-ßƒ- F-Sp-Øp-≤-cn-°p-∂p-3.- C-ß-s\- kw km-c-Øn-eq-sS- ssI-am-‰w- sN-ø-s∏-´n-cp-∂- ss-hZ-n-I- km-ln-Xy-ßƒap-gp-h≥- Im-Wm-]m-Tw- ]-Tn-®n-cp-∂- h-en-sbm-cp- ]p-tcm-ln-X-h¿§wB- Im-e-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- {_-lv-am- E-jn-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xmbn]-db-s∏-Sp-∂- {_m-lv-ao- en-]n-bm-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-Nm-c-Øn¬- h∂en-]n- k{º-Zm-bw.- ]n-∂o-Sv- J-tcm-jv-Sn- F-∂- en-]n-bpw- {]-Nm-cØn¬h-∂p.- {_m-la v- o- en-]n-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-h\ - m-Kc - n-bpw- a-s‰-√m- C¥y≥en-]n-If - pw- D-Ss - e-SpØ-Xv.- Cu- en-]n-Is - f-√mw- B-Zy-Im-eØ - v- Ad_nsb-t∏m-se- h-eØp-\n-∂v- C-S-tØm-´m-Wv- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂v1- F-∂1.- \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-lnXy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 27 2 Ibid, Page 39. 3. Ibid, Page 41.

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

Im-cyw- {]-tXy-Iw- {]-kv-Xmhy-am-Wv.te-m-I-Øn¬-sh-®v- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b- tc-J-Iƒ- th-Z-ß-fm-sW∂Ah-Im-i-hm-Zw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- c-ln-X-am-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-WvUnX-∑m-cp-≠v.- ""Cu- hm-Zw- km-[q-Ic - n-°m-hX - √ - .- Im-cW - w,- sa-skms∏mt´m-an-b-bn-sebpw- CuPn-]v-Xn-se-bpw- km-ln-Xy-ßƒ- Xo¿-®-bmbpwth-Z-ßƒ-°v- ap-ºp-≈-h-bm-Wv''-2 F-∂v- {io- Ir-jv-W-ssN-X-\y- hmZn°p-∂p."A-\m-te-Jy- k-ck - z-Xn' A-Yh - m- F-gp-Xs - ∏-Sm-Ø- hn-Zy-sb∂vhnfn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂- th-Zß - f - n¬- A-t\-Iw- a-{¥-ßf - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Ah-bn¬- ]-eX - pw- \-jvS- s - ∏-´p-t]m-bn-´p-≠v.- k-Xy-hr-X- ]-t´¬- Fgp-Xp∂p-:- ""ln-µp-aX - Ø - n-s≥-d- {]m-Ya - n-I- t{km-X - v- th-Za - m-Wv.- F√m- hn`mK-ßf - pw- th-Zt- Øm-Sv- Iq-dp- ]p-e¿Øp-Ib - pw- A-Xn-s≥-d- B-[n-Im-cn-IX- Aw-Ko- I - c - n-°p-Ib - pw- sNøp-∂p.- Nn-e- th-Zh - m-Iy-ßƒ- \jvS- s - ∏-´pt]m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- Ct∏mƒ- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-h-X-s∂- A-t\-I-amWv.'- '-3.- th-ZØ - n-se- F-√m- a{¥-ßf - pw- C-∂v- e-`y-as - √-¶n epw- D-≈a{¥-ßƒ- X-s∂-bm-Wv- th-Zs - a-∂v- hymJym-\n-®v- kw-Xr ]vX - c - m- h - p-Ibm-Wv- ssl-µh - - ]-WvU - n-X∑ - m¿.- km-[pio-e≥- sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥-]n≈- F-gp-Xp-∂p- ""A-kw-Jym- ssh-th-Zmx- A\mZnbmb- th-Zw- A-kwJyw- a-{¥-ßt- fm-Sv- Iq-Sn-bp-≈X - m-Wv.- C-t∏mƒ- D]e_v [-am-b- a-{¥k-aq-lß - ƒ- ]-cn-an-Xa - m-sW-¶n-epw,- A-Xp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- thZw''4.th-Zw- ]-e- {]m-hi - y-ßf - n-em-bn- \-jvS- s∏-´X - m-bpw- E-jn-amcn¬]e-cpw- A-Xn-s\- ho-s≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-am-bp-≈- A-t\-Iw- {]-kv-Xm-h \-Iƒ- ]ucm-Wn-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- hm¬-ao-Incm-am-b-W-Øn¬- l\p-am≥- ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn- D-≤-cn-°p-∂p-:-''- \j-v-S s∏--´p-t]m-b th-Z-sØ- ho-s≠-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xp-t]m-se- Rm≥ko-X-sb- sIm-≠p-h-cmw''- (Xm-a-lw- B-\-bn-jym-an- \-jv-Smw- th-Z{ip-Xn- an-h-)-5.- hn-jv-Wp- ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn- alm-`m-c-Xw- D-≤-cn-°p-∂p:""th-Z- {ip-Xn- \-jv-S-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- Rm-\-h-sb- ho-s≠Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p 1. `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 731.2. Ir-jv-W- ssN-X-\y-:- kw-kv-Ir-X- km-ln-Xy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 68.3. Satyavrata Patel: Hinduism: Religion and way of Life, Page 5. 4. km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 164.5. hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-:- In-jv-In-\v-[m-Im-Wv-Uw- 6:5.-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

h-∂p.- F-∂n-´v- A-hs - b- {_m-la v- W - ß - f - pw- a-{¥-ßf - pw-sIm-≠v- ]q¿Æam-°n.- C-Xv- ]-≠v- Ir-X-bp-K-Øn-epw- Rm≥- sN-bv-X-XmWv''-(bZmth-Z- {ip-Xn¿- \-jv-Sm-a-bm- {]-Xym-lr-Xm- ]p-\x-kth-Zm-x-k-{ip-Xn- \- ]-e- ]p-cm-Wß - fnepwIm-iN v- - Ir-Xmx-]q¿-∆w- Ir-tX-bp-tK)-1.- C-ßs CXn-lm-k-ß-fn-ep-sa-√mw- th-Zw- \-jv-S-s∏-´-Xm-bpw- A-Xv- ho-s≠SpØ-Xm-bp-ap-≈- ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ- Im-Wmw.- A-\m-te-Jy- k-c-kz-Xn A-Y-hm- F-gp-Xs∏-Sm-Ø- hn-Zybm-bn-cp-∂- th-Zw,-- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv\-jv-S-s∏-´sX-∂v- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√.- t£-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- £m-a-Øns≥-d-bpw- A-Xyp-®m-h-kv-Y-I-fn¬- Pv-Rm-\-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v- km-[-y am-Im-sX- h-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww- thZ-\-jv-Sw- kw-`-hn-®-Xv- F ∂m-Wv- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- hy-m-Jym-\n-°p-∂Xv.- a-\- n¬ -\n-∂va-\-kp-I-fn-te-°v- ]-I¿-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂- hnZy- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv\-jv-S-s∏-Sp-I?- th-Zw- B-Zy-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- en-Jn-X- cq-]Øn-em-bncp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- Cu- \-jvS- s - ∏-Se - n-\v- A¿-∞a - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]u-cmWnI-am-b- ]-e- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- \-jv-S-s∏-´-Xn-\v- C-∂p-X-s∂- sX-fnhp-Ifp≠-t√m.- C-ß-s\- ]-e- {]m-h-iyw- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- ho-s≠-Sp-°s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sNbv-X- th-Z-ß-fn¬- bm-sXm-cp- am-‰-hpw- h-∂n-ń-s√∂vkv] - j - vS- a - m-bn- ]-dbm≥- sX-fn-hp-Is - f-hn-sS?- ""k-l{- km-_vZ- ß - ƒ°p2 ti-jh - pw- th-Zß - f - n¬- hyXym-ks - am-∂pw- h-∂n-ń-√''- F-∂- {]kvXmh-\-°v- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- sX-fnhp-I-fp-sS- ]n≥-_-e-an-s√-∂¿-∞w.th-Zß - ƒ-°v- ]m-Tt- `-Zß - t- fm- am-‰X - n-cp-Øep-It- fm- D-≠m-bnńs√∂- hm-Z-hpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-Xam-Wv.- th-Z-ßƒ-°v- A-{]-am-Zn Xz-a-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-sa-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥-th-≠n- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b\-tc-{µ-`q-j¨-Xs - ∂- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- Nn-eh - m-Zß - ƒ- kvY - m-]n-°m≥th-≠n- th-Z-ß-fn¬- am-‰Øn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn°p-∂p-≠v.- ""{I-ta-W- ]m-Tm-¥-c-ß-fpwim-JI-fpw- \n-e-hn¬-h-cnIbpw- tem-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Nne¿- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-sf-bpw- thZß-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn.- C-ß-s\- kw-ln-X-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W-hp-sa√mwIq-Sn-°p-g-™-t∏mƒ- hym-k≥- A-h-sb- ]p-\¿-\n¿-Æ-bw- sN-bv-Xncn°mw.- A-ß-s\-bm-hmw- hym-k≥- th-Zw- ]-Ip-sØ-∂- IY- \n-ehn¬h-∂-Xv-''-1.- ""C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- A-\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xv- kw-lnXI1.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- im-¥n-]¿-∆w- 348:56.2. \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]--Pv- 38.-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

fpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn-°p-g-™v- A- ¬- th-Zta-Xv- {]-hN\taXv- im-Jt- b-Xv- F-∂v- Xn-cn-®d - n-bm-\m-hm-sX- h-∂- H-cp- Im-eL - ´ap≠mbnc-p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv''-2.th-Z-ßƒ- A-]u-cp-tj-bw- A-Y-hm- ssZ-hn-I-am-sW-∂- hmZwASn-kvYm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW-∂-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.C-Xn-\v- th-Zß-fn¬- \n-∂p-X-s∂- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p.- am-Iv-sUm-W¬,- Io-Øv- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- th-Z-]WvUn-X-∑m¿- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-Wv.-3 E-tKz-Z-Øn-epw- {_m-lv-a-Wßfn-epw- Im-Wp-∂- a-{¥-Ir-Xv- F∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- a-{¥-ß-fp≠m-°n-bIhn-sb-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞-sa-∂pw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- a-{¥-ß-fp-≠m°n-b-Xv- E-jn-am-cm-Wv- ssZ-h-a-s√-∂v- C-Xp-sIm≠v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂psh-∂pw- A-h¿- hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- ""E-tj-a-{¥-Ir-Xmw''- (E-jn-am-cm-Wv- a {¥-ß-fp-≠m-°n-b-h¿)- F-∂- E-tKz-Z4- h-N-\-hpw- ""in-ip¿-∆m- BßvKn-c-tkm- a-{¥-I-r-Xmw- a-{¥-Ir-Xm- ko-Xv''- (in-ip- B-¶n-c- v- a-{¥IrØm-bn-cp-∂p)- F-∂- Xm-Wv-Uy- {_m-lv-a-W5- h-N-\-hpw- ""k¿-∆- Ejna{¥- E-Xv-'' (Cu- E-jn-am-sc-√mw- a-{¥-Ir-Øp-Iƒ)- F-∂- sF-Xtcb{_mlv-a-W6 h-N-\-hpw- "\-a- E-jn-t`ym- a-{¥-Ir-Xv- t`ym''- (a-{¥ IrØp-I-fm-b- E-jn-am¿-°v- \-a-kv-°m-cw)- F-∂- ssX-Øo-cn-b- BcW-y-I-7 h-N-\hp-sa-√mw- th-Z-a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- I¿-Øm-°-ƒ- E-jn-am-cmbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-hp-I-fm-bn- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.F-∂m¬- A-]u-cp-tj-b- hm-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- I¬-∏ Øns≥-d- B-Zn-bn¬- Cu-iz-cm-\p-{K-l-Øm¬- a{¥w- e-`n-®-h-cm-Wva{¥-Ir-Øp-Iƒ.- Cu-iz-c-\n¬-\n-∂v- thZw- e-`n-®-h-cm-Wv- E-jn-am¿F∂¿-∞w.th-Zß - ƒ- tem-IØ - p-≈- k-Ie - - hn-PvR - m-\ß - f - p-apƒ-s°m≈p∂p-sh-∂pw- A-h-bv-°v- H-cn-°-epw- sX-‰p-]-‰p-I-bn-s√-∂p-ap-≈- hm-Z sØ- B[p-\n-I- ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬-X-s∂- \-s√m-cp- i-X am-\w- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n-√.- tUm-Iv-S¿- k¿-t∆-∏-≈n- cm-[-m-Ir-jv-W≥1. Ibid Page 51 2. Ibid, Page 53. 3. Macdonell A.A. and Kieth, AB: Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Page 131.

4. E-tKz-Zw- 1:114:2.5. Xm-Wv-Uy-{_m-lv-a-Ww- 13:3:24 6. sF-X-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-Ww- 6:-1.7. ssX-Øn-co-b- B-c-W-y-Iw- 4:1:1.-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Zßƒ- {]-am-Z-a-pIv-X-ß-tfm- k¿-∆-Xpw- Dƒ-s°m≈p-∂-tXm- A-√.- B-Xv-aob- k-Xyw,- en-Jn-X- tc-J-I-tf-°mƒ- hfscD-∂-X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.- thZ-c-ln-X- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]-Jym-]n ®- bm-Ym¿-∞y-ß-sf- \mw- hn-e-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- ]n-∂o-Sp-h-∂- \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn-se- a-Xm-[ym-]-I∑m-cp-sS- B-¥-cn-I-Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-te-°pw\mw- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- th-Zw,- A-Km-[-am-b- B-¥-cn-Im-\p-`-h-ß-fpsSbpw- hn-Pv-Rm-\- sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS-bpw- tc-J-b-s{X''-1.- F-∂m¬kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ- th-Z Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- sX-‰pw- h-cm≥- km-[y-X-bn-s√-∂- ]-£-°m-cmWv.kzm-an- Z-bm\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xp-∂p:- ""Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-X]-c-am-b- k-Xy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-d-hn-S-am-b- \m-ep-th-Z-ßƒ- ssZ-h-Øns≥-d- hm°m-sW-∂v- Rm≥- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- a-{¥-kw-ln-X-sb-∂dnb-s∏-Sp-∂- `m-Kw- am-{X-am-W-h.-sX‰mb- bm-sXm-∂pw- A-Xn-en-√.Xn-I-®pw- B-[n-Im-cn-I-ß-fm-W-h''-2.C-hn-sS- a-s‰m-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv-\-ap-≠v.- th-Z-sØ- s]m-Xp-hmbnaq∂v- Im-Wv-U-ß-fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- eu-In-I-hpw]m-c-{Xn-I-hp-am-b- A-`o-jv-S kn-≤n-I-fpw- ku-Jyhpw- D-≠m-hp-∂-Xn\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- A\p-jv-Tm-\-ap-d-I-fp-≈- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-am-Wv- H-∂v.Cu-iz-cm-cm-[-\- sN-tø-≠p-∂- co-Xn-bpw- sF-ln-I-hpw- ]m-c-{Xn-Ihpw]-c-am¿-∞n-I-hp-am-b- kn≤n-Iƒ-°p-≈- D-]m-b-ß-fp-a-S-ßp-∂- D-]mk-\m-Im-Wv-Uw- c-≠m-a-tØXpw- Cl-tem-I- ]-c-tem-I- X-Xz-ßfpwPo-hm-Xva - m-hv- ]-ca - m-Xva - m-hv- P-KØ - v- F∂n-hb - p-sS- c-lk - y-hp-aS- ß - p∂PvRm-\-Im-Wv-Uw- aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xp-am-Wv.- thZ-ßƒ-s°-√m-ap-≈kwln-X,- {_m-lva - W - w,- B-cW - y- I - w,- D-]\ - n-jØ - v- F∂o- \m-ev- hn`mK-ß-sf- Cu- aq-∂v- Im-Wv-U-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hyhl-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.- tZ-ho-tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂kwln-X-bpw- a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- Kq-Vm¿-∞-ßƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-I-bpwA-\p-jT v- m-\ß - f - p-sS- hn-[n-hn-[m-\ß - ƒ- \n¿-t±-in-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp∂`m-K-amb- {_m-lv-a-W-hpw- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- GIm3. Dr. S Radhakrishnan: Indian Religions, Page 22. 4. Swami Dayananda Saraswthati: The Light of Truth, Page 657.

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

¥-X-bn-en-cp-∂v- E-jn-am¿- th-Z-a-{¥-ß-sf- a-\-\w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠vkv-Yn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- XØz-hn-Nm-c-am-b- B-c-W-y-I-ßƒ- D-]m-k-\mIm-Wv-U-Øn-epw- B-[ym-Xv-a-im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- B-Xv-a-kw-_-\v[n-bm-b- N¿-®-bp-sS-bpw- tI-{µ-ß-fm-b- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Pv-Rm-\Im-Wv-U-Øn-epw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- kw-ln-X,- {_m-lv-aWw,- B-c-WyIw,D-]-\n-j-Øv- F-∂n-h- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv- th-Zw.- Ch- ap-gp-h≥{ipXn- A-Y-hm- A-]u-cp-tj-bam-Wv- F-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h- hn-izmkw.km-[m-c-W- th-Z-sa-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏--Sp-tºmƒ- kw-ln-X- am{Xsahn-h-£n-°m-dp-≈q-sh-∂-Xv- i-cn-X-s∂- ]-s£, th-Z-ß-fp-sS- `mKwX-s∂-bm-Wv- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fpw- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifp-sa-√mw.- F-∂m¬- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bpw- A-t±-lw- kv-Ym-]n-®B-cy-k-am-P-Øn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°fpwkw-ln-X-°v- am-{X-sa- ]q¿-Æam-b- A-{]-am-Zn-Xzw- I¬-∏n-°p-∂p-≈q.- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "k-Xym¿Y{]-Im-i'-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ap-ºp-≤-cn-®- D-≤-c-Wn- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.Cu- hm-Zw- ln-µp-ßƒ- C-t∂mfw-kzo-I-cn-®p- t]m-∂- A-`n{]m-bØns\-Xn-cm-Wv.- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ≥- FgpXp-∂p-:- ""th-Z-ß-sf-∂m-¬kw-ln-X-Iƒ- am-{X-am-sW-∂p-≈- hm-Zw- hf-sc- ]p-Xn-b-Xpw- ]-tc-X \m-b- {io- Z-bm-\-µ- kzm-an-I-fm¬- D-∂-bn-°-s∏-ń ´p-≈ Xp-am-Wv.C-Xv- km-[m-c-W- P-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-X√.kw-ln-X-°v- ]p-Xn-b- A¿-∞-I¬-∏-\Iƒ- \¬-In- ssh-Zn-I-kn-≤m¥-sØ- ap-gph≥- hym-Jym-\n-°m-\p-≈- D-t±-iy-am-Wv- Cu- hm-Z-Øn\v]n∂n-ep-≈Xv.- hn-j-a-ßƒ- F-∂n-´pw- A-h-km-\n-®n-ń-√.- C-∆n-[sams°- sN-bv-Xn-´pw- {_mlv-a-W-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-te-°v- A-hho-≠pw- \n-]-Xn°p-I-bpw- sNbv-Xp''-1.kr-jvS- n-bp-sS- B-cw-`Ø - n¬-Xs - ∂- th-Zw- A-hX - c - n-∏n-®p-sh∂hnizm-k{]-Im-cw- {]-]-©-Øn-\v- F-{X- ]-g-°-ap-t≠m- A-{X-bpw]g-°w- th-ZØn-\p-ap-≠v.- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ-s≥-d- a-X-{]-Im-cw- th-Z ßƒ- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xv- 1310 an-√y¨- h¿-j-ßƒ-°v- ap-ºm-Wv.F-∂m¬- `m-jm-im-k{v- XPvR - ∑ - m-cpw- h-kX v- p-\n-jT v- - N-cn-{X-Im-c∑ - mcpwCu- hm-ZØ - n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv.- {InkvX - p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- B-bn-cm-am-≠n-\v- apºm bn-- ]-e- Im-e-ß-fn-em-bn- cq-]w-sIm≠- E-tKz-Zw- _n.-kn.- 800\pw1 Letters of Swami Vivekananda, Page 96.

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

_n.-kn- 1000Øn-\pw- a-t[y-bm-Wv- k-am-l-cn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- amIvkv-ap-≈¿-1 A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- hn≥-d¿-\n-‰v-kn-s≥d- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn ¬- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- B-Zn-a-{¥-ßƒ-°v- 2500 sIm-√-sØ- ]g°w- Im Wp-sa-∂m-Wv.- th-sd- Nn-e- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿ A-h-bv-°vIp-d-™-]-£w- 4000 sIm-√-sØ- ]-g-°w- I¬-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v2- .- E-tKzZ Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b- Ko-X-ßƒ- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- 1200 sIm-√-ßƒ°papsº-¶n-epw- c-Nn-°s - ∏-´X - m-bn-cn-°W - s - a-∂m-Wv- C.-Pn.- dm-]vk - s - ≥d3 ]£w.- F-∂m¬- `m-c-Xo-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J-\m-b- tUm.cm[m-Ir-jv-Ws≥d- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- E-tKz-Z-kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-sS- Im-ewG-It- Z-iw- {In-kvX - p-hn-\v- ]-Xn-\© - v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºm-Wv-4.- thZßƒ- A-]u-cp-tj-b-tam- kzXx-{]-am-W-tam- A-s√-∂- Cu- ]-Wv-Un X-∑m-cp-sS- hm-Z-sØ- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- iIvX-am-bn-Ø-s∂- hn-a¿-in-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- ]-T \-ßƒ- \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°v- Cu- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-tfA-h-ew-_n-°mt\-- I-gn-bq.{ip-Xn,- \n-Ka - w,- {_-la v- w,- Bav\ - m-bw,- O-µ - v,- {]-hN - \ - w- F∂o]cym-b-ß-fp-≈- th-Zw- Kp-cp-ap-J-Øp-\n-∂p-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂m Wv- {]amWw.- th-Z] - T - \ - Ø - n-\v- H-cp- {I-aa - p-≠v.- E-jn,- O-µ - v,- tZhX,k-z-c-\n-b-aw- F-∂n-h- A-dn-™m-Wv- th-Zw- ]-Tn-t°-≠-Xv.- ]-Tn-°p∂th-Za - {- ¥w,- {]-IS- a - m-°n-b- E-jn-tb-Xv,- A-sXßn-s\-bm-Wv- D-®c - nt°≠-Xv,- A-Xn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn®n-cn-°p-∂- tZ-h-X-bm-cv,- G-Xv- Im-cy-Øn\vF-ß-s\-bm-Wv- {]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- Xp-S-ßn-b- Imcy-ßƒ- a-\ n-em-°p-∂-Xv- th-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.- E-jn-]m-c-º-cy{]-Im-cw- Kp-cpin-jy-\v- D-]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw- in-jy≥- A-h- lr-Zn-kv Y-am-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- {I-a-Øn-em-Wv- B-Zy-amZyw- th-Zm≤y-b-\w\-S-Øn-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.- {]-tXy-I- a-l-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈- a{¥-Øn\vXp-eyw,-- a-{¥w- am-{X-ta-bp-≈q-sh-∂v- hn-iz-kn-®p-h-∂-Xn-\m¬ th-Za-{¥w- X¿-Pv-Pv-a- sN-øp-∂-Xp-Iq-Sn- \n-cp¬-km-l-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´p.-1949 emWv- E-tK-zZ- Ø - n-s≥-d- B-Zy-sØ- Cw-•o-jv- ]-cn-`m-j- am-Ivk - va - p≈¿5 1. Fredrich Max Muller: The Vedas, Page 25.

2. `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 659.3. E.G. Rapson: Ancient India, Page 5. 4. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol. 1, Page 37 5. Fredrich Max Muller: Rigveda Samhita (London)

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

]p-dØ - n-d° - p-∂X - v.- C-tX-Øp-S¿-∂v- C-∂v- tem-IØ - p-≈- F√m- {][m\`mj-I-fn-epw- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-‰v- th-Z-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ]-cn-`m-j-I fp-≠v.- aebm-f-Øn¬- E-tKz-Z- kw-ln-X- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv- h-≈-tØm-fm-Wv1-.E-jn-h-cy-∑m¿-°v- Z¿-i-\-am-bn- e-`n-®p- X-e-ap-d-Iƒ- ssI-am-dn sb-Øn-b- th-Zh - m-Iy-ßƒ- Ir-jvW - s - sZz-]m-b\ - - a-l¿-jn E - ° - v,- bPp v,- kmaw,- A-Y¿-∆w- F-∂n-ß-s\- \m-em-bn- hn-`-Pn-®p.- A-ßn-s\bm-Wv- th-Z-sØ- hy-kn-®-h-≥-- (hn-`-Pn-®-h≥)- A-Y-hm- th-Z-hymk≥F-∂v- t]-cp-h-∂-Xv.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- ]-Xn-\-©v,- ]-Xn-s\-´v- \q-‰m≠p-Iƒ-°v- \-Sp-hn-em-Wv- th-Z-hym-k≥- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂m-Wv- s]mXp-sh- A-\pam-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.- Zzm-]-c-bp-Kw-h-sc- au-en-I-am-bn- Hcpth-Zt- a- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-sh-∂pw- B- bp-Km-¥c - Ø - n-em-Wv- hymk≥th-Z-sØ- \m-em-°n- ]-Ip-Ø-sX-∂p-amWv- hn-izm-kw.- F-∂m¬- Zbm\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-c-\-√.- A-t±-lw- B-Zyw- ap-X¬°p-X-s∂- th-Z-ßƒ- \m-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-c-\m-Wv.A-Y¿-h-th-Z-Øn¬- th-Z-ßƒ- F-∂v- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv- _-lp-h-N-\am-sW-∂pw- {ip-Xn,- kz-Xx-{]-am-W-am-b-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- sX-‰m≥- ]mSns√-∂pw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- B-Zyw- ap-X¬-t°- H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- thZß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°W - s - a-∂p-am-Wv- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- H-∂m-as - Ø- hmZw.hymk-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-hpw- ]n-Xm-a-l\pw- {]-]n-Xm-a-l-\pw- H-s°-bm-b]-cm-ic-\pw- i-Iv-Xn-bpw- h-kn-jv-T-\pw- {_-lv-a¿-jn-bpw- \m-ep-th-Zß-fpw- ]-Tn ®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂- ]-cm-a¿i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pwhym-k≥- thZw]-Ip-Øp-sh-∂- hm-Zw- A-kw-_\ - [ -v a- m-sW-∂-v hy-IX -v a- mIp∂psh∂mWvA-t±-l-Øn-s≥d- c-≠m-a-sØ- hm-Zw.- G-Xm-bm-epw- Cu- hmZßsf_-lp-`q-c-n-]-£w- sslµh]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn°p∂n√. A-Y¿-∆-s\-∂- E-jn-bm-Wv- a-‰v- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- Nnehnj-b-ß-sf-°-p-dn-®- a-{¥-ßƒ- H-∂m-bn-t®¿-Øv- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- Bhn-jv-°-cn-®-sX-∂pw- H-c-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- Cu- A-`n-{]m-bw- i-cn-bmbmepw- sX-‰m-bmepw- B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-tf- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q-sh-∂-Xn-te-°v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- kq-N-\- \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- ""BHmw-Im-c-Øn¬- aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- aq-∂v- tem-I-ß-fpwaq-∂v- th-Z-ß6. h-≈-tØmƒ-:- E-tKz-Z- kw-ln-X- (]-cn-`m-j)- (Xr-»-n-h-t]-cq¿-).-

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

fpwaq-∂v- A-Kv-\n-I-fp-ap-≠v''-1 F-∂v- {_lv-a-hn-tZym-]-\n-j-Øn-epw""B-Zn-Xy-∑m¿,- cp-{Z≥-am¿,- a-cp-Øp-°ƒ,- h-kp-°ƒ,- A-iz-\o-Ip-amc∑m¿,- E-tKz-Zw,- bPp¿-th-Zw,- km-a-th-Zw,- a-{¥w,- AKv-\n,- B-Pyw,B-lp-Xn- F-∂n-hs - b-√mw- \m-cm-bW - ≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- D-Xv` - h - w,- kw`hw- C-h-bpw- Zn-hy-\pw- tZ-h-\pw- G-I-\p-am-b- \m-cm-b-W≥- Xs∂bm Wv''-2 F-∂v- kp-_m-tem-]-\n-j-Øpw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂pwCu- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°p-∂-Im-e-Øv- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- D-≠m-bncp∂n-s√-∂pw- A-Xv- ]n-∂o-Sv- D-≠m-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- \ym-b-am-bn- A-\p am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.-

ep-≠v.- aq-e-E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- F-√mw- D-≠p-Xm-\pw''1.- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn¬kq-Iv-X-ßƒ- Ip-d-hv- ImWptºmƒ- a-‰v- Nn-e-h-bn¬- IqSp-X-em-Wp≈Xv.- ''-{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn-epw- D-]-\njØp-I-fn-epw- {iu-X- kq-{Xßfn epw- Im-Wp-∂- ]-e- a-{¥-ß-fpw- C-∂-sØ- E-tKz-Z-Øn-en-√.- I-≠pIn-´n-b- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn-e-h-bp-≠p-Xm-\pw.- sFX-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-WØn-se- {]-Xn-I-E-jn-bp-sS- a-{¥-ßƒ- C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.C-h-sb- F-ß-s\- \n¿-Æ-bn-s®-Sp-°mw- F-∂-Xv- I-Sp-Ø- k-a-kybmWv''-2.- th-Z-ß-fn¬- bm-sXm-cp- ssI-{In-b-I-fpw- \-S-∂n-´n-s√-∂- hmZwC-hn-sS- tNm-Zyw- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-f-sS- ]m-T-t`-Z-ßfmb- imJ-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- \-jv-S-s∏Sp-I-Iq-Sn- sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-∂v- h-cptºmƒ- Cu- tNmZyw- sN-ø-en-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-tb-dp-∂p.- \n-e-\n¬-°p∂im-JI - f - n¬-Xs - ∂- a-{¥-kw-Jy-If - p-SsS- F-ÆØ - n¬-t]m-epw- hyXymk-ap-s≠-∂v- h-cp-tºmƒ- ep-]v-X-am-b- im-J-I-fn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- hyXymk-ß-fp-≠m-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X- \n-tj-[n-°m≥- h-ø.- ""im-J-I-sfkw-_-\v-[n-®- ]-T-\w- H-´pw- F-fp-∏-a-√.- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w- im-J-Ifpwtem-]n-®p-t]m-bn.- A-h-sb- I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xv- Xp-temw- hn-j-a-am-Wv''3 F-∂m-Wv- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bnIƒ- t]m-epw- ]dbp∂-Xv.-

""k-l-{km-_v-Z-ßƒ-°pti-j-hpw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- hy-Xym-k-sam ∂pw- h-∂n-´n-√''- F-∂- hm-Z-°m-sc- Ip-g-°p-∂- H-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv\am-Wv- imJI-sfkw-_\ - [ v- n-®- N¿-®I - s - f-√mw-Xs - ∂. ""im-JI - fn¬Nn-e- am-‰ß--fp-s≠¶n-epw- aq-e-]m-T-Øn¬- H-cp- hy-Xym-k-hpw- h-∂n ´n-s√-∂v- am-{X-a-√,- Xo¿-Øpw- kw-c-£n-X-hp-am-Wv''3.- F-∂- {]-tbmKwX-s∂- C-°m-cyw- hy-IvX-am-°p-∂p.im-JIƒ- th-Zm-h-b-h-am-sW-∂pw- A-X-√- th-Z-hym-Jym-\ßfm-sW-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- F-¥m-Wv- th-Z-im-J-I-sf-∂-Xns\°p-dn-®v- {io.- \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Zw- kr-jv-Sn-®-X√.A-h- \n-Xy-amWv.- A¿-∞w- \n-Xy-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-£-c-ß-fn-epwhyRvP - \ - ß - f - n-epw- A-tßm-´p-an-tßm-´pw- am-‰w-hc - pw.- A-ßs\- am‰wh-∂h - b - m-Wv- Im-TI - w,- Im-em]Iw,- au-ZI - w,- ]m-∏n-em-Zw- Xp-Sß - nbh.C-hn-sS- A-£-c-ß-fn-epwhy-Rv-P-\-ß-fn-epwam-‰-sa-∂p-]-d-™Xvth-Z-im-J-I-sf- D-t±-in-®m-Wv.- A-h-bn-em-W-t√m- ]m-Tm-¥-c-ßƒD-≈X - v.- A-Xn-\m¬- H-c¿-∞s - Ø- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂h - b - m-Wv- ]m-Tm¥4 c-ßƒ- F-∂v- h-cp-∂p''- .- D-®m-c-W-t`-Z-hpw- ]m-T-t`-Z-hpwam-{X-a-√im-J-Iƒ-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- Im-Wmw.- Nn-e-im-J-I-fn¬- ]-ekq-Iv-Xß-fpw- Im-Wp-∂n-√. -""E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn¬aqt∂m- \m-tem- a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ip-d-hv- Im-Wmw.- im-I-eim-J-bn¬- ]-e- _m-e-Jn-√y- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- C-√.- _mjv-I-e- imJbn1.- {_-lv-a- hn-tZym-]-\n-j-Øv-:- im-¥n-]m-Tw- 5 2. kp-_m-tem-]-\n-j-Øv-:- 6:-3 3 \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 38.4.Ibid, Page 66.

100

E-tKz-Zw-:- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- th-Z-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬-sh-®v- G-‰-hpw{]mNo-\h - pw- {]m-am-Wn-Ih - pw- E-tKz-Za - m-Wv.- "E-°v'- F-∂- ]-ZØ - ns≥dA¿-∞w- kv-Xp-Xn-sb-∂m-Wv.- E-tKz-Zw- ap-gp-h≥- tZ-hkv-Xp-Xn- kw_\v-[n-bm-b- a-{¥-ß-fm-Wv. E-tKz-Z-Øn-\v- C-cp-]-Øn-sbm-∂v- im-J-Ifp-s≠-∂m-Wv- ]-XR - P v- en- X-s≥-d- a-lm-`m-jy-Øn¬- ]-d™ n-cn-°p∂Xv.- C-tX- A-`n-{]m-bw- Xs∂-bm-Wv- kzm-an-Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-°pap≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬- kv-I-µ-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ E-tKz-Z-Øn-\v- A-dp-]-Ønsbm∂v- im-J-I-fp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- C∂v- {]-Nm-c-Øn-encn-°p-∂- E-tKz-Z-kw-ln-X- im-I-e- im-J-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- B-sI- ]-Øva-WU v- e - ß - f - n-em-bn- 1017 kq-IX v- ß - f - m-Wv- E-tKz-ZØ - n-\p-≈X - v.- imIekw-ln-X-bn¬- C-√m-Ø-Xpw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Iq-´n-t®¿-Ø-sX-∂v- IcpX-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-am-b- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- _m-eJn-√y- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn1.Ibid, Page 67. 2.Ibid Page 68 3.Ibid Page 68

101

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬- 1028 kq-Iv-X-ß-f-m-Wv- B-sI-bp-≈-Xv.- C-sX-√mwIq-Sn- Iq-´n- B-sI- 10522 E-°p-Iƒ- (t«m-I-ßƒ-)- B-Wv- E-tKz-Z-Ønep-≈-Xv.- C-Xv- im-I-e- im-J-bp-sS- Im-cy-am-Wv.- a-‰v- im-J-I-fn¬- hy Xy-kv-X- F-Æw- E-°p-I-fpw aWv-U-e-ßfp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- F-{X- E-°pI-fm-Wv- C-h-bn-ep-≈-sX-∂- hn-j-b-Øn¬- C-∂pw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬- X¿-°w- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- a-‰v- ]m-T t`-Z-ß-fm-b- ap-Zv-K-e-im-J,- im-e-h-im-J,- im-eob-im-J,- hm¬-k-yim-J,- ssi-in-co-im-J,- _u-[y-im-J,- A-Kv-\n-am-T-c-imJ, ]cm-i-cim-J,- Pm-Xq-I¿-Wy-imJ,- B-iz-em-b-\-im-J,- imw-Jm-b-\-im-J,Iu-jo-X-In-im-J- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-∂pw-X-s∂- ]q¿-Æ-cq-]-Øn¬C∂v- In´m\n-√.C-∂v- e-`y-am-b- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- A-≤ym-bw- Xn-cn-®p-≈- kq-Iv X-ß-fpsS- F-Æw- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- H-∂mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 191,- c-≠mwaWv-U-ew- 43,- aq-∂mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 62,- \m-emw- a-Wv-U-ew- 58,- A-©mwa-Wv-U-ew- 87,- Bdmw- a-Wv-U-ew- 75,- G-gmw- a-Wv-U-ew- 104,- F-´mwaWv-U-ew- 103,- H≥]-Xmw- a-Wv U-ew- 114,- ]-Ømw- a-Wv-U-ew- 191.""b-Pv-R-Øn-s≥-d- ]p-tcm-ln-X-\pw- kq-{X-[m-c-\pw- tlm-XmhpwsFiz-cy-Zm-Xm-hp-am-b- A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\- Rm-≥- h-µn-°p-∂p''-1 F-∂a-{¥w- sIm≠m-cw-`n-°p-∂- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- tZ-im-S\-°m-cm-b- H-cp-Iq-´w- a\p-jy-cp-sS,- Np‰p-]mSp-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- {]-IrXn-bn¬- \n-∂pw- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-≈- tZ-jy-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- {]-tNmZnX-am-bn- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Ip-sd- h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv.- k-]v-X-kn-\v-[p-hn-te-°vI-S∂ - p-h∂ - - B-cy-∑m-cpw- C-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Z-kyp-°f - pw- X-Ωn¬\-S-∂- kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-Wv- ]-e- E-°p-I-fp-sSbpw- C-Xn-hr-Øw.- C-{µs\-t∏m-ep-≈- tZ-h≥-am¿-t]m-epw- Cu- kw-L-´\-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Snbm-sW-∂m-Wv- B-[p-\n-I- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬- \-s√mcp- hn-`m-K-Øns≥-d- ]-£w.- ta-®n¬-kv-Y-e-ßƒ tX-Sn-sb-Øn-b- B-cy-∑m¿,- kkyiym-a-f-hpw- ^-e-`q-bn-jv-T-hpw- \-Zn-Iƒ- \n-d-™-Xp-am-b- kn-\v-[p- kaX-e-Øn¬- {]-th-in-®-t∏mƒ- A-h-cp-sS- a-\-kp-I-fn¬- A-eX-√n-bk-t¥m-jØn-s≥-d-bpw- B-iv-Ncy-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ^-e-am-bn- ]p-d-Øp1 A-Kv-\n-ao-tf- ]p-tcm-ln-Xwb-Pv-R-kz- tZ-h- ar-Xzn-µ-wtlm-Xm-cw- c-Xv-\-[m-X-hw- (E-tKz-Zw- 1:1:1).-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

102

h-∂- E-tKz-Zk - q-IvX - ß - ƒ- ]-eX - pw- at\m-lc - a - m-b- `m-h\ - I - ƒ-sIm≠vk-ºp-jv-S-am-Wv.E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- sF-X-tc-b-sa-∂pwim-Jm-b-\-sa-∂pw- t]cmbb-Ym{Iaw- \m¬-∏-Xpw- ap-∏-Xpw- A-[ym-b-ß-fp-≈- c-≠v- {_m-lv-aW-ß-fp≠v.- sF-X-tc-b-sa-∂pw- Iu-jo-X-In-sb-∂pw- t]-cm-b- c-≠vB-c-Wy-I-ß-fp-ap≠v.- "iu-I-\o-b- in-£'- am-{X-am-Wv- j-Uw-K-ßfn¬- C-∂v- In-´m-\p-≈-Xv.- Bbp¿-th-Z-am-Wv- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]th-Zw.- Ajv-Smw-K-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn-\v- A-t\-Iw- D]th-Z-ßƒ- D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- A-Kv-\o-{[- kp-cm-P-{K\v-Yw,- I¿-Æ-I-{]-`,[m-Xp-hm-Z-{K-\v-Yw,- [-\z-¥-co-kq-{Xw,- am-\-kq-{X-{K-\v-Yw- F-∂n-hA-hb - n¬- Nn-eX - v- am-{X-am-Wv.- im-co-cn-Ih - pw- am-\k - n-Ih - p-am-b- BtcmKyw- F-ßn-s\- \n-e\ - n¿-Øm-sa-∂Xm-Wv- B-bp¿-th-ZØ - n-s≥-d- {]Xn]m-Zy- hn-j-bw.- B-bp¿-t∆-Zw,- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-th-Z-amsW-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.b-Pp¿-th-Zw-:- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-am-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- b-Pp¿-thZØn-ep-≈X - v.- tlm-aßƒ-°pw- bm-Kß - ƒ-°p-ap-≈- a-{¥-ßf - m- W - nXn¬{]-[m\-am-bpw- {]-Xn]m-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- K-Zy-]-Zy- k-Ωn{i-amb- C-Xn-se- ]Zy-ßƒ- an-°-Xpw- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬-\n-s∂-Sp-Ø-h-bm-Wv.K-Zy-cq-]Ø - n-ep-≈- hcn-If - n¬- {]-[m-\a - m-bpwbm-Kh - n-[n-If - m-Wp-≈Xv.A-[z-c-th-Z-sa-∂pw- t]-cp≈- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-\v- Ir-jv-W-b-Pp¿-thZw,ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- F-∂n-ß-s\- c≠v- `m-K-ß-fp-≠v.ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- {]-Im-cw- \q-‰n- A≥-]-Xpw- N-c-W-hyql{K\vY - {- ]-Im-cw- F¨-]Ø - n-bm-dpw- ]-XR - P v- e - n-bp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b- {]Imcw- \q-‰n- H-∂pwim-J-I-fm-Wv- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬CXn¬- A-©v- imJ-I-fn¬-s∏-´- kw-ln-X-Iƒ- am-{X-sa- C-∂v- In-´m\p-≈q.- C-Xn¬- Im-T-I-kwlnX,- I-]n-jv-T-e-kw-ln-X,- ssa-{Xm-bWokw-ln-X,- ssX-Øn-co-b- kw-ln-X- F∂o- im-J-I-ƒ- I-r-jv-W- bPq¿th-Z-Øn-epw- hm-P-kv-t\-bn- kw-ln-X- ip-¢- bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-epw- s]´Xm-Wv.- hm-P-kv-t\-bn- kw-ln-X-°v- Im-Wz-im-J-sb∂pw- am-[z-¥n-Iim-J-sb-∂pw- t]-cp-≈- c-≠v- im-J-Iƒ-Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.ip-¢b - P - p¿-th-ZØ - n-se- a-{¥-kw-Jy-bn¬- h-sc- ]-WvU - n-X∑m¿°nS-bn¬- A-`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-ß-fp-s≠-∂p-th-Ww- ]-d-bm≥.- C-Xn¬-

103

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

B-sI- 1500 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX-∂v- \tc-{µ-`q-j¨-1 ]-d-bp-tºmƒ1900 a-{¥-ß-fp-s≠∂m-Wv- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-2 hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- Hmtcmcp-Øc - pw- A-he - w-_a - m-°n-bX - v- hy-Xy-kvX - - im-JI - s - f-bm-hmw.- AXmbn-cn-°-W-w- hy-Xy-kvX- F-Æ-w- a-{¥-ßƒ- H-tc- th-Z-Øn¬- X-s∂bp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- Im-c-Ww.- ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-se- B-sI-bp≈\m¬-∏-Xv- A-[ym-b-ß-sf- 1975 JWv-Un-I-I-fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv.- 190 A-\p-hm-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.-

a{¥-ß-sfmgn®v- _m-°n-sb-√mw- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- F-´pw- H≥-]-XpwaW-v-U-e-ß-fn¬-\ns∂Sp-Ø-h-bm-Wv.- C-h- ]m-Sp-∂-Xn-∂p-≈- kuIcy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- B-h¿-Øn, -]-cnh¿-Pv-P-\w- F-∂o- am-‰-ßƒ- km-ath-Z- a-{¥-ß-fn¬- h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- km-a-th-Z-kw-ln-X- c-≠v- B¿®nI-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-Ø-cm¿-®n-I-hpw- ]q¿-∆m¿-®n-I-hpamW-h.- ]q¿-∆m¿-®n-I-Øn¬- BKv-t\-b-Im-Wv-Uw,- sF-{µ-Im-Wv-Uw,tkm-a-Im-Wv-Uw,- B-c-Wy-Im-Wv-Uw- F-∂o- \m-ev- hn-`mK-ß-fm-Wp≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- B-sI- 650 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- ]-Ø-v A-≤ym-b-ß fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂- D-Ø-cm¿-®n-I-Øn-em-Wv- _m-°n- 1225 a{¥ßfpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.-

Ir-jv-W-b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-se- ssX-Øn-co-b- kw-ln-X-bv-°v- GgvAjvT-I-ß-fpw- Hm-tcm- A-jv-T-I-Øn-epw- A-©p-ap-X¬- F-´p-h-scA-[ym-b-ß-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- 650 A-\p-hm-I-ß-fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-s\-´mbnc-tØm-fw- a-{¥-ßƒ-C-Xn-ep-≠v.Z¿-i-]q¿-Æ-am-kw,- Nm-Xp¿-am-kyw,- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- A-izta-[w,- cm-P-kq-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- bm-Kßƒ-°v- D-]tbm-Kn-t°-≠- a{¥ß-sf-∏-‰-bpwbm-K-hn-[n-I-sf-°p-dn-®pwhn-i-Z-am-bn- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Ø-n-se- a{¥-ap-≠m-°n-b-h¿- {]-Pm-]-Xn,- h-kn-jv-T≥,hn-izm-an-{X≥- Xp-S-ßn-b- Ccp-∂-q-dn¬-∏-cw- E-jn-am-cm-Wv.- b-Pv-Rth-Zn-bpw- A-Kv-\n-I-p-Wv-T-hpw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-tºmƒ- sNm-t√-≠- a-{¥ßƒ-ap-X¬- bm-K-Ø-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- s\øv,- N-a-X,- bq-]w,- bm-Kth-Zn-°p-≈- C-jv-Sn-I- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-tbm-Sv- {]m¿-∞n-°p∂- a-{¥-ßƒh-sc- b-Pp¿-th-Zw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.A-dp-]X - n-\m-bn-cw- t«m-Iß - f - pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- [\p¿-th-Za - mWv3 bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-th-Zw.- B¿.-Sn.-F-®v.- {Kn-^n-Øn-s≥-d- ip-¢b-Pp¿-th-Z- ]-cn-`m-jb - m-Wv- {]-kn-≤a - m-bX - v.- Cw-•o-jn¬- {Kn-^n-Øn\vap-ºpw- ]-e-cpw- ]-cn-`m-jI-sfgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- b-Pp¿-thZØn-s≥-d- a-eb - m-f- ]cn-`m-jI - s - fm-∂pw- Cu- te-JI - s - ≥-d- Zr-jvS- nbn¬s∏-´n-´n-√.- tZ-ho-Nµ - n-s≥-d4- C-w• - o-jv- ]-cn-`m-jb - pw- ]-cs - °- D-]tbmKn°-s∏-Sp-∂- k-c-f-am-b- ]-cn-`m-j-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.km-a-th-Zw-:- Km-\-{]-[m-\-am-b- th-Z-am-Wv- km-a-th-Zw.- B-sI1875 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wv- km-a-th-Z-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- F-gp-]-Ø-©v1.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I-km-ln-Xy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-:- 99.2.- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-:- 182. 3. Griffith-R.T.H-The Texts of the White Yajurveda (Benares). 4. Devi Chanth: The Yajurveda (New Delhi)

104

km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- im-J-I-fp-sS- F-Æ-Øn-epw- A-`n-{]m-bhy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v.- B-bn-c-am-sW-∂pw- B-bn-c-Øn- A-dp-]-Ø-©m sW-∂pw- Bbn-c-Øn- F¨-]-Xm-sW-∂p-sa-√mw- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- F-∂m¬- Iu-Yp-ao-bw,- cm-Wm-b-\o-bw,- ssP-an \o-bw- F-∂o- im-J-Iƒ- am{X-sa- C-∂v- In-´m-\p-≈q.Km-\v-[¿-∆ th-Z-am-Wv- k-m-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]t-h-Zw.- kw-KoX˛- \-rØ- hmZym-Xn-im-k{v- X-ßf - p-sS- aq-e{- K-\Y v- s - a-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- Km\v[¿-∆-th-Z-Ønse- E-jn-am-¿- tkmta-iz-c≥,- `-c-X-ap-\n- F-∂n-h-cmWv.D-]m-k-\m-{]-[m-\-am-b- km-a-th-Z-Øn-se- Km-\-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈a-{¥ß-fn¬- A-[n-Ih - pw- {]m¿-∞\ - I - fm-Wv.- A-Kv\ - n,- C-{µ≥,- tkmawF-∂o- tZh-∑m-sc- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-∂- a-{¥-ß-fp-ap-≠v C-Xn¬.- Km-\-cq ]-Øn-ep-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- h-f-sc- kpµ-c-ß-fm-Wv.- kmath-Zw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- ""ssZ-h-sa!- F-s≥-d- Im-Xp-Iƒ-°v\√-Xp-am-{Xw- tIƒ-°p-amdm-hp-I-bpw- t\-{X-ßƒ-sIm-≠v- \-√-Xpam{Xw- Im-Wp-am-dm-hp-I-bpw- sN-tøW-ta''-1 F-∂- kp-µ-c-am-b{]m¿∞-\tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.km-a-th-Z-Øn-\pw- Cw-•o-jn¬2 ]-cn-`m-j-I-fp-≠v.- a-e-bm-f- ]cn`mj-I-sfm-∂pw- Cu- te-J-I-\v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.1 ""`-{Zw- I¿-tW-`n-:- ir-Wp-bm-a- tZ-hm`-{Zw- ]-tiy-am-Iv-jn-`n¿-P-b-{Xm''2 Max Muller: Sacred Books of the East (London), Pandit Satyakam Vidyalankar: The Holy Vedas (Delhi.), Devichand: The samaveda (Delhi)

105

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- \m-em-a-sØ- th-Z-am-b- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-\v{_-lva-th-Z-sa-∂pw t]-cp-≠v.- a-‰v- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-tf-°mƒ- A-Y¿-∆th-ZØ - n-\vt- {ijvTX - - Ip-dh - m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-WvU - n-X∑ - m-cp≠v.A-Y¿-h-W≥-am-cpw- Bw-Kn-c-k≥-am-cpw- D-]-tZ-in-®-Xv- F-∂A¿∞-Øn¬- "A-Y¿-∆mw-Kn-ck - w'- F-∂pw- AY¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n-\v- t]cp≠v.- A-ar-X th-Zw,- B-Xv-a-th-Zw- F-∂n-h-bpw- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥da-‰v- t]-cp-I-fm-Wv.]n-∏n-em-Zw,- Xu-Zw,- au-Zw,- iu-\I - o-bw,- Pm-Pe - w,- P-eZ- w,- {_lva-]Zw,- tZ-h-Z¿-iw,- Nm-c-W-ssh-\yw- F-∂n-ß-s\- H≥-]-Xv- im-JIƒA-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- C-∂v- ]n-∏n-em-Zw,- iu-\Iobw- F-∂o- c≠v- im-J-I-fn¬-s]-´- th-Z-]m-T-ßƒ- am-{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv._m-°n- G-gv- imJI-fpw- In-´m-\n-√.-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

106

IvX - w- H-cp- {]-tl-fn-Ib - m-sW-∂v- Bh¿-Øn-°p-Ib - √ - m-sX- A-Xns≥dA-¿-∞w- hy-Iv-X-am-°n-bn-ń-√.in¬-]t- h-Zw,- A¿-Ym-]t- h-Zw- F-∂n-hb - m-Wv- A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØns≥-d- D-]-th-Z-ßƒ.- U-ªyp.-Un.- hn-‰v-\n-bp-tS-Xm-b- A-Y¿-∆-thZ Øns≥-d-- C-w•ojv- ]-cn-`m-j1- bm-Wv- G-‰h-p-a-[n-Iw- -hm-bn-°-s∏Sp∂]-cn-`m-j-I-fn-sem-∂v.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-e-bm-f- ]-cn-`m-jCu- te-J-I-s≥-d- I-Æn¬-s]-ń-ń-√.-

A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn¬- C-cp-]-Xv- Im-Wv-U-ß-fp-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- 730 kqIv-X-ß-fpw- 5977 a-{¥-ß-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- a-{¥-kw-Jy-bn¬- X¿°w\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p.- 5987 a-{¥-ß-fp-s≠-∂pw- A-X-√- 6000 a-{¥-ß-fps≠-∂p-sa-√mw- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp≠v.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z- a{¥ß-fn¬- A-©n-sem-cp- `m-K-tØm-fw- a-{¥-ßƒ- E-tKz-Z-Øn-ep-≈hbm-Wv.-

th-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- kw-£n-]v-X- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- {i≤n°-s∏tS-≠- Ip-sd-Im-cy-ßƒ- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.th-Z-Ønse- ]-e- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- Z¿-i-\o-`-hn-®-Xv- B¿-s°-∂v- hy-IvX-a-√.- th-Z-a-{¥-ßfp sS- Zr-jv-Sm°-sf-°p-dn-®- kw-i-b-ß-fn¬- ]eXpw- C-∂pw- Zq-co-I-cn-°-∏-´n ´n-√.- th-Z-im-J-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- hy-Xymkß-fp-≠v.- e-`n-°s - ∏-´- AwKp-eo-]cn-an-Xa - m-b- im-JI - f - n¬-Xs - ∂- a{¥ Øn-s≥-d- F-Æ-Øn¬-t]m-epwhy-Xymk-ß-fp-s≠-∂v- h-cp-tºmƒA-e` - y-am-b- `q-cn-]£ - w- im-JI - f - n¬- C-Xn-ep-a[n-Iw- hy-Xym-kß - fpwssh-cp-≤y-ßf - p-ap-≠m-Im≥- km-[y-Xb - p-s≠-∂v- \-ap-°v- Xo¿-®b - mbpwA-\p-am-\n-°mw.- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- ]-e- {K\v-Y-ß-fpw- \-ap°n-∂v- e-`y-a-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-h- k-ºq¿-Æ-ß-f-√.-

cm-Py-X-{¥-]-c-am-b- Im-cyßƒ,- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Im-c-y-ßƒ,hnhm-l-a-{¥-ßƒ,- Zpx-kz-]v-\-\m-i-I-ß-fm-b- a-{¥-ßƒ,- ]u-jv-SnI-am-b- {]m¿-∞-\-Iƒ,- {im-≤m-Xn-I¿-Ω-ßƒ,- k¿-∏-hn-j-Øn-\p≈{]-Xn-hn-[n,- i-{Xp-\m-i-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§-ßƒ,- B-`n-Nm-c-I¿-Ω-ßƒF-∂n-h-sb-√m-am-Wv- AY¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-se- hn-j-b-ßƒ.- A-Kv-\ym[m\w,- tkm-a-bm-Kw,- hm-P-t]bw- ap-X-em-b- bm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c W-hpw- C-Xn-ep-≠v.-

th-Zß - ƒ- A-°m-es - Ø- km-aq- l - n-Im- h - k - Y v- s - b-°p-dn-®v- Xcp∂kqN-\-Iƒ- hn-e-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- a-t‰-sXm-cp- {K-\v-Y-sØ-bpw- B-{i-bn°m-\n-√m-Ø- k-a-b-Øv- C-Ø-c-w- c-N-\-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-b-h¿- F-¥p-Xs∂-bm-bm-epw- A]mc- I-gn-hp-I-fp-sS- D-S-a-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- kΩXn-°-Ww.- c-N-\-I-fn-se- `m-h\-bpwku-µ-cy-hpw- ]p-I-gv-Ø-s∏-tS≠-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- s]m-Xp-sh- th-Zßƒ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- `WvUm-c-ßƒ-X-s∂-bm-Wv; F-s¥m-s°- Ip-d-hp-I-fp-s≠-¶n-epw.-

A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n-se- A-dp-]X - mw- A-≤y- m-bØ-ns - e- Ip-¥] - kqIv-Xw- {]-kn-≤-hpw- F-∂m¬- \n-KqV-hp-am-Wv.- "Zpx-J-ß-sf-bpw- Zp-cn X-ß-sf-bpw- -Zq-co-I-cn-°p-∂-h≥' F-∂¿-∞w-h-cp-∂- Ip-¥]- i-_vZØm¬- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´- {]-kv-Xp-X- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- h-cm-\ncn-°p-∂- H-cp- alm-]pc-p-j-s\-°p-dn-®- {]-h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv- {]-[m-\ambpw- A-Sß - n-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.- {]-kn-≤c - m-b- am-Ivk - va - p-≈s - d-bpw- ]WvUn-‰v- cm-Pm-dm-an-s\-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- Ip-¥]-kq-

F-gp-X-s∏-´- Im-e-Øv- k-aq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- ]-e- A-\v-[hn-izm-kß - f - pw- th-Zß - f - n¬- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bX - m-bn- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bpw.- A-Xv- a-{¥-Zr-jvS- m-°f - p-sS- I-gn-hp-tI-S√ - .- {]-Xyp-X- A-°mesØ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-]-cym-]v-X-X-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.kq-cy-tZ-h-s\- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-am-b- kq-cy1 W.D. Whitney: Atharva Veda Samhita (Cambridge).

107

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

tZ-h≥- G-gv- Ip-Xn-c-I-sf- ]q-´n-b- c-Y-Øn¬- `q-an-°v- Np-‰pw- I-d-ßnk-©-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂1- [m-cW- th-Z-ß-fn-epw- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh¶n-epw- A-sXm-cp- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-am-sW∂v- C-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°s∏´p-I-gn-™n-´p-≠v.- A-kp-c-]p-{X-\m-b- cm-lp- X-a- p-sIm-≠v- kq-cys\- a-d-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- kq-cy-{K-l-W-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂pw- 2 N-{µ-s\cm-lp- hn-gp-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- N-{µ-{K-l-W-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂p-3ap-≈th-Z-kq-Iv-X-ßƒ- A-°m-e-sØ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øns≥d ]cnanXnbmWv hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.A-an-X- k-w-t`m-K-am-Wv- £-b-tcm-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂pwAXpw- I-gpØn-ep-≠m- h - p-∂-- K-WvU - a - m-eb - pw- a-{¥-ßƒ-sIm-≠v- am‰m4 sa-∂p-ap-≈- [m-c-W-bpw- C-tX-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv.- a-{¥-hm-Z-hpwam-c-W-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw- b-Pv-R-ß-fpw- b-m-K-ß-fpw,- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-bpw˛ tZ-h-∑m-sc-t∏m-epw-˛ \nb-{¥n-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-ß-fm-sW-∂- hn-izmk-am-Wv- th-Z-Øn-ep-S-\o-fw- ImWm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

te¿-s∏-´-Xm-bp-≈- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-1 {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bpw- B-cy-∑m¿-°n-Sbn-se- Ip-Øgn-™- ssew-Kn-I-hr-Øn-bn-te-°p-≈- kq-N-\-I-f-√msX- a-s‰m-∂pw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂n-√.th-Z-ß-sf- hn-a¿in-°p-∂-Xn-∂p-th-≠n-tbm- th-Z-X-Xz-ß-sf√mw- A\v-[-hn-izm-k-ß-fm-sW-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-tbmA-√- C-{Xbpw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.- th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-hpw- th-Z-kq-Iv-Xß-fn¬- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- k-zm-[o-\-Øn-\p-≈- km-[y-X bp-w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ-X-s∂- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-hpw- k-ºq¿Æ-hp-am-sW-∂- hm-Zw- i-cn-b-s√-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-hm-≥-th-≠n- am{Xam-Wv.- tUm-Iv-S¿- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s\-t∏m-ep-≈- ]Iz-a-Xn-I-fm-b- ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpw- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-a-s√-∂v- hm-Zn-°m-\p-≈- Im-c-W-hpwa-s‰m-∂√ - .--

th-Z-Øn-se- ssew-Kn-I-am-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- ]-e-t∏m-gpw«o-e-X-bp-sS- A-Xn¿-h-c-ºp-I-sf-- t`-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Ip-am-cn-am-cp-sSam-dn-S-sØ-bpw- Xp-S-I-sf-bpw- a-‰v- A-h-b-h-ß-sf-bpw- h¿-Æn-°p-∂Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-ßƒ- «o-e-X-bp-sS- F-√m- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- Im-‰n¬- ]-dØp-∂-h-bm-Wv5.- ]r-jv-T-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- {]m-W-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- \nb-{¥n-°m-≥-- s]-Æm-Sp-am-bpw- hmKvssh-`-hw- t\-Sm≥- ap-´\m-Sp-ambpw- ]-c-a-am-b- sF-iz-c-y-ßƒ- e-`n-°m-≥-- Im-f-bp-am-bp-ap-≈- ssewKn-I-_-\v-[w6 \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂- th-Z-ßƒ- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-sW-∂A-`n{]m-bw- F-{X-tØm-fw- i-cn-bm-sW-∂v- A-Xn-s≥-d- hIvXm-°ƒX-s∂-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xam-t°-≠-Xv.- b-a-s≥-d- k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-b- Im-amXp-c,- b-as - \- ssew-Kn-I_ - \ - v[ - Ø - n-\v- £-Wn-°p-∂X - m-bp-≈- E-tKzZ7 kq-Iv-X-hpw- ]n-Xm-hv- kz-¥w- ]p-{Xn-bp-am-bn- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-Øn1 E-tKz-Zw- a-Wv-U-ew- 1 kq-Iv-Xw- 50.2 E-tKz-Zw a-- -Wv-U-ew- 10 kq-Iv-Xw- 40.3.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- G-tIm-\-hnw-i- Im-WvUw-:- 9:-10.4. E-tKz-Zw: k-]v-X-Ia-Im-Wv-Uw-:- 76:-1˛5.5.- D-Zm-:- E-tKz-Zw-:- a-Wv-U-ew- 10,- kq-Iv-Xw- 10˛15,ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 23:-22˛25,A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- N-Xp¿-Z-i-Im-Wv-Uw- 2:-38. 6.- ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 21:-60.7.- E-tK-z-Zw- a-:-10 kq-:- 10,-12.-

108

1.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- \-h-a-Im-Wv-Uw- 10:-12.-

109

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

2 {_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ th-Zk - q- I - X v- ß - ƒ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-Ib - pw- ssh-Zn-II - ¿-Ωß - f - mbbPv-R-ß-fp-sS-bpwbm-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {In-bm-hn-[n-Iƒ- hn-h-cn-°pI-bpw- sNøp-∂- {K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv- {_-mlv-a-W-ßƒ.- C-Xn¬- th-Za{¥-ß-fp-sS- b-Pv-R-]-c-am-b- A¿-∞-am-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.th-ZØn-s≥-d- ]-cym-b-am-b- {_-lv-a-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xv- AYhm- th-Z-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂m-Wv- {_m-lv-a-W-Øn-s≥dA¿-∞-sa-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- b-Pv-R-Ønse- ]p-tc-m-ln-X-\m-b{_lv-am-hn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈-Xv- F-∂- A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv- {_mlva-Ww- F-∂- {]tbm-K-sa-∂pw- ]-£-ap-≠v.B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- A-kv-Xn-Xzw,- ]p-\¿-P-∑w,- A-a-c-Xzw,- Pm-Xnhy-h-kvY,- {]-Pm-]-Xn,- {Xn-tem-I-ßƒ,- a-\p-jym-bp- v-,- ]q¿-Æm-bp v In-´m-\p-≈- am¿§w,- Kr-l-kv-Ym-{i-aw,- hn-hm-lw,- kv-{Xo-bp-sS- kvYm\w,- ]p-Wy-hpw- ]m-]-hpw,- k-Xyw,- b-Pv-Rw,- ]m-]-tam-N-\w,- K-WnXw,tZ-h-X-Iƒ,- a-g,- AKv\n,- k-ap-{Zw,- kq-cy≥,- A-¥-co-£w,- [m-Xp°ƒ,kz¿-§w- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {_mlv-a-W-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xn´p≈- hn-j-b-ßƒ.-

110

{_m-la v- W - ß - ƒ- B-[n-Im-cn-Ia - m-b- {ip-Xn-tc-JI - f - n¬-s∏-Sp∂ns√∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- {_m-lv-a-Ww- {ip-X-n-b-s√∂pw- kv-a-r-Xn-bm-sW-∂pwhm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J\mWv- "X-Øz-a-kn'-sb-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS- a-e-bm-f-Øn-\v- kp-µ-cam-bD-]-\n-j-Ø-v hym-Jym-\w- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°mSv.""{_m-lv-a-Ww- kv-ar-Xn-bm-Wv.- A-Xv- {ip-Xn-bm-sW-∂- hym-Jym-\amWv- {_m-lv-a-W-]u-tc-m-ln-Xy-sØ- Xm-ßn- \n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- {ip-XnI-f√m-Ø-h- B-[ym-Xv-an-I-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-If√.- A-Xp-sIm≠p-X-s∂- A-h- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- ssl-µ-h¿- _m-[y-kv-Y-cp-a-√.- thZm\p-_\ - [ v- Ø - n- s - e- I-e¿-∏p-Iƒ- am-{X-am-b- {_m-la v- W - ß - f - n-se- bPvRßƒ- th-Z-X-Xz-ßƒ-°v- \n-c-°p-∂-X-√.- kv-ar-Xn-I-fm-b- {_m-lv-aW-ß-sf-t∏m-ep-≈- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf- {ip-Xn-bm-bnkzo-I-cn-®- hn-th-N \-an-√m-bva - b - m-Wv- `m-cX - o-bcp-sS- B-Xva - o-bt- _m-[w- B-Zy-am-bn- ]mfw 1 -sX-‰n-ho-gm-\p-≈- Im-cW-w-'' . {_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ- A-[n-I-hpw- K-Zy-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv.- Nn-e-bn-Sßfn¬- ]-Zy-ß-fp-ap-≠v.- th-Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ-°p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- im-Jmt`Z-ßƒ- {_mlva - W - ß - ƒ-°p-ap-≠v.- {_m-lva - W - ß - f - p-sS-bpw- ]-e- imJI-fpw- In-´m-\n-√.E-tKz-ZØ - n-s≥-d- {_m-la v- W-ßf - m-b- sF-Xt- c-bw,- Iu-jo-XIn, imßv-Jm-b-\w- F-∂n-h- C-t∏mƒ- D-]-e-_v-[-am-Wv.- C-Xn¬- sF-Xtc-b-Øn-\m-Wv- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xv.- F-´v- ]-©n-I-I-fpw- Hm-tcm- ]-©n I-bn-epw- A-©v- ho-Xw- A-[-ym-b-ß-fp-am-Wv- sF-X-tc-b-Øn-ep-≈Xv.bmRvP - h - ¬-Iy-s≥-d- a-I\ - m-b- a-lo-Zm-k- sF-Xt- c-b≥- c-Nn-®- sFXtc-b- {_m-lv-a-W-Øn¬- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- A-Kv-\n-jvtTm-aw,- cm-Pkqbw- ap-X-em-b- b-Pv-R-ß-fm-Wv- hn-h-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- {In-kv-Xph-n-\v- F-´v- i-X-I-ßƒ-°v- ap-ºv- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- sF-X-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-Wam-bn-cn-°-Ww- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-Xv- F-∂mWv- {]-ap-J- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- ap-gp-h≥- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]p-\¿-P∑-kn-≤m-¥s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-kvX - m-hn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- Iu-jXIn- {_m-lv-a-Ww- sF-X-tc-b-Øn-t\m-Sv- km-ay-ap-≈-Xm-Wv;- C-Xn¬ap-∏-Xv- A-[ym-b-ß-fp-≠v.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX- E-tKz-Z-Øn-\p-≈- a-‰v- A©v1.- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv-:- X-Xz-hpw- a-\p-jy-\pw-,- t]-Pv- 26˛39.-

111

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

{_mlv-a-W-ßƒ- C-∂v- In-´m-\n-√.ip-¢bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- am-[y-µn-\-w,- Im-Wzw- F-∂o- i-X-]Y-{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fpw- Ir-jv-W- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- ssX-Øn-cn-b{_mlv-a-W-hpw- C-∂v- D]e_v[amWvv-.- \q-dv- ho-Xw- A-[ym-b-ß-fp≈-Xn-\m-em-Wv- ip-¢- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- {_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ-°v- iX]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ- F-∂- t]-cp-h-∂-Xv.- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn¬- G-‰hp-w- {]-kn-≤-am-b-h-bpw- C-Xm-Wv.- km-aq-ln-I-{I-a-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- D¬∏m-Z-\- co-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®pw- k-mw-kv-°m-cn-I- ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®psa-√mw- C-Xn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.- hn-tZ-lw,- Imin,- tIm-k-ew,Ip-cp,- ]m-©m-ew- F-∂o- cm-jv-{S-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xnse- `-c-Wm[n-Im-cn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap-≈- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fpw- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-WØn¬- {]-kX v- m-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.- k-aq-lØ - n¬- {_m-la v- W - ¿-°p-≈- D∂X- kv-Ym-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-ß-fpw- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°pw.bp≤-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-s∂- i-X-]-Y-Øn¬ImWp-∂n-√.- bmK-ß-fm-Wv- A-Xn-se-bpw- {]-[m-\- {]-Xn-]m-Zyhnjbw.- b-Pp¿-t∆-Z-Ø-n s≥-d- ]-{¥-≠v- {_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ- C-t∏mƒD]-e-_-v[-a-√.- Ah-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-ß-fpw- \-ap-°n-∂v- A-dn-bn-√.km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Xm-Wv-Uyw,- j-Uz-nw-i,- Om-tµm-Kyw,- ssZh-X,- B¿-tj-b- km-a-hn-[m-\w,- kw-ln-tXm-]-\n-j-Zv,- hw-iw,- ssPan-\o-bw,- ssPan-\o-b- B¿tj-bw,- ssP-an-\o-tbm-]-\n-j-Zv- F-∂o{_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ- C-∂v- e-`y-am-Wv.- C-Xn¬- Xm-Wv-Uy-hpw- ssP-an-\ob-hp-am-Wv- {]-[m-\w.- tIm-k-em-[n-]-Xn,- hn-t[-lm-[n-]-Xn- F-∂ocm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ßfpw- tkm-a-bm-K-sØ-°p-dn-®hn-h-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv- Xm-Wv-Uyw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.- i-Ip-\-ß-sfbpw- a-‰p-Nn-e- A¬-`p-X- I¿-Ω-ß-sf-bpw-Ip-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fmWv- ssP-an-\o-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- a-‰v- \m-ev- {_mlv-aW-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- \-ap-°n-∂v- H-∂p-a-dn-bn-√.- A-h- e-`y-a-√.tKm-]Y - {- _m-lva - W - a - m-Wv- A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n-s≥-d- {_m-lva - W - w.c-≠v- ]¿-∆-ß-fm-Wv- tKm-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-WØn-\p-≈-Xv.- C-Xn-s≥-d]q¿-∆-]¿-∆-Øn¬- B-dv- {]-]m-T-I-ß-fpw- D-Ø-c-]¿-∆-Øn¬- A-©v{]-]m-T-I-ß-fpam-Wp-≈-Xv.- b-Pv-R-hpw- bm-K-hpw-X-s∂-bm-Wv- C-Xnse-bpwhn-j-bw.-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

112

{_m-lv-a-W-ßƒ- kzo-Im-cy-ß-fm-tWm- A-t√- F-∂- Im-cyØn¬- ssl-µ-h-]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬-X-s∂- A-`n-{]m-bm-¥-cß-fp-s≠-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fp-sS- {]m-am-Wn-I-X- AwKoI-cn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬-X-s∂- \-s√m-cp- hn`m-K-w- {_m-lv-a-W{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-ß-fm-b- b-Pv-R-Ønepw- bm-K-Øn-ep-ap-≈- A-\m-Nm-cßƒ- ]n-∂o-Sv- I-S-∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- {_mlva-W-ß-fp-sS- B-hn¿-`m-hw- ip-≤-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- Ime{I-a-Øn¬- am-‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hnt[-b-am-bn- F∂mWv- Cuhn-`m-Kw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- ]-£w.-

113

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

114

dn-®pw- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- B-`n-Nm-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- BcWy-Ik - q-IX v- ß - s - f- A-\p-Iq-ea - m-bn- hym-Jym-\n-°p-hm-\pw- Ah- A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv- a-‰v- \n-Kq-V- c-l-ky-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hcp-Øn-Øo¿-°phm-\pw-th-≠n- ]-e- hym-JymXm-°-fpw- {i-an-®n-´p-≠v.- B-c-Wy-I-ßfnse- B-`n-Nm-c- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- a-‰p am-b- `m-K-ß-sfm-gn-®v- _m-°n-am-{X-sa- kzo-Im-cy-am-hq-sb-∂v- hmZn °p∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.-

3 B-c-Wy-I-ßƒth-ZØ - n-s≥-d- D-]m-k\ - m-Im-WU -v a - m-W-v B-cW - y- I - ß - ƒ.-h\Øn ¬- (B-cW - yw)- G-Im-¥a - m-bn-cp-∂v- b-PvR - c - l - k - y-ßƒ- A-Sßp∂ hn-Zy- kzbw- A-[y-b\ - w- - sN-øm≥- D-≈S- ° - w- sN-bvX - n-cn-°p-∂- {K\vYß-fm-W-v B-cW - y-Iß - ƒ- F-∂m-W-v ]-WU -v n-‰-v `-Kh - Z- -v Z-Ø- \n¿∆Nn°p∂Xv1- -.- Im-´n-\I - Ø - p-sh-®v- ]m-cm-bW - w- sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂- {K-\vY - ßƒ°m Wv- B-cW - y-Is - a-∂v- ]-dbp-∂s - X-∂v- {]-kn-≤\ - m-b- IoØv2 X-s≥-dsFX-tc-b- B-cW - y- I - `- m-jyØn-s≥-d- ap-Jh - p-cb - n¬- hy-IX v a - m-°p-∂p.bm-K-ß-fp-sS- B-¥-cn-I-am-b- A¿-∞-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-IcW-ßƒ- B-c-WyI-Øn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- Km¿-l-kv-Yym-{i-awI-gn-™v- hm-\ {]-kv-Y-Øn-te-°v- {]-th-in-°p-∂-h¿- h-\-{]-tZ-iØp-sh-®v- \-S-Øp-∂- kwhm-Z-ß-fp-sS- cr-]Øn-em-Wv- B-c-Wy-Iß-fp-sS- D-≈-S-°-sØ- {I-aoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- H-cp- `m-K-Øv- D-∂-Xam-b- B-[ym-Xa v- X - X - z-ßƒ- hn-iZ- o-Icn-°p-∂- B-cW - y-Iß - f - n¬-Xs∂a-dp-`m-K-Øv- B-`n-Nm-c-{]h-¿-Ø-\-ß-sf°pdn-®pw- a-{¥-hm-Z-sØ-°p1.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- `-K-h-Xv- Z-Ø-:- ssh-Zn-I- hm-ßv-a-bv-Im- C-Xn-lm-k- v- `m-Kw- III t]-Pv- 230.D≤mcWw \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨.- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-˛ t]-Pv-:- 21.2 Keith: Aitheraya Aranyaka, Page 15.

B-c-Wy-I-ßƒ- {_m-lv-a-W- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-\n-s∂-Sp-Ø-hbmWv.- ssXcn¬- sh-Æ-t]m-se-bpw- a-e-b-]¿-∆-X-Øn¬- N-µ-\wt]m-se-bpw- Huj-[ß - f - n¬- A-ar-Xw- - t]m-se-bpwth-Zß - f - n¬- \n∂v1 B-c-Wy-Iw- {]m-]v-X-am-Ip-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.B-c-Wy-I-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm-Sv- C-S-I-e¿-∂m-WvIn-S-°p-∂-Xv.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- ]e-Xpw- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fp-sSAhkm-\-Øn-em-bm-Wv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.E-tKz-ZØ - n-\v- sF-Xt- c-bw,- Iu-jo-XI - n,- imw-Jm-b\ - w- F∂oBcWy-Iß - f - m-Wp-≈X - v.- C-hb - n¬- {]-[m-\a - m-bpwbm-Kh - n-[n-If - pwCu-iz-cm-kX -v n-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®- N¿-®I - f - p-am-Wp-≈X - .v - b-Pp¿-th-ZØ - n\v,_r-lZ- m-cWyIw,- ssX-Øn-co-bw,- ssa-{Xm-bW - o-bw- F-∂o- B-cWyI-ßf - p-≠v.- _r-lZm-cW - y-Iw- i-X] - Y - {- _m-lva - W - Ø - n-s≥-d- A-hkm\-sØ- Im-WvU - a - m-Wv.- Cu- B-cW - y-IØ - n-se- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- BdvIm-WU v- ß - f - m-Wv- _rl-Zm-cW - y-tIm-]\ - n-jØ - v.- ssX-Øn-co-bm-cWyIw- {In-bm-am¿-§ß - s - f-°p-dn®mWv- {][m-\a - m-bpw- {]-Xn]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv.CXn-se- Nn-e- A-≤y- m-bß - ƒ- ssX-Ønco-tbm-]\ - n-jØ - v- F-∂d - nbs∏-Sp-∂p.- km-at- h-ZØ - n-s≥-d- B-cW - y-Iw- X-ehm-cm-cW - y-Ia - m-Wv.- AY¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n-s≥-d- B-cW - y-Iß - s - fm∂pw- X-s∂- I-≠p-In-´n-bn´n√.\-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se- th-Z-ß-fp-sS- D-]m-k-\m-Im-WvUamb- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fpw- k¿-∆-kzo-Im-cy-a-√.- A-h-bn¬- am-\p-jnI-am-b- ssI-I-S-Ø-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v- ssh-Zn-I-∑m-cn¬X-s∂- ]-e-cpw- ]-d-bp∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- D-]-e-_v-[-am-b- B-c-Wy-I-ßƒ kºq¿-Æ-ß-fm-sW-∂v- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°v- A-`n-{]m-b-an-√.- C-\n-bpwIp-sd- B-c-Wy-I-ßƒ- In-´m-\p-s≠-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-]-£w.3.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- im-¥n- ]¿-∆w- 331:3.-

115

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

116

k-ºq¿-ÆP - vR - m-\'- '-sa-∂m-Wv- C-Xv- hn-h£ - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂s - X-∂pw- hmZn°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- B-Xv-a-hn-Zy,- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy,- thZ-km-cw,- th-Z-e-£yw,th-Z-c-l-kyw- F-∂n-ß-s\- hn-hn-[-\m-a-ß-fn¬- D]\n-j-Øp-Iƒhy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-p-.-

4 D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒth-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Pv-Rm-\-Im-Wv-Uam-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ.- thZ`m-K-am-b- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fp-sS-tbm- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fp-sS-tbm- A-hkm-\-Øm-bn- C-h- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬- th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A-¥ywF-∂- A¿-∞-Øn¬- th-Zm-¥w- F-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- A-dn-bs]-Sp-∂-p.- "th-Zw'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- "A-dn-hv'- F-∂v- A¿-∞w- ]-d-bp tºmƒ- "{_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-km-\w'- F-∂- hn-h-£-bpwth-Zm-¥- i-_v-ZØn¬-\n-∂v- D¬-`q-X-am-Ip-∂p.- "D-]-\n-j-Øv'- F-∂]-Z-Øn-\v- "c-l-ky-am-b- im-kv-{Xw'- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞-sa-∂pw- A-PvRm-\w-sIm-≠v- a-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- (c-l-ky-am-b)- Adnhn-s\- sh-fnhm-°p-∂- im-kv-{X-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øv- F-∂pwhym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-Sp ∂p.- D-]- (A-Sp-Øv)- \n- (Xm-sg)- k-Zv- (C-cn-°p-I)- F-∂o- [m-Xp°ƒ- tN¿-∂m-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øv- F-∂- ]-Zw- (D-]- +-\n- +- k- (j-)-Zv)D-≠m-b-sX∂pw- "Kp-cp-hn-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øn-cp-∂v- {i-≤m-]q¿-∆w- {i-hnt°-≠- {_-lv-a-X-Øz'sa-∂m-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d- hn-h-£-sb-∂pw- A-`n{]m-b-ap-≠v.- D-]- (X-S-k-an-√m-Ø-Xv)- \n- (k-ºq-¿-Æw)- k-Zv- (Pv-Rm\w)- F-∂o- [m-Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂pw- D¬-`-hn-®-Xn-\m¬- ""ad-hn-√m-Ø-

th-Z-ß-fp-sS- A-\p-_-\v-[-am-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- -A-dn-bs∏-Sp∂-sX-¶n-epw- A-h- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- Hm-tcm-∂pw- k-z-X-{¥-IrXn-I-fm-bmWv- \-ap-°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- Bib-_-\v-[w- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h-bpwth-Z-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- F-{Xsb-Æ-ap-s≠-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- A`n-{]m-b- hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v.- BsIc-≠m-bn-cw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-s≠-∂mWv- H-c-`n-{]m-bw1.- C-cp-∂q-sdÆ-ap-s≠-∂pw- \q-‰n- C-cp-]-sX-Æ-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂pw- \q-‰n- F-s´-ÆtaD-≈q-sh-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂h - c - p-≠v- 2.- \q-‰n- \m¬-∏Ø - n-\m-seÆam-sW-∂pw,- \q-‰n- F¨-]-Øn-aq-s∂-Æ-ap-s≠-∂pwap-∂q-‰n- A-dp-]Øn- A-s©-Æ-ap-s≠-∂pw- A-X-√,- B-bn-c-Øn- F-´v- D-]-\n-j-ØpI-fp-s≠-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠-∂v- tKm-b¬- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-3.t_mws_- \n¿-Æ-b- km-K-c- {]- v- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- Cu-im-Znhnw-tim-Ø-c-i-tXm-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf- B-[m-c-am-°n,- 108 D-]-\n-jØp-Is - f- A-©v- hm-ey-ßf - n-em- b - n- ""D-]\ - n-jZ- vZ- o-]vX - n''- F-∂- t]cn¬a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- {io.- sI.- `m-kv-°-c≥\m-b¿- Fw.-F.- _n.-F-UmWv ]cn`mjI≥. Un. {ioam≥ \ºqXncn cNn®v ]WvUnXcXv\w sI.]n. \mcmbW ]njmtcmSn kwtim [\w \n¿∆ln® "D]\njØv k¿∆kzw' 108 D]\njØpIfp sSbpw H‰hmeyØnep≈ ]cn`mjbmWv. \q-‰n- F-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- am-{X-am-Wv- C-∂v- e-`y-a-m-bn-´p≈Xv.- {iocma≥- l-\p-am-\v- \¬-Ip-∂- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS- cq-]-Øn-ep≈- ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]\n-j-Øn¬- \q-‰n- F-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-bpw- AhGsX-√mw- th-Z-ß-fp-ambn- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw- {]-kv-Xmhn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-h- Cßs\bmWv- 4.1.- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv-:- 189.2.- iq-c-\m-´v- Ip-™≥-]n-≈-:- ""D-]-\n-j-Zv-Zo-]v-Xn''-bp-sS- A-h-Xm-cn-I, -hm-eyw- 1 -t]-:- XV.3. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol II Page 40. 4. ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- im-¥n-]m-T-ßƒ-,- 1˛5

117

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

E-tKz-Zw-:- sF-X-tc-bw,- Iu-jo-X-Io- {_m-lv-a-Ww,- \m-Z-_nµp,B-Xv-a-{]-t_m-[w,- \n¿-hm-Ww,- ap-Zv-K-ew,- A-£-am-en-I,- {Xn-]p-cXm-]n-\n,- ku`m-Ky-e-£v-an,- _r-lv-hr-Nw,- (B-sI- ]-sØ-Æw-).-

""F-√-m- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-epw- sh-®v- km-c-`q-X-am-b- Cu- \q-‰nF-´v- D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpw- H-cp- X-h-W-sb-¶n-epw- {i-hn-®m¬- t]m-epwk¿-∆-]m-]-ß-fpw- \-in-°p-∂p''-1 sh-∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- a-\- n-em-Ip∂-Xv- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- th-sd-bpwth-Zm-¥ßƒD-s≠-∂p-X-s∂-bmWv.- Cu- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- sshZnI{]m-am-Wyw- kw-i-bn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µk-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- in-jy-\m-b- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""108 D-]\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- C-∂v- {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-s≠-¶nepw- A-h-bp-sS- ssh-Zn-I{]m-am-Wyw- kw-i-bm-kv-]-Z-am-sW-∂-t{X- A\p-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv''-2.-

ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw-:- Cu-im-hm-kyw,- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-Iw,- Pm_mew,- lw-kw,- ]-c-a-lw-kw,- kp-_m-ew,- a-{¥n-Iw,- \n-cm-ew-_w,- {XninJn- {_mlv-a-Ww,- a-Wv-U-e-{_m-lv-a-Ww,- A-Zz-b-Xm-c-Iw,- ss]w-Kew,`n-£p-Iw,- Xp-co-bm-Xo-Xw,- A≤ym-Xa v- w,- Xm-ck - m-cw,- b-mPvR - h - ¬Iyw,im-Sym-b-\o-bw,- apIv-Xn-Iw- (B-sI- ]-sØm≥-]-sX-Æw-).Ir-jW v- b - P - p¿-th-Zw-:- I-Th - √ - n,- ssX-Øn-co-bw,- {_-la v- w,- ssIheyw,- tiz-Xm-iz-X-cw,- K¿-`w,- \m-cm-b-Ww,- A-ar-X-_n-µp,- Aar-X\m-Zw,- Im-em-Kv-\n-cp-{Zw,- £p-cn-Iw,- k¿-h-km-cw,- ip-I- c-l-kyw,tX-tPm-_n-µp,- [ym-\-_n-µp,- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy,- tbm-K-X-Xzw,- Z-£n-Waq¿-Øn,- kv-I-µw,- im-co-c-Iw,- tbm-K-in-J,- G-Im-£-cw,- A-£n,- A h-[q-Xw,- I-Tc - p-{Zw,- cp-{Z-lr-Zbw,- tbm-KI - p-WvU - e - n-\n,- ]-©{- _-lvaw,{]m-Wm-Kv\ - n-tlm-{Xw,- h-cm-lw,- I-en-k¥ - c - W - w,- k-ck - z-Xo- clkyw(B-sI- ap-∏-Øn- c-s≠-Æw).km-a-th-Zw-:- tI-\w,- Nm-tµm-Kyw,- B-cp-Wn,- ssa-{Xm-bn-Wn,ssa-t{X-bn,- h-{P-kq-Nn-I,- tbm-K-Nq-Um-a-Wn,- hm-kp-tZ-hw,- a-lw,k-∂ym-kw,- A-hy-IX v- w,- Ip-WU v- n-Iw,- km-hn-{Xn,- cp-{Zm-£P - m-_mew,Z¿-i-\w,- Pm-_men- (B-sI- ]-Xn-\m-sd-Æw).A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- {]-iv-\w,- ap-Wv-U-Iw,- am-W-V v- q-Iyw,- A-Y¿-∆in-cw,- A-Y¿-∆-in-J,- _r-l-Pv-Pm-_m-ew,- \r-knw-l-Xm-]n-\n,- \m-c-Z]-cn{hm-P-Iw,- ko-X,- i-c-`w,- a-lm-\m-cm-b-Ww,- cm-a-c-l-kyw,- cm-aXm-]n-\n,- im-Wv-Un-√yw,- ]-c-a-lw-k- ]-cn-{hm-P-Iw,- A-∂-]q¿-Æm,kq-cyw,- B-Xv-aw,- ]m-ip-]m-Xw,- ]-c-{_-lv-aw,- {Xn-]p-cm- Xm-]-\n,- tZhn,`m-h-\,- `-kv-a-Pm-_m-ew,- K-W-]-Xn,- a-lm-hm-Iyw,- tK-m-]m-e-X-]-\w,Ir-jvW - w,- l-b{- Ko-hw,- Z-Øm-t{X-bw- ,- KmcpUw- (B-sI- ap-∏Ø - nsbms∂-Æw).C-ß-s\- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂- apIv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- X-s∂- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifp-≠v- F-∂- hy-w-Ky-am-bn- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.-

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D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hy-Iv-X-am-sbm-cp- \nKa-\-Øn-se-Øm≥- {]-bm-k-ap-≠v.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 700\pw- 100\pwa-t[y-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- \n-cq-]-I- a-Xsa-¶n-epw- AXn\v- hy-Iv-X-am-b- sX-fn-hp-I-fn-√.- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂an°- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw- c-≠m-bn-cw- h¿-j-sa-¶n-epw- ]-g-°-ap-≈Xm-sW-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.- th-Z-Im-e-Øn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv]-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- P-\-\-sa-∂m-Wv- A-h-bp-sS- `m-j-bn¬\n-∂v- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.- _p-≤-\v- ap-ºmWv- C-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xn-s≥-dbpw- c-N-\- \-S-∂-sX-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- D]\nj-Zv- I¿-Øm°-sf-°p-dn-t®m- A-h-cp-sS- Im-e-sØ-bpw- N-cn-{X-sØbpw- Ip-dn-t®mhy-Iv-X-am-b- [m-c-W- C-∂v- B¿-°p-an-√.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-N-\B¿-°p-am-Imw- F-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-\- nem-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- X-Xz-Pv-Rm-\-ap-≈- B¿-°pw- D-]-\n-j-ØpIƒ- c-Nn-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-N-bn-Xm-°-sf-°p-dn-t®m- c-N-\m-Im-e-sØ-°pdn-t®m- hyIv-X-am-b- H-cp- [m-c-W-bn-se-Øm≥- \-ap-°v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.ap-Kƒ-N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cp-sS- Im-e-Øp-t]m-epw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- cN-\- \-S-∂n-´p-≠v.- A-Iv_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- c-Nn-°s∏´A-t√m-]-\n-j-Øv- (A-Iv-_-tdm-]-\n-j-Øv)- C-h-bn-sem-∂m-Wv.- GXm-≠v- k-a-Im-en-I-am-bn-´m-Wv- {In-kv-tXm-]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- c-N\\-S-∂-X-v.- C-hbv-s°m-∂pw- Hu-tZym-Kn-Imw-Ko-Imcw- e-`n-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw- "D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ'- F-∂- t]-cn¬- C-h- \n-e-\n¬-°m≥- A-\p1.- ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- 1:-44.2.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j-¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-,- t]-Pv- 22.-

119

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

h-Zn-®p-sh-∂X - v- D-]\ - n-jX - v- c-N\ - ° - v- {]-tXy-I° - m-sc- am-{X-a√ - ,- A\ph-Zn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- X-m-c-X-tay-\- ]p-Xn-b-Xm-b- CuD]-\n-j-Øp-I-sfm-∂pw- {]-am-W-am-bnkzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂bmYm¿-∞yw- a-\- n-e-m-°m-sX- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂pw- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≤cn-°p-∂- A-hkv-Y-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-≈-Xpw- C-h-°v- ]n-∂n-se- "D]\n-j-Øv'- F-∂ -hm-emWv.D-]\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂- ImcywkXym-t\z-j-W- Xr-jv-W-bm-Wv.- ssZ-hn-I-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym\t{km-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- A¬-∏w- A-h-t_m-[-ap-≈- H-cp- P-\-X-bpsSk-Xym-t\z-j-W- Xr-jv-W.- ""k-a-kv-X- P-K-Xv-Im-c-W-am-b- {_-lv-awG-Xm-Wv?- \m-sa-√m-hc - pw- G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- D¬-∏∂ - a - m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?B-cp-sS- {]-`m-h-Øm-em-Wv- \mw- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?- \mw- G-Xn-emWv- kw-{]-Xn-jvT - n-Xcm-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v?- \Ωp-sS- kp-J˛Zpx-Jß - ƒ- Bcp 1 sS- hy-h-kv-Y-b-\p-k-cn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv'?- ""Bcp-sS- t{]-c-W-sIm ≠m-Wv- Cu- a-\- v- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv?- B-cp-sS- \n-tbmK-a\ - p-kc - n-®m-Wv- {]m-W≥- N-en-°p-∂X - v?- B-cp-sS- t{]-cW- sIm≠mWv- hm-°p-Iƒ- D-®-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?- G-Xv- tZ-h-\m-Wv- t{im{X-ßsfbpw- t\-{X-ß-sf-bpw- \n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv?-''2 C--ß-s\- hn-h-[- tNmZyß-fp-∂b - n-®p-sIm-≠v,- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- aq-eI - m-cW - a - d - n-bm-≥- th≠nbp-≈- {i-a-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a-sØ°p-dn-® At\z-j-W-a-√,- {]-X-yp-X- {_-lv-a-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- X-Ωn¬,A-s√-¶n¬- ]cam-Xv-am-hpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sØ°p-dn-® A-t\z-jW-am-Wv- C-hb - nse- hn-jb - w.- k-ak - X v- - P-KØ - ns≥dbpw- Im-c-W-am-b,- C-{µn-bm-Xo-X-\m-b- H-cp- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®t_m-[w- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºp-Xs - ∂- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B- t_m[ Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-em-Wv- C-h-bp-sS- c-N-\- \n¿-∆-ln-°-s∏-´ncn°p-∂-Xv.Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sØ-°p-dn®1.- Inw- Im-c-Ww- {_-lv-a- Ip-X-x-kv-a-Pm-Xmx- Po-hm-a- tI-\- Iz-N-kw-{]-Xn-jv-TmxA-[n-jv-Tn-Xmx- tI-\- kp-tJ-X-tc-jp- h¿-Øm-atl- {_-lv-a- hn-tZm- hy-h-kv-Ymw˛tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1.2.- tI-t\-jn-Xw- ]-X-Xn- t{]-jn-Xw- a-\x-tI-\-{]m-Wx- {]-Y-a-x- ss{]-Xn- bp-Iv-XxtI-t\-jn-Xmw- hm-N-an-amw- h-Z-¥n- N-Iv-jp-t{im-{Xw- I- D-]-tZ-thm- bp-\-Iv-Xn.˛tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1.-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

120

N¿-®-Iƒ- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- Nn-¥m-[m-c-I-fp-sSD¬-∏-Øn°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn.- A-ssZz-X-hm-Z-hpw- ssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-hpwD-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- X-s∂- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- {io- cm-lp¬-kmwIr-Xym-b≥-- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""D--]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- Pv-Rm-X-cpw- A-Pv-RmX-cp-am-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- X-Ωn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-h-cmWv.A-h-cn¬- Nn-e-¿- B-cp-Wn-sb-bpw- At±-l-Øn-s≥-d- in-jy≥- bm-PvR-h¬-°y-s\-bpw- t]m-se- A-ssZz-X-hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.a-‰p-≈-h¿- ssZz-X-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- aq-∂m-a-sXm-cp- Iq-´¿- i-co-c-cq]-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- P-K-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-ssZz-X-`m-h-sØk-zo-I-cn-®p.- C-Øcw- Zm¿-i-\n-I≥-am-cp-sS- Nn-¥-I-sf- A-h-cp-sSinjy-∑m-cpw- im-J-I-fpw- {K-ln-®v,- A-Sp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-°v- D-]-tZ-in-®ph-∂-Xn-s≥-d- kw-{K-l-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ''-1.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-WvD-]\n-j-Øp-I-sf-- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X- Dƒ-∏n-cn-hp-I-fp-≠m-b-Xv.- ssZz-X-hp-w- A-ssZz-Xhpw- hnin-jv-Sm-ssZz-X-hpw- ssZz-Xm-ssZz-X-hp-sa-√mw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥A-Xn-s≥d- B-Nm-cy-∑m¿- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-bm-Wv- D-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn-bn-cp-∂Xv.- {io-i-¶-c-\pw,- am-[z-\pw,- cm-am-\p-P-\p-sa-√mw- D-]-\nj-Z] v- WvU - - n-X∑ - m-cm-Wv.- A-h¿- Nn-¥m- ] - c - a - m-bn- hn-cp-≤t- N-cn-If - nemWv\n¬-°p∂-Xv.- ]-t£,- C-h-cp-sS-sb-√mw- {]-am-Ww- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifm-Wv.- Ah¿- X-ß-fp-sS- hm-Z-ßƒ-°-\p-Iq-e-am-b- sX-fn-hp-IƒsIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- \n-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.D-]-\nj-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-h-bn¬- Iq-´nt®¿-°-ep-I-fpw- am-‰-Øn-c-p-Ø-ep-I-fpw- \-S-∂n-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[yXbpw- \n-tj-[n-°m-\m-hn-√.- A-ssZz-X-Nn-¥-°p-≈- {]-am-W-am-bn- D≤cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-se- ""k- B-Xv-am- XzwAkn''- (B-Xv-am-hv- \o- Xs∂-bm-Wv)- F-∂- {]-tbm-Kw- ]n-∂o-Sv- IS∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- "" k- B-Xv-am- A- X-Øz-a kn''- (B-Xv-am-hv- \o-b-√)- F-∂m-Wp-≈-sX-∂-pw- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mbam-[z≥- hmZn-®n-cp-∂p2.- A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- i-¶-c\m-I-s´- X-s≥dZ¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-bm-bn- Ah-X-cn∏n-°p-∂-Xv- _rlZm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-se- ""A-lw- {_m-lv-am-kv-an''- F∂- h-N-\1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-ßƒ,- t]-:- 5592.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥,- t]-Pv- 400.-

121

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

hpw- Om-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- ""X-Ø-z-a-kn''- F-∂- h-N-\-hp-am-Wv.\-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®{]-Im-cw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬-X-s∂- ]eImcy-ßf - n-epw- ssh-cp-≤y-ßƒ- {]-IS- a - m-°p-∂p-≠v.- B-Xa v- m-hv- F¥msW-∂- N¿-®b - n¬-Xs - ∂- hy-IvX - h - pw- G-Ih - p-am-b- H-cp- \n-Ka-\X - nseØm≥- D-]\n-j-Øv- I¿-Øm-°ƒ-°v- I-gn-™n-ń-s√-∂p-th-Ww- a-\ n-em-°m≥.- {]mW-\m-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂- \n-e-bv°m-Wv- {]-iv-t\m]-\n-j-Øv- Im-cy-ßƒ- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- Om-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- _mem-In- a-l¿-jn-bpw- {]m-W≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂v- I-cp-Xnbncp-∂p-sh-∂m-W-1v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- hn-Pv-Rm-\w- A-Yhm_p-≤n-bm-Wv- F-√m-‰n-s≥-d-bpw- I¿-Øm-sh-∂- ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]\nj-Øv- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- _p-≤n-bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂v- hmZn-°p-∂-hcpap≠v.- F-∂m¬- hym-]I - h - pw- B-\µ - k - z- c - q-]h - p-am-b- ]-c{- _-lva - w- Xs∂bm-Wv- BXv-am-sh-∂- Nn-¥-bm-Wv- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn-epw- a-‰pw\ap°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- C-tX-t]m-se-X-s∂- tem-I-kr-jv-Sn sb-°pdn-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- H-H-´-\-h-[n- ]-cma¿-i-ßƒ- D-]\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.k-a-Im-en-I-am-b- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- D-]-\n-jØp-°-fp-sS- c-N-\-sb- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.- A-im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b- ]-e{]-kvX - m-h\ - I - fpw- C-hb - pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - v- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- D-Zmlc-WØ - n-\v,- K¿t`m-]\ - n-jØ - n¬- B¨-Ip-ń-bpw- s]¨-Ip-ń-bp-ap≠mIm-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- ]d-bp-∂-Xv- C-ßn-s\-bm-Wv.- ""ip-¢m-[n-Iy-Øm¬]p-cp-j{- ]-Pb - pw- c-P - n-s≥d- B[n-Iy-Øm¬- kv{- Xo {- ]-Pb - pw- P\n°p∂p.- ip-¢-c-P- p-Iƒ- Xp-√y-am-bn-cp-∂m¬- \-]pw-k-I-k-¥m-\w- P\n-°p-∂p''-2.- C-tX- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬-X-s∂- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- in-iphns≥-d- hy-Xy-kvX - - A-hb - h - ß - f - p-≠m-Ip-∂- {Iahpw- B-[p-\n-I- imkv{X-\n-K-a-\-ß-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.- C-Xv- H-cp- DZm-l-c-Wwam-{Xw.- C-ßs - \- A-\h - [ - n- A-\v[ - h - n-izm-kß - ƒ- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-Ifn¬Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.e-`y-am-b- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-Iƒ- 108 F-Æa - m-sW-∂pw- B-sI- c≠mbn-cw- h-sc- D-]\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- D-s≠-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠-∂pw- t\c1.- hn.-F-kv.-hn.- Kp-cp-k-zm-an- im-kv-{Xn-Iƒ-:- D-]-\n-j-±o-]v-Xn,- hm-eyw- 2s≥-dA-h-Xm-cn-I- t]-Pv- 11.2.- K¿-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- im¥n-]m-Tw-˛2

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sØ- hn-h-cn-®p-h-t√m.- H-cp- D-]-\n-j-Øv- hn-Zym¿-∞n-bp-sS- {i-≤]Xn-bp-∂- h-f-sc- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- H-cp- Im-cy-ap-≠n-hn-sS.- C-t∏m-gp-≈D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- B-ib-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n¬- e-`y-a-√m-Ø- D-]-\n-jØ-p-Iƒ- IqSpX¬- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- B-i-b-ßƒ- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\p-≈- km-[yX\n-tj-[n-°m-≥- I-gn-bn-√.- B-sI- c-≠m-bncw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fm-WvD-≈-sX-¶n¬- 1892 D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- e-`n-°m-\p-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- ]-eXn-s≥-d-bpw- B-i-b-ßƒ- "A-`n-\-h- B-cy-[¿-Ω'-Øn-s≥-d- hn-izmkß-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Ø-t°-Sv- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw.- A-Xm-bn-cn°mw- Cu- \-jv-S-s∏-S-en-\v- A-s√-¶n¬- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\v- Im-c-Wam-b-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- ""A-\m-te-Jy- kckz-Xn'- AY-hm- "F-gp-X-s∏-Sm-Ø- hn-Zy'-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- Cu- \jv S-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\v- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-j-aw- A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cn-°m\nSbn√.B-sI- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- e-`-y-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-h bn¬- ]-sØ-Æw- am-{X-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xv.- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy cpw- A-Xp-t]mse- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-h-cpw- `m-jy-sa-gp-Xn-b- Cu- D-]-\n-jØp-Iƒ- "Z-tim-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ'- F-∂-d-n-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-sb- \-ap s°m-∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏Smw.1.- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ - :v- - ip-¢b - P - p¿-th-ZØ - n¬-s∏-´- CuD-]-\n-j-Øn¬- B-sI- ]-Xn-s\-´v- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Z-tim-]\n-j-ØpI-fn¬- G-‰h -- pw- sN-dp-Xm-Wv- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-jsØ¶n-epw- G-‰-hpw- amlm-Xv-ay-ta-dn-b- D-]-\n-j-Øv- C-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv`qcn-]-£w- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-bk¿-t∆-iz-c-s≥-d- k¿-∆m-[n-]Xy-am-Wv- CXnse- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.""\n-Jn-e- {]-]© - h - pw- P-Ut- N-X\ - - kz-cq-]a - m-bn-cn-°p-∂- k¿-∆h - ym]nbm-b- Cu-iz-c-\m¬- ]-cn-]q¿-Æ-am-Ip-∂p.- A-Xns\- Dt]-£n-°msXX-s∂- Cu- hn-iz-sØ- Xym-K-]q¿-∆w- A-\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-I.A-Xym-{K-lw- ]m-Sn-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- Cu- [-\w- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv''-1 CXmWv- Cu-im-hm-ky-Øn-se- {]-Y-a-t«m-I-Øn-s≥-d- km-cw.1.- Cu-im-hm-ky-an-Zw- k¿-∆w- b-Xv-Inw-N- P-K-Xymw- P-K-XvtX-\-Xy-Iv-tX-\- `p-Rv-Po-Ym- am- Kr-[x-I-ky- kzn-≤-\w.-

125

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hnZybpw- AhnZybpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-¥-c-ß-fpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\am{Xw- D-]m-knt°-≠-Xn-s≥-d- A-\n-hm-cy-X-bp-sa-√mw- Cu- sN-dnbD-]-\n-j-Øn-se- hnjb-as{X.Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ - n-\v- `-Kh-ZK v- o-Xb - p-am-bn- h-fs - c-tbsdkmay-ap-≠v.- C-Xn-se- Nn-e- Bi-b-ßƒ- Ko-X-bn-epw- Im-Wmw.- Nnet«mI-ßƒ- A-tX-]-Sn-X-s∂- Ko-X-bn¬- F-Sp-Øv- tN¿-Øn-´p-≠v.2.- tI-t\m-]\ - n-jØ - v:- - km-at- h-Zo-ba - m-b- tI-t\m-]\ - n-jØ - n¬BsI- \m-ev- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- H-∂pw- c-≠pw- J-Wv-U-ßƒ]-Zym-Xv-a-I-hpw- aq-∂pw- \m-epw- J-Wv-U-ßƒ- K-Zym-Xv-a-I-hp-am-Wv.{]-Y-a- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- F-´pw- Zzn-Xo-b- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- A-©-pw- t«mI-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- XrXo-b- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]-{¥-Wpw- N-Xp¿-∞-JWv-U-Øn¬- H-≥-]-Xpw- {ip-Xn-hm-Iy-ß-fp-≠v.- \-tS- D-≤c-- n-®- ""tIt\jn-Xw- ]-X-Xn-t{]-jn-Xw''- (B-cpsS- t{]c-W-bm-em-Wv- a-\- v- hnjb-ß-fn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv?-)- Xp-S-ßn-b- tNm-Zy-ß-fn-eq-sS- ssZ-hm-kvXnXzw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-I-bm-Wv- B-Zy-J-Wv-U-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- sNøp∂-Xv.- c-≠mw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ""hn-Zy-bm- hn-µ-tX f- ar-Xw''- (hn-ZysIm-≠v- A-ar-X-Xzw {]m-]n-°mw)- F-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂p.- aq-∂mwJWv-U-Øn¬- hn-hn-[- tZ-h-∑m-sc-∏-‰n- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v- A-htc-°mƒ- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≈X - v- ]-c{- _-lva - Ø - n-\m-sW-∂v- e-Lp-IY - I - f - neqsS- hn-h-cn-°p∂p.- \m-emw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy-bp-sS- B[mc-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- N¿-®-bm-Wp-≈-Xv.B-Xa v- PvR - m-\s - Ø- kw-_\ - [ v- n-®- tI-t\m-]\ - n-jØ - n-se- Bib-ßƒ- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn-epw- Im-Wmw.- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-se- Nn-et«m-I-ßfpw- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- A-tX-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.3.- I-tTm-]-\n-jØ-v-: Ir-jv-W- b-Pp¿-t∆-Zo-b-am-Wv- I-tTm-]-\njØv.- C-X-v Ir-jW -v b-Pp¿-t∆-Zo-ba - s - √-∂pw- A-Y¿-t∆-Zo-ba - m-sW∂pwkm-at- h-Zo-ba - m-sW-∂pw- hy-Xy-kX v- - A-`n-{]m-bß - f - p-≠v.- B-sI- c≠vA-[ym-bß - f - m-Wv- Cu- D-]\ - n-jØ - n-ep-≈X - v.- Hm-tcm- A-[ym-bØ - nepwaq-∂v- ho-Xw- h-√n-I-fp-≠v.- H-∂mw- A-[ym-b-Øn-se- {]-Y-am-h-√n-bn¬C-cp-]Ø - n- H≥-]Xv- t«m-Iß - f - pw- Zzn-Xo-bh - √ - n-bn¬- C-cp-]Ø - n- A©vt«m-I-ß-fpw- XrXo-b-h-√n-bn¬- ]-Xn-t\-gv- t«m-I-ß-fp-a-Wp-≈-Xv.c-≠mw- A-[ym-b-Øn-se- {]Y-am-h-√n-bn-epw- Zzn-Xo-b-h-√n-bn-epw- ]Xn-

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\-©v- ho-Xw- t«m-Iß - f - pw- XrXo-bh - √ - n-bn¬- ]-Xn-s\-´v- t«m-Iß - fpwA-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.I-tTm-]\ - n-jØ - v- kw-`m-jW - c - q-]Ø - n-em-Wv.- b-a\ - pw- \-Nn-tIX v- F-∂- sN-dp-∏-°m-c-\pw- X-Ωn-em-Wv- kw-`m-j-Ww.- hm-P-{k-h ns≥-d- ]p{X-\m-b- D-±m-e-I≥- "hn-i-z-Pn-Øv'- F-∂- a-l-Øm-b- bPvRwsN-øp-∂p.- sh≈w- Ip-Sn-°p-hm-\p-≈- i-Iv-Xn-tbm- ]p-√v- N-h-bv-°phm-\p-≈- sI¬-t∏m- C-√m-Ø- Nm-hm-fn-∏i - p-°s - f- Zm-\Ø - n-\p-th≠nsIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv- I-≠v- hnj-aw- tXm-∂n-b- D-±m-e-I-]p-{X-\m-b\-Nn-tI-X- v- ""]n-Xm-th....- F-s∂- B¿-°m-Wv- Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv?''F-∂v- B-h¿-Øn-®v- aq-∂v- {]m-h-iyw- tNm-Zn-°p-∂p.- C-Xp-tI-´- A-NvO≥- tZ-jy-s∏-´v- ""\n-s∂- Rm≥- ar-Xyp-hn-\m-Wv- sIm-Sp-°m-≥- t]mIp-∂-Xv''- F-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂p.- A-ß-n-s\- \-Nn-tI-X- n-s\- Im-e-\v- sImSp-°p-∂p.- \-Nn-tI-X- v- b-a-]p-cn-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- b-a≥- kvY-eØn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- aq-∂p-Zn-h-kw- \n-cm-lm-c\-m-bn- b-a-s\- {]-Xo-£n®v\Nn-tI-X- v- b-a-]p-cn-bn¬- X-ßp-∂p.- \-m-emw- Zn-h-kw- kv-Y-e-sØØn-b- ba≥- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-s\- aq-∂p-Zn-h-kw- ]-´n-Wn-°n-´-Xn¬hym-Ip-e-\m-bn- aq∂p-h-cw- tNm-Zn-°m≥- A-h-s\- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.Xm≥- a-S-ßn-s®-√p-tºmƒ- ]n-Xm-hv- k-t¥m-j-tØm-sS- kzo-I-cn-°W-sa-∂- H-∂m-a-sØ- h-c-hpw- kz¿-§-tem-I -{]m-]v-Xn-°p-th-≠- AKv\n- hn-Zy- D-]-tZ-in-®p-X-c-W-sa-∂- c-≠m-asØ- h-c-hpw- bm-sXm-cpX-S- -ß-fp-an-√m-sX- b-a≥- A-\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- aq∂m-a-sØ-bpwG-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xp-am-b- ""a-c-W-ti-jw- a-\p-jy-\v- F-¥v- kw-`hn-°p-∂p''- F-∂v- ]-d-™p-X-c-W-sa-∂- h-cw- sIm-Sp-°m≥- b-a≥BZy-Øn¬- hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p.- AXn-\v- ]-I-c-am-bn- G-Xv- cq-]-Ønep-≈- `u-XnI- kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-tbm- C-jv-S-ap≈-{X -Im-ew- Po-hn-®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂- h-c-tam- F-¥pw- th-W-sa-¶n¬tNm-Zn-°m≥- A-\p-aX - n-sIm-Sp-Øp-sh-¶n-epw- B-Xva - P - vR - m-\w- A-dnbpI-sb-∂- e-£y-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]n∑m-dm≥- \-Nn-tI-X- v- X-øm-dm-Ip∂n-√.- A-h-km-\w- B- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-\v- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy- D-]-tZ-in®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥- b-a≥- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-\m-hp-∂p.- Aßs\- ]-c-am-Xvamhn-s\-°p-dn-®- Im-cy-ßƒ- Hm-tcm-∂m-bn- Np-cp-f-gn-bp∂p.- ]p\¿-Pv-P∑-hm-Z-hpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- H-∂m-sW-∂- hm-Zhpw]e- t«m-I-ß-fn-epw- \n-g-en-®p-Im-Wp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- a-c-Wm-\-¥cw-

127

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kz¿-§-\-c-I-ß-fm-Wv- A-h-km-\-am-bn- e-`n-°m-\p-≈-Xv- F-∂pw- ]-c{_-lv-aw- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-Wv- F-∂pw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂- I-tTm-]\n-j-Xn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.- C-Xn-se-bpw- ]-e- t«m-I-ß-fp-sSbpw- km-cw- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X- I-S sa-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bpw.4.- {]-iv-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv-:- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- {]-iv-t\m-]-\nj-Øv.- `-cZ- zm-P] - p-{X-\m-b- kp-tI-i≥,- in-_n-bp-sS- ]p-{X-\m-b- kXyIm-a≥,- kq¿ø- ]u-{X-\m-b- Km¿-Kv-Ky≥,- A-iz-e-]p-{X-\m-b- Iu-iey≥,- hn-Z¿-`t- Z-io-b\ - m-b- `m¿-§h - ≥,- I-Xy-]p-{X-\m-b- I-_\ - [ -v - F∂oB-dv- ap-\n-am¿- ]n-∏n-emZ- a-l¿-jn-bp-sS- A-Sp-Øpt]m-bn- B-dv- {]iv\-ßƒ- D-∂-bn-°p-∂p.- F-√m-h-tcm-Spw- H-cp- kw-h¬-k-cw- {i-≤tbmSpw- {_-lv-a-N-cy-tØm-Spw- IqsS- X-]- p-sN-øm-\pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- tNmZywtNm-Zn-°m-\pw- ]n∏-n-em-Z≥- B-Pv-Rm-]n-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-{]-Im-cw- sNbvX-Xn-\p-ti-jw- Hm-tcm-cpØ--cpw- tNm-Zn-°p∂- tNm-Zy-hpw- A-Xn-\v]n-∏n-em-Z≥- \¬-Ip-∂- a-dp-]-Sn-bp-am-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d-- D≈-S-°w.- B-dpt]-cp-sS-bpw- tNm-Zy-ß-sf- Hm-tcm- {]iv-\-ß-fm-bn-Øn-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p.A-ß-s\- B-sI- B-dv- {]-iv-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- H-∂mw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬]-Xn-\m-dpw- c-≠mw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- ]-Xn-aq-∂pwaq-∂mw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬]-{¥≠pw- \m-emw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂pw- A-©mw- {]-iv-\Øn¬- G-gpw- B-dmw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- F-´pwhm-Iy-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.tNm-tZym-Ø-c-ßƒ- C-ß-s\- kw-{K-ln-°mw.I-_-\v[n-:- {]-P-I-sf-√mw- F-ßn-s\-bm-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv?]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- {]-Pm-]-Xn- X-]- v- sN-bv-X- v- kr-jv-Sn-°v- km-[-\`q-X-am\b- c-bn-sb-bpw- {]m-W-s\-bpw- AY-hm- h-kv-Xp-sh-bpw- ssNX-\y-sØ-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- A-h-bm-Wv- {]-P-I-sf- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv.`m¿-K-h≥-:- G-sX-√mw- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv- {]-P-sb- \n-e-\n¿-Øp∂-Xv?- G-Xp-tZ-h-\m-Wv- C-sX-√mw- {]-Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv?- A-h-cn-¬G-‰-hpw- t{ijv-T≥- B-cm-Wv?]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- ]-©-`q-Xm-Zn- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv- {]-]-©-sØ-bpw- {]P-I-sf-bpw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- ]-t©-{µn-b-ß-fm-Wv- tZ-hm-\zn-Xcmbn- F-√mw- {]-Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- {]m-W-\m-Wv- t{i-jv-T-tZ-h-X.Iu-k-ey≥-:- F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv- {]m-W-\p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv?- A-Xv-

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i-co-c-Øn¬- {]-th-in-°p-∂-Xpw- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xpw- ]-p-d-Øp-t]mIp-∂X - pw- Fßn-s\-bm-Wv?- A-[n-`q-Xh - pw- A-[ym-Xva - h - pw- A-[n-ssZhhpw- F-¥m-Wv?]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- B-Xva - m-hn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- {]m-W\p-≠m-Ip-∂X - v.- a\ n-s≥-d- k-¶¬-∏-a-\p-k-cn-®v- A-Xv- i-co-c-Øn¬- {]-th-in-°p-∂p.lr-Z-b-Øn-ep-≈- B-Xv-am-hp-am-bn-t®¿-∂v- {]m-W≥- tem-I-sØ\nb{¥n-°p-∂p.- a-c-W-Øn¬- tX--tPm-bp-Iv-X-\m-b- {]m-W≥- i-cocwhn-´p-t]m-Ip-∂p.ku¿-øm-b-Wn-:- D-d-ßp-∂-Xpw- D-W-cp-∂-Xpw- kz-]v-\w- ImWp∂-Xpsa-√mw- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv?]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- B-K-a-\-hn-K-a-\-ß-fm-Wv- D-d-°Øn\pw- D-W¿-®° - pw- Im-cW - w.- kz-]v\ - Ø - n-eq-sS- kz-al - n-as - b- A\p`-hn-®-dn-bp-Ibm-Wv.k-Xy-Im-a≥-:- Hmw-¶m-c-[ym-\w-sIm-≠v- e-`n-°p-∂- ^-e-sa ¥mWv?]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- `q-an-bn¬- k-º∂ - \ - m-Ip-Ib - pw- N-{µ-tem-Iw,- kqcytemIw,- {_-lv-atem-Iw- F-∂n-h-sb- {]m-]n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-I-bpw- sN øpw,- Hmw¶m-c-[ym-\w- \-S-Øn-bm-se-∂pw- Hm-tcm- tem-I-sØ-bpw{]m-]n-°-W-sa-¶n¬- G-sX-√mw- cq-]Øn¬- Hmw-¶m-c- [ym-\w- \SØ-W-sa-∂pwhn-h-cn-°p-∂p.kp-tI-im-hv-:- tjm V -- -i- I-e-I-fp-≈-h-\m-b- ]p-cp-j≥- F-hn sS-bmWv- h-kn-°p-∂-Xv?]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- ]-Xn-\m-dv- I-e-I-fp-≈-h-\m-b- ]p-cp-j≥- Cu- icocØn¬- X-s∂-bm-Wv.5.- ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- A-Y¿-t∆-Zo-b-am-Wv- ap-Wv-U-tIm]-\nj--Øv.- "£p-c-I≥'- F-∂- A¿-∞w-h-cp-∂- "ap-Wv-U-I'-sa-∂- ]ZwF-ßs - \-bm-Wv- Cu- D-]\ - n-jØ - n-s≥-d- \m-aa - m-bn-Øo¿-∂s - X-∂v- hyIvX-a-√.- c-≠v- J-Wv-U-ßƒ- ho-X-ap-≈- aq-∂v- ap-Wv-U-I-ß-fm-Wv- CuD-]\ - n-jØ - n-ep-≈Xv.- H-∂mwap-WU v- I - Ø - n-se- H-∂mw- J-WU v- Ø - n¬H≥-]-Xpw- c-≠mw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]-Xn-aq-∂p-w- hm-Iy-ß-fpw- c-≠mwap-Wv-U-I-Øn-se- H-∂mw- JWv-U-Øn¬- ]-Øpw- c-≠mw-J-Wv-U-

129

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂pwhm-Iy-ß-fpwaq∂mwap-Wv-U-I-Øn-se- H∂mwJ-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]-Øpw- c-≠mw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]Xn-s\m-∂pw- hmIyß-fp-am-Wv- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

a-Xnbm-Ipw-''-1 F-∂m-Wv- {io-cm-a≥- l\p-am-s\- D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.-

k-I-e-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-I¿-Øm-hpw- kw-c-£-I-\p-am-b{_-lv-am-hv- X-s≥-d- aq-Ø- ]p-{X-\m-b- A-Y¿-∆m-hn-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®psIm-Sp-Ø- k¿-∆-hn-Zy-Iƒ-°pw- A-[n-jv-T-m-\-am-b- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy-sbAw-Kn-c- v- iu-\-I-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- ap-Wv-U-tIm]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈-S-°w.- AwKn-c- n-s≥-d- D-]-tZ-iw- B-cw-`n-°p∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- ""c-≠p-X-cw- hnZy-I-fp-≠v.- H-∂v- A-]cm-hn-Zy- at‰Xv- ]-cm-hn-Zy''-.- \m-ev- th-Z-ß-fpw- th-Zmw-K-ß-fpw- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- A]cm-hn-Zy.- A£-c{- _-lva - s - Ø- A-dn-bp-∂- hn-Zy-bm-Wv- ]-cm-hn-Zy.- AZriy-hpw- A-{Km-ly-hpw- A-tKm-{X-hpw- A-h¿Æ-hpw- H-s°-bm-b-- BXvam-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-Xv- Cu- ]-cm-hn-Zy-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.- kI-e-`q-X-ßfp-sS-bpw- D¬-∏-Øn-kv-Ym-\-am-b- BX-v-am-hv- \n-Xy-hpw- k-kq-Iv-jv-ahp-am-Wv.- F-´p-I-m-en- h-e- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv- A-£-cmX-v-am-hv- {]-]-©-sØ- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ- A-dn-bp-∂≥Zpx-J-ßfpw- ]m-]-ß-fp-sa-√mw- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- A-h-km-\w- ]-c{_lv-aw- X-s∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.h-fsc- {]-kn-≤-ß-fpw- kp-µ-c-ß-fp-am-b- Nn-e- {ip-Xn-hm-Iyßƒ- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Ø-n-ep-≠v.- \-Ωp-sS- tZ-io-b-ap-{Z-bm-b- A-tim-IN-{I-Øn-\v- Xm-sg- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂- ""k-Xy-ta-h- P-b-tX''- (kXywX-s∂- P-bn-°p∂p)- sb-∂- h-N-\w- ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-ep-≈Xm-Wv.- ""A-\v-[-∑m-cm¬- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-\-v[-sc-t∏m-se''- (A-\vt[-ss\-h- \o-b-am-\m- b-Ym-\v-[m)- F-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-b- D-]-a-bpwCu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.6.-am-W-vU-yq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- am-Wv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn¬- tIh-ew- ]-{¥-≠v- a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Z-tim-]-\n-j-Ø-p-Iƒ- ]-Tn-°¬{_m-lv-a-W-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Im-e-Øv,A-Y-hm- A-h- ap-gp-h-≥- ]-Tn-°m≥- I-gn-bm-sX-h-s∂-¶n¬- am-Wv-UyqtIm-]-\n-j-sØ-¶nepw- ]-Tn-°¬- \n¿-_-\v-[-am-sW-∂v- \-n-jv-I¿jn°s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-\v- A-{X-bpw- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≠v."apapIv-jp-°ƒ-°v- ap-Iv-Xn-°m-bn-´v- amWv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øp- X-s∂-

130

{]-]-©w- ap-gp-h-\pw- Hmw-Im-c-kz-cq-]-am-b- A-£-c-hpw- {_-lva-hp-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-™p-sIm-≠m-W-v Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øv- B-cw-`n-°p∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- `n-∂-a-√m-Ø- B-Xv-am-hv- hn-iz≥,- ssXP-k-≥,- {]mPv-R≥,- Xp-co-b≥- F-∂o- \m-ev- ]m-Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈Xm-Wv.- Cu- \m-ev- A-h-kv-Y-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\nj-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈-S-°w.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-am-Wv- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-dA-kv-Xn-hm-c-an-´- D-]-\n-j-Øv.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Øn-\v- Ku-U-]m-Zm-Nm-cy¿c-Nn-®- hym-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y-am-Wv- Ku-U-]-Z-ImcnI.- Cu- Im-cn-I-bm-Wvth-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]-Wn-X-Xv.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-°v- `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-b- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- am-Wv-Uq-I-Øn-t\m-sSm∏-w- Ku-U-]-ZIm-cn-I-°pwhym-Jym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.- Ku-U-]m-Z-Im-cn-I- D-]-\nj-Zv- k-am-\-am-sW-∂m-Wv- A-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.7.- ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- Ir-jv-Wb-Pp¿-th-Zo-b-am-WvssX Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv.- Xn-Øn-cn-sb-∂- a-l¿-jn-bp-sS- t]cn¬\n-∂m-Wv- ssX-Øn-co-b-sa-∂- \m-a-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-∂m-Wv`q-cn-]-£- a-Xw.- B-sI aq-∂v- h-√-n-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- H-∂mw h√n-°v- in-£m-h-en-sb-∂pw- c-≠mw-h-√n-°v- {_-lv-am-\-µ- h-√n-sb∂pwaq-∂mw-h-√n-°v- `r-Kp-h-√n-sb-∂p-am-Wv- t]-cv.- Hm-tc-h-√n-sb-bpwA-\p-hm-I-ß-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- in£m-h-√n-bn¬- ]-{¥≠-vA-\p--hm-I-ß-fpw- {_-lv-am-\-µ-h-√n-bn¬- H≥]-Xv- A-\phm-I-ß-fpw`-rKp-h-√n-bn¬- ]-Øv- A-\p-hm-I-ß-fpam-Wp-≈-Xv.B-Nm-cy≥- A-t¥-hm-kn-bm-b- in-jy-t\m-Sv- sN-øp-∂- D-]-tZi-ßfpw- hn-hn-[- X-cw- D-]m-k-\-I-f-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wvin-£m-h-√n-bp-sS- D-≈-S-°w.- A-Ω-sb-bpw- A-Nv-O-s\-bpw- A-XnYn-sb-bpw- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- Im-W-W-sa-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-b- D-]-tZ-iwC-Xn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.- kw-ln-tXm-]m-k-\,- ]mw-Iv-tXm-]m-k-\,- Hmw-Imtcm-]m-k-\- F-∂o- {]-kn-≤- D-]m-k-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fpw- hn-h-cn°-s∏-´n-cn-°-p-∂-Xv- in-£m-h-√n-bn-em-Wv.- A-∂-abw,- {]m-W-a-bw,at\m-a-bw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-a-bw,- B-\-µ-a-bw- F-∂o- ]-©-tIm-i-ß-sf°p-dn-®- {]-Xn-]m--Z-\-hpw- {_-lv-a-{]m-]v-Xn-bm-Wv- tam-£-sa-∂1.- am-Wv-UyqIy-ta-I- ta-hm-ew- ap-ap-Iv-jq-Wmw- hn-ap-Iv-Xn-tb--˛ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-jØ-v- 1:-26.-

131

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

kvYm]\-hp-am-Wv- {_lv-am-\-µ-h-√n-bp-sS- D-≈-S-°w.- ]n-Xm-hm-bh-cp-W-s≥-d- A-Sp-°¬-sN-∂p-≈- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy- D-]-tZin- ° m≥- t h- ≠ n- b p- ≈ - A- ` y¿- ∞ - \ - b p- s S- A- S n- k v Y m- \ - Ø - n ¬hcpW≥- \-S-Øp-∂- {_lv-a-hn-tZym-]t-Z-i-am-Wv- `r-Kp-h-√n-bn-se{]-[m-\- hn-j-bw.- k-I-e-N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D¬-∏-Øn-°pw- \n-e\n¬-∏n-\pw- \m-i-Øn-\pw- Im-c-W-am-b-XmWv- {_-lv-a-sa-∂m-Wv- hcptWm-]-tZ-i-Øn-s≥-d- Im-X¬.ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- G-sX¶n-epw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-\-a-√- {]-Xyp-X,hy-Xy-kv-X- kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS- k¶e\amWv ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv. kXyk\v[ambn \ncq]Ww \SØnbhsc√mw Cu hkvXpX Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≠v . `mcXhnPv R m\tImiw FgpXp∂p: ""GsX¶nepw Hcp kn≤m¥a√, hnhn[ kn≤m¥ßfpsS i-I-eß- f m- W v - D- ] - \ n- j - Ø p- I - f n¬- {]- X n- ] m- Z n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - s X∂bmYm¿∞yw- ssXØn-co-bw- sh-fn-s]-Sp-Øp-∂p''-1.8.- sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- E-tKz-Zo-b-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\n-jØv.- A{_m-lv-a-W-\m-b- sF-X-tc-b-\m-W-t{X- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øns≥-d- I¿-Ømhv.- aq-∂v- A≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- B-dv- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-WvB-sI- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- ap∏-Øn-aq-∂v- hm-Iy-ß-fp-≈- Cu- D-]-\n-jØvXm-c-X-tay-\- sN-dn-b- D]\n-j-Øp-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.D-]-\n-jØ-v- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- B-Xv-a-hn-Zy- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞sa-¶n¬- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈- D-]-\n-j-Øv- sF-X-tc-b-am-sW-∂v- ]dbm≥- I-gn-bpsa∂mWv ]WvUnXm`n{]mbw.- ""{]-]-©w- D-≠m-Ip∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- B-Xv-am-hv- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-''-2 F-∂v- ]-d™p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øv- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv- X-s∂.- tem-I-ßfp-sS-bpw- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- {]-Y-am≤ym-bØnse- B-Zy-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-w.- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- ]p-cp-j-ico-c-Øn-te-°p≈- k-∂n-th-i-am-Wv- CtX- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se-X-s∂Zzn-Xo-b- J-Wv-U-Øn-se- hn-j-bw.- {]-Y-am-≤-ym-b-Øn-se- Xr-Xo-bJWvU - Ø - n¬- A-∂Ø - n-s≥-d- krj-Sv- n-bm-Wv- hn-hc - n-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂Xv.1.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2 t]-Pv-:-89.2.- B-Xv-am-hm- C-Z-ta-I- G-hm-{K- B-ko-Xv-˛ sF-X-tc-bw- 1:-1

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K¿-`-kv-Y-in-ip-hpwam-Xm-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-hpw- ]p-\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-hp-am-Wv- c-≠mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-Øn¬hn-iZ- o-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v.- ]-ca - m-Xva - m-hm-Wv- D-]m-ky-tZ-hs - \-∂v- kvYm]n-°p-I-bm--Wv- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-Øn-eq-sS- sNøp-∂-Xv.9.- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv-:- km-a-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- Om-tµm-tKym]-\n-jØv.- km-am-\yw- Zo¿-L-am-b- D-]-\n-j-Øm-Wn-Xv.- F-´v- A≤ymb-ß-fn-embn- B-sI- \q-‰n-b≥]-Øn-\m-ev- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-Wv- Omtµm-Ky-Øn-ep-≈Xv.- kw-hm-Z-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv- an-°- J-Wv-U-ß-fp-ap≈-Xv.- B-Nm-cy-\pwin-jy\pw- X-Ωn-epw- hn-hn-[- B-Nm-c-y-∑m¿- XΩnepw- kw-hm-Z-ßƒ- \-S-°p-∂p.- D-j-kv-Xn,- ssc-Iz≥,- Pm-X-{ip-Xn,Ku-X-a≥,- k-Xy-Im-a≥,- D-]-tIm-k-e≥,- {]hm-l-W≥,- D-±m-e-I-≥,tiz-Xt- I-Xp,- A-iz-]X - n,- H-u] - a - \ - yp,- k-\m-XI v- p-am-c≥,- \m-cZ- ≥,- {]Pm]-Xn,- C-{µ≥,- hn-tcm-N-\≥- F-∂n-ß-s\- hy-Xy-kv-X- hyIv-Xn-I-sf°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ- D-≠v- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬.H-´-\-h-[n- hn-j-b-ßƒ- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- _r-l-Øm-b- H-cpD-]-\n-j-Øm-Wv- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Ø-v.- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{X∑mcm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m-cp-sS- bp-≤-hpw- D-]m-k-\-I-fpw- b-Pv-R-bm-Km-ZnI¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Uß-fn¬- k-a¿-∞-\m-bn-cp-∂- D-j-kv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-kn≤am-b- I-Y-bp-sa-√mw- H∂mw- A-≤ym-bØ-n-ep-≠v.- "]-´n-I-fp-sS- bm-KØn-s≥-d- I-Y'-bpw- H-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Ø-n-em-Wp-≈-Xv.- D-]m-k-\-Isf°p-dn-®- hn-i-Z-am-b- hn-h-cW--ß-fm-Wv- c-≠m- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- D≈S-°w.- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- B-Zn-tXym-]m-k-\-I-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv{][-m-\-am-bpw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Zm-\-io-e-\m-b- P-\-{ip-Xnbp-sS- I-Y-sIm-≠v- Xp-S-ßp-∂- \m-emw- A≤ym-b-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-hnZy-sb-bpw- A-Kv-\n-hn-Zy-sb-bpw-Ip-dn-®- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw- a-‰v- tZhkvXp-Xn-a-{¥-ß-fpw- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-©mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se{][m\- hn-j-bw- A-Kv-\n- D-]m-k-\-bm-Wv.- C-Xn-se- B-dmw- A≤ymbw- thZm-¥n-Iƒ-°v- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- th-Zm-¥- Z¿-i-\Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-b- "X-Øz-a-kn'1 F-∂- hm-Iyw- {]-k-vXm-hn®n´p-≈X - v- Cu- D-]\ - n-jØ - n-em-Wv.- Cu- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬- H≥-]X - v- XhW1.- A-Xv- \o-bm-Ip-∂p.-

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ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

""X-Øzw- A-kn''- F-∂v- Bh¿-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-±m-e-I-s≥-d- tizX-tI-Xp-hn-t\m-Sp-≈- D-]tZ-i-am-Wv- Cu- A-≤ym-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- k\-X-vIp-am-c˛- \m-c-Z-kw-hm-Z-am-Wv- G-gmw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- hn-j-bw.th-Z-ß-fn-epwim-kv-{X-ß-fn-epw- ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- \m-cZ\vim-¥n- e-`n-°p-∂n-√.- A-ßn-s\- BX-v-a-Pv-Rm-\w- tX-Sn-s°m≠v- ZpxJ-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pwap-Iv-X-am-Im\p-≈- am¿-§-ßƒ- A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bmWv- \m-c-Z≥.- ]-c-tem-I-sØ-bpw- ]p-\¿-P-∑-sØ-bpw- Ip-dn-®- hn-h-cW-ß-fm-Wv- F´-mw- A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.10.- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- b-Pp¿-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- _rlZm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv.- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-]-\n-j-Øm-b- C-Xn¬B-sI- B-dv- A-≤ym-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Hm-tcm- A-≤-ym-b-ß-sf-bpw{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- H-∂pw- c-≠pw- A-≤ym-b-ß fn¬- B-dv- ho-X-hpw- aq-∂mw- A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- H≥-]-Xpw- \m-emwA≤ym-bØ - n¬- B-dpw- A-©mw- A≤ym-bØ - n¬- ]-Xn-\© - pw- BdmwA-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- A-©pw- {_-m-l-va-W-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.bm-Km-i-z-sØ-°p-dn-®- h¿-Æ-\-I-fpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{X∑m-cmb- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- A-kp-c-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- hnhc-Wh - p-am-Wv- H-∂mw- A≤ym-bØ - n-s≥-d- D-≈S- ° - w.- Km¿-Ky-\pw- APmX-i-{Xp-hpw- X-Ωnepw- bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-\pw- k-z-`m-cy-bm-b- ssa-t{Xbnbpw- X-Ωn-epap-≈- k-whm-Zß - f - n-eq-sS- {_-lva - P - vR - m-\Ø - n-s≥-d- Npcpfp-Iƒ- A-gn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - m-Wv- c-≠mw- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬.- aq-∂pw- \mepwA-≤ym-b-ß-fn¬- P-\-I- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- b-Pv-R-ß-sf-bpw- At±lw- \¬-Ip-∂- Zm-\ß -- -sf-bpw- I-p-dn-®m-Wv- {]-X-n-]m-Zn-°-s∏--Sp-∂-Xv.{]-Pm-]-Xn- ]p{X-∑m-cm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑-m-cpw- a\p-jy-cpw- {_-lv-a-NcywB-N-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- {_-lv-tam-]-tZ-iw- X-c-W-sa-∂v- Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xns≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- \¬-In-b- "Z'- F-∂- D-]-tZ-isØ°p-dn-®- N¿-®-bpwhn-hn-[- D-]m-k-\m-k-{º-Zmb--ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-h c-W-hp-am-Wv- A-©mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- D-≈-S-°w.- {]m-W-s≥-d- D¬Ir-jv-S-X-bpw- tiz-X-tI-Xp-hn-s≥-d-bpw {]-hm-l-W-s≥-d-bpw- kw-hmZhpw- ]-©m-lv-\n- hn-Zy-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-hp-am-Wv- B-dmw- A-≤ymb-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

134

WamWv- shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- ]-c-{_lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v,- X-e-ap-d-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ssI-am-dn- e-`n-®- `m-c-Xo-ba-\- n-s≥-d- D-]-t_m-[- a\-kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Nn-¥-bm-Wv- D-]-\njØp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w.- AKm-[-am-b- X-Xzm-t\z-j-W-Øns≥d]m-X-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS- Z¿-i-\o-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.- ssZ-hn-It_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂p-≈- hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sS- iIe-ßƒ- D-]-\n-jØp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-¶n-epwim-iz-X- k-Xy-sØ-°-p-dn-®hyIv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- Nn-{Xw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-X-n¬Ch- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-SpI-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv-.- D-]-\n-j-Øv- c-N-\m-Im-eØp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- A-\v-[hnizm-k-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-ßfn¬-\n∂v- e-`n-®v- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS- ssI-am-dn-sb-Øn-b- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d-bpw,- kv-Y-e-Im-e-ßƒ-°-Xo-X-\-m-b- ssZ-hn-Im-kvXn-XzØn-s≥-d- s]m-cp-fp-tX-Sn-bp-≈- hy¿-∞-am-b- A-t\z-j-W-Øns≥d-bpw- k-¶-e-\-amWv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂Xv.D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS- sX-fn-™p-h-cp-∂- k-Xym-t\z-j-WXrjv-W- Xo¿-®-bm-bpwhn-e-a-Xn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.- A-Xn-se- XXzhn-Nm-c- kw-hm-Z-ßƒ H-cp- ]-cn[n-h-sc- A-\p-k-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bp am-Wv.- ]t£,- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-e-√msX-bp-≈,- ssZ-hn-I-m-kv-Xn-XzØn-s≥-d- A¿-∞-a-dn-bm-\p-≈- A-t\zj-Ww- a-\p-jy-sc- hy-Iv-X-hpw- k-Xy-k-\v-[-hp-am-b- \n-K-a-\-Øn-seØn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂m-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- {_lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-sØ°p-dn-®- ]-ck - ] v- c - h - ncp-≤ß - f - m-b- N¿-®I - ƒ- hy-IX v- a - m-°p-∂X - v.- ""Jp¿B≥,- ss_-_nƒ,- Xu-dm-Øv- F-∂n-h- k-{i-≤w- ]-Tn-®n-´pw- i-an°m-Ø- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Pv-Rm\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- Zm-lw- i-an-∏n °m≥- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-°m-Wv- I-gn-™-Xv''- F-∂- Zm-dm-jp-°v-hm1bpsS- {]-kv-Xmh\- ]-e-t∏mgpw- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-S-m-dp-≠v.- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]\nj-Øp-I-fp-sSbpw- km-cw- H-cp- {]m-h-iy-sa-¶n-epw- hm-bn-°p-hm-\pwZ-tim-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- A¬-]w- hn-i-Z-am-bn-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°phm-\pw- A-h-k-cw- e-`n-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- Cu- te-J-I-≥.- Cu-bp-≈h-s≥-d- hn-\o-X-am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- Cu- ]-cm-a¿-i-w- A-¬]w- IS-∂- I-øm-Wv.- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- kq-d-Øp-I1 ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂- jm-P-lm-s≥-d- aq-Ø- ]p-{X≥.-

135

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

fn-sem-∂m-b- kq-d-Øp¬- C-Jv-em-kn-\v- X-Øp-√y-am-bn,- ssZ-hm-kvXn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®- hy-Iv-X-hpw- kw-i-b-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- [m-c-W-bp-≠m°p-∂- H-cpkq-Iv-X-sa-¶n-epw-- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-en-√.- ssZ-hm-kv-XnXzØn-s≥-d- k-Ø-sb-°p-dn-®v- kv-Y-e-Im-e-_-\v-[-\-Øn-ep-≈- a-\pjy-a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-\v- a-\- n-em°m≥- I-gn-bn-√.- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[\ß-fn-eq-sS- e-`y- a - mIp ∂- A-dn-hp-am-{X-sa- X-Zvh - n-jb - I - a - m-bn- kzoIcn-°m≥- I-gn-bq.- Jp¿-B\ - n-s≥-db - pw- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-If - p-sS-bpw- hyXymkw- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- {]-I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- H-∂v- ssZ-h-Øn-¶¬- \n-∂pwt\-cn-´p-≈- sh-fn-]m-Sm-sW-¶n¬- a-t‰-Xv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- [n-jW - - \SØp∂- A-t\z-j-Ww- am-{X-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠m-hp-I- kzm`mhn-I-hp-am-Wv.-

136

3 th-Zmw-K-ßƒB-sd-Æ-am-Wv- th-Zmw-K-ßƒ.- th-Z-ßƒ- i-co-c-am-sW-¶n¬A-Xns‚- A-h-b-h-am-W-s{X- thZmw-K-ßƒ.- th-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\vthZmwK- ]-T-\w- AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW-∂m-Wv- \n-b-aw.- th-ZmwK-ßƒ- Zp¿-√-`-hpw- Zm¿-i-\-n-I- {]-[m-\-hp-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- A-h-sb°p-dn-®- A-h-Km-V-am-b- ]-T-\-Øn-\v- Cu- te-J-I≥- ap-Xn¿-∂n-´n-√.F-¶nepw- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-b- th-Z-ß-fpambn- _-\v-[ s∏-´-Xm-I-bm¬- G-I-tZ-i-am-b- hn-h-cWw- B-h-iy-amsW-∂v- tXm∂p-∂p.- in-£,- I¬-∏w,- hym-I-c-W-w,- \n-cp-Iv-X-w,- tPymXnjw,- O-µ- v-F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- th-Zmw-K-ßƒ.th-Z-ßƒ- F-ßn-s\- sNm-√-Ww- F-∂v- ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂- th-ZmwKamWv- in-£.- Hm-tcm- th-Z-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-t≥-d-Xm-b- D-®m-c-W- co-XnI-fpw- in-£I - f - p-ap-≠v.- Hm-tcm- A-£c - h - pw- H-‰° - pw- Iq-´m-bpw- D®cn°s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- izm-k-K-Xn- F-ßn-s\-bm-I-W-sa-∂pw- i-_v-tZm¬-∏Øn-°r-- Im-c-W-am-b- hm-bp-{]-hm-lw- F-ßn-s\- \n-b-{¥n-°Wsa ∂pwin-£-Iƒ- hn-i-Z-am-bn- {]Xn-]-m-Zn-°p-∂p.- bm-Pv-R-hm¬-°vin-£,- hm-kn-jv-To- in-£,- Im-Xym-b-\o- in-£,- ]-cm-i-co-in-£,-

137

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

\m-c-Zo- in-£,- iu-\-Io-b- in-£,- Ku-X-ao- in£,- ]m-Wn-\o-bin£- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {]-[m-\- in-£-Iƒ.b-mK - ß - f - p-sS-bpw- b-PvR - ß - f - p-sS-bpw- a-‰pw- \-SØ - n-∏n¬- Zo£nt°≠- B-Nm-c-{I-a-ßƒ- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂- th-Zmw-K-am-Wv- I¬-∏w.kq{X-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- I¬-∏-ßƒ- th-Zmw-K-ß-fn¬- kp-{]-[m-\-am-Wv.I¬-∏k - q{X-ßs - f,- {iu-Xk - q-{Xw,- Kr-ly-kq-{Xw,- [¿-Ωk - q-{Xw,- ip¬_-kq-{Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- \m-em-bn- Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-°p-∂p.- imw-Jm-b\I¬-∏-kq-{Xw,- A-iz-emb\ -I¬-∏-kq-Xw- F-∂n-h- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-dbpw- B¿-tj-b- I¬-∏-kq{Xw,- em-Xym-b-\- {iu-X-kq-{Xw,- {Zm-lymb-W-kq-{Xw- F-∂n-h- km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- B-]-kv-Xw-_w,- _u≤m-b\ - w,- k-Xym-jm-Vw,- ln-cW - y-tI-in,- am-\h - w- ,- `m-cZ- zm-Pw- F∂nhbPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ssh-Xm-\-kq-{Xw,- Iu-in-I-kq-{Xw- F∂nhA-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- I-¬]kq{X{K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wvth-Zß-sf-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬- hym-I-c-Ww- ]Tn °¬- A-\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.- A-Sn-kvYm-\- `m-jm-kz-\-ßƒ,- kz-\-]-cnWm-aw,- ]-Z-\n-jv-]-Øn,- \m-aw,- {In-b,- hn-ti-j-Ww,- hn-`-Iv-Xn,- enwKw,h-N-\w,- {In-bm-cq-]-ßƒ,- ]-cym-b- i-_v-Z- hn-Pv-Rm-\w- F-∂n-h-bmWv- h-ym-I-c-W-Øn¬-\n∂v- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS- A-j-vSm[ym-bn-bm-Wv- hym-I-c-W- {K-\v-Y-ßfn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b-Xv.- ]-X-Rv-Pen-bp-sS- a-lm-`m-jy-am-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- {]-[m-\- hymIc-W- {K-\v-Yw.ssh-Zn-I-i-_v-Z-ß-fm-Wv- \n-cp-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- k-am-l-cn-°-s∏-´ncn-°p∂-Xv.- bm-kI v- s - ≥-d- \n-cp-IX v- a - m-Wv- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂X - n¬- G‰hpw]u-cm-WnIw.{K-l\ - n-eI - f - pw- kqcy-N{- µ-kvYm-\ß - f - pwap-lq¿-Ø- k-ab - ßfpw- t\m-°n- b-Pv-R-bm-Km-Zn- I¿-Ω-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- sN-øm≥- k-lm-bn °p-∂- thZmw-K-am-Wv- tPym-Xn-jw.- G-‰-hpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-am-b- tP-ymXn-j-{K-\v-Y-am-b- tPymXn-j- th-Zmw-K-Øn¬- E-tKz-Z-Øn-seap-∏Ønbm-dv- t«m-Iß - f - pw- bPp¿-th-ZØ - n-se- \m¬-]Ø - n-aq-∂v- t«m-Iß - fpwA-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. th-Z-kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- {]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂- hr-Ø-ß-sf-°pdn®mWv- O-µ- v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- ]nw-K-f-s≥-d- O-µ-kq-{X-ß-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

138

fmWv- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b- O-µ- v.th-ZmwK-ßƒ- Ign-™m¬- th-Z-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- a-‰v{K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv- D-]-th-Z-ßƒ.- B-bp¿-t∆-Zw,- [-\p¿-t∆-Zw- F-∂n-h{]-kn-≤-ß-fWv.- Hm-tcm-tcm- th-Zhp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- D-]-th-Z-ßsf-°p-dn-®v- A-Xm-Xv- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-d-™n-S-Øv- {]-Xn]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.-

139

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

140

am-Wv- ]p-cm-Ws - a-∂m-W1v- O-tµmtKym-]\ - n-jØ - n-s≥-d- ]-£w.- _rlZm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Xv-`m-jy-Øn¬- "{io i-¶-c- `-Kv-h-Zv-]m-Z-¿'- ]dbp∂p.- ""\-\-™- hn-d-In¬- Xo-]nSn-®m¬- A-hn-S-hn-sS-bm-bn- ]-p-I-™psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- am-Xn-cn- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- \n-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂vE-tKz-Zw,- b-Pp¿-th-Zw,- km-a-th-Zw,- A-Y¿-∆mw-Kn-c- v,- C-Xnlm-kw,]p-cm-Ww,- hn-Zy,- D-]-\n-j-Øv,- t«m-Iw,- kq-{Xw,- hym-Jym-t\m-]mJym\-ßƒ- F-∂n-h- D¬-∏-∂-am-bn.- C-h-sb-√mw- A-Xn-s≥-d- \n-izm-kamWv''2.-

6 ]p-cm-W-ßƒth-Z-hpw- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- {]-Zm-\wsNøp∂- B-i-b-ßƒ- km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°v- a-\- n-e-m-Ip-∂- cq-]Øn¬- B-hn-jv-°-cn-®-Xm-Wv- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ.- th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒt]m-se-X-s∂- ssl-µ-h- AS-n-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-s∏-´-Xm-Wv]pcmW-ßƒ.- Zp¿-{K-l-am-b- th-Z-X-Øz-ßƒ-°v- k-c-f-am-b- I-Y-\ß-fn-eq-sS- hym-Jym-\w- \-SØ-p-I-bm-Wv- ]pcm-W-ßƒ- sN-øp-∂-Xv.]p-cm-W-sa-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\¿∞w- ]-g-b-Xv- F-∂mWv.- hn-izm-km-Nm-c ß-fpw- N-cn-{X-I-Y-\-ß-fpw- C-S-I-e¿-Øn-∏-d-bp-∂- ]-g-b- {K\v-Y-ßfm-Wv- km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ.- th-Z-{]-Xn-]m-Zn-X-am-bIYIfpsS- hn-kv-Xr-X- cq-]-Øn-\v- ]p-d-sa- Nn-e- `m-hn-{]-h-N-\-ßfpw]pcm-W-ß-fn-ep-≠v.th-Z-ß-fpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpw- a-‰pw- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- k-Xy-km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""bPv-R-Øn-s≥-d- ^ -- e-am-bn- th-Zß-tfm-sSm∏w- D-≠m-b-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k-hpw- ]p-cm-W-hp-sa-∂m-Wv''1 A-Y-¿-h-th-Zw- ]-dbp∂-Xv.- C-Xn-lm-k- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ- th-Zw- X-s∂- Y - {- _m-lva - W - w- ]-db - p-∂X - v.- A-©m-as - Ø- thZbm-sW-∂m-Wv2- i-X] 1.- E-N-km-am-\n-O-µmw-kn- ]p-cm-Ww- b-Pp-jm-h-lv-˛A-Y¿-∆- th-Zw- 15:-6:-4 2.- ]p-cm-Ww- th-Zx- tkm- f- b-an-Xn-˛i-X-]-Y{_m-lv-a-Ww,- 13˛4˛13.-

F-∂m¬,- th-Z-ßƒ-s°m-∏w- {]-[m-\-sa-∂v- {]-Xn-]-m-Zn-°-s∏´]pcm-W-ßƒ- A-kzo-Im-cy-am-sW-∂pw- ]p-cm-W- I-Y-Iƒ- km-¶¬∏n-Iw- am-{X-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv- B-[p-\n-I-cm-b- Nn-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑mcpsS- ]-£w.- {io.- Fkv.- Kp-]v-X≥- \m-b¿- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "th-Zm¿-∞wh-f-s®m-Sn-®v- \-Ωp-sS- ]q¿-∆nI¿- ]m-a-c-∑m¿-°v- \¬-In-b- k-¶¬-∏I-Y-I-fm-Wv- ]p-cmW-ß-fmbn-Øo¿-∂Xv.- hm-a-\≥- aq-∂-Sn-sIm-≠vaq-hp-e-I-w- A-f-∂-Xpw,-- C-{µ≥- A-l-√y-sb- {]m]n-®-Xpw- a-‰pw- th-Za-{¥-ß-fp-sS- hn-e-£-W-{]m-b-am-b- cq-]m-¥-c-a-m-Wv.''3.- Bcy-k-amPkv-Ym-]-I-\m-b- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bpw- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sSB-[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb- \n-tj-[n-®n-cp-∂p.C-t∏mƒ- e-`y-am-b- ]p-cm-Wß - f - n¬- G-‰h - pw- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- ]Xns\´v- ]p-cm-Wß - f - m-Wv- A-jSv- m-Zi - ] - p-cm-Wß - ƒ- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv.th-Zß - f - n¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°s - ∏-´- B-Zn-]p-cm-W- kwln-Xb - √ - - C-t∏mƒe-`y-am-Ip-∂- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-≠v.- ""B-Zn-aa-lm-]p-cm-W- kw-lnX-°v- th-Z-tØm-fw-X-s∂- ]-g-°-ap-≠v.- A-XvA-ß-s\-Ø-s∂- C-t∏mƒ- e`y-a-s√-¶n-epw- B- a-lm-{K-\v-Y-sØB-[m-c-am-°n-bm-Wv- A-jv-Sm-Z-i- ]pcmWß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-w\n¿-Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-''4 F-∂m-Wv- km[pio-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥]n-≈- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- B-Zn-]p-cm-W- kw-ln-X-sb-∂- B-i-b-sØ- A\pIq-en-°p-∂-h-cpw- {]-Xn-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cp-am-b- ]Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- F.Fw.-Sn.- Pm-Iv-k¨,- F.-tªm,- F-^v.-C.- ]m¿-Pn-´¿- F∂o- ]-WvUn-X1.- ]p-cm-Ww- ]-©-aw- th-Zm-\mw- th-Zw-˛Om-tµm-Kyw- 7:-1:-1.2.- D-≤-c-Ww-:- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw- t]-Pv 222.3.- F-kv.- Kp-]v-X≥- \m-b¿-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-:- A-h-Xm-cn-I- t]-Pv- XI.

141

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

∑m¿- B-Zn-a- ]p-cm-W- kw-ln-Xs - b-∂- B-ib - w- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°ptºmƒhn-Jym-X-\-m-b- Im-sW- AX-n-s\- ]m-sS- \n-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-WvsNøp∂-Xv- 1.-

cpsS- N-cn-{X-hp-am-Wv- hw-im-\p-N-cn-Xw.- C-h- A-s©-Æ-am-Wv.- ]pcmW- e-£-W-ß-sf-∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv,- C-h-bm-Wv]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- s]mXp-hm-b- D-≈-S-°-sa-∂m-Wv.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sXbpw]-e- Im-c-y-ß-fpw- ]p-cm-Wß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.-

B-[p-\n-I- ]-WvU - n-X∑ - m-cn¬- ]-e¿-°pw- ]p-cm-Wß - ƒ- AkzoIm-cy-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-™-t√m.- A-Xn-se- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-ß-fm-b- IYI-tfm- P\-Io-b-am-b- ssi-en-tbm- am-{X-am-tWm- Cu- A-kzo-Im-cyX-°v- Im-c-Ww.- BsW-∂v- ]-d-bp-I-h-ø.- th-Z-ß-fpw- D-]-\n-j-ØpI-fpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fp-sa-√mw- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-am-b- I-Y-Iƒ- Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.- cm-a-N-cn-X-hpw- Ir-jv-W-N-cn-X-hp-sa-√mw- A-Ø-cwI-Y-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ap-Iv-X-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-I-h-ø.- F-∂n-´pw,- C-h-sb√mw- {]-am-W-am-bnkzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- ]p-dw-X-≈p∂-Xn-s≥-d- Hu-Nn-Xyw- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√.- hn-Pv-Rm-\hpw- tam-£hpw{_m-lv-a-W-cn¬-am-{Xw- tI-{µo-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂- Nn-¥-bm-tWm- km[mc-W° - m¿-°p-t]m-epw- a-\ - n-em-Ip-∂- ]pcm-Wß - ƒ- A-kzo-Im-cyßfm-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n-ep-≈-Xv?- A-X-√,- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬]-eXn-epw- \-S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂- {]-h-N-\-ßƒ- X-ßƒ-°v- A-\n-jv-SI-c-am-b-Xn-\m-emtWm?- F-¥p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- th-Z-ß-fn¬t]-sc-Sp-Ø p-] -d-™- ]p-c m-W ß-s f- ]m- sS- \n- t j- [ n- ° p- ∂- X v sslµh- Z¿-i-\tØm-Sv- sN-øp∂- A-\o-Xn-bm-Wv.]p-cm-W-ßƒ-°v- ]-©-e-£-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX-∂m-Wv- B-dmw\q-‰m-≠n ¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- A-ac - k - nw-l≥- X-s≥-d- A-ac - t- Im-iØ - n¬{]-kv-Xm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- k¿-§w,- {]-Xn-k¿-§w,- hw-iw,- a-\-z-¥-cw,hw-im-\p-N-cn-Xw- F∂n-h-b-s{X- A-Xv.- {]-]-©-kr-jv-Sn,- {]-]-©Im-c-Ww,- {]-]-©- ]-cn-Wm-aw- F∂n-h-bm-Wv- k¿-Kw-sIm-≠p-≈hn-h-£.- Hm-tcm- I¬-∏m-¥-Øn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- {]-f-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbp-≠m-hp-∂- {]-]-©-\m-i-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap-≈- ]p-\x-kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv{]Xn-k¿-§w.- tZ-h-∑m¿,- A-kp-c-∑m¿,- b-£-∑m¿,- cm£-k-∑m¿,In-∂-c-∑m¿,- a-\p-jy¿- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS- Po-h-hw-i-am-Wv- hw-iw-sIm≠v- D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-]-©-sØ- `-cn-°p-∂- B-sI- ]-Xn-\m-ev- a-\p°-fn-¬- H-cm-fp-sS- {]-]-©-`-c-W-Im-e-am-Wv- a-\z-¥-cw.- k-z-bw`q-ha\p -ap-X¬-°v- a-\p-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- cm-Pm-°-∑m-cp-sS- D¬-∏-Øn-bpw- A-h1. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. II Page 34.

142

-]p-cm-W-ßƒ- c-Nn-®-Xv- th-Z-h-ym-k-\m-sW-∂m-Wv- {]amW ßƒ- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.- h-f-sc- Zo¿-L-am-b- H-cp- Im-e-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬- cq]s∏-´- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- I¿-Ør-Xzw- H-scm-‰- hy-Iv-Xn-bn¬- B-tcm-]n°p-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-sW∂v- tXm-∂p-∂n-√.- th-Z-ßƒ-°pw- ]pc-m-W-ßfn¬- Hmtcm-∂n-\p-sa-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X- hym-k-∑m¿- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xm-Wv- i-cn-sb-∂- hn-izm-k-°m-cm-Wv- B-[p-\n-I]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬- an-°-h-cpw.- {]-K¬-`-\m-b- ]n.hn.- Im-sW-1 ]pcmWß-fp-sS- k-am-lm-c- Im-e-sØ- A-©p- L-´-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn°p-∂p.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-epw- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-W-Øn-epw- D-]-\njØp-I-fn-epw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s]-´- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Im-e-am-Wv- H-∂ma-sØ-L-´w.- Cu- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- \-ap-°v- C-∂v- H-cp- hn-h-c-hpan-√.- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W-a-S-°w- aq-∂n¬- Ip-d-bm-Ø- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- Im-e-am-Wv- c-≠mw-L-´w.- C-Xv- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv\m-epw- A-©pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv.- a-lm-`m-c-XØn-epw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fn-epw- a-‰pw- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-´- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- cN\\-S-∂- Im-e-am-Wv- aq-∂mw-L-´w.- a¬-ky-]p-cm-Ww,- hm-bp-]p-cm-W-w,{_-lv-amWv-U-]p-cm-Ww- F-∂n-h- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Cu- L-´w- {In-kv-Xphn-\-pti-jw- c-≠p-w- aq-∂pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv.- {]-[m-\s∏-´- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-√mw- t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°-s∏-´- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\-pti-jw- A-©p-w- H≥-]X - pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n-ep-≈- Im-eL - ´amWv\m- e mw- L - ´ w.- ]p- c m- W - k m- l n- X y- ß - f p- s S- ]- c n- W m- a - Ø n- s ≥- d A¥yL-´w- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- t{Im-Uo-I-c-W- k-a-b-am-b- {InkvXp-hn-\p-ti-jw- Ggpw- ]-Xn-aq-∂pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n-em-Wv.- {InkvXp-hn-\v- \m-ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-sº-¶n-epw- B-cw-`-n-®- ]pcm-WcN-\- k-am-]n-°p-∂-Xv- {Inkv-Xphn-\v- ]-Xn-aq-∂v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°vti-j-am-sW-∂¿-∞w.- C-{X-bpw-Im-ew- "hym-k≥'- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v- Du-ln-°p-I- h-ø.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv,- B[p-\n-I- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿1 P.V. Kane: History of Dharmasastra volume 2, Page, 853-855.

143

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

]p-cm-W-ßƒ-t°m-tcm-∂n-\pw- {]-tXy-I- hymk-∑m-cm-sW-∂- \n-Ka-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-∂-Xv.-

D-]] - p-cm-Wß - f - pw- ]-Xn-s\-´m-sW-∂v- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- ]-db - s - ∏Sp∂p-sh-¶n-epw- A-Xv- G-sX-√m-am-sW-∂- Im-cy-Øn-ep-ap-≠v- A-`n-{]mb-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ.- k-\¬-Ip-am-cw,- \m-c-Z-knw-lw,- \m-c-Zo-bw,- inhw,Zu¿-hm-k-kw,- Im-]n-ew,- hm-a-\w,- Hu-j-\-kw,- \-µn-tI-iz-cw,- hmcpWw-,- Imfn-Iw,- a-tl-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- ku-cw,- ]-m-cm-i-cyw,- I¬-°n,a-m-co-Nw,- `m¿-K-hw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-{]-Im-c-ap-≈D-]-]p-cm-W-ßƒ.- F-∂m¬- _r-l-Zv-[¿-Ω- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- sIm-SpØn-cn-°p-∂- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- ]-´n-I- CXn¬-\n-∂pw- h-f-schyXy-kv-X-am-Wv.- B-Zn,- B-Zn-Xyw,- _r-l-∂m-c-Zo-bw,- \m-c Zo-bw,\-µn-tI-iz-cw,- _r-l-∂-µn-tI-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- {In-bm-tbm-K-km-cw,Imfn-Iw,- [¿-Ωw-,- hn-jv-Wp-[¿-tΩm-Ø-cw,- in-h-[¿-Ωw,- hn-jvWp[¿-Ωw,- hm-a-\w,- hm-cp-W-w,- \-c-knw-lw,- `m¿-K-hw,- _r-l-Zv-[¿-ΩwF-∂n-h-bm-Wh.-

]p-cm-W-ßƒ- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- c-≠m-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cn°p-∂Xv.- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw.- C-h-sb-Ø-s∂{Xn-aq¿-Øn-]-c-ambn- hn-`-Pn-°m-dp-≠v.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥F-∂n-h-cm-W-t√m- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- a-ln-a- hn-h-cn°p-∂- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- {_-lv-a-]pcm-W-ß-sf-∂pwhn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-da-ln-a- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-h-sb- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pwin-h- a-lX - zw- hn-iZ- o-Icn-°p-∂h - s - b- ssi-h] - p-cm-Wß - s - f-∂pw- hnfn°p-∂p.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥- F-∂n-h¿- bYm-{I-aw- c-P-kv,k-Xzw,- X-a-kv- F-∂o- Kp-W-ß-fp-≈-h-cm-I-bm¬- {_-lv a-]p-cm-Wß-sf- cm-P-k- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-sfkmXzn-I-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- ssi-h-]p-cm-W-ß-sf- Xm-a-k-]p-cm-Wß-sf∂pwhn-fn-°m-dp-≠v.- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- B-sd-Æwcm-P-k-hpw- B-sd-Æw- Xm-a-k-hpw- B-sd-Æw- km-Xzn-I-hp-am-Wv.]-Xn-s\-´v- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- ]-Xn-s\-´v- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fpam-Wp-≈-sX-∂- Im-cyw- H-cp-hn-[w- F-√m-h-cpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-sh∂-Xv- t\-cm-Wv.- ]t£,- G-Xm-Wv- Cu- ]-Xn-s\-´v- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂Im-cy-Øn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v-.- s]mXpsh- C-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv- tZ-ho-`m-K-h-X-Øn-se- ]-ńI-bm-Wv.- A-Xn-ßs - \-bm-Wv:- a¬-ky-]p-cm-Ww,- am¿-°W - tv- U-b- ]pcmWw,- `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-Ww,- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- {_lvam-Wv-U-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-ssa-- h¿-Ø-]pc-m-Ww,- hojv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww,h-cm-l- ]p-cm-Ww,- hm-bp-]pcm-W-w,- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Ww,- A-Kv-\n-]p-cmWw,- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-Ww,- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww,- Km-cp-V]p-cm-Ww,- Iq¿-Ω] - p-cm-Ww,- kvI - µ - ] - p-cm-Ww.- hn-jvW - p-]p-cm-WØ - n¬sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂- ]p-cm-W- ]-ń-I-bn¬- hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww-hn-´v- ]-Icwinh-]p-cm-W-am-Wv- tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-Øn-se- ]ńI-{]-Im-cw- A-Kv-\n-]p-cm-W-Øn-\p-]-I-cw- hm-b-p-]p-cm-W-a-m-Wp-≈-Xv.h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn-se- ]-ń-I-bn¬- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-W-hpw- {_-lv-amWv-U-]p-cm-W-hpw- hn-´v- ]-I-cw- hm-bp-]p-cm-W-hpw- \-c-knw-l-]p-cmWhp-am-Wv- tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.-

144

]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-ep-≈- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kwImWn-°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv?- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏´-Xpw- a-‰p- Nneh- \-jvS- s - ∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´X - p-am-sW-∂- h-kvX - p-Xb√msX as‰m∂pa√. `mcX- hn-PvR-m-\- tIm-iw- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""]-p-cm-W-ßfp-sS- F-Æw- ]-Xn-s\-´v- F-∂v- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ßfp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-embm-epw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fps-S- Im-cy-Øn-em-bm-epw- D-d-∏-n-®p-]-d-bp∂p≠v F-√-h-cpw.- F-∂m¬- A-h- G-sXm-s°- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ- D-≠v.- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- Xn-cpIn-°-b-‰-epw- Du-cn-°-f-b-epw- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂v- Np-cp-°-w-'-'1.- alm-]pcm-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-Æ-Øn-ep-≈- ]-c-kv]-c- hy-Xym-kw- Im-Wn-°p-∂X - v- ]-Xn-s\-´n-e[ - n-Iw- ]p-cm-Wß - f - p≠mbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- \m¬-∏-ØnA-©n¬-]cw- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- \q-dn¬-]-cw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-aps≠-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.- B¿.-kn.- l-{k- X-s≥-d- ""D-]]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-T\ßƒ''2 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- \q-dn¬-∏cw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p≠v.-

1. `mcXhnPvRm\tImiw hmeyw 2 t]Pv 259 2. R.C. Hazra: Studies in the Upapuranas.

145

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-sf- \-ap-s°m-∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.1.- a¬-ky-]p-cm-Ww-:- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ]p-cm-Ww- C-XmsW-∂mWv- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- 290 A≤ym-b-ß-fp-≈- C-Xn¬B-sI- 14000 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- a-¬-kym-h-X-c- I-Y-I-fpw,- Zm-\ [¿-Ωm-Zn-\n-b-a-ß-fp-am-Wv- C-Xn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zyw.2.- am¿-°-Wv-tU-b- ]p-cm-Ww-:- B-sI- 9000 t«m-I-ß-fp-≠mbn-cn-t°-≠- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- C-∂v- 6900 t«m-I-ßƒ- am-{X-amWp-≈-Xv.- 2100 t«m-I-ßƒ- \-jv-S-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- {io-Ir-jv-W-s≥-d_m-ey-eo-e-I-fpw- {_lv-am-Wv-U-sØ-°p-dn-®- I-Y-I-fpw- k-Zm-Nm-csØ-°p-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.3.- `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-Ww-:- G-‰-hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap-≈- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv`m-K-hXw.- e-£-W-sam-Ø- G-I- ]p-cm-W-hpw- `m-K-h-X-am-sW-∂v]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p.- ]-{¥≠v- kv-I-\v-[-ß-fn-em-bn- 335 A-≤ym-b-ß-fpw14073 t«m-I-ß-fp-ap≠n-Xn¬.- G-Xm-\pw- K-Zy-t«m-I-ß-fp-s≠¶n-epw`q-cn-`m-K-hpw- ]-Zyt«m-I-ßƒ- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- a-lm-h-njv-Wp-hn-s≥-dZ-im-h-Xm-c-I-Y-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-se- ]ivNm-Ø-ew.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬Ir-jv-W-\v- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-bncn°p∂p.- {io-a-lm-`m-c X-Øn-s≥-d- \m-en-sem-∂n-e-[n-Iw- h-en-∏-ap-≈- Z-i-a-kv-I\v-[-Ø-n¬Ir-jv-W-eo-e-I-fm-Wv- {]-[-m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.4.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww-:- `m-hn-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®- {]-h-N-\-ß-f-Sßn-b- ]p-cm-Wa - m-Wn-Xv.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww-- ]q¿-Æc - q-]Ø - n¬- C-t∏mƒe-`y-a-√.- e`y-am-b- {K-\vY-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-∆m¿-≤-Øn¬- 141 A-≤ym-bhpw- DØ-cm¿≤--Øn¬- 171 A-≤ym-b-hp-am-Wp-≈-Xv-.- B-sI- ]-Xn-\mem-bn-c-tØm-fw- t«mI-ß-fp-≠v.- kq-c-y≥- a-\p-hn-t\m-Sv- kw-km-cn°p∂- c-q-]-Øn-em-Wv- ]p-cm-Ww- c-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- kq-cy≥,- AKv\n,- \m-K-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- B-cm[-\-sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂`-hn-jy-]p-cm-W-Øn¬- \nch[n {]-h-N-\ß-fp-ap-≠v.5.- {_-lv-a-]p-cm-Ww-:- B-Zn-]p-cm-W-sa-∂pwhn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂{_-lva-]p-cm-W-Øn¬- 245 A-≤-ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-aq-∂m-bn-cwt«m-I-ß-fm-Wp≈-Xv.- k¿-K-{]-{In-b,- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m-cp-sS- P-∑-I-Y,kq-cy- N - {- µ-hw-iß - ƒ,- kz¿-§w- ,- \-cI - w,- ]m-Xm-fw- F-∂n-hs - b-°pdns®√mw- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

146

6.- {_-lv-am-Wv-U-]p-cm-Ww-:- C-Xn¬- ]-{¥-≠m-bn-cw- t«m-Ißfm-Wp-≈X - v.- ]p-Wy-kvY - e - ß - s - f-bpw- ]p-Wym-Xva - m-°s - f-bpw- hm-gvØp∂- kqIv-X-ß-fm-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- B-≤ym-Xv-a- cmamb-Ww- Cu- ]pcm-W-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-bn-´m-W- v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- cma\n-eq-sS-bp-≈- tam-£-am-Wv- B-≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-b-W-Øn-se- hn-jbw.{_-lv-am-Wv-U-]p-cm-W-hpw- ]q¿-Æ-am-bn- C-∂v- e-`y-a-√.7.- {_-lvs - sa-h¿-Ø] - p-cm-Ww- :- - \m-ev- Im-WvU - ß - f - n-em-bn- ]Xns\´m-bn-cw- t«m-Iß - f - m-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈X - v.- {_-lva - m-hn-s≥-d- hn-h¿Ø(]cn-Wmaw)-am-Wv- {]-]-©-sa-∂-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-seap-Jy- {]-Xn-]mZyw.A-h-km-\-sØ- ImWv-U-Øn¬- Ir-jv-W-eo-e-I-fpw- a-‰pwhn-h-cn°p∂p-≠v.- km-hn-{Xn,- kp-c-`n,- Im¿-Ø-ho-cy≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a-≥- F-∂n-hcp-sS- I-Y-I-fp-ap-≠v- Cu- ]p-cm-WØn¬.8.- hn-j-vWp-]p-cm-Ww-:- ]p-cm-Wc-Xv-\-sa-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Cu- ]p-cm-WØ-n-\m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-sa-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.B-dv- Aw-i-ß-fn-em-bn- C-cp-]-Øn-aq-∂m-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xnep-≈-Xv.- G-gm-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- hn-jv-Wp-[-¿-tΩm-Ø-c- J-WvUsa-∂- Hcp- Aw-iw-Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-se-∂pw- A-Xv- \-jv-Ss∏-´-Xm-bn-cn-°m-\n-S-bp-s≠-∂pw- hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- hn-jv-Wp-hn s≥-d- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw- CXn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂p-s≠¶n-epw- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c-Øn-\m-Wv- {]m-[m-\yw- sI-m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.9.- h-cm-l-]p-cm-Ww-:- 218 A-≤ym-b-ß-fpw- 24000 t«m-I-ß-fpam-Wv- h-cm-l- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- D-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv.- ]t£,- C-t∏mƒe-`n-°p-∂- h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn¬- 10000 t«m-I-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- ]-Xn\mem-bn-cw- t«m-I-ßƒ- Im-Wm-\n-√.- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- h¿Æ-\-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn¬- Iq-Sp-X-em-bpap-≈-Xv.- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bp-sS- amlmXv-ay-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- ]-cm-a¿-i-n-°-s∏-´-n-cn-°p-∂p.10.- hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww-:- hm-bp-`-K-hm≥- ]-d-™- ]-p-cm-W-am-WnsX-∂mWv- hn-izm-kw.- ]-Xn-\m-em-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈Xv.in-h-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fmWv- C-Xn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.11.- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Ww-:- 95 A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-\m-bn-cwt«m-Iß-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-dF√m- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw- ]-d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- hm-a-\m-h-Xm-

147

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

c-Øn-\v- {]-tXy-I- {]m[m-\yw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- hm-a-\-]p-cm-WØn-\pw- h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn\pw- D-≈-S-°-Øn¬- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.-

a-kw-ln-X- am-{X-sa- C-t∏mƒ- e-`n-°p-∂p-≈q.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-Xn¬17000 t«m-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-¶n-epw- C-∂v- 6000 t«m-I-ßƒam-{X-sa- In-´m-\p-≈q.-

12.- A-K\ v- n-]p-cm-Ww-:- A-K\ v- n-`K - h - m≥- h-kn-jT v- a - l - ¿-jn-tbmSp]d™- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-sX-∂v- hnikn-°s∏-Sp-∂p.- ap-∂q-‰n- F¨-]-Øn-aq-∂v- A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- ]Xn\-øm-bn-c-Øn¬-∏-cw- t«m-I-ß-fp-≠v-˛cm-a-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°pdn-®pwin-he - nwK-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- Zp-¿K - m-tZ-hn-sb-∏‰ - n-bp-sa-√mw- CXn¬]cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-≠v. 13.- \m-cZ- o-b- ]pcm-Ww-:- \m-cZ- ≥- k-\¬-Ip-am-ct- \m-Sv- ]-dbp∂IY-bp-sS- cq-]-Øn-em-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-Ww.- B-sI- 207 A-≤ym-b-ß-fnem-bn- Ccp]-Øn- A-øm-bn-cw- t«m-I-ßƒ- C-Xn¬- D-≠m-bn-cn-°W-sa-¶n-epw- C-∂v- e`n°p-∂- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- 18110 t«mI-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- 6890 t«mI-ßƒ- Im-Wm-\n-√.14.- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww-:- B-dv- Im-Wv-U-ß-fn-em-bn- A≥-]-ØnAømbn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- C-cn-∏nS-am-b- ]-Xv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- C-Xn-\v- ]-Xv-a]p-cm-W-sa-∂v- t]-cv- e-`n-®Xv.- ]-{¥-≠v- am-k-ß-fp-sS- {]m-[m-\ysØ-°p-dn-®pw- c-Lp-hw-i-cm-a-s≥-d bpw- i-Ip-¥-f-bp-sS-bpw- I-Y-Isf-∏-‰n-bpw- C-Xn¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. 15.- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww-:- ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C∂nXn-ep-≈-Xv.- Cu-im-\-I¬-∏-I-Y-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-se- D-≈-S-°w.- C-∂ve-`n-°p-∂- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww- k-ºq¿-Æ-a-s√-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.16.- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-Ww-:- a-lm-h-n-jv-Wp- K-cp-V-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®Xm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- 279 A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn18000 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-sX-¶n-epw- C-∂v- e-`n°p-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- 11000 t«m-I-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- K-cp-V-s≥-d- D¬-∏Øn-bm-Wv- C-Xn-se- {]-[m-\- {]-Xn-]-m-Zyw.- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se- lnµp°ƒ- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- I¿-Ω-ßƒ- \SØp-tºmƒ- ]m-cm-b-Ww- sN-øp∂-Xv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv.17.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-Ww-:- Iq¿-Ω-aq¿-Øn- ]m-Xm-f-Øn¬-sh-®v- C{µZyp-av-\-s≥-d- I-Y- ]-d-bp-∂- Iq-´-Øn-¬- D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- Iq¿-Ω]p-cm-Ws - a-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw- .- C-Xn-s≥-d- \m-ev- kw-ln-XI - f - n¬- {_lv-

148

18.- kv-I-µ-]p-cm-Ww-:- G-‰-hpw- h-en-∏-ta-dn-b- ]p-cm-W-am-WnXv.81100 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- {io- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy-eo-e-I-fpw- Xo¿ ∞m-S\ - - kvYe - ß - f - p-sS- am-lm-Xa v- y-ßf - pw- A-Sß - n-bn-cn-°p-∂- CXn¬,a-‰v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se- I-Y-I-fp-sS- kw-{K-l-hp-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bp-sS- cq-]tam- A-Xn-e-S-ßp-∂- Bibtam- F-s¥-∂v- \-ap-°-dn-™p-Iq-S.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-Xpw- C-∂v- e-`n°p-∂- ]p-cmW-ß-fpw- XΩn¬- H-Øp-t\m-°n,- B-Zn-a- ]p-cm-W-k-wln-X-tbm-Sv- A-jv-Sm-Z-i- ]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- F-{XtØm-fw- \o-Xn-]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh∂v- ]-d-bm≥- \-ap-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- thZ-ßf - n-epw- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-If - n-epw- a-‰pw- {]Xn-]Z- n-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- ]pcmW-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æ- cq-]w- C-∂v- e-`y-a-s√-∂v- am-{X-a-√- A-Xv- F-ßns\-bm-sW-∂v- Du-ln-°m≥-t]m-epw- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- km-[y-a-√.- A-Xve-`y-am-Ip-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬- ssl-µh - Z- ¿-i\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- ASnkvYm-\i - neIfn-te-°v- sh-fn-®w- ho-im≥- ]-cym-]X v- a - m-Ip-sa-∂v- \mw- {]Xymin°p-I.B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bn¬-\n-∂- v- F-gp-sØ-Sp-X-s∏-´-h-bmsW∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p X-s∂- Ip-sd- `m-K-ß-fpw- t«m-I-ß-fpw- \-jv-S-s∏-´-Xm-bn- \mw- I≠p.C-∂v- A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂- `m-K-Øp-X-s∂- ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿°vA-\n-jv-S-I-c-am-b- {]kv-Xm-h-\-I-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- ]msS\n-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv- H-cp hn`mKw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- e-`n-t°-≠- a-‰v- `mKßƒ- Iq-Sn- e-`y-am-bm¬- Cu- "A-\n-jv-Sw'- h¿-≤n-°-p-I-tb-bp-≈qsh∂v- \-ap-°q-ln-°mw.- B-Zy-Im-e- ]WvU - n-X∑ - m¿-°p-Xs - ∂- "A-\njvS'I-c-am-b- `m-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°mw- A-h¿- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- a-d-®psh®-Xv.- X-ß-fp-sS- C-O-°pw- ]m-c-º-cy- hn-izm-k-ßƒ-°pw- B-am-ibØn-\pw- "A-\n-jv-S-I-c'-ß-fm-b- `m-K-ßƒ- A-h¿- a-d®p-sh-°p-Ikzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- Cu- "\-jv-S-s∏-S¬'- \-S-∂-Xv-t_m-[-]q¿-∆-am-Im\m-Wv- km-[y-Xs - b-∂¿-∞w.- ]p-cm-Wß - ƒ- P\-ßƒ-°v- a-\ - n-emIp∂- `m-j-bn-em-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬- Cu- a-d-®p-sh°-s∏-´- `m-K-ßƒ- ]pcmW-ßf - n-ep-≠m-hp-∂X - v- `m-hn-bn¬- A-]I - S-ßf - p-≠m-°p-sa-∂v- Ah¿a-\ n-em-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

149

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

150

{X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p∂- hn-hc - w- a-lm-`m-cX - w- im-¥n- ]¿∆Øn-se- 59˛mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬-\n-∂mWv.- Cu- Z-Wv-U- \o-Xn-im-kv {X-tam- A-Xn-s≥-d- G-sX-¶n-epw- `m-K-ß-tfm- C-∂v- In-´m-\n-√.-

7 kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ"ipXn'-sb- B-kv-]-Z-am-°n- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- E-jn-t{]m-Iv-X- h-N\ß-fmWv- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ.- Cu- A¿-∞-Øn¬- th-Zmw-K-ßƒ,- C-Xnlmk-ßƒ,- ]p-cmW ßƒ,- \o-Xn-im-kv-{Xw- F-∂n-h-sb-√mw- kv-ar-XnI-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Spw.- P-\-ßfp sS Im¿-Ωn-I- Im-cy-ß-fpwcm-jv-{So-b\n-b-a-ß-fpw- Ip-Spw-_- {]-iv-\-ßfpw- km-aq-lym-Nm-c-ß-fpw- hn-h-cn°p-∂- [¿-Ωi - m-k{v- X-am-Wv- {]-tXy-Ia - m-bn- kva - r-Xn-Iƒ- F-∂- t]cn¬A-dn-b-s∏--Sp-∂-Xv.- {ip-Xn-sb- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am°n- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-XmsW∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂- kva - r-Xn-Iƒ,- "{ip-Xn'- I-gn-™m¬- ]n-s∂bp≈{]-am-W-am-Wv.B-Zy-Im-e-tØ-Xn-\v- hn-cp-≤-am-bn,- Im-em-¥-c-Øn¬- P-\-ßƒhnj-tb-Op-°-fm-bn- am-dn-b-t∏mƒ- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- E-jn-am-cpw- tN¿-∂vkr-jv-Sn-I¿-Øm-hm-b- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d-b-Sp-°¬- k-¶-S-ap-W¿-Øn®Xn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY - m-\Ø - n¬,- A-t±-lw- am-\h - k - a - p-Zm-bØ - n-s≥-d- \ne \n¬-∏n-\m-hi - y-am-b- \o-Xn-im-kv{- Xw- \¬-In- A-\p-{K-ln-®p.- C-XmWv{_-lv-a-Ir-X-am-b- "ZWv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-{X'-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- H-cpe-£w- A-≤ym-b-ß-ƒ- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- Cu- Z-Wv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-

{_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Ir-Xn-bm-b- Z-Wv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-{X-sØ- `-K hm≥- inh≥- kw-t£-]n-®v- ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- A-≤-ym-b-ß-fp-≈- ""ssh im-em-£- \oXn-im-kv-{X''-hpw- C-{µ-≥- C-Xn-s\-bpw- kw-t£-]n-®v]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- A-≤-ym-b-ß-fp-≈- ""_m-lp-Z-¥-I- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X-hpw''ip-{Im-Nm-cy≥- C-Xn-s\-bpw- kw-t£-]n-®v- B-bn-cw- A-≤ym-b-ß-fp ≈- ""Hu-i-\-ko- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X''-hpw- c-Nn-®p-sh-∂v- Im-Wp-∂p-sh∂-√m-sX- Cu- {K-\v-Y-ß-sfm-∂pw- C-t∏mƒ- D]-e-_v-[-a-√.- C-∂ve`y-am-Ip-∂- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-I-s´- a‰v- {K-\v-Yß-fn-sem-∂pw-X-s∂- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-an-√.kv-ar-Xn-kw-Jy- \q-‰n-sb-´m-sW-∂pw- A-Xn¬- Iq-Sp-X-em-sW∂pw- A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- F-∂m¬- ap-Jy-am-b-h- C-cp-]-sX-Æ-am-Ip-∂p.a-\p-kvar-Xn-bpwbm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-kv-ar-Xn-bp-am-Wv- C-h-bn-te-‰-hpw{][m-\-s∏-´-Xv.- C-h- IqSm-sX-bp-≈- ]-Xn-s\-´v- kv-ar-Xn-I-fm-Wv- AjvSm-Z-i-kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- hn-jv-Wp-kv-ar-Xn,- A-{In-kvar-Xn,- lm-co-X-kv-ar-Xn,- Bw-Kn-c-kv-arXn,- b-a-kv-ar-Xn,- B-]-kv- Xw_kv-ar-Xn,- tZ-h-e-kv-ar-Xn,- kw-h¿-Ø-kv-ar-Xn,- ImXym-b-\-kv-ar-Xn,_rl-kv-]-Xn-kv-ar-Xn,- ]-cm-i-c-kv-ar-Xn,- hym-k-kv-arXn,- iw-J-kv-arXn,- en-Jn-Xk - va - r-Xn,- Z-£k -- va - r- X - n,- Ku-Xa - k - va - r-Xn,- im-Xm-X] - k - varXn,h-kn-jv-T-kv-ar-Xn- F-∂n-h-bm-W-h.- A-{Xn,- hn-jv-Wp,- lm-co-X≥,Djm-\- v,- Aw-Kn-c- v,- b-a≥,- Im-Xym-b-\≥,- _r-l-kv-]-Xn,- ]-cm-ic≥,- hym-k≥,- Z-£≥-,- Ku-X-a≥,- h-kn-jv-T≥,- \m-c-Z≥,- B-]-kv-Xw_≥,- `rKp,- iw-J≥,- en-Jn-X≥- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- A-jv-Sm-Zi-kv-ar-Xn-Ifp-sS- I¿-Øm-°ƒ.a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-:- k-v-ar-Xn-I-fn¬-sh-®v- G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-am-Wv- a\pkv-ar-Xn-sb-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-Xm-\p-am-\w.- _n.-kn.- B-bn-c-Øn-\pwA™q-dn\p-an-S-bv-°m-Wv- A-Xv- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- H-cp- hn-`mKw]-WvUn-X∑ - m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw-1.- _n.-kn.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\v- tijamWv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS-cN-\ \-S-∂-sX-∂m-Wv- B¿.-kn.- a-Pqw-Zm-dp-sS1.- `m-c-X-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 428.-

151

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

A-`n-{]m-bw1.- a-\p- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- {io-_p-≤-\p-ti-j-am-sW-∂m-Wvam¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- N-cn-{X-Im-c-\m-b- Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n-bp-sS2 ]-£w._n.-kn.- C-cp-\q-dn-\pw- F.-Un.- C-cp-\qdn-\p-an-S° - v- t{Im-Uo-Ic - n-°s]´a-\p-kvar-Xn-bn¬- ]-e-t∏m-gm-bn- ]-cnjv-°-c-W-ßƒ- h-cpØn-bn-´p≠vF-∂m-Wv- F-kv.-B¿.- tKm-b¬3- F-gp-Xp-∂Xvv.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- B-Zy-Im e-Øv- kq-{X-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- `rKp-a-\p-hm-WvA-Xn-s\- kw-hm-Z-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- t«m-I-cq-]-Øn-em-°n-bXv- F∂pamWv- hn-izm-kw.-

t«m-Iß - f - p≈- bm-PR -v h - ¬-Iy-ka -v r-Xn-bm-W-v a-\p-ka -v r-Xn- I-gn-™m¬]n-s∂- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- kv-ar-Xn.- C-Xn-\v- an-Xm-£-c- \n-b-awF-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- `mjyap≠v.-

]-{¥-≠v- A-[ym-bß - f - n-em-bn- c-≠m-bn-cØ - n-sb-gp-∂q-dv- t«mIß-fm-Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xv.- {]-]-t©m¬-]-Øn,- Po-thm¬-∏Øn,- {]-fbw,- tjm-U-kw-kv-°m-c-ßƒ,- \m-ev- B-{i-a-ßƒ,- ]-©a-lm-bP - vR - ß - ƒ- P-\\-ac - W - - hn-jb - n-If - m-b- I¿-Ωß - ƒ,- hn-hmlw,IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xw,- Kp-cpip-{iq-j,- kv{Xo-[¿-Ωw,- {_m-lv-aW-[¿-Ωw,£-{Xn--b-[¿-Ωw,- ssh-iy-[¿-Ωw,- iq-{Z-[¿-Ωw,- I¿-Ω-^-ew,- tam£wXp-S-ßn- H-´-\-h-[n- hn-j-b-ß-sf-°pdn®- {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ß-fp≠v- a-\pkv-ar-Xn-bn¬.- Cu- hn-j-b-ß-sf-√mw- Nm-Xp-¿-h¿-Æy-hy-h-kv-Y-bpsSA-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- hn-h-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- k¿∆- h¿-Æ-ßfp-sS-bpw- A-¥-cm-f- Pm-Xn-°m-cp-sS-bpw- [¿-Ω-ßƒ- ap-gp-h≥- D]-tZ in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- a-\p-hn-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øp-sN-∂- v- Nn-e- a-l¿-jnam¿- B-h-iy-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv- h¿-Æm-{i-a-[¿-Ω-sØ-°p-dn-®vAt±-lw- D]-tZ-in-®-sX-∂m-Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-4 X-s∂- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.Hscm‰ tkmjyenkv ‰ v XXzkwlnX°pw {]Zm\w sNøm\mhmØ Hcp k¥pjvS kaqlØns≥d ASnkvYm\amWv a\pkvarXn {]Zm\w sNøp∂sX∂mWv {]apJ lnµp ]p\cpPvPo h\hmZnbpw B¿.Fkv.Fkv. ap≥ k¿kwLNmeIpamb KpcpPn tKmƒhmƒ°¿ ]d™Xv5. bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-kv-ar-Xn-:- B-Nm-cw,- hy-h-lm-cw,- {]m-b-iv-Nn Øw- F-∂o- aq-∂v- A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- B-bn-c-Øn-ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂v1. R.C. Majumdar: The History and Culture of Indian People, Vol.2. 2. D.D. Kosambi: An Introduction to the study of Indian History. 3. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol.2

4.- a-\p-kva-r-Xn- 1:-2 5. From the Redfort grounds D≤cWw: amXr`qan BgvN]Xn∏v 1988 P\phcn 17˛13)

152

kv-ar-Xn-I-fpw- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-bpw-:-˛ kv-a-r-Xn-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-sh{_mlv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xy-sØ-bpw- A-h¿-Æ]o-U-\-sØ-bpw- t{]m¬-km ln-∏n-°p-Ib - mWv- sN-øp-∂X - v.- _p-≤a - X - Ø - n-s≥-d- X-≈n-°b - ‰ - t- Øm sS- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-°pw- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\pw- X-f¿-®t\-cn-´p.- A-Xn-s\- F-¥v- hn-e-sIm-Sp-Øpw- X-I¿Øp-tXm¬-]n-°pI{_m-lv-a-W-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- A-\n-hm-cy- Xm¬-∏-c-y-am-bn- am-dn.- A-Xn¬\n-∂m-Wv- kv-ar-Xn-I-fp-sS- P-∑-sa-∂mWv- sIm-kmw-_n-sb-t∏m-sebp≈- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.""hn-U-V v- n-bm-bm-epw- hn-Zzm-\m-bm-epw- {_m-lv-a-W≥- Cu-iz-cXp-ey\mWv.- A-Kv-\n- A-Sp-∏n-em-bm-epw- Np-S-e-bn-em-bm-epw- ]q-Pn°s∏-tS-≠X - m-Wv''-1 F-∂- {]-kvX - m-h\ - b - n-eq-sS- \m-cZ- k - va - r-Xn-bpw- ""{_mlv-a-W≥- Zp¿-am-¿-§n-bm-sW-¶n-epw- ]q-P-y\ -- m-Wv.- iq-{Z-\m-I-s´,- PntX{µn-b-\m-bm¬-t]mepw- ]q-Py-\m-hp-I-bn-√''-2 F-∂- hm-Iy-Ø-n-eqsS]-cm-ic - k - va - r-Xn-bpw- {_m-lva - W - t- a-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ød - - ]-WnbpI-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- {_m-lv-a-W≥- ssZ-h-Xp-ey-\pw- \n¿-_-\v-[ambpw- A-\p-k-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-\p3am-sW-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂- a-\p-kvar-Xn- th-Z-ßƒ- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-hm-t\m- kz-Øv- kºm-Zn-°p-hm-t\m- D≈A-[n-Im-cw- iq{-Z-\v- C-s√-∂m-Wv4 \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xv.- h-√- ImcWh-im-epw- iq-{Z-s≥-d- ssI-hi - w- kz-Øv- h-∂p-t]m-bm¬,- A-Xv- ]nSns®Sp-Øv- kz-¥-am-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W-\ps-≠∂m-Wva-\p-kv-a-r-Xn-bp-sS- \n-b-aw-5.km-aq-ln-I\ -- n-b-a-ßƒ-:- km-aq-ln-I-- {]-iv-\-ß-fn-epw- {_m-lva-W-\p-w- £-{Xn-b-\pw- ssh-iy-\pw- iq-{Z-\pw- hy-Xy-kv-X- hn-[n-IfmWv- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- £-{Xn-b-s\- {_m-lv-a-W≥1.- A-hn-Zzmw- iv-ssN-h- hn-Zzm-iv-N- {_m-lv-a-tWm- ssZ-h-Xw- a-l¬{]m-Wo-X-iv-N- {]-Xn-Xi -- v-N- b-Ym-\n¿- sZ-h-Xw- a-l¬-˛\m-c-Z- k-v-ar-Xn- 9:-317.2.- Zp-iotem f]n- Zzn-Px-]q-tPym-\-Xp- iq-t{Zm- Pn-tX-{µ-n-b-˛]-cm-i-c-kv-ar-Xn,- 8:-33.3.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 9:317 4.- i-Iv-X-t\m-]n- ln-iq-t{Z-W- \- Im-tcym- [-\-k-©-bx-˛a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 10˛129.5.- hn-{k-_v-[w- {_m-lv-a-Wx-iq-{Zm-Xv {Z-thym-]-Zm-\-am-N-tc-Xv- \-lnX-kym-Iv-Xn In-©n-Xv- kzw- `¿-Ør lm-tcym-[-t\m-ln-kx-˛a-\-pk -- -var-Xn-:- 8:-417.-

153

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

Bt£-]n-®m¬- A-º-Xp-]-W-am-Wv- ]n-g.- ssh-iy-s\- B-t£-]n®m¬- C-cp-]-Øn-b-©v- ]-Ww.- iq-{Z-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬- sh-dpw- ]-{¥≠v]-Ww- am-{X-am-Wv- ]n-g.- iq-{Z≥- {_mlv-a-W-s\- A-]-am-\n-®m¬- Ahs≥-d- \m-h-v A-dp-Øp-I-f-b-Ww.- Xm-gv-∂- h¿-Æ-Øn¬- P-\n-®- HcmƒD-b¿-∂- h¿-Æ-Øn-¬- P-\n-®-h-s\- I-tø-‰w- sNbv-Xm¬,- G-Xv- A-h b-hw- sIm-≠m-tWm- A-Xv- sN-bX v- X - v- B- A-hb - h - w- ap-dn-®p-If - bWw.I-tøm- h-Sn-tbm- Hm-ßn-bm¬- ssI- ap-dn-®p-I-f-b-Ww.- Nhn´n-bm¬Im¬- ap-dn-®p-I-f-b-Ww1.- C-ß-s\- t]m-Ip-∂p- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bnsekmaqln-Ii -- n-£m- \n-b-a-ßƒ.-

kv-{Xo,- H-cn-°-epw- kzm-X-{¥-Øn-\¿-l-b-√''1 F-∂m-Wv- a-\p-kv-arXnbp-sS- hn-[n.- kv-{Xo- bu-∆-\-{]m-b-Øn¬-X-s∂- hn-[-h-bm-bm¬ t]mepw,- ]p-\¿-hn-hm-lw- a-\p-kvar-Xn- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√2.- `¿-Ømhv- Pm-c-hr-Øn- sN-øp-∂-h-\m-sW-¶n¬-t]m-epw- kv-{Xo- A-bm-sf-ssZ-h-Xp-eyw- ]-cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa-∂v- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- a\p,- A-tX{]-hr-Øn-- sN-øp-∂- kv-{Xo-°v- \¬-Ip-∂- in-£- ]-c-ky-am-bn- ]-´n Iƒ-°v- I-Sn-®p-Io-dm≥- F-dn-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv.kv{Xo°v- Ip-Spw-_k - z-Øn-\v- A-hI - m-ia - n-s√-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂- a\pA-hf - p-sS- A-≤zm-\Ø - n-s≥-d- Iq-en-t]m-epw- ]-pc - pj-t≥-dX - n-\v- ]-IpXnbm- b n- c n- ° - W - s a∂v - \n- j v - I ¿- j n- ° p- ∂ p. 3 lnµp- ]n- ¥ p- S ¿- ® m\nbahpw- kz-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-b-a-hp-sa-√mw- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb- am-\n-®psIm-≠m-Wv- \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

{_m-lva - W - s - ≥-d- H-∏w- \-S∂ - - iq-{Z-s\- NΩ-´n-sIm-≠S- n-°Ww.iq{Z≥- tam-jv-Sn-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- kzØv- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n- A-h-s\- sIm√ Ww.- B-cy-kv-{Xo-sb- iq-{Z≥- {]m-]n-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- ]p-cp-jm-hbhwth¿-s∏-Sp-Øn- A-h-s≥-d- kz-Øp-°ƒ- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n- A-h-s\- sIm√ Ww.- iq-{Z≥- th-Zw- {i-hn-®m¬- A-hs - ≥-d- Im-Xn¬- Cu-øh - pw- Dcp°pwD-cp-°n-sbm-gn-°W - w.- th-Zw- D-®cn-®- iq-{Z-s≥-d- \m-hv- A-dp-Øv- th¿s∏Sp-ØW - w.- iq{Zs\- A-[n-t£-]n-°p-∂- {_m-lva - W - \ - v- H-cpin£bpwsIm-Sp-°m≥- ]mSn√.- {_m-lv-a-W≥- tam-jv-Sn-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- I-Æp Iƒ- c-≠pw- sI-´p-I-am-{Xw- sN-bv-Xv- A-h-s\- sh-dp-sX- hn-´-bbv-° Ww.- C-sX-√m-am-Wv- B-]kv-Xw-_- [¿-Ω-kq-{X-Øn-se- \n-b-a-ßƒ.2{_m-lv-a-W-s\- sIm-√p-∂- iq-{Z-s\- aq-∂v- {]m-h-iy-am-bn- Xobn en´v- Ip-d-®p-Ip-d-®m-bn- Nn-{X-h-[w- sN-bv-Xv- sIm-√-W-sa-∂v- I¬-∏n °p∂- Ku-X-a-[¿-Ω-kq-{Xw- iq-{Z-s\-sIm-√p-∂- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn °m¿°v\ - ¬Ip-∂- in£- H-cp- h¿-js - Ø- X-Sh - pw- ]-{¥-≠v- ]-ip°ƒ3 ]ngbpw- am-{X-am-W .Xm-gv∂ - - Pm-Xn-°m-sc- am-{X-a√ - ,- k-aq-lØ - n-s≥-d- am-Xm-°fmbkv{Xo-Is - f-°q-Sn- A-ka - X - z-Øn-s≥-db - pw- A-Sn-aØ - Ø - n-s≥-db - pw- Nß e-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬- _-\v[ - n-®n-Sm-\m-Wv- kva - rXn-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-sh- {i-an°p ∂-Xv.- ""Iu-amcm-h-kv-Y-bn¬- ]n-Xm-hn-\m-e-pw- bu-∆-\m-h-kv-Y-bn¬`¿-Øm-hn-\m-epw- hm¿-≤I - y-Øn¬- ]p{X-\m-epw- kwc£n°s∏tS≠1.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 8:-279˛283.2.- D-≤m-- -c-Ww-:- Ir-jv-Wm-\-µ-kzm-an-:- C-¥yb-n-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cw-,- t]-Pv- 93˛95.3. Ibid -t]-Pv:- 95.-

154

\ym-bo-Ic - W - ß - ƒ-:- kva - r-Xn-Is - f- \ym-bo-Ic - n-°m-\pw- hymJym\n®v- Xp-ºn-√m-Xm-°m-\p-ap-≈- {i-aß-ƒ- C-∂pw- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠ncn°p-∂p.- h¿Æm-{i-a- hy-h-kv-Y- sXm-gn¬- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv- H-cp- h-ym-Jym-\w.- sXm-gn¬- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn_-\v-[-s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶n¬-X-s∂- P∑m-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-ep-≈- Pm-Xn- hn`P-\w- \o-Xn-bs - √-∂v- A¬-∏w- Nn-¥n-®m¬- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- P-∑Ø - ns‚A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-e-√-;- I¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- PmXnhn-`-P-\-sa-∂- hm-Z-hpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\- c-ln-X-amWv.- ""{_m-lv-a-W- tbm\n-bn¬- P-\n-®-h≥'',- ""iq-{Z- tbm-\n-bn¬- P-\n-®-h≥''- Xp-S-ßn-b]cm-a¿-i-ßƒ- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- h-sc- Im-Wmw.- C-Xv- Pm-Xn-hyh-kv-Y- P-∑m-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- X-∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p- I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp∂-sX∂v- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.""ho-≠pw- a-\p-kva - r-Xn-°v- \n-ba - {]m-_e - yw- \¬-IW - s - a-∂v- Hcmfpw- B-h-iy-s∏-´n-´n-√.- {K-\v-Yim-e-I-fn-ep-w- K-th-j-W-kv-Ym-]-\-ßf-n-epw- s]mSn-]n-Sn-®p-In-S-°p-∂- H-cp- {]m-No-\-{K-\v-Yw- Np-´p-I-cn-°W-sa-∂- B-h-iyw- as‰-¥m- B-Wv- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv''4 F-∂1.- ]n-Xm-c-£-Xn- Iu-am-tc- `¿-Øm-c-£-Xn- bu-∆-t\c-£-¥-kv-Y- ho-tc- ]p-{Xm- \x-kv-{Xo- kzm-X-{¥y-a¿-l-Xn-˛a-\p-kv-ar-Xn,- 9:-3.2.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 5:-159.3.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 5:-159˛161.4.- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v,- 1988 P-\p-h-cn- 17˛23.-

155

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

]n.]c-ta-iz-cs - ≥-d- {]-kvX - m-h\ - - sh-dpw- "I-Æn¬- s]m-Sn-bn-S¬'- am{Xam-Wv.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-epw- a-‰v- k-ar-Xn-I-fn-ep-ap-≈- B-Nm-c-ßƒ-°v\n-b-a-{]m-_-eyw- th-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´v- {]t£m-`ß -- ƒ- \-S-Øp∂-h¿- C-∂p-ap-≠v.- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-c-y-cp-sS- {]-Jym-]-\-ß-fpw- {]-kvXm-h\ - I - f - pw- tI-ń-´pw- _-[n- c - X - - \-Sn-°p-Ib - m-Wv- ]-ct- a-iz-c\ - pw- Iq´mfn-I-fpw.- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- ]-d-™p-:- ""ssZ-hn-I- Kp-W-ß-tfm-sSbpwi-Iv-Xn-tbm-sS-bpw- P-\n-°p-∂-h-cm-b- {_m-lv-a-W¿,- k-aq-l-Øn-seam-\y-X- ho-s≠Sp-°m-\pw- F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-tc- t]m-cm-Sm-\pwH-∂n-°-Ww''-1.- ""l-cn-P-\-ß-fp-sS- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-Øn-\v- ln-µpaX{K-\v-Y-ßƒ- A-\p-hm-Zw- \¬-Ip-∂n-√.- kv-{Xo-I-fpw- lcn-P-\-ß-fpwim-kv-{Xw- ]-Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- A-h- F-Xn-cv- \n¬-°p-∂p''2.- a-\p-kvarXn"G-ń-se- ]-ip'- am-{X-am-sW-∂- hm-Zw- A-Sn-kvYm-\-c-ln-X-amsW∂¿∞w.kv-{Xo-]o-U-\-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- aq¿-Ø-cq-]-hpw- C-¥y-bn¬\n-tcm[n-°s - ∏-´- B-Nm-ch - p-am-b- k-Xn- k-{º-Zm-bs - Ø-t∏m-epw- A\pIq-en-®v- kwkm-cn-°m≥- N-¶q-‰w- Im-Wn-®- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿-s°Xn-sc- sN-dp-hn-c¬- A-\-°m-s\-¶n-epw- I-gn-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv- ln-µp]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ.- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-®p-hn-´- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥bpw- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-t_m-[-hpw- C-∂pw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂psh-∂-Xn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-Wv- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿.- Pm-Xn- \n¿-Ωq-e-\Øn-\pw- kv-{Xo- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\pw- th-≠n- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h¿-°v,- AXpsIm-≠p-X-s∂- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- Np-s´-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cp-∂psh-¶n¬- A-Xv- kzm-`m-hn-Iw- am-{Xw.ssI-I-S-Ø-ep-Iƒ-:- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sbkw-_-\v-[n-®v- Cu-b-SpØp-\S-∂- hn-hm-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- D-cp-Øn-cn-™- a-s‰m-cp- h-kv-Xp-Xbp-≠v.- k-v-ar-Xn- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- A-Xv- c-Nn-°-s∏--´v- Im-e-L-´-ßƒ-°pti-jh - pw- Iq-ń-t®¿-°e - p-If - pw- sh-ń-®c - p-°e - p-If - pw- \-S∂ - n-´p-s≠∂Im-cyw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-hm≥- Cu- kw-hm-ZØn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- ]-WvUn-X-∑m¿- k-∂-≤-am-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- s{]m-^.- sI.- a-tl-iz-c≥\mb¿- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "" a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬ ]-e- Im-e-Øm-bn- Iq-ń-t®¿1.- am-Xr-`q-an- 15˛5˛1988.2. Indian Express 4-4-1988.

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

156

°-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-≠v.- C-t∏m-gpw- B¿.-F-kv.-F- p-Im¿- A-Xv- \-SØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- 1965 \-hw-_¿- 14˛mw- Xo-b-Xn- U-¬-ln-bnse- sN-t¶m-´- ssa-Xm-\-Øv- X-Sn-®p-Iq-Sn-b- B¿.-F-kv.-F p-ImscA-`n-k-w-t_m-[-\- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h-cp-sS- t\-Xm-hm-b- am.k. tKmƒ-hmƒ--°¿- \-S-Øn-b- {]-`m-j-W-Øn¬- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬-\n-s∂∂p-]-d-™v- H-cp- t«m-Iw- D-≤-cn-®p.bm-hm-Xv-{Zn-tb-Xv- Pw--cw- Xm-h-Xv-k-Xzw- ln- tZ-ln-\mwA-[n-Iw- tbm-`n-a-t\y-X- k- kv-tX-t\m- Z-Wv-U-a¿-l-Xn. C-ß-s\-sbm-cp- t«m-Iw- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬- C-√.- ]-c-k-v]-c-hn cp-≤-ß-fm-b- H-t´-sd- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂Xv]-e-Im-eØm-bn- ]-e-cpw- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-ń-t®¿-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv''- 1.A-®-Sn-bp-sS- km-t¶-Xn-I- hn-Zy-I-fpw- a-‰v- hn-Pv-Rm-\-ti-J-ctWm-]m-[n-I-fpw- h-f¿-∂v- hn-I-kn-®- C-∂p-t]m-epw- kv-ar-Xn-{K-\v-Yß-fn¬- Iq-ń-t®¿-°-ep-Iƒ-°m-bn- {i-aw- \-S-∂p-sh-¶n¬- Hm¿-Ω-iIv-Xn- am-{X-ap-]-tbmKn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- t{]-j-W-co-Xn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cp∂C-∂-se-I-fn¬- F-{X-am-{Xw- Iq-ń-t®¿-°-e-p-I-fpw- am-‰-Øn-cp-Ø-epI fpw- \-S-∂n-cn-°mw- F-∂v- \-ap-°v-\ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.Xm-c-Xtay-\- ]u-cm-Wn-I-X- Ip-d-hm-b- kv-ar-Xn- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬I-S-Øn-°q-´-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂p-sh-¶n¬,- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- ]p-cm-X-\-hpwB-Zn-Im-e- I-sø-gp-Øv- {]-Xn-Iƒ- A-e-`y-hp-am-b- th-tZm-]-\n-j-ØpI-fn-epw- a-‰pw- ISØ-n-°q-´-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-ń-s√-∂v- F-ßn-s\- ]-dbm\m-hpw?- kzm¿-∞-Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n- kv-ar-Xn-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬{_m-lv-a-W-¿- I-S-Øn-°q-´-ep-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-sb-¶n¬- kv-ar-Xn-I-tf-°mf-[n-Iw- {_m-lv-a-W-I-c-ß-fn-eqsS- I-S-∂p-h-∂- a-‰v- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬Iq-Sp-X¬- h-N-\-ßƒ- Iq-ń-t®¿-Øn-cn-°Ww.- C-∂v- e-`y-am-Ip-∂ssl-µ-h- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- A-Xn-s≥-d- aq-e{K-\v-Yß-fn-en-√m-Øh-N-\-ßƒ- H-gn-hm-°m≥- km-[n-s®-¶n¬- am-{X-sa- `m-c-X-Ønse"ssZ-hn-Ia - X - '- s - Ø-Ip-d® - - H-cp- G-It- Z-i- [m-cW - s - b-¶n-epw- A-hbn¬\n∂v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-I-bp-≈q.-

1 ""a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bpw- k-Xn-bpw''-:- am-Xr-`-q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v- 1988 P-\p-h-cn- 17˛23.-

157

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

158

b-Ww- B-Zy-Im-hy-am-sW-∂- k¶¬∏w,- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-c-n-[n-°-IØp-sh-®v- am-{Xw- t\m-°p-tºmƒ-t]mepw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-X-a-m sW∂v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.-

8 C-Xn-lm-k-ßƒth-Z-X-Øz-ß-sf- I-Ym-cq-]-Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-WvCXn-lm-k-ß-fp-sS- [¿-Ωw.- "b-tXm- [¿-Ω-kv-X-tXm'- F-hn-sS- [¿Ω-ap-t≠m- A-hnsS- hn-P-b-ap-≠v- F-∂-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fp-sSX-X-zw.- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- •m\n- kw-`-hn-®-t∏mƒ- A-Xn-s\- kw-kv-Ym-]n°m-≥-th-≠n- h-∂- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fpsS- I-Y-bm-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fpsS- D-≈-S-°w.- C-X- C-l- B-kw-˛C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- C-hn-sS- kw-`-hn®-Xv˛ F-∂- i-_v-Z-ß-fn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k- i_vZ-Øn-s≥-dhyp¬-∏Ø - n.- Im¬-`m-Kw- [¿-Ωw- \-in-®- t{X-Xm-bp-KØ - n-se- hnjvWpA-hX - m-cs - Ø-°p-dn-®- I-Y\ - a - m-b- cm-am-bW - h - pw- ]-Ip-Xn-bpw- [¿Ωw\-in-®- Zzm-]c-bp-K-Øn-se- A-h-Xm-c-am-b- Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- I-Y- ]-dbp∂- a-lm-`m-c-X-hp-am-Wv- c-≠v- C-Xn-lm-k-ßƒ-.cm-am-b-Ww-:- cm-am-b-Ww- B-Zn-Im-hy-hpw- hm-¬ao-In- B-Zn-Ihn-bpam-bm-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fn-se-bpw,- D-]-\n-j-ØpI-fn-se-bpw- ]-e- h-cn-I-fpw- Im-hy-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv.- cm-am-b-Ww- th-Z ß-fp-sS- c-N-\- I-gn-™v- Ip-sd-Im-e-ßƒ-°ptij-am-Wv- c-Nn-°-s∏´-sX-∂v- ssl-µ-h¿-X-s∂- hn-izkn-°p-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ-]n-s∂,- cm-am-

cm-am-b-Ww- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymk-ß-fp-≠v.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- c-≠v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-tºm- A-Xn-\pti-j-tam- BWv- cm-am-b-Ww- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-cn¬ Nnecp-sS- \n-K-a-\w-1.- _n.-kn.-A-©mw- \q-‰m-≠n-em--sW-∂pw- A-`n{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂h - c - p-≠v2.- - {In-kvX - p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- A-©mw-\q-‰m-≠n¬- Pohn®n-cp-∂- {io-_p-≤≥- kv-Ym-]n-®- _p-≤-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-ißƒ- cm-am-b-W3Øn-ep-≠v.- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- i-XI-Øn-se-gp-X-s∏´]m-en-`m-j-bn-ep-≈- _u-≤-Ir-Xn-bm-b- Z-i-c-Y-Pm-X-I-Ønse- IYIƒ-°v- cm-am-b-W- I-Y-bp-am-bn- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- C-Xn¬-\n-s∂√mwcm-am-b-W-c-N-\- \-S-∂-Xv- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-ti-j-am-sW∂mWv- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.hm¬-ao-In- a-l¿jn- \q-dp-tIm-Sn- t«m-I-ßƒ- c-Nn-®n-cp-∂psh-∂pw- A-Xn¬-\n-∂v- e-h-Ip-i-∑m-sc- ]-Tn-∏n-®- C-cp-]-Øn- \m-embn-cw- t«m-I-ß-sfm-gn-®v- a-s‰-√mw- {_-lv-a-tem-I-Ønte-°pt]m-bnF-∂pw- H-cp- hn-izm-k-ap-≠v-4.- C-∂p-≈- 24000 t«m-I-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bhm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-- _m-e-Im-Wv-Uw,- A-tbm-[ym-Im-Wv-Uw,- BcWy-Im-Wv-Uw,- In-jv-In-\v-[m-Im-Wv-Uw,- kp-µ-c-Im-Wv-Uw,- bp-≤-ImWv-Uw,- D-Ø-c-Im-Wv-Uw- F-∂n-ßs\- G-gp- Im-Wv-U-ß-fm-bn- hn`Pn-°-s]-´n-´p-≠v.- C-Xn¬- B-Zy-sØ- _m-e-Im-Wv-U-hpw- A-h-km-\sØ- D-Ø-c-Im-Wv-U-hpw- B-Zy-Im-e- cm-am-b-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ns√-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p-am-Wv- {]-apJ- ]-WvUnX-∑m-cp-sS- ap-gp-h≥- A-`n-{]m-bw.kz-in-jy-\m-b- `-c-Zzm-P-t\m-Sp-Iq-sS- X-a-km-\-Zn-bn¬- kv-\m\-Øn-\p-t]m-b- hm¬-ao-In- a-l¿-jn- C-W-°p-cp-hn-I-fn-sem-∂n-s\Im-´m-f≥- Asº-øp-∂-Xpw- Zpx-Jm¿-Ø-bm-b- s]¨-]-£n- ]n-S-™pI-c-bp-∂-Xpw- I≠v- a-\- en-™p.- B- I-cp-W-bn¬- \n-∂p-bn¿ sIm 1. K.M. Munshi: The History and Culture of Indian People Vol. II Page 254.

-2 `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 558.3 hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-bWw-:- A-tbm-[ym-Im-W-vUw- 108˛mw- k¿-Kw.4 ln-µp- [¿-Ω-]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 214.-

159

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

≠- im-]-am-Wv- cm-am-b-W-Øn-s≥-d- {]Y-a- t«m-I-am-bn- am-dn-b-Xv.-

sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- ]m¿-∏n-°p-∂p.- ko-X-sb- Xn-c-°n-bn-d-ßn-b- cm-a\pwe-£v-a-W-\pw- am¿-§-a-t[y- hm-\-c-t\-Xm-°-fm-b- kp-{Ko-h-s\-bpwl-\p-am-s\-bpw- I-≠k v- p-lr-Z_ v- \ - [ v- w- kvY - m-]n-°p-∂p.- C-hc - p-sS- IqSnk-lm-b-tØm-sS- e-¶-bn-te°v- ]-S-\-bn-®v,- cm-h-W-s\- bp-≤-Øn¬tXm¬-∏n-®v- ko-Xs - b- c-£n-°p-∂p.- A-t∏m-tg-°pw- ssI-tI-bn- Bhiys∏-´- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-j-sa-∂- Im-em-h-[n- A-h-km-\n-®-X-\p-k-cn®vcm-a-\pw- ko-X-bpw- e-£v-a-W-\pw- Atbm-[y-bn-te-°v- a-S-ßp-∂p.`c-X≥- knw-lm-k-\w- D-t]-£n-°p-I-bpwcm-a≥- cm-Py-`-c-Ww- Gs‰Sp-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- hm¬-ao-In- cmam-b-W-Øn-s≥-dkw£n-]v-Xw.-

""A-cp-Xv- Im-´m-fm.....- {Iu-©- an-Yp-\-ß-fn¬- Im-a-tam-ln-X-am b- H∂n-s\- h-[n-®- \o- G-sd-°m-ew- Po-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°-s´-''1 F-∂mWvim-]w.- Cu- t«m-I-Øn-s≥-d- Xm-f-hpw- e-b-hpw- ku-µ-cy-hpw- h-f-scb-[n-Iw- C-jvSs∏´- hm¬-ao-In- C-tX- cq-]-Øn¬- H-cp- a-lm-]p-cpjm-Jym-\-Øn-\v- t{]-cn-X-\mbn.- C-∂v- Cu- tem-I-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cn°p-∂h - c - n¬-sh-®v- G‰-hpw- KpW-]q¿-Æ\ - m-b- a-\p-jy-\m-cm-Wv- F∂A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\v cm-a-\-√m-sX- a-‰m-cp-a-√- F-∂- D-Ø-c-am-Wv- \mcZ- a-l¿-jn-bn¬ -\n-∂v- e-`n-®-Xv.- A-ß-s\-bmWv- cma-I-Ym-Jym\w\-S-Øm-≥- hm¬-ao-In- a-l¿-jn- ap-X-n-cp-∂-Xv.A-tbm-[y-bn-secm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- Z-i-c-Y-s≥-d- aq-∂v- `m-cy-amcn¬- H-cm-fm-b- Iu-k-ey-bp-sS- ]p-{X-\m-Wv- cm-a≥.- ssI-tI-bn,- kpan {X- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- a-‰v- c-≠v- `m-cy-am¿.- Zo¿-L-Im-ew- X-\n-°v- k-¥m\-ß-fn-√m-ØXn¬- Zpx-Jn-®v- ]p-{X-Im-tajvSn-bm-Kw- \-S-Øp-I-bpwbm-K-Øn¬-sh-®v- irw-K-ap\n- b-Pv-R-]n-Wv-Uw- X-øm-dm-°n- Z-i-c-Ys≥-d- aq-∂v- `m-cy-am¿-°pw- sIm-Sp-°pI bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- Cu- ]n-WvUß-ƒ- I-gn-®v- aq-∂p-t]-cpw- K¿-`n-Wn-I-fm-bn.- Iu-k-ey- cm-a-t\bpw- ssI-tI-bn- `-c-X-t\-bpwkp-an-{X- e-£v-a-W-t\-bpw- i-{XpLv\-t\-bpw- {]-k-hn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Ip-sd-°m-ew- I-gn-™v- cma≥ko-X-sb- hn-hm-lw- sN-øp-∂p.- cm-a-\v- {]m-b-am-b-t∏mƒ- A-t±-lsØ- cmP-]-Z-hn- G¬-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øv- cm-Py-`-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬-\n∂pwhn-c-an-°m≥- Z-i-c-Y≥- B-{K-ln-°p-∂p.- B- k-a-b-Øv- Xm-\pam-bn- ap-ºp-≠m-°n-b- D-S º-Sn-b-\p-k-cn-®v- F-t∏m-gm-h-iy-s∏-´m-epw\-S-∏m-°m≥- Z-i-c-Y≥- _m-[y-X-s∏-´-Xm-b- B-{K-lw-- k-^-e-am-°nØ-c-W-sa-∂v- ssI-tI-bn- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ssI-tI-bn- X-s≥-d]p-{X-\m-b- `-c-X-s\- cm-Pm-hm-°-W-sa-∂pw- cma≥- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-jwh-\-hm-kw- \-S-Ø-W-sa-∂pw- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]n-Xmhn-s≥-d- hmKvZ-Ø- ]m-e-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- cm-a≥- ko-X-tbm-Spw- e-£v-a-W-t\m-SpwIq-sS- h-\-hm-k-Øn-\v- t]m-Ip-∂p.- h-\-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-°-v e-¶m-cm-Pm-hm-b- cm-h-W≥- F-∂- cm-£-k≥- ko-X-sb- X-´n-s°m-≠pt]m-bn1.- am- \n-jm-Z-:- {]-Xn-jv-Tmw-Xz- a- K-a- iv-im-iz-Xox- k-amxb-Xv- {Iu-©-an-Yp-\m- tZ-I- a-h-[ox- Im-a-tam-ln-Xw-

160

Ir-Xbp-Kw,- t{X-Xm-bp-Kw,- Zzm-]c-bp-Kw,- I-en-bp-Kw- F-∂obpKßfn¬- t{X-Xm-bp-K-Øn-em-Wv- {io-cm-a-s≥-d- `-c-W-w- \-S-∂-sX ∂m-Wv- hnizm-kw.- I-en-bp-Kw- Xp-S-ßn-bn-´v- 5092 h¿-j-ß-fm-sb∂m-Wv- I-W-°v.- Zzm-]-c-bp-Kw- 8,-64000 h¿-j-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂vIcp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- A-Xn\pwap-ºp-≈- t{X-Xm-bp-KØn¬- 12,-99,-000 h¿jap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pwhn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- t{XXm-bp-K-Øn-s≥-dA-h-km-\-Øn-em-Wv- {io-cm-a≥- `cWw- \-S-Øn-b-sX-¶n-epw,- ]p-cm W-ßƒ- {]-Im-cw- 8,-69,-092 h¿-j-ßƒ°v- ap-ºm-Wv- B- Im-e-L-´wF-∂-\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- F-´v- e-£wh--¿-j-ßƒ°v- ap-ºv- tem-IØn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn- sX-fn-hpI-fn-√.- Cu- A-Sn-kY v- m-\Ø - n¬- cm-aI - Y - - A-Sn-kY v- m-\c - l - n-Xa - m-sW∂vhm-Zn-°p-∂h - c - p-≠v.- A-hc - p-sS- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n¬ c--ma - m-bW - w- \s√mcpt\m-h¬- am-{X-am-Wv. hm-¬a - o-In- cm-am-bW - w- - Iq-Sm-sX- H-´\ - h - [ - n- cm-am-bW - ß - f - p≠v.A≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-b-Ww,- a-lm-cm-am-bW-w,- kw-hr-X-cm-am-b-Ww,- AKkvXy- cm-am-b-Ww,- tem-a-k- cm-am-b-W-w,- a-Rv-Pp-f- cm-am-b-Ww,- ku]-Xy- cm-am-bW-w,- ku-lm¿-±- cm-am-b-Ww- Xp-S-ßn- Ip-sd- kw-kv-Ir X- cm-am-bW-ßƒ-Xs - ∂-bp-≠v.- Xp-©s - Ø-gp-ØNvO - s-- ≥-d- A-≤ymXva- cm-am-bm-Ww- In-fn∏-m-´m-Wv- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap≈cm-am-bW - I - m-hyw.- I-PvR - i - vi- cm-am-bW - w,- cm-aI - Y - ∏ - m-´v,- cm-aN - c - nXwXp-S-ßn- th-sd-bpwcm-a-I-Y-Iƒ- a-e-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠v.- X-an-gn¬- I-ºcm-am-bW - h - pw- ln-µn-bn¬- Xpf-koZmk- cm-am-bW - h - p-am-Wv- {]-kn≤w.-

161

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

Cu- cm-am-b-W-ß-sf-√mw- \¬-Ip∂- cm-a-Nn-{Xw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.]-c-kv-]-c- hn-cp-≤-ß-fm-b- H-´-\-h-[n- Im-cyßƒ- Cu- cm-am-b-W-ßfn-ep-≠v.-

I-e£w t«m-I-ßƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-bn¬- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- {_-lv-atem-I-sØ- {]m-]n-®p-sh-∂m-Wv-'- hn-izm-kw-1.- c-N-\m-Im-e-Øv- a-lm`m-c-X-Øn¬- Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xn¬-Ip-d-®v- t«m-I-ßt-- f- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q-sh-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂pw- H-c-phn[w- F-√m- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.- Ir-jv-W-ssN-X\y- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- ""a-lm-`m-cX-Øn-s≥-d- aq-ew- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m≠n-\v- ap-ºp-X-s∂- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW¶n-epw- A-Xn¬- ]n¬-°m-eØv- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øn-´m-Wv- C-∂-sØ- cq-]w- ssI-h-∂-Xv.- tIhew- 24000 t«m-I-ß-f-S-ßn-b- H-cp- Im-hy-am-Wv- (A-Xn-s≥-d- t]¿"`mc-Xw'- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.)- ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cp- e-£-Øn-te-sd- ]-Zy-ß-fp ≈- a-lm-`m-c-Xam-bn-Øo¿-∂-Xv''-2.- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- aq-∂v- ]-I¿Øn-sb-gp-X-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂v- bm-Ym-kv-Yn-Xn-I-∑m¿-t]m-epwk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂- Im-cy-am-Wv-3.-

a-lm-`m-cXw-:- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- I-Y-\-am-balm`m-c-X-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- a-l-Øm-b- C-Xn-lm-k-{K-\v-Y-am-bn- Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-hym-k≥- c-Nn-®-sX-∂v- hn-i-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- a-lm`m-c-Xw,- ]-©-ath-Z-sa-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- k-c-kz-Xo- \ZoXo-c-Øn-se- B-{i-a-Ønen-cp-∂v- th-Z-hym-k≥- c-Nn-®- a-lm-`m-c-Xwin-jy-\m-b- ssh-i-ºm-b-\-s\- ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- ssh-iºm-b-\≥- P-\-ta-P-b-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-sImSp-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh∂m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.- "`m-c-Xw'- F-∂- i-_v-Z-Øn-se- Hmtcm- A£ chpw- Hm-tcm- a-l-Øm-b- B-i-b-ß-sf- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sNøp-∂psh-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- "`m'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F-√m- th-Z-ßfnepw- `m-kn-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂pw,- "c'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F-√mPohn-I-fn-epw- cXn-bp-≈-Xv- F∂-- "X'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F√mXo¿-∞-ß-sf-bpw- X-cn-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂p-am-Wv- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-X-s{X.-

162

C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- _n.-kn.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠nte-s-d- ]-g-°-an-s√-∂m-Wv- ]-W-vUn-Xm-\p-am-\w.- _n.-kn.- c≠mw- \q‰m≠n-\pw- F.Un.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bv-°m-Wv- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- C-∂sØ- cq-]-Øn-em-b-sX-∂m-Wv- Un.-Un.-sIm-kmw-_n-1bpw- tUm. cm[mI-a¬-ap-°¿-Pn-bpw-2 ]-db - p-∂X - .v - hn≥-d¿\n-‰k -v n-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n¬,a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-e-[n-Iw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-Xtbm- F.-Un.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-e-[nIw- B-[p-\n-I-X-tbm- \¬-Im-≥I-gn-bn-√.-3 hy-m-k≥- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- tI-h-ew- 8800 t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- "Pb'F-∂- Im-hyw- am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- ssh-i-ºm-b≥- A-Xn-s\- 24000 t«mI-ßf - p-≈- "`m-cX - w'- F-∂- {K-\vY - a - m-°n-sb-∂pw- kq-X≥- F-∂- BNmcy-\m-Wv- `m-cX - k - w-ln-Xs - b- Ip-d® - p-Iq-Sn- hn-]p-es - ∏Sp-Øn- H-cp- e£wt«m-I-ß-fp-≈- "a-lm-`m-c-Xw'- B-°n-b-sX-∂pw-4 A-`n{]m-b-ap-≠v.-

a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-s≥-d- I¿-Øm-hm-b- th-Z-hym-k-s\-°p-dn-®pwhn-cp-≤m-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- D-]-cn-N-c-h-kp- F-∂- cm-Pm-hn¬-\n-∂vK¿-`n-Wn-bmb- A-{Zn-I-sb-∂- a¬-ky-I-\y-I- {]-k-hn-®- k-Xy-h-Xnbn¬- ]-cm-i-c-a-l¿-jn°v- P-\n-®- Ir-jv-W-ssZz-]m-b-\m-Wv- th-Zhym-k≥- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂mWv- hn-izm-kw.- F-∂m-¬ th-Zhym-k≥- F-∂-Xv- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-b-s√-∂pw- AsXmcp- kv-Ym-\-\m-awam-{X-am-sW-∂pw- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠∂v- \tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿,- t]m-∏v,- ]m-{Xn-bm¿-°o-kv- XpS-ßn-b-h-t]m-se-bp-≈- kv-Ym-\-t∏-cv- am-{X-am-Wv- I-W-z≥,- hym-k≥F-∂n-h-sb-∂m-Wv- Kp-cp-\n-Xy- ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-4 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- hym-k≥F-∂ \m-aØn\v- kw-hn-[m-b-I≥,- {]-km-[-I≥- k-am-l-cn-®- hy-IvXn- Xp-S-ßn-b- A¿-∞-ß-fp-s≠-∂pw- th-Z-ßƒ- k-am-l-cn-®- hy-Iv Xn- th-Z-hym-k-\pw- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- k-am-l-cn-®-h¿- hyXy-kv-X- hym-k-∑m-cpw- B-Im-\m-Wv- km[y-X-sb-∂m-Wv- am¿-K-c‰pw- sP-bnw-kv- kv-s‰-Uv-se-Kpw-5 A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-

F-∂m¬- "th-Z-hym-k- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- aq-e-`m-c-X-Øn¬- A-t\-

- H-t∂Im¬- e-£w- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn¬- ]-Xn1.- sI.- ]-c-ttiz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 216.-

1. 2. 3. 4.

D.D. Kosambi: An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Page 133. Radha Kamal Mukharjee: The Culture and Art of India. Page 214. Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. 11 Page 17. B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 53.

2. Krishna Chaithanya: A New History of Sanskrit Literature Page, 200.

3.- sh-´w-am-Wn-:- ]-p-cm-Wn-Iv- F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b,- t]-Pv- 875.4. Nithya Chaithanya Yathi- The Bhagavad Gita, Page 1. 5. Margerette and James Stutleg: A Dictionary of Hinduism, Page 151.

163

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

s\-´v- ]¿-∆-ß-fn-em-bn- c-≠m-bn-cw- A-≤ym-b-ß-fpw- \q-dv- D-]-]¿-∆ ß-fpw- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- aq-∂v- h¿-jw- sIm-≠m-Wv- th-Z- hym-ka-l¿-jn- C-Xv- cNn-®-sX-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- h-f-sc- hn-i-Z-am b- H-cp- C-Xn-hr-Ø-amWv- `m-c-X-Øn-t≥-d-Xv.- Ir-jv-W-s\-∂- {]-[m-\IYm-]m-{X-sØ- Np-‰n-bp-≈- IY-\-Øn-eq-sS- H-∂v- F-Øn-t\-m-°mw.bm-Z-h- hw-i-Øn¬-s∏-´- D-{K-tk-\-s≥-d- a-I-\m-b- hm-kp-tZh-\mWv- {io-Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-hv.- D-{K-tk-\-s≥-d- k-tlm-Z-c-\mbtZ-h-I-s≥-d- aIƒ- tZ-h-In-bm-Wv- A-t±-l-Ø-n-s≥-d- am-X-m-hv.- tZ-hIn-bp-sS- F-´m-a-sØ- a-I≥- X-s∂- sIm-√p-sa-∂v- A-i-co-cn- tI-´tZh-In-bp-sS- a-®p-\≥- Iwk≥- tZ-h-In-sb- sIm-√m≥- {i-an-°p-∂p.tZ-h-In- {]-k-hn-°p-∂- Ip-™p-ß-sf-sb-√mw- Iw-k-\v- \¬-Im-sa∂\n-_-\v-[-\-bn¬- A-h-sf- sIm-e-bn¬-\n∂p-sam-gn-hm-°-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw,-- tZ-h-In-bpw- `¿-Øm-hpw- X-S-hn-em°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tZ-h-In-°p-≠mbB-dv- Ip-™p-ß-sf-bpw- Iw-k≥- sIm-√p-∂p.- G-gm-asØ- Ip-ń-bm-b_-e-cm-a≥- hm-kp-tZ-h-s≥-d- a-s‰m-cp- `m-cy-bm-b- tcm-ln-Wn-bpsSK¿-`-]m-{X-Øn-te-°v- am-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- tcm-ln-Wn-bp-sS- a-I-\m-bnPohn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.F-´m-a-sØ- ]p-{X-\m-b- Ir-jv-W≥- P-\n-®-t∏mƒ- X-s∂,- hnjvWp-hn-s≥-d- \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-cw- ]n-Xm-hv- c-l-ky-am-bn- b-ap-\m-\-Zn-bpsS- a-dp-Ic - b - n-ep-≈- A-ºm-Sn-bn¬- \-µt- Km-]c - p-sS- ho-ń-se-Øn,- At±l-Øn-s≥-d- `mcy- b-tim-Z- {]-k-hn-®- s]¨-Ip-ń-sb- F-Sp-°p-Ibpw- ]-Ic - w- Ir-jvW - s - \- Ahn-sS- sh-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - p.- B- Ip™ns\-bpw- sIm-√p-hm≥- ]Xn-hn≥-]-Sn- Iw-k≥ {i-an-®-t∏mƒ- A-XvB-Im-i-Øn-te-°v- D-b¿-Ø-s∏-´p.- \-µ-\pw- b-tim-Z-bpw- h-f¿-Øp∂Ip-™v- X-s≥-d- A-¥I - \ - m-sW-∂v- {]-hN - n-°s - ∏-´- tZ-hI - n-bp-sS- F´ma-sØ- ]p-{X-\m-sW-∂v- a-\-kn-em-°n-b- Iwk≥,- Ir-jv-W-s\- sIm √m≥- H-∂n-\p-]n-d-sI- H-∂m-bn- ]-e- A-S-hp-Ifpw- {]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh¶nepw- A-sX-√mw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- ]q-X-\,- XrWm-h¿-Ø≥,i-S-I≥,- h-Xv-km-kp-c≥,- _-I≥,- A-Lm-kp-c≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿- IrjvW-s\- h-[n-°m≥-th-≠n,- Iw-k-s≥-d- I¬-∏-\-{]-Im-c-w- \n-tbm-Kn°-s∏-´h - c - m-Wv.- Ir-jW v- h - [ - Ø - n-\p-≈- {i-aØ - n¬- C-hs - c-√mw- sIm√s∏-SpI-bp-≠m-bn.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]-e- A-Xv-`p-X-ß-fpw- Ir-jv-W≥- Im-Wn-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

164

®-Xm-bn- a-lm`m-c-Xw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.hm-kp-tZ-h-k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-b- Ip-¥n-sb- l-kv-Xn-\-]p-c-Øn-secm-Pmhm-b- ]m-Wv-Up-hm-Wv- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- am-{Zn-sb-∂- as‰mcp- `m-cy-Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- ]mWv-Up-hn-\v.- `m-cy-am-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[ s∏-´m¬- X¬£Ww- a-cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]m-Wv-Up-hn-\v- im-]w- e-`n-®p.A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- `m-cy-bm-b- Ip-¥n- b-a[ - ¿-Ω≥,- hm-bp,- C-{µ≥- F∂nh-cn¬-\n-∂pw- K¿-`w- [-cn-®v- b-Ym-{I-aw,- [¿-Ω-]p-{X≥,- ò-a≥,- A¿Pp-\≥- F-∂o- a-°s - f- {]-k hn-®p.- am{Zn Aiz\o tZhXIfn¬\n∂v K¿`w[cn®v \Ipes\bpw kltZhs\bpw {]khn®p.Cu- A©pt]-cm-Wv- ]m-Wv-U-h-∑m¿.- ]m-Wv-Up- a-cn-®-t∏mƒ- am{Zn kXn- A\pjv-T-n-®p.- Ip-¥n- ]-©-]-m-Wv-U-h-∑m-sc- h-f¿-Øn-s°m-≠v- Po-hn®p.]m-Wv-Up-hn-s\-Xp-S¿-∂v- k-tlm-Z-c-\m-b- [r-X-cm-jv-{S¿- lkvXn-\-]p-c-Øn-secm-Pm-hm-bn.- [r-X-cm-jv-{S-k-¥m-\-ß-fm-b- Iu-ch¿]m-Wv-U-h¿-°v- A¿-l-am-b- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- sIm-Sp-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬A-h¿- XΩn¬- A-hI - m-iØ - ¿-°a - p-≠m-bn.- A-hI - m-iß - ƒ- t\-SnsbSp-°m-\m-bn- bp-≤w- sN-øm≥- Ir-jv-W≥- ]m-Wv-U-h-∑m-sc- D-]-tZin-®p.- ]m-Wv-Uh- {]-ap-J-\m-b- A¿-Pp-\-s≥-d- tX-cm-fn-bm-bn- Ip-cpt£-{X- bp-≤-Øn¬- tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- bp-≤m-cw-`Øn¬- _-\v-[p-°-sf- h-[n-°m-≥- a-Sn-®v- B-bp-[w- Xm-sg-sh-°p-∂A¿-Pv-Pp-\-\v- \¬-Ip-∂- D]-tZ-i-ß-fmWv- `-K-h-ZvKo-X.- Ip-cpt£-{Xbp-≤-Øn¬- ]m-Wv-U-h¿- hn-P-bn-°p-I-bpw- Ah¿- `-c-Ww- \-S-ØpIbpw- sN-bv-Xp.hn-Z¿-`-bn-secm-Pm-hm-b- ò-jv-a-I-s≥-d- a-Iƒ- cp-K-van-Wn-sbbm-Wv- Ir-jv-W≥- B-Zy-am-bn- hn-hm-lw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-tijwk-Xy-`m-a,- Pmw-_h - X - n,- Im-fn-¥n,- an-{X-hn-µ,- k-Xy,- `-{Z (ssItIbn),e-£v-a-Wm- Xp-S-ßn- ]-Xn-\m-dmbn-cØn- F-´v- kv-{Xo-I-sf- I-√ymWwI-gn-®p.- H-cp- e-£Ø - n- F¨-]X - n \m-bn-cw- a-°f - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X{io-Ir-jv-W-\v.Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- a-°-fn-sem-cm-fm-b- kmw-_-h-s\,- bm-Z-h≥-am¿H-cp- D-∑m-Z-th-f-bn¬- H-cp- K¿-`n-Wn-bp-sS- th-jw-sI-ń-®v- B- K¿-`n Wn- {]-k-hn-°p-∂- Ip-™v- F-¥m-sW-∂v- ap-\n-am-tcm-Sv- ]-cn-lm-k`m-h-Øn¬- tNm-Zn®p.- A-hƒ- H-cp- C-cp-ºp-e-° {]-k-hn-°p-sa-∂pw-

165

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

A-Xv- b-mZ-h-cp-sS- \m-i-Øn\v- \n-Zm-\-am-Ip-sa-∂pw- {Ip-≤-\m-b- ap\ni-]n-®p.- ]n-t‰-∂p-X-s∂- kmw-_-h≥- C-cp-º-p-e-°- {]-k-hn-°p-IbpwsN-bv-Xp.- A-h- D-c-®p-c-®v- s]m-Sn-bm°n- I-S-en-te-s°-dn-s™-¶nepw,- I-c-bv-°v- ASn-®p-I-b-dn- tIm-ep-I-fm-bn- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂p.- bm-Zh¿Cu- C-c-t¶m-epIƒ-sIm-≠v- ]-c-kv-]-cw- t]m-c-Sn-®v- acn®p.- Cu- C-cpºn-s≥-d- H-cp- `m-Kw- th-S-\p-In-´n.- A-bm-f-Xv- A-º-p-ap-\bmbn- D-]tbm-Kn-®p.- X-] - v- sN-bvX - p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- {io-Ir-jvW - ≥- am-\m-sW∂vsX‰n-≤-cn-®v- B- th-S≥- A-sº-bv-Xp.- A-ºp-sIm-≠v- ho-W- {io-Irjv-W\Sp-Øv- h-∂- th-S≥- £-am-bm-N-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- A-t±-lws]m-dp-Øp- sImSp-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX v- p.- Zn-°p-If - n-te-s°-√mw- {]-Imiwhn-X-dn-s°m-≠v- IrjvW-≥- kz¿-§-Øn-te-°v- bm-{X-bm-bn.-

´m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- {]-kn-≤w.- hym-k-`m-c-X-tØm-Sv- \o-Xn- ]p-e¿-Øns°m-≠m-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d- c-N-\- \-S-∂-sX-¶n-epw- Ihn-I-fp-sS- `m-h-\A-h-sb- kzm-[o-\n-®n´p-≠v.- {io-h-S-°pw-Iq¿- cm-P-m-cm-P-h¿-Ω- F-gp Xp-∂p-:- ""`m-c-Xw- aq-e-Ø-n-\pw- F-gp-Ø-Nv-O-s≥-d- In-fn-∏m-´n\pw- H-cp{]-[m-\- h-y-Xym-k-ap-≈-Xv- k-hn-ti-jw- kv-a-c-n-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.hymk-hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- C-Xn-lm-k-Øn¬- [¿-Ω-Øn-\m-Wv- ]-c-aam-b{]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xn¬- `-Iv-Xn-°v- kv-Ym-\w- I¬∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- A-Xv- A-{][m-\w- A-s√-¶n¬- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- Xm-sg-bmIp-∂p.- k¿-∆-{X- Kn-cn-in-J-cw-t]mse- {]-tim-`n-°p-∂-Xpw- A-sXm∂p-X-s∂.- In-fn-∏m-´n¬- a-lm-`-Iv-X-\mb- Xp-©-ØmNm-cy≥- aq-eØns≥-d- B- kv-Yn-Xn-°v- A¬-∏w- H-cp- am-‰w- hcpØn-bn-´p-≠v''-1.-

a-lm-`m-c-Xw- H-cp- kw-`-h- I-Y-b-s√-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hcp-≠v.- A-Xv- sh-dp-sam-cp- I-Y-bm-sW-∂pw- Ir-jv-W≥,- A¿-Pv-Pp-\≥F-∂n-h¿- I-Ym-]m-{X-ßfm-sW-∂p-am-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- ]-£w.- th-Z km-ln-Xy-Øn-sem-cn-S-Øpw- a-lm-`m-c-X- bp-≤-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿i-ß-fn-se-∂-Xpw- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- i-X-I-Øn-\v- ap-ºp-≈- H-cp- IrXnbn-epw- a-lm-`m-cX - s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- ]-d™ n-ń-s√-∂X - p-am-Wv- A-Xv- \ntj[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-W-am-bn- ]-db-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-¥y-bn¬- a-lm`m-cX - b - p-≤w- \-S∂ - p-sh-∂v- ]-db - s - ∏-Sp-∂- Im-eØ - v- h-en-b- cm-Pyßƒ\n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-hn-sS-sb-√mw- hnI-kn-X-am-b- \m-K-cn-IX-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A-h¿-°v- h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ssk-\n-I- i-Iv-Xn- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-cp-ºv- C-¥y-bn¬- kp-e`-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnXam-sW-∂pwhm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tUm.- kn.-kn.- k¿-°m¿,- tUm.- F®v.Un.- k-¶m-en-1 Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bwC-Xm-Wv.hym-k-s≥-d- aq-e- a-lm-`m-c-X-sØ- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°n- hn-hn[- C¥y≥- `m-j-I-fn¬- a-lm-`m-c-X- `m-jy-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- {]-kn-≤o-Icn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.- hymk-a-lm-`m-c-X-Xn-s≥-d- ]-Zm-\p-]-Z- a-e-bm-f- ]cn-`m-j-bm-Wv- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´≥- X-ºp-cm≥- \n¿-h-ln®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Xp-©-sØ-gp-Ø-Nv-O-s≥-d- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw- In-fn-∏m1. Quoted by B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 4,5

1. h-S-°pw-Iq¿- cm-P-cm-P-h¿-Ω-:- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw,- t]-Pv.- 15.-

166

167

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

9 `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X]-Xn-s\-´v- ]¿-∆-ß-fp-≈- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se- B-dm-a-sØ- ]¿∆-amb- `o-jv-a-]¿-∆-Øn-se- C-cp-]-Ø-©v- ap-X¬- \m¬-∏-Øn-c-≠ph-sc- A≤ym-b-ß-fm-Wv- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X.- C-Xv- H-cp- kz-X-{¥-{K-\v-Y-as√-¶n-epw- G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- h-ym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-SpI-bpw- sN-øp-∂- ssl-µ-h- {K-\v-Y-sa-∂- \n-e-°v- C-Xn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xnbp-≠v.- ln-µp- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-hm-Zn-Ifpw- \-thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I-∑m-cpwG-Io-I-c-W-kn-≤m-¥-°m-cp-sa√mw- H-cp-t]m-se- A-h-ew-_n-°p-∂{K-\v-Y-am-Wv- Ko-X.- B-cm-[-\m-kv-Y-e-ß-fpw- co-Xn-I-fpw- cq-]-ß-fpwaq¿-Øn-I-fpw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b,- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpw- X-Xz-ß-fpw- hncp≤-am-b- hnhn-[- ln-µp-{Kq-∏p-I-sf- H-∂n-∏n-°m-\p-≈- B-bp-[-am-bpwC-∂v- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏Sp-∂-Xv- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bm-Wv.Ko-X- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- ]p-I-gv-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-bn-´p-≠v.kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- Ko-X-sb hym-Jym-\n-°m-≥A-°m-eØ - v- {i-aß - ƒ - - \-S∂ - n-cp-∂p.- sh-≈° - m¿-s°-Xn-cm-bn- _wKmfn¬- hn-π-h- {]kv-Ym-\w- B-cw-`n-®- _-¶nw-N-{µ-N-tXm-]m-[ym-b-bpsSbpw- _-dn≥-tLm-jv,- Ac-hn-µtv- Lm-jv,- D-√m-kI v- ¿- Z-Øv- Xp-Sß - nbh¿Ko-Xb - n¬-\n-∂v- h-N\ - ß - f - p-≤c - n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs - {X1 P-\ß - sf1. Dilip Bose- Marxism and the Bhagvath Geetha. Page. 55

168

kw-L-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- kzm-an- hnthIm-\-µ-s≥-d- in-jy-b-m-b- ]m-ivNm-X-y-h-\n-X- kn-kv-‰¿- \n-th-Zn-X- ]-d-™-Xv- ""C-¥y-bp-sS- c-Iv-XØn-s≥-d- c-IvX - h - pw- amw-kØ - n-s≥-d- amw-kh - p-am-Wv- Ko-X''-1sb-∂mWv.B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_-`m-sh- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv.- ""Ko-X-bp-ambp≈- F-s≥-d- kw-_-\v-[w- X¿-°m-Xo-X-am-Wv.- am-Xm-hn-s≥-d- ap-e-∏mev- F-s≥-d- ico-cs - Ø- F-{X-am-{Xw- ]p-jvS- n-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-t≠m- AXne-[n-Iw- Ko-Xm-Zp-Kv-[w- F-s≥-d- lr-Z-b-sØ-bpw- _p≤n-sb-bpw- t]mjn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v''-2.- km¿-∆-{Xn-I-am-b- k-tµ-i-am-Wv- Ko-X-bp-tS-sX-∂vtUm.- Fkv.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-\pw-3 Ko-X- i-Iv-X-nbp-sS- D-d-hn-S-am-sW∂vkzm-an- hnth-Im-\-µ-\pw-4 hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.`m-c-X-Øn-ep-≠m-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- I¿-Øm-°-sf-√mw- A-hcp-sS- Nn-¥I - ƒ-°\ - p-Iq-ea - m-bn- Ko-Xs - b- hym-Jym-\n®n-´p-≠v.- AssZzXm-Nm-c-y\mb- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®-Xv- Pv-Rm-\-am¿§-Øn-eq-sS- B-Xv-a-km-£m¬-°m-cw- A-Y-hm- tam-£w- t\-Smw- F∂cq-]-Øn-em-Wv.- Ko-XbpsS- i-¶-c-hym-Jym-\-am-Wv- C-∂v- D-]-e-_v-[am-b-h-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-bXv.- hnin-jv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- c-m-am\p-P-\pw- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- am-[z-\pw- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®-Xv- `IvXn-am¿-§-Øn-eq-sS- tam-£w- t\-Sm-sa-∂- Bi-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.c-ho-{µ-\m-Y- SmtKm¿,- A-c-hn-µ≥,- hn-th-Im-\-µ≥- F-∂n-h¿- Ko-Xsb- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xv- I¿-Ω-am¿-§-Øn-\v- {]m-[m-\yw- sImSp-ØpsIm-≠m-Wv.- Km-\v-[n-Pn,- Xn-e-I≥- F-∂n-h¿- kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c-Øn\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®-t∏mƒ- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- km{amPy-Xz-Øn\v- A-\p-Iq-ea - m-b- {]-Nc-WØ - n-\pw- h¿-§o-bh - m-Zn-Iƒ- apkven-Iƒ-s°-Xn-cmb- I-em-]-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n-bp-w- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym\n-®p-5.]-Xn-s\-´v- A≤ym-bß - f - n- e - m-bn- B-sI- F-gp-∂q-dv- t«m-Iß - fmWv- Ko-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv.- Cu- A-≤ym-b-ß-sf- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Uw,- D-]mk\m- Im-Wv-Uw,- Pv-Rm-\-Im-Wv-Uw- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂m-bn- Xn-cn®ncn-°p-∂p.- Hm-tcm- Im-Wv-U-ß-fn-epw- B-dp-ho-Xw- A-≤ym-b-ß-sf1. Quoted by Prmnath Bazaz: The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History, Page 290.

2. B-Nm-cy-hn-t\m-_-`m-sh-: Ko-Xm-{]-h-N-\w,- t]-Pv- 1.3. Dr. S. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol II, Page 479. 4 Swami Vivekananda: Thoughts on Gita, Page 73. 5. Dilip Bose: Marxism and the Bhagvath Geetha, Page 14.

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ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

bm-Wv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- B-Zy- A-≤ym-b-am-b- A¿-Pv-Pp\-hn-jm-Z- tbm-K-Øn¬- \m¬-∏-Øn-tb-gv- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.""kRv-P-bm...-[¿-Ω-t£-{X-am-b- Ip-cp-t£-{X-Øn¬- bp-≤w- sN-øm\m-bn- F-Øn-t®¿-∂- F-s≥-d- B-fp-I-fpw- ]m-Wv-Up-]p-{Xm-Zn-I-fpwF-¥v- sN-bv-Xp''2- sh-∂- [r-X-cm-jv-{S-tcm-Sp-≈- tNm-Zy-tØm-sS- Bcw`n-°p-∂- Cu- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬- A-¿P - P -v p-\≥,- {io-Ir-jW -v t- \m-S-v k¶Sw]-d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.- c-≠m-a-sØ- A-≤ym-b-am-bkmw-Jy-tbm-K-Øn¬- F-gp-]-Øn-c-≠v- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- BXvam-hn-s≥-d- \n-Xy-X-bpw- A-\-iz-c-X-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibm-Wv- Cu- A-≤ym-b-Øn-eq-sS- Ir-jv-W-≥- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- \m¬-∏-Ønaq-∂v- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- I¿-Ω-tbm-K-sa-∂- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬I¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-hpw- ta-∑-bpwhn-h-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- A-Xn-eq-sSkz¿-§{- ]m-]X v- n- km-[n-°psa-∂v- kvY - m-]n-°p-Ib - m-Wv.- \m-emw- A≤ymb-am-b- PvR - m-\I - ¿-Ω- k-∂ym-ktbm-KØ - n-se- \m-¬∏ - Ø - n-c≠ - v- kqIvX-ßf - n-eq-sS- PvR - m-\Ø - n-s≥-d- a-lX - z- h - pw- A-hX - m-tcm-t±-iy--hpw- shfns∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- I¿-Ωk - ∂ - ym-ktbm-Ks - a-∂- A-≤ym-bØ - n-epw- I¿Ωm\p-jT v- m-\Ø - n-s≥-d- a-lX - z-am-Wv- hn-hc - n-°p-∂X - v.- Cu- A-©mw- A≤ymb-Øn¬- C-cp-]-Øn-sbm≥-]-Xv- kq-Iv-X-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- I¿-Ω-Im-WvU-Øn-se- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- A-≤ym-ba - m-b- [ym-\t- bm-KØ - n-se- \m¬∏-Øn-tb-gv- t«m-I-ß-fn-eq-sS- [ym-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvYm-\-am¿§ßfpw- ap-d-I-fp-am-Wv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.ap-∏-Xv- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- Pv-Rm-\-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tbm-K-sa-∂- G-gmwA≤ym-bt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn- D-]m-k\ - m- Im-WvU - a - m-cw-`n-°p-∂p.- ssZ-hØns≥-d- G-IXz-sØ-bpw- Kp-W-ß-sf-bpw,- ]-c,- A-]-c- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]IrXn-I-sf-bpw- Ipdn®- hn-h-c-W-am-Wn-Xn¬.- C-cp-]-Øn-sb-´v- t«m-Iß-fp-≈- A-£-c-{_-lv-a- tbmK-sa-∂- F-´mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- ssZhkv-a-c-W-sb-bpw- ap-Iv-Xn-sb-bpw- I¿-Ω-sØ-bpw- I-p-dn-®m-Wv- {]-Xn]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- H≥]-Xmw- A-≤ym-b-am-b- cmP-Kp-ly-tbm-K-Øn-seap-∏-Øn-\m-ev- t«m-I-ß-fn¬- Cu-iz-c-`-Iv-Xn-sb-bpw- Pv-Rm-\-hn-Pv-Rm\-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fmWp-≈-Xv.- hn-`q-Xn-tbm-K-sa-∂]-Ømw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- \m¬-∏-Øn-c-≠v- t«m-I-ß-fn-epw- Cuiz2.- [¿-Ω-t£-{X- Ip-cp-t£t-{X- k-a-th-Xm-bp-bp-Xv-k-hxam-a-Imx-]m-Wv-U-hm-iv-ssN-h- In-a- Ip¿-h-X- k-Rv-P-b-˛Ko-X- 1:-1.-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

170

c{]-Xo-I-ß-fm-b- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- A≥]Øn- A-©v- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- hn-iz-cq-]-Z¿-i-\-tbm-K-sa-∂- ]-Xn-s\m ∂mw- A≤ymb-Øn¬- A¿-Pv-P-p-\-t\m-Sv- I¿-Ωw- sN-øm-\p-]-tZ-in®psIm-≠v- {ioIr-jv W≥- X-s≥-d- hn-iz-cq-]w- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂cw-Ka - m-Wp-≈X - v.- ]-{¥≠m-as - Ø- `-IvX - n-tbm-Ks - a-∂- A-≤ym-bt- Øm sS- D-]m-k-\m-Im-Wv-Uw- k-am]n-°p-∂p.- C-cp-]-Xv- t«m-I-ßƒ- am{Xap-≈- {]-kvX - p- X - - A-≤ym-bØ - n¬- Cuiz-tcm-]m-k\ - s - b-°p-dn-®- hnhc-Wh - pw- `-IvX - n-{]m-]vX - a - m-°p-∂X - n-\p-≈- am¿§-ßs - f-°p-dn-®- h-ni - ZoI-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.{]-Ir-Xn- ]p-cp-j- hn-th-I-tbm-K-sa-∂- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-btØmSp-Iq-Sn- Pv-Rm-\-Im-Wv-U-w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂p-.- B-Xv-am-hpw- i-co-c hpw- X-Ωn-ep≈- hy-Xym-kw,- P-U-ssN-X-\y-ß-sf- hn-th-Nn-®-dn-bp∂hn-[-w- F-∂n-h- hn-h cn-°p-∂- Cu- A-≤-bm-b-Øn¬- ap-∏-Øn-\m-evt«m-Iß - f - m-Wp-≈X - v.- kXz,- c-Pk - v,- X-tam- Kp-Wß - f - p-≈˛- {Xn-KpWmXv-a-I-am-b- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- hn-h-cW-hpw- D-Ø-a-`-Iv-X-s≥-d- e-£-Wß-fp-am-Wv- C-cp-]-Øn-tb-gv- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- Kp-W-{X-b-hn-`m-K-tbmK-sa-∂- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zyw.- ]-Xn-\-©mwA-≤ym-ba - m-b- ]p-cptjm-Øa - t- bm-KØ - n¬- C-cp-]X - v- t«m-Iß - f - mWp≈-Xv.- Cu-iz-c-kz-`m-h-hpw- k¿-∆-Pv-R-X-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂- CuA-≤ym-b-Øn¬- {]-]-©w,- ssZ-hw,- Po-h-≥- F-∂n-h- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _ \v[sØbpw -Ip-dn-®v- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- C-cp-]-Ø-n-\m-ev- t«m-I-ß-fp≈- tZ-hm-kp-c-k-º-Zzn-`m-K-tbm-K-sa-∂- ]-Xn-\m-dmw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬ssZ-h-sa-∂pw- Bkp-c-sa-∂p-ap-≈- c-≠p-X-cw- kr-jv-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®pwIm-a-t{Im-[-- tem`m-Zn-Iƒ- \-c-I-Øn-te-°p-≈- h-gn-bm-sW-∂- h-kv Xp-Xs - b-°p-dn-®p-ap-≈- hnh-cW - ß - f-- m-Wp-≈X - v.- k-Xzw,- cm-Pk - w,- Xmakw- F-∂o- aq-∂v- Kp-Wß - s - f-°p-dn®pw- b-PvR - w,- Zm-\w,- X-] - v- F∂nh-sb-∏-‰n-bpwhn-h-cn-°p-∂- ]-Xn-t\gmw- A-≤ym-b-am-b- {i-≤m-t{Xbhn-`m-K-tbm-K-Øn¬- C-cp-]-Øn-sb-´v- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- F-gp-]Øn-sb-´v- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- tam-£-k-\ym-ktbm-KamWv- Ko-X-bn-seA-h-km-\-sØ- A-≤ym-b-w.- kz-¥-am-bn- I¿-Ω-ßƒ- A-\pjv-Tn-°pI-bm-Wv- A-\-y-[¿-Ω-sØ- B-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xn-epw- D-Øa-sa∂- Bib-am-Wv- Cu- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- sX-fn-™v- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.a-lm-`m-cX - Ø - n-\I - Ø - m-Wv- Ko-Xs - b- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥-

171

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ-

I-gnbp-∂X - v.- F-∂m-¬- `-Kvh - Z- vK - o-X- H-cp- k-zX - {- ¥- Ir-Xn-bm-sW-∂v- A `n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- ]-WU -v n-X∑ - m-cp-ap-≠.v - C-cp-hi - Ø - pw- bp-≤Ø - n\v- Xømsd-Sp-°p∂- ssk-\y-Øn-\v- \-Sp-hn¬-\n-∂v- C-Ø-cw- D-]tZißƒ\¬-Ip-I- A-km[y-am-sW-∂-v Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.- {]K¬`- ]WvUn-X∑ - m-cm-b- Sm¬-t_m-bn-kv- ho-e¿ - ,- tX-ew-Kv- F-∂n-h¿ C - u- A-`n{]m-b° - m- c - m-Wv-1.- F-∂m¬- alm-`m-cX - h - pw- Ko-Xb - pw- H-scm‰- {K-\vY - 2 - w-Km-[c - - Xn-eI - ≥- kvYmIm-c\ - m¬- c-Nn-°s - ∏-´X - m-sW-∂m-Wv _m-eK ]n-°p-∂X - v.- H-scm-‰- {K-\vY - I - m-c\ - m¬- c-Nn°-s∏-´X - m-Wv- Ko-Xs - b-∂vh-mZ- n-°p-∂- tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥-Xs - ∂- ]-e- Im-eß - f - n-em-bn- c-Nn°-s∏-´- I-rX - n-Iƒ- C-Xn¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-´p-s≠∂v- ]-db - p-∂p-≠3v- .{]-K¬-`] - W - vU - n-X\ - m-b- Pn.-Fk - v.- J-bd - n-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n¬- aq∂v]-WvU - n-X∑ - m- c - p-sS- c-N\ - I - ƒ- k-am-lc - n-®X - m-Wv- `-Kv-hZ- vK - o-X4- .- Ko-Xbp-sS- aq-e{- K-\Y v- Ø - n¬- {]-Ya - m-≤ym-bw- apX¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- A≤ymbw- h-sc-bpw- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-bØ - n-se- 63 ap-X¬- 78h-sc- t«mIß-fpw- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-sh-∂pw- _m-°n- ]n-∂o-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿Ø-Xm-sW∂p-ap-≈- A-`n-{]m-b° - m-cp-ap≠v5.-

c-N\ - - \-S∂ - Xv- _p-≤a - X - Ø - n-s≥-d- Bhn¿-`m-hØ - n-\-v ap-ºm-sW-∂mWv.F-∂m¬- _p-≤a - X - m-ib - ß - s - f-°p-dn®- hnh-cß - f - n-√m-sX- Ko-Xb - n-sec-≠mw- A-≤ym-bw- 55 ap-X¬- 72 hsc-bp-≈- t«m-Iß - f - pw- A-©mwA-≤ym-bØ - n-se- 25˛mw- t«m-Ihpw- F-gp-Xm≥- I-gn-bn-s√-∂m-Wv- Un. - n-se- B-ib - ß - ƒ- ]-gb - X - m Un.- sIm-kmw-_n-1 hm-Zn-°p∂-Xv.- Ko-Xb sW-¶n-epw- `m-j- D-b¿-∂- ¢m-kn-°¬- kw-kvI - r-Xa - m-sW-∂X - n-\m¬A-X-v {In-kX -v p-hn-\-v aq∂v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ti-jw- F-gp-Xs - ∏-´X - m-sW∂vhn-iz-kn-°p-∂X - mWv- \ym-bs - a-∂pw- A-t±-lw- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-2.-

Ko-Xb - p-sS- c-N\ - m- I - m-es - Ø-°p-dn-®pw- A-`n-{]m-bh - y-Xym-kßfp≠v.- `-KvhZ- vK - o-X- c-Nn-°s - ∏-´X - v- {In-kvX - p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- A-©mw- \q‰m-≠n - w-Km-[c - - Xneem-sW-∂m-Wv- tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jW v- s - ≥-d6- ]-£w.-- _m-eK 7 I-s≥-d- A`n-{]m-bh - pw- C-Xp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv.- B¿.-Pn.- `-WvUm¿-°¿- ]dbp-∂X - v Ko-X° - -v {In-kX -v p-hn-\-v \m-e-v \q-‰m-≠-v ap-sº-¶n-epw- ]-g° - aps≠8 ∂m-W .- _n.-kn.- aq-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\v- ap-sº-¶n-epw- KoX- c-Nn-°s - ∏´n´p9 s≠-∂m-W-v sI.-Sn.- sX-ew-Kn-s≥-d- hn-izm-kw.- Ko-Xb - p-sS- aq-ew- _n.kn.c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- \n¿-Ωn-Xa - m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw- A-Xv- C-∂s - Ø- cq]Øn-em-bX - v- F.-Un.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-t≠m-sS-bm-sW-∂m-Wv- Km¿-s_bpsS-10 A-`n-{]m-bw.- P-hl - ¿-em¬- s\-lvdphn11s≥d- A-`n-{]m-bw- Ko-Xm 1. Quoted by Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1, Page 523. 2. Bal Gangadar Tilak: Bhagvat Geeta Rahasyam Page 785. 3. Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 524. 4. G.S. Khair: The Quest for Original Gita, Page 106. 5. PremNath Bazaz. The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History, Page 66. 6. Indian Philosophy, Vol 1, Page 524. 7. Gita Rahasyam, Page 270. 8. R.G. Bhandarkar: The Original Gita, Page 14. 9. Quoted by K.N. Upadhyaya: Early Budhism and Bhagavad Gita, Page 1. 10. Ibid 11. The Discovery of India, Page 90

172

k-aI - m-eo-\ß - f - m-b- hy-Xy-kvX - - Z¿-i\ - ß - s - f- k-a\ - z-bn-∏n°m\p≈- {i-a-am-Wv- Ko-X-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Z-¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS-sbm-∂pwt]-sc-Sp-Øv- ]-db - m-sX- C-sX-√mw- X-∂n¬- \n-∂p-≈X - m-sW-∂v- hmZn °p-Ib - m-Wv- Ir-jvW≥- sN-ø∂ - X - v.- hy-Xy-kvX - ß - f - pwhn-cp-≤ß - f - pam-b- Z¿-i\ - ß - ƒ- H-scm‰- ssZ-hØ - n-¶¬-\n-∂v- h-cm-\p-≈- km[y-X3 bn-s√-∂v- Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- F-√m- am¿§-ßf - pw- X-∂n-te-°m-sW-∂v- ]-db - p∂- Ir-jv-W≥-Xs - ∂- sshZn-IbPvR - ß - s - f-bpwbm-Kß - s - f-bpw- a-‰v- B-Nm-cß - s - f-bp-sa-√mw- hn-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v.- hn-cp-≤ß - f - m-b- Z¿-i\ - ß - s - f- Iq-´n-bn-W° - m-≥- th-≠nbp≈- {i-aØ - m-em-W-v Ko-Xb - n¬- ssh-cp-≤y-ßƒ- I-S∂p-Iq-Sn-bsX∂pwhmZn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥- F-gp-Xn-:""Ko-XI - m-eØ - -v [¿-Ωm-Nc-Ws - Ø-°p-dn-®- hy-Xy-kX -v - A-`n{]mbßƒ- {]-Nm-cØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- I¿-Ωm-\pj-vT - m-\ß - s - f-∏‰n-bp-≈ssh-Zn-I- kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ,- bmYm¿-∞y-sØ- A-t\z-jn-°p∂- D-]\ - nj-Xv- X-Xz-ßƒ,- F-√m-hn-[- I¿-Ωß - s - f-bpw- D-t]-£n-°m-\p-]t- Z-in°p-∂- _u-≤N - n-¥I - ƒ,- B-kX v- n-I∑ - m-cp-sS- Cu-iz- c - m-cm-[\ - m- kn≤m¥w-˛C-ßs - \- hn-hn-[- Nn-¥m-[m-cI - s - f-sb-√mw- tN-¿Ø - v- ]-ck - v] - c - kmw-KX - y-ap-≈- H-cp- ]-≤X - n-bm-°m≥- {i-an-°p-Ib - m-Wv- `Kvh - Z- vK - o-X''4.]-ck - v] - c - - hn-cp-≤ß - f - m-b- Z¿-i\ - ß - ƒ- Iq´nbn-W°m≥-th-≠n- {ian°p-tºmƒ- ssh-cp-≤y-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Ia - mW-t√m.1. 2. 3. 4.

D.D. Kosambi: Myth and Reality, Page 16. Ibid. D.D. Kosambi: The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India, Page 207. Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy, Page 526,

173

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

174

Ko-X- Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy-hy-hk - vY - ° - v- F-Xn-c√ - .- ""Kp-Wß - ƒ-°pwI¿Ω-ßƒ-°p-a\ - p-kc - n-®-v Rm≥- X-s∂-bm-W-v \m-e-v Pm-Xn-Is - f- krjvSn-®X - v'- '1 F-∂v- hy-IvX - a - m-bn- {]-kvX - m-hn-°p-∂- Ir-jvW - ≥- amt\m-\nba-\w,- C-{µnb- \n-ba - \ - w,- {h-Xw,- iu-Nw,- {]-Xn-Im- t- c-Om- `m-hw,- B¿PvP - h - w,- PvR - m- \ - w,- hn-PvR - m-\w,- B-kvX - n-Iyw F-∂n-h- {_-lva - W-I¿Ω-ßf - pw- ]-cm-{I-aw,- tX-P - v,- ss[-cyw,- km-a¿-∞yw,- bp-≤Øn¬- ]n≥-aS- ß - m-Xn-cn-°p-I,- k¬-]m-{X-Zm-\w,- {]-`p-iI - vX - n- F-∂nh- £-{Xnb-I¿-Ωß - f - pw- Ir-jn,- ]-ip-]c - n-]m-e\ - w,- hm-Wn-Pyw- Xp-Sßn-bh - - ssh2 iy-I¿-Ωß - f - pw- ]-cn-Nm-cI - h - r-Øn- iq{Z-I¿-Ωh - p-am-sW-∂-v kw-ib - tei-at- \y- hn-hc - n-°p-∂p-≠v.- F-∂m¬- ""kv{Xo-It- fm- ssh-iy-∑m-tcmiq-{Z-tcm- \o-NI - p-eØ - n¬- P-\n-®h - t- cm- B-cm-bn-cp∂m-epw- F-s∂th-≠-t]m-se- tk-hn-°p-∂-]-£w- D-Ø-a-K-Xn-sb- {]m-]n-°p-∂XmWv''3 F-∂pw- Ir-jvW - ≥- ]-db - p-∂p-≠v.- C-Xv- `-Kvh - Z- vKo-X- P-∑m-Sn kvY - m-\Ø - n-ep-≈- Pm-Xo-bX - - Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-∂n√-sb-∂X - n- \ - v- sX-fnhm-bn- D-≤c - n-°s - ∏-Sm- d - p-≠v.- b-Ym¿-∞Ø - n¬- Cu- hN-\w,- kv{- XoIfpwssh-iy∑m-cpw- iq-{Z-cpw- \o-N-Ip-e-Ø-n¬- P-\n-®-hcpw- {_m-lv-a-W£-{Xn-bm-Zn-Is - f- A-t]-£n-®v- A-[a - ≥-am-cp-amsW-∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wvhy-IX v- a - m-°p-∂X - v.A-im- k - v{- Xo-ba - m-b- H-´\ - h - [ - n- ]-cm-a¿-iß - f - pw- Ko-X- Dƒs°m≈p∂p-≠v.- A-Xv- Ko-Xm-Im-cs - ≥-d- A-dn-hn√m-bva - b - √ - ;- - A-°m-eØ - p≈- APvR - m-\a - m-W-v hy-IX -v a - m-°p-∂X - .v - `-Kh -v Z- K -v o-X- ln-µp-aX - Ø - ns≥dA-Sn-kvY - m-\m-[m-ca - m-bm-Wv- C-∂v- A-hX - c - n-∏n-°p-∂s - X-¶n-epw- hyIvX-hpw- kvJ - e - n-Xc - l - n-Xh - p-am-b- H-cp- {]-]© - h - o-£W - t- am- Po-hn-XZ- ¿i-\t- am- kw-`m-h\ - - sNøp-∂X - n¬- Cu- {K-\vY - h - pw- ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏-Sp-Ibm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- hy-Xy-kv-X- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf- Iq-´n-bn-W-°m-\p≈hy¿∞-am-b- {i-aØ - n-\n-S° - v- hyIvX - a - m-b- ssZ-hk - ¶ - ¬-]w-t]m-epwA-hX - c - n-∏n-°m≥- Ko-X° - v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- ln-µp-cm-jv{- S-Øns≥d- A-Snkv-Ym-\- t{km-X-s -∂v- tLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- KoXbn¬- cm-jv-{So-b˛km-aq-ln-I˛-- Ip-Spw-_- \n-ba - ß - s - f-°p-dn-®- hn-iZ- a - m-b- hnh-cW - ß - fpw- A-Sß - p-∂n-√.- H-cp- k-ºq¿-Æ- Po-hn-XZ- ¿ - i - \ - w- - k-w`- m-h\- sNøm≥Ko-X° - v- I-gn-bp-∂n-s√∂¿-∞w.1. Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wyw- a-bm- kr-jv-Sw- Kp-W-I¿-Ω- hn-`m-K-ix-˛`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X,- 4:-13.2.- `-Kv-h-Xvo-X- 18:-41˛45 3. Ibid 9:32

`m-Kw aq-∂v-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

176

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

hn-izm-kØ - n-se-Øn-t®¿-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- N-cn-{X-]c - a - mb- `u-XnIhmZw- kn-≤m-¥n-°p-∂-Xv-1.- G-I-tZ-iw- C-tX- ho-£-Ww- X-s∂b-m-Wv- tam¿K\pw2 tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Up-sa-√mw-3 ap-t∂m-´psh-°p-∂-Xv.- ]t£,- Cu- ho-£Ww- A-Sn-kv-Y-m-\-c-ln-X-amsW-∂pw- B[p-\n-I- D¬-J-\-\- K-th-j-Wßƒ- Cu- hn-izmk-Øn-\v- hn-cp-≤-am-b- h-kv-XpX-I-fm-Wv- ]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p-h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂s - X-∂pwhm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-WvU - n-X∑ - m-cp-ap≠v.hn-b-∂m- bq-Wnthgv-kn-‰nbn-se-- s{]m-^.- U-ªyp.- jv-an-‰v- FgpXp∂p:- ""]u-cm-Wn-I- \m-K-cn-I-X-Ifn¬- B-cm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂-Xv- GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- b-Ym¿-∞- ssZhhpwA-h-bpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- aXw- ip-≤- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b- aXhp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- C°m-cy-Øn-ep-≈- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m-cpsSF-Xn¿-∏p-I-sf- t\cn-Sm-≥- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- Ign-bpw.- A-Xn-]p-cmX\ tKm{X-h¿-§-ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]-£-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ssZ-h-Øn-\p≈Xv,bYm¿- ∞ - G- I - s sZ- h hn- i zm- k - Ø n- e p- ≈ - B- c m- [ y- s ≥- d kz`mhw- X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i- ]T-\-Øn¬-\n-∂pX-s∂- hyIv-X-am-hp-∂p-≠v''-4.-

- cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- C-kv-em-an-\v- hy-Iv-X-am-sbm-cp-

Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-≠v.- D-]-t`m-K-hy-h-kv-Y-bn-tem D¬∏m-Z-\-am-‰-ß-fn-tem- am-{Xw- Du-∂n-\n-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈ù-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS- N-cn-{X-ho-£-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v-XnI-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-W-Xv.- ù-Xn-I- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sSA-Sn-Ød- b - n-¬- kvYm-]n-°s - ∏-´- N-cn-{X-hym-Jym-\ß - s - f-√mw- hyh-kv-Yn-Xn-bpw- k-w-kv-Im-c-hp-amWv- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf- krjv-Sn-°p∂-sX-∂- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-Z¿-i-Øn-t∑-em-Wv- kvYm-]n-X-am-bn-cn°p-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬- Z¿-i-\-ßfpw- A-Xn-s≥-d- {]-tbm-K-hp-amWv\m-Kc - n-IX - b - p-sS-bpw- kwkvI - m- c - Ø - n-s≥-db - pw- kr-jvS- n-°v- \nZm\-am-Ip-∂s - X-∂- X-XzØn-t∑-em-Wv- Ck-ve - mw- N-cn-{X-hym-Jym\w\n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv.- "kw-kv-I-m-cw'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Xs∂\n¿-∆-N-\-Øn¬- ùXnI- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ßƒ- h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTX°v- A-an-X{]m-[m-\yw- \¬-Ip-tºmƒ,- -C-kv-emw- B-Xv-a-\njvTX-°mWv- {]m-[m-\yw- I¬-]n-°p-∂-Xv.ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Ønsbkw_-\v-[n-®p-ap-≈- ù-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS k-¶¬∏w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv-.- {]Ir-Xn- {]Xn`m-k-ß-tfm-Sp-≈- `-b-Øn¬-\n∂v- D-cp-Øn-cn-™v,- ]n-Xp-cm-cm[-\-bn-eq-sS- h-f¿∂p-h-∂- ssZ-hhnizmkw,- ap-X-em-fn-ØIme-L´- Ø - n¬- A-Xn-s≥-d- G-‰hpw- D-∂X - cq-]a - m-b- GIssZh-

`q-an-bn-se- J-eo--^-bm-b- a-\p-jy-s\- A-√m-lp- krjv-Sn ®n-cn-°p-∂Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-s°m-≠m-Wv.- ""G-IssZ-h-hnizm-kn-bm-bn- \o-\n-s≥-d- ap-J-sØ- a-X-Øn\v- hnt[b-am-°p-I.- A-√mlp- a-\p-jy-sc- G-Xv- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬- kr-jv-Sn ®p-thm- B- {]-Ir-Xn- (kzo-Icn-°p-I)''-5.- G-I-ssZh- hn-izmkwX- ß - f p- s S- Po- h n- X m- Z ¿- i - Ø n- s ≥d- A- S n- Ø - d - b m- b n- c p- ∂ ImeØv- k-aq-l-Øn¬- km-tlm-Z-c-y-hpw- kvt\l-hpw- k-lh¿-Øn-Ø-hpw- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- ip-≤-{]-Ir-Xnbn¬-\n-∂v-˛ G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂v-˛ A-h≥- hyXnN-en-°p-hm-\pw- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-bpw- ]q¿-∆-]n-Xm-°-sf-bpw- a-‰pwBcm[n-°m-\pw- Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- kv]¿-≤Ifpw- kw-L-´-\-ß-fpw- A-kzm-c-ky-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.- A-Xn¬-\n∂va\p-jy-sc- ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m-\pw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn-te-°vXn-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂v- km-tlm-Z-c-y- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- aq¿-Ø1. 2. 3. 4.

Marx and Engels: On Religion. Lewis Henry Morgan: Ancient Society. Gorden Childe: What Happened in History. W. Schmidt: The Origin and Growth of Religion, Page 8.

5.- Jp¿-B≥- 30:-31

177

178

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

cq]w- \¬-I-p-hm-\pw-th-≠n- {]hm-N-I-∑m¿- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´p. ""P-\ßƒ- G-I-k-apZm-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-ß-s\- A-√m-lpkt¥m-j-hm¿-Ø- A-dn-bn-°p-∂-h-cpw- Xm-°o-Xv- \¬-Ip-∂h-cp-am-bn- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc- A-b-®p.- A-h-tcmsSm-∏w- b-Ym¿∞hp-am-bn- th-Z-{K-\v-Y-hpw- A-h≥- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- a-\pjy¿bm-sXm-∂n¬- `n-∂m-`n-{]m-b-Øn-em-tbm- A-Xn¬- A-h¿-°n-Sbn¬- hn-[n- I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n''-1 ssZ-hnI- am¿-§-Z¿i\w- kzo-I-cn-®-h¿- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpw- Xnc-kv-°-cn-®-h¿k-Xy-\n-tj-[n-I-fp-am-bn- am-dn.- Cu- {]-hm-N-I- ]-c-º-c- ]-Xn\mev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)- BKan°p-∂-Xp-h-sc- Xp-S¿®-bm-bn- \n-e-\n∂p.- G-sXm-cp- k-aq-lamtWm- k-Xy-Øn¬-\n-∂p-w- hyXn-Ne - n-°p-∂X - v- B- k-aq-lØ - n¬{]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- -I-S-∂p-hcn-I-bpwam¿-§-Z¿-i-\w- \¬-Ip-I-bpwsN-bv-Xp.- C-ß-s\- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- B-K-a-\-ap-≠m-Im-ØH-scm-‰- k-ap-Zm-b-hp-an-√.- ""A-√m-lp-hn-s\- Bcm-[n-°p-hn≥.A-h-\√m-Ø- Bcm-[y-∑m-sc- sh-Sn-bp-hn-≥- F-∂v- {]-t_m-[\wsN øm≥- F-√m- k-aq-l-ß-fn-te-°pw- \mw- Zq-X-∑m-sc- A-b ®n-´p-≠v''-2.- Xm°o-Xp-Im-c-\n-√m-sX- H-cp- k-aq-lhpw- I-gn™pt]m-bn-´n-√''-3.A-t∏mƒ,- C-¥y-bn-te-°pw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- I-S-∂p-h∂ncn-°-Ww.- A-h-cn-em-cp-sS-bpw- t]-cv- Jp¿-B≥- ]-d-bp-∂n-s√∂Xv- t\cm-Wv.- H-cp- e£-Øn-e-[n-Iw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬- C-cp-]Øn-b-©m-fp-I-fp-sS- t]-cv- am-{X-sa- Jp¿-B≥- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p-≈q.- ""Nn-e- Zq-X ∑m-sc-°p-dn-®v- \mw- Xm-¶ƒ°v- hn-h-c-W-wX-∂n-´p-≠v.- Nn-e- Zq-X-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®v- Xm-¶-ƒ-°v- \mw- hn-h-cWwX-∂n-´n-√''-4 F-∂m-Wv- ssZhw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- sh-fn-s∏--SpØ-s∏-Sm-Ø- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬- `mc-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-ap≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- A-h-cpw- a-‰v- {]-hm-N-I-∑msc-t]m-se- {]-t_m [-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-am-bncp∂p.- ssZ-hn-It_m-[-\-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- Ah¿- kw-kmcn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-hpw- X-Pv-P-\y-ßfm-b- {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂- Im-e-Øv- C-¥y-bn¬- k-aXzhpw1.- Jp¿-B≥- 2:-213.2.- Jp¿-B≥- 16:-36 3.- Jp¿-B≥- 35:-16.4.- Jp¿-B≥- 4:-164.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw- \n-e-\n-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]-Ir-Xn-]q-P-bn-te-°pwaq¿-Øo-]q-P-bn-te-°pw- ]n-Xp-cm-cm-[-\-bo-te-°pw- a-\p-jy¿h-gn-sX-‰n.- A-t∏mƒ- A-k-a-Xz-hpw- PmXo-b-X-bpwkv-]¿-≤Ifp-ap-≠m-bn.- Ah-km-\-sØ- {]-hm-N-I≥- a-°-bn¬- A-hXcn-®p.- A-t±-l-sØ- ]n≥-]-‰n-b-h¿- tam-£w- t\-Sn.- a-\p-jy\n¿Ωn-X-ß-fm-b- k-¶p-Nn-X-Xzß-fn¬- \n-∂-v tam-N-\-hpw- t\-Sn.ssZ-hn-I- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-ß-fn¬- {]-[m\ambn-´p-≈Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw,- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈- hn izmkw,- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-w,- ssZ-hn-I- {K-\v-Yß-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw,- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izmkw,- \-∑-Xn-∑-IƒssZ- h Øn- ¶ ¬- \ n- ∂ m- s W- ∂ - hn- i zm- k w- F- ∂ n- h - b m- W v . `mcXob- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpw- {]t_m-[\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- Cu- hnizmk-ßƒ- X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-t£,- {]mNI- {]t_m-[-\ßsf-°p-dn-®- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-am-b- hn-h-c-ßƒ- X-cp∂- tc-J-Isfhn-sS?- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßtf-sX-¶n-epw- hyIvX-am-b- H-cp- tc-J- X-cp-∂p-t≠m?- C-√-X-s∂.GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kØ - n¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xn-Ne - n-®p-sIm-≠ncn°p∂- H-cp- k-aq-lØ - n-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- th-Zß - f - n-epw- D-]\ - njØp-If - n-epw- \ap°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂X - v.- A-h- ]p-cm-Wß - fnse-Øp-tºm-tg-°v- _-lp-ssZ-hm- c - m[-\b - p-sS- G-‰h - pwaq¿-Ø amb- cq-]a - mWv- Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂Xv.]-t£,- Cu- {K-\vY - ß - f - n¬-Xs - ∂- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[\ - Øns≥d- ASn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-W-an-®- cq]ßƒ- ImWm≥- I-gnbpw.- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-c-X-Øn-se- ssZ-hn-IaX-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-W-Øn\v- "ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf'b-√m-sX- A-he - w-_n-°p-Ib - pw- h-ø.- Imc-Ww- a-‰v- H-cp- tcJbpwC-∂v- In-´m-\n-√.- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-¬- X-s∂-bp-≈- ssZhnIa- X - Ø n- s ≥- d - kzm- [ o- \ amWv - \mw- ]- c n- t im- [ n- ° m≥- H- c pßp∂Xv.- ssZ-hn-I- a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂- v hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-te°pwA-tXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n®- hn-izm-k-ß-fnte°pw- F-ß-s\- ]-cn-Wan-®p-sh-∂pw- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- hnizm-k-ßfpsS- aq-esa-¥mbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap-≈- A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv- A-Sp-Ø- t]-PpIfn¬.......-

179

180

A-Sn-kvY - m-\i - n-eI - ƒ-

1 G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw ap-∏-Øn-ap-t°m-Sn- ssZ-h-ß-sf- sh-®m-cm-[n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wvlnµp-°ƒ.- ln-µp-hn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Hm-tcm- in-e-bpwa-c-hpw- aW¬-Ø-cn-bp-sa-√mw- ssZ-h-am-Wv.- Hm-tcm- D-Ω-d-∏-Sn-bpw]q-Pm-hn-{K-l-amWv.- GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bp-sS- em-Rv-O-\-t]m-epwkm[m- c - W - ln- µ p°- f p- s S- hnizmkm- N m- c - ß - f n¬- Im- W p- I km[ya√.- Cu- _-lp-ssZ-h-hn-`m-h-\-bn¬- A`n-am-\n-°p-∂-h-cmWv- A-`n-\-h- lnµp- _p-≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ.- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm- k¶¬-∏-sØssl-µ-h-X-bp-sS- am-{X-am-b- k-¿-∆mw-Ko-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- D-Zm-Ø-amXr-I-bmbn- A-h¿- A-h-Xcn-∏n-°p-∂p.- {io-.- ]n.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥- F-gpXp∂p:- ""`q-X-t{]-X-ßƒ- ap-X¬- ]-c-{_-lv-aw-h-sc,- I-√pw- a-c-hpwapX¬- \ncmImc-\n¿-Kp-W- {_-lva - w- h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-∂h - s - c- AXwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p''1- .B-cym-K-a-\-Øn-\v- ap-ºv- C-¥y-bn¬- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂-sX-∂v- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- hy-IvX-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.- au-em-\m- A-_p¬-I-emw- B-km-Zv- F-gp-Xp-∂-p-:1 am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v-:- 1989 Pq¨- 11˛17.-

181

""C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zn-hm-kn-Is - f- ]n-∂o-Sv- h-∂- B-cy- ∑ - m¿- "Zkyp°ƒ'- F-∂- lm-ky-\m-a-Øn-em-Wv- hn-fn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- Z-ky-p°-fp-sSA-Sn-kvYm-\- ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- G-I-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.A-h¿- hn-{K-lm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-h-cp-sS- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥dt]-cv- Huw- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\v- Xp-ey-am-b- H-cp- kw-kv-Ir-X]Zw- C-µp-hm-≥- B-Ip-∂p.- B- G-Imkv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- A-[n-Im-cwk-I-e- N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-√-m- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bp-w-ta¬- hym-]-Iam-Ip-∂p.- B- a-lm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®m-Wv- tZ-h-∑m-scms°- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.- B- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- Kp-Ww- "ZoZn-hn-I¨'F-∂m-Ip-∂p.- H-cn-°-epw- A-{i-≤- _m-[n-°m-Ø- Zr-jv-SntbmSp-IqSn-bp-≈-h≥- F-∂¿-∞w''-1.- s{]m-^-k¿- entbm-t]mƒ-Uv- t]m¨Ntdm-U-dpw- B≥-dn-enw-Kp-sa-√mw2- \-S-Øn-b- ]-T-\-ß-fpw- B-Zy-Ime`m-c-Xo-b¿- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am°p-∂Xv.ln-µp-aX - {- K-\vY - ß - s - f-∂v- hy-hl - c - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- ]p-kvX - I - ß - ƒ_lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-sb- {]Xy-£-tam- ]-tcm-£-tam- Bbn- Aw-KoI cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xv- t\-cmWv.- ]-t£,- A-h-bp-sS- c-N-\-°- v- ap-ºv- kaql-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- Cu- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- kzm[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-b-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- th-Z-ß-fn-epw- D]\njØp-If - n-epw- a-‰p-ap-≈- _-lp-tZ-hX - m-k¶ - ¬-∏ß - f - pw- A-hb - psS- KpWK-Wh - ¿-Æ\ - I - f - pw- H-gn-®p-\n¿-Øn-bm¬- ip-≤a - m-b- G-Is - sZh-hnizmk-Øn-s≥-d- kp-µ-c-am-b- Nn{X-am-Wv- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-fn¬-:- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-{]-[m-\-am-Wv- th-Z-kwln-XIƒ.- ]-t£,- ln-µp-a-X-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- {]m-am-Wn-I-XI¬-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- th-Z-ßƒ-°p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- th-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-[m\-am-b- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- tZ-h-X-am-cp-sS- kw-Jy- ap-∂q-‰n- ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂ph-sc- s]-cp-In-sb∂pw- A-Xn¬- {]-[m-\n-I-fm-b- C-{µ≥,- an-{X≥,- hcp-W≥,- A-Kv-\n,- hn-jv-Wp- F∂n-h¿- Hm-tcm- {]-tXy-I- h-Ip-∏p-I-fpsS- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- am-dn-sb-∂pw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- H-cp-`m-K-ØvtZ-h-∑m¿-°v- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- hn-`-Pn-°p-∂- th-Z-ßƒ-X-s∂- a-dp-`m-KØv- F-√m-‰n-t≥-d-bpw- D-S-a-kv-Y-\m-b- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn®- ]-cma¿-i-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.1.- A-_p¬- I-emw- B-km-Zv-:- ssZ-h- k-¶¬-∏w- Im-e-L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS-,- t]-Pv- 27 2.- Quoted by A-^o-^v- F.-F-^v.- Xz-∫m-d-: C-kv-emw- a-X- X-Xz-ßƒ,- t]-Pv- 75,-76

182

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ln-c-Wy-K¿-`≥,- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hv,- {]-Pm-]-Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- \m-a ß-f-n-se-√mw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- ssZ-hw- kw-t_m-[-\- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- k-I-e- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-apºvH-cp- i-Iv-Xn- C-hn-Sw- ap-gp-h≥- hym-]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn-sekr-jSv- n-Ko-Xw- hyIvX - a - m-°p-∂p.- ""At∏mƒ- A-kØ - pw- k-Øpw- C√mbn-cp-∂p.- hm-bp-a-Wv-U-ehpw- A-Xn-\p-ap-I-fn¬- B-Im-i-hp-an-√.Fs¥m-∂-m-W-Xv?- F-hn-sS-bmWXv- aq-Sn-°n-S-∂-Xv?- G-sXm∂m-WXn-\v- c-£- \¬-In-b-Xv?- A-hn-sS- K-l-\hpw- A-Km-[-hp-am-b- P-e∏c-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-thm?- ar-Xyp-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- Aa-c-Xz-hp-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂n-√;- - cm-∏I - e - p-If - p-sS- Nn-l\ v- ß - s - fm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.- GIam-b- A-Xv- kz-¥w- B-¥c - n-Ii - I - vX - n-sIm-≠v- hm-bp-hn-√m-sX- izmka1b-®p'' .- Cu- h-N-\w- \o-≠pt]m-bn- Cu- i-Iv-Xn-sb- B-cm-Wv- krjvSn®-sX-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- A-Xpw- G-I-am-b- BiIv-Xn°v- am-{X-ta- A-dn-bq-sh-∂- k-¶-¬∏ -- -Øn-em-Wv- F-Øn-t®-cp∂-Xv.- ""aq-eI - m-cW - t- a-sX-∂pw,- kr-jSv- n-bp-sS- D-dh - n-Ss - a-s¥-∂pw- B¿{]-Jym-]n-°pw?- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- a-‰pw- kr-jv-Sn-°v- ti-j-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.A-t∏m-gsX--ßn-s\- Bhn¿-`-hn-®-sX-∂v- B¿-°-dn-bmw?- A-Xn-s\B¿- kr-jvS- n-®p?- B¿- krjvS- n-®n-√?- D-]c - n-tem-IØ - v- kvY - n-Xn- sNøp2 ∂- A-Xn-\v- am-{X-a-dn-bmw''- .B-Zn-bpw- A-¥-hp-an-√m-Ø- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- l-n-c-Wy-K¿-`≥F-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- ]-e-bn-S-ß-fn-epw- kw-t_m-[-\- sNbv-X-Xm-bnIm-Wmw.- ""BZn-bn¬- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`≥- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.1.- \m-k-Zm-ko-t∂m- k-Zm-ko-Ø- Zm-\o ∂m-ko-{Z- tPm-t\m- thym-am- ]-tbm-c-X-v Io-am- h-co-h-x- Ip-l- I-ky- i¿-a∂w-`xIn-am-ko-Zv- K-l-\w- Kw-`o-cw\-ar-Xyp- cm-ko-Z-ar-Xw- \- X¿ln\-cm-{Xym- A-lv-\- B-kn-Xv- {]-tI-XxB-\o- Z- hm-Xw- kz-[-bm-X-tZ-IwX-kv- am-≤ym-\y-∂- ]-cx-Inw-N-\m-k- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-129:1,-2).2.- tIm- A≤m- thZI Cl{]tam-NXvIq-X BPm- Ip-X Cbw- hn-kr-jv-SnxA¿-hm-K-vtZ-hm- A-ky- hn-k¿-P-t\\m-Ym- tIm-th-Z- b-X- B-_-`q--hC-bw- hn-kr-jv-Sncy--X- B-_-`q-hb-Zn- hm-Z-t[- b-Zn-hm-\tbm- A-kym-[y-£x- ]-c-ta- thym-a ≥- Xv- tkm- Aw-K-th-Z- b-Zn- hm- \- th-Z.- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:129:-6,-7).-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

183

A-h-\m-Wv- k¿-∆- `p-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-[o-im-[n-Im-cn.- A-h≥- `qansb-bpw- kz¿-§-sØ-bpw- AXXv- kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- kv-Ym-]n-®p.- A-h\n¬- \n-∂m-Wv- k¿-∆- Ncm-Nm-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-b-Xv.- tem-Iw- ap-gp-h≥ln-cW - y-K¿ - ` - s - ≥-d- I¬-∏\ - I - f - \ - p-kc - n-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h\p1 am-{Xw- l-hn- ¿-∏n-°p-I'' .- km-a-th-Z-hpw- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- ln-cWyK¿-`≥- F-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂p-≠v.G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-X-s∂- hn-hn-[- \m-a-ß-fn¬- hn-fn-°p-∂- k{ºZmbw- ap-ºp-ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em°m-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`-s≥-d- A-tX- kz-`m-h-ßƒ-X-s∂hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-epw- Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬- C-h- c-≠pw- H-tcssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- hn-hn-[- \m-a-ßƒ- am-{X-ambn-cn-°mw.- ""{]-]-©-ß-sf-bpw- tZh-∑m-sc-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xpw- kz¿§-hpw- `q-an-bpw- a-‰pw- \n¿-Ωn-®-Xpw- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hm-Wv.- k¿-∆-hym]n-bm-b- A-h≥- F-√m-hn-[- kp-J-ß-fp-sS-bpw- Dd-hn-S-am-Wv.- A-Xn\m¬- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-s\- h-µn-°p-I''2.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- X-s∂- hn-cmSv]p-cp-js - \-bpw3 B-Zn-bpw- A-¥h - p-an√m-Øh - \ - m-bn- hm-gvØn-bX - mbnIm-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- G-Is - sZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- a-s‰mcp- t]cpX-s∂-bm-Wv- hn-cm-Sv- ]p-cp-j≥- F-∂v- \-ap-°q-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.b-Pp¿-th-Z-Ønepw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-sb-∂- t]-cn-epw- hniz-I¿-Ωmsh∂ t]cn-epw- Cu- G-Is - sZ-hw- kw-t_m-[\ - - sN-øs - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.""Cu- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- tem-Im-cw-`-Øn¬Cu- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- D-]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- Cu- hn-im-ekr-jv-Sn-sb- P-\n-∏n-®- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hm-b- {]-Pm-]-Xn- `q-an-sb-bpwA-¥-co-£m-Zn-I-sf-bpw- c-Nn-®v- A-h-sb-sb-√mw- k-z-¥w- i-Iv-Xn-bn¬ s]m-Xn-™p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂p-''4.- Cu- {]-Pm-]-Xn- k-I-e- N-cm-Nc-ßfp-sS-bpw- \m-Y-\m-W-∂v- Im-Wn-°p-∂- H-cp- {]m¿-∞-\- t\m-°p-I-:-''1.- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`x- k-a-h¿-Ø-Xm-t{K`q-X-ky- Pm-Xx- ]-Xn-tc-I- B-ko-Xvk-Zm-[m-c- ]r-Yn- how,- Zym-ap-tX-amwI-kv-ssa- tZhm-b- l-hn-jm- hn-t[-a.- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-121:-1).2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-81:-1.3 E-tKz-Zw 10:90:2. 4.- Inw- kzn-Zm- ko-Z-[n-jv-Tm-\- am-cw-`W-wI-X-a-Xv-kzn-Xv- I-Ym-kzo-Xvb-tXm- `q-aow- P-\-b\w-hn-iz-I¿-Ωm- hn-Zym-au¿-tWm≥- a-ln-\m- hn-iz-N-£m-x- (ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 17:-18).-

184

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

NXp-∏p-\n-eß--fp-sS-bpw- \-S-h-gn-I-fp-sS-bpw- \m-Sn-s≥-d-bpw- Im-Sn s≥dbp-w- Ip-∂n-s≥-d-bpw- Ip-≠n-s≥-d-bpw- B-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- B-e-bß-fpsS-bpw- Kpl-bp-sS-bpw- P-em-i-b-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- \n-em-hn-s≥-dbpw- i_v-Z-Øns≥d-bpw- [q-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw- sN-Sn-I-fp-sS-bpw- Np-≈n°ºn-s≥dbpw- `q-an-IfpsSbpw- ]pf-s®m-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-c Øn-se- ]-®n-e-I-fp-sS-bpw aÆn¬- sImgn-™- C-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- \mY\m-b- A-tß-bv-°v- \-a-kv-Im-cw''1.G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- k-am-¥-c≥-am-cn-s√-∂ bm-Ym¿∞ywth-Zßƒ- D¬-tLm-jn-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""G-I-\m-b- A-h-≥- G-I-\m-bn-Xs∂- Fs∂∂pw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-h-\m-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-I.- c≠ma-sXm-cp- ssZ-hw- C-√ -X-s∂''2 F-∂m-Wv- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- ]dbp∂Xvv.- ""A-h-\v- k-am-¥-c-∑mcn√.- A-h-s≥-d- Io¿-Øn,- k-Xy-ambpw -a-l-Øm-Ip-∂p''3 sh-∂v- b-Pp¿-th-Z-hpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.""{]Pm-]m-eI\pw- Nn-{Xm-hcp-W≥-am-cn¬- GI\p-am-bh≥[mcm-fw- sNdn-b {Zhy-ßsf,- Cu- tem-IØn-se Ncm-Ncßsf,C{]Im-cw- kz-tXPt m-Sp-Iq-Sn- t\m-°p-∂p''4- F-∂-v E-tKz-Zw- hy-Iv X-am-°p-tºmƒ- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- \-ap-°Xnepw-- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bp-∂Xv.A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n¬- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- G-IX - z-sØ-°p-dn-®- hyIvX-hpw- kv-]-jv-S-hp-am-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""CussZ-h-sØ- G-I-\m-bn- A-dn-bp-∂-h≥- k-Xy-w- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cn°p-∂p.- A-h-≥- cs≠-t∂m- aq-s∂-t∂m- \m-se-t∂m- A-s©-t∂mB-sd-t∂m- G-sg-t∂m- F-s´t∂m- H-º-sX-t∂m- ]-sØt∂m- hnfn°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.- iz-kn-°p-∂-Xpw- izkn-°m-Ø-Xp-am-b- k-I-e-Xns\bpw- A-h≥- \n-co-£-Ww- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-∂-X-ambi-Iv-Xn-I-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- A-h-≥- G-I-\m-Wv.- G-I≥- am-{X-am-Wv.1.- Ir-jv-W- b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 4:-6˛9.2.- X-an-Zw- \n-I-X-w- klx-k- G-i-G-I- G-I-{h-tX-I- G-hbG-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx- k¿-t∆- A-kv-an≥- tZ-hG-I-hr-tXm- `-h-¥nb- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I-hr-X-wth-Z- (A-Y¿-∆- th-Zw- 13˛5˛20,-21). 3.- \- X-ky- {]-Xn-am- B-kv-Xo- b-iy-\m-av- a-l-Zy-k-tl- (b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 32:-3)4.- A-b-ta-I- C-∞m- ]p-cq-- N-jvtS- hn- hn-i-]-XoxXky-hr-Xm-\y-\p-- h-iv-N-cm-a-ko- (E-tKz-Zw- 8:25:16).-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

185

F-√m-hn-[- ssZ-hn-I- i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-w- A-h-\n¬- tI-{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠vsF-Iy-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p''1.Cu- te-mI - w- ap-gp-h≥- kr-jvS- n-®v- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂- i-IvX - n- GI\msW-∂- k-Xyw- th-Z-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- A-h-s≥di-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- k-I-e- tem-I-ß-fn-epw- hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xv.- Ah≥A-P-ø-\pw- A-\¥\pw- A-\m-Zy-\p-am-Wv.- ""{]Im-itKm-]p-cßfmb {Kl\£{Xßfpw- Pv-Rm-\n-Ifp-sa√mw- GIssZhØn-em-WvA`bw {]m-]n-°p-∂Xv-'-2 F-∂- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂pwC-°m-cyw- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- b-Pp¿-th-Z-hpw- Cu- h-kv-XpXhy-IX v- a - m-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""IogS°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø- {]-]© - s - Ø- kw-c£n°p-∂-Xv- A-h-\-s{X.- `qan,- BImiw,- A-Xn-\v- \-Sp-hn-ep-≈- tem-IwF-∂n-ß-s\- {Xn-tem-I-ß-sf- krjvSn-®-Xpw- A-h-\s{X.- kp-{]-[m\-am-b- F-√m- {]-hr-Øn-If - p-sS-bpw- [¿-ΩsØ- kw-c£ - n-°p-∂h - \pw]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h-\pw- A-h-\m-Wv.- {]m]-©n-I- PohnX-Øn-s≥-d- k ¥p-en-X-Xzw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv- Cu- \n-b-a-ß-fm-Wv''3.- ""A-Pø-\mb- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- D-∂X - a - m-b- i-IvX - n t- em-Iß - f - n¬- ap-gp-h≥- hym]n-4 ®p-In-S-°p-∂p'' sh-∂- E-tKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-hpw- C-°m-cy-Øn-te-°p-X-s∂ bmWv- hn-c¬- Nq-≠p-∂-Xv.1.- Io¿-Øn-b-iv-Nx- b-iv-Nmw- `iv-Nx- \-`-Iv-j- v{_m-lv-a-W- h¿-O-kw- Om-∂w-- Om-Wm-Xyw-NG-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx- \-Zzn-Xntbm- \-Xr-Xn-b-iv-N-Xp¿-t∞m\m-]yp-iv-N-tXb- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx\- ]-©t- am- \- k-jvT - lw-- k-]vX - t- am- \m- ]yp-Ny--tX - b- G-Xw- tZ-ht- a-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx\- jvT - t- am- \-\h - t- am- Z-it- am- \]yp-Ny--tX b- G-Xw- tZ-ht- a- I- hr-Xw- th-Zxk- k¿-∆k - s v- sa- hn- ]-iN v- X - n-bi - N v- - {]-Wm-Xn-bi - N v- t- \b- G-Xw- tZ-ht- a-I- hr-Xw- th-ZxX-an-Zw- \n-K-Xw- k-lx- k- G-j- G-I G-I-h-tZ-I- G-hb- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta- I- hr-Xwth-Zx- (AY¿-∆-th-Zw- 13:-5:-14˛21).2.- k¿-t∆- A-kv-an≥- tZ-h- G-I- {h-tXm- `-h-¥nb- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx- (A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- 13:-5˛22).3.- C-Zw- hn-jv-Wp¿-hn- N-{I-ta- t{X[m- \n-Z-tX- ]-Zm k-Ωq-Tv-a-ky- ]m-T-kp-tc- (A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- 7:-26:-4).4.- X-Zn-Zm-k-`p-h-t\-ip- tPy-jv-Twb-tXm-P-vPv-R- D-{K-kv-tX-z-iz-\r-a-W v- k-tZym-P-Pv-Rm-t\m- \n- cn-Wm-Xn- i-{Xp\-\q-bw- hn-tiz- a-Z¥yp-am-lx-- (EtK-z-Zw- 10:-120:-1).-

186

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

th-Z-ß-fn-se- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn-epw- Cu- G-I-ssZ-h- Z¿-i-\w\ng-en-®p-Im-Wp-∂p-≠v.- th-Z{]m¿-∞\ - I - f - [ - n-Ih - pw- B-cw-`n-°p-∂XvHmw-Im-c- i-_v-Z-ap-cp-hn-´p-sIm-≠m-Wv.- Hmw-Im-c- i-_v-Z-sØ-°p-dn-®pam-{Xw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂- sN-dn-b- H-cp- D-]-\n-j-Øp-≠v.- ]-Xn-aq-∂vt«m-I-ßƒ- am-{X-ap≈- C-Xn-s≥-d- t]-cv- {]-W-thm-]-\n-j-Øv- F∂m Wv.- Cu- Hmw-Im-c- i_vZ-sØ- G-Im-£-c-{_-lv-a-sa-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏S-m\ - p-≈- Im-cW - s - Ø-°p-dn®- hni-Zo-Ic - W - a - m-Wn-Xn-ep-≈X - v.- ""HmwImc-Øn¬- aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- aq-∂v- tem-I-hpw- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-fpwaq-∂vAK-v-\n-I-fpwaq-∂v- am-{X-I-fpw- A¿≤am-{X-I-fp-sa-√mw- A-S-ßn-bncn °p-∂p-sh-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏Sp-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-Xv- B- ]-c-a-in-hXXz-k-z-cq-]-am-Wv''1 F-∂m-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- D-]-\n-j-Øv- ]dbp-∂-Xv.A,-D,-a- F-∂o- aq-∂-£-c-ß-fp-sS- k-a-\z-b-am-Wv- Hmw- Im-c-i-_v-Z sa∂pw- A-h- A-\m-Zn,- D-≤-c-Ww,- a-c-Ww- F-\o- kw-Pv-R-I-sf--bmWv{]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-am-Wv- Nn-e ]Wv-Un-X∑m-cp-sS A`n{]mb-w.- A-P-ø-\pw- A-\m-Zn-bpw- a-\p-jy-sc t\¿-am¿-§-Øn-te-°v- \-bn °p-∂-h-\pw- a-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-\pw- F√m-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-bmWvCu- i-_v-Zw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-sX-∂¿-∞w.kp-]-cn-Nn-X-am-b- H-cpth-Z-{]m¿-∞-\- t\m-°p-I: ""Hmw- A-k-tXm-am-kXv- K-a-b X-a-tkm-am- tPm-Xn¿- K-a-bar-tXym-Ωm- A-ar-Xw- K-a-b.""Hmw- Im-c- i-_v-Z-ta......- A-\n-Xy-am-b- A-k-Xy-Øn¬-\n-∂v\n-Xy-a-m-b- k-Xy-Øn-te-°v- F-s∂- \-bn-®-\p-{K-ln-t°-W-ta.APvRm-\a - m-Ip-∂- A-\[ v- I - m-cØn¬-\n-∂v- PvR - m-\t- Pym-Xn- n-te°vF-s∂- \-bn-®\ - p-{K-ln°-Wt- a.- a-cW - Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- A-ac - X - z-Øn-te°vF-s∂- \-bn-®-\p-{K-ln-°-W-ta''.{Xn-Ime-PvR-m-\n-bm-b- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-ßfm-Wv- an-°- th-Z{- ]m¿-∞\ - I - f - n-epw- Im-Wp-∂X - v.- G-I\m-b- {_lvaw{Xn-Im-e-Pv-Rm-\n-bm-sW∂v- AY¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-se- Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂1.- X{X-tZ-hm-kv-{X-bx- t{]m-Iv-Xmtem-Im- th-Zm- kv-{X-tbm-Kv-\-bxXn-t{km- am-{Xm¿- [-am-{Xm-N{]-Xy-£-y- in-h-k-y-X-Xv- ({]-W-thm-]-\-n-jØ-v 3).-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

187

{]m¿-∞-\- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p: ""`q-X- `-hn-jy-Xv- h¿-Ø-am-\- ]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fn-se-√mw- F-√m-bv t∏m-gpw- hym-]-I- kz-cq-]-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂,- k¿-∆m-\-µ-a-b-\m-b- {_lva-Øn-\v- \-a-kv-Im-cw''-1.tX-P- n-s≥-d-bpw- Hm-P- n-s≥-d-bpw- ho-cy-Øn-t≥-d-bpw- _e Øn-s≥d-bpw- ]-c-a-am-b- t{km-X- n-t\m-Sv- A-h-sb- B-h-iy-s∏--´psIm-≠v- sN-øp-∂- th-Z-Øn-se- Xm-sg- ]-d-bp-∂- {]m¿-∞-\-bpw- ssZh-Øn-s≥-d- G-I-Xz-am-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv:-- ""tl- k¿-t∆-iz-cm....tXP- m-b- A-ßv- F-s∂-bpw- tX-P-kzn-bm-t°-W-ta.- ho-cy-am-bA-hn-Sp-∂v- F-s∂-bpw- ho-cy-hm-\m-t°W-ta.- A-hn-Sp-∂v- _e-amWv.F-s∂-bpw- _-e-hm-\m-t°-W-ta.- Hm-P- m-b- A-ßv- F-s∂-bpwHmPkn-bm-t°-W-ta.- A-ßv- D¬-km-l-kz-cq-]-\m-Wv.- F-s∂-bpwD¬-km-l-hm\m-t°-W-ta.- A-hn-Sp-∂v- k-l-\-i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv.- Fs∂ bpw- k-l-\-iIv-Xn-bp-≈-h-\m-°-W-ta...''-2.C-Ø-c-sam-cp- {]m¿-∞-\-°v- {io- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- \¬Ip∂- hymJym-\w- {i-t≤-ba - m-Wv:- "kr-jvS- n-°p-ap-ºv- tX-tPm-ab - ß - fmb- kq-cym-Zn- k-Ie - - tem-Iß - f - p-sS-bpw- D¬-∏Ø - n- kvY - m-\h - pw- B[mc-hp-am-bncp-∂-Xv- G-sXm-t∂m,- C-Xn-\v- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xpw- C-\nD-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b- kIe- ]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {Xn-Im-e-Øn-sekzm-an- G-sX-t∂m,- A-Xv- k¿-∆-tem-I-ß-sf-bpw- \n¿-Ωn-®v- c-£n®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-hm-hns\- R-ßƒ- `-Iv-Xn-]q¿-∆w- \an°p-∂p''-3.D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬:- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-sh- Zm¿-i-\nI{]iv\ - ß - f - m-Wv- ssI-Im- c - yw- sN-øp-∂X - v.- {]m-]© - n-I- {]-Xn-`m-kßƒ°v- ]n∂n-se- bm-Ym¿-∞y-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-W-tØm-sSm-∏wX-s∂- B- bm-Ym¿-∞y-hpw- a-\p-jym-kv-Xn-Xz-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _\v[sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-W-hpw- Iq-Sn- D-]-\n-j-Ø-p-Iƒ- Dƒ-s°m≈p 1. tbm-`q-Xw- N- `-hyw- N- k¿-∆w- b-iv-Nm- [n-Xn-jv-T-Xnkz-c-ky-N- tI-h-ew- X-k ssa- tPyjv-T-m-b- {_-lv-a-tW- \-a-x2.Hmw- tX-tPm-kn- tX-tPm-a-bn-t[-lnho¿-ø-a-kn- ho-cy-abn-t[-ln_-e-a-kn- _-ew- abn-t[-lnHm-P-tkym-tPm- a-bn-t[-ln3.\-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- th-Z- ]-cy-S-\w- ]p-dw--:- 53.-

188

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

∂p.- Cu- A-t\z-jW - a - m-Wv- Im-Sp-Ib - d - n- "A-lw- {_-lva - m-kva - n'-sb∂kn-≤m-¥-Øn-te-°v- Nn-e-sc- \bn-®-Xv.- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iy-sØ-°p-dn®N¿-®I - ƒ- ]p-tcm-Ka - n-®v- A-hs - ≥-d- krjvS- n-sb-°p-dn-®pw- cq-]s - Ø°pdn-®p-sa-√m-ap-≈- Im-Sp-Ib - d - n-b- N¿-®b - n-te°p-Iq-Sn- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-IƒF-Øn-s∏-Sp-∂Xv- Im-Wmw-.A-Zzn-Xo-b-\m-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-am-Wv- {]-]-©-krjv-Sn-°p-]n-∂n¬{]-h¿Øn-®-sX-∂v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- Cu- G-I-iIvXn-sb-bmWv- A-h- "{_-lv-aw'- F-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a- i_v-ZwssZ-h-i-_v-Zw -t]m-se-X-s∂- \-]pw-k-I-enw-K-am-Wv.- tZ-h-∑mcpsStZ-h-\pw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-\pw- \ncm-Im-c-hp-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ-bm-WvD]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-Øv- {_-lv-a-i-_v-Zw-sIm≠v- hn-h-£n-®-sX-∂v- {io cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-1 hy-Iv-X-am°p∂p≠v.th-Z-Øn¬- "B-Xv-am-hv-'- F-∂- {]-tbm-Kw- {]m-W-s\-t∂m- a\s t∂m- am-{Xw- A¿-∞-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬- D]\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s≥-d- ]-cym-b-am-bpw- B-Xv-am-hv- F-∂v{]tbm-Kn-®-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- B-Xv-ai-_v-Zw c-≠v- am-\-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p∂p.- H-∂v,- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv-.- c-≠v, Po-hmX-v-am-hv.- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- {]-]-©- krjv-Sn-°p-ap-ºv- \n-an-Ø-am-bn\n-e-sIm-≠-h-\pw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-\m¬- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏´vPo-h-I-fn¬- tN-X-\- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-h\ -- p-am-Wv.- Ch- -c-≠pw- D-]-\njØp-I-fn¬- B-Xv-a- i-_v-Zw-sIm-≠m-Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- Kp-W-[¿-Ωh¿-Æ-\-I-fn¬-\n-t∂- \-ap-°v- th¿-Xn-cn-®v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bq.G-I-\pw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-\p-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_lva-sa∂v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv am-hm-Wv- k¿-∆-Øn-\pw- B-[m-cw.- {]-Pv-Rm-\- kz-cq-]-bm-b- Cu]c-am-Xv-am-hv- Xs∂-bmWv- {_-lvaw''2 F-∂m-Wv- sF-X-tc-tbm-]\nj-Øv- ]-d-bp-∂Xv.Cu- ]-ca - m-Xva - m-hm-Ip-∂p- tem-Iß - s - f-bpw- tem-I] - m-eI - ∑ - msc1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-ßƒ- ]p-dw- 557.2.- {]-Pv-Rm-t\- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-Xw- {]-Pv-Rm-t\-t{Xm-tem-Ix{]-Pv- Rm-{]-Xn-jv-T- {]-Pvm-\w- {_-lv-a-˛(sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Xv- 3:-1:-3)-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

189

bpw- kr-jvS- n-®X - v.- A-h\ - m-Ip-∂p- A-hs - b- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂X - v.- Ah≥G-I-\m-Ip-∂p.- ""A-Zzn-Xo-b-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- P-{K-{Zq-]-Pm-e-sØkr-jv-Sn-®v- Xs≥d- kz-cq-]-`q-X-am-b- im-k-\m- i-Iv-Xn-bm¬- A-Xns\`-cn-°p-∂p.- B- hn-hn-[- im-k-\m-_-e-Øm¬- k-a-kv-X- tem-I-ßsfbpw- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-sc-bpw- b-Ym-tbm-Kyw- `-cn-°p-∂p.- G-I-\m-bn Ø-s∂- k-ak - vX - - P-KØ - n-s≥-db - pw- D-¬∏ - Ø - n-°pwhn-kvX - m-cØ - n\pwk-a¿-∞-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂- B- {_-lv-a-sØ- X-tXz-\- A-dn-bp-∂- a-lm]p-cp-j-∑m¿- A-a-c-∑m-cm-bn- `-hn-°p-∂p''-1.""Pv-Rm-\-k-z-cq-]-\m-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k¿-∆-{k-jv-Sm-hpwk¿∆Pv-R-\pw- B-Xv-a-tbm-\n-bpw- Im-e-Im-e-\pw- k¿-∆-Znhy-Kp-Wk-º∂\pw- k¿-∆t- Ø-bpw- A-dn-bp-∂h - \ - p-am-Ip-∂p.- A-h≥- {][m\t£-{X-PR v- ] - Xnbpw- ({]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- Po-hm-Xa v- m-hn-s≥-db - pw- A[n]-Xn)- k-a-kv-X- KpWß-fp-sS-bpw- im-k-I-\pw- P-\-\-a-c-W- k-z-cq-] am-b- kw-km-c-Øn¬- _-\v[\-Øn-\pw- kv-Yn-Xn-bv-°v- tam-£-Øn\pwIm-c-W-`q-X-\p-a-m-Ip-∂p''2.""B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- X-∑-b-\pw,- A-ar-X-kz-cq-]-\pw,- B-Xv-a-kzcq]-Øn¬- tem-I] - m-e∑ - m-cn-epw- kvY - n-Xn-sN-øp-∂h - \ - pw- k¿-∆P - vR - \pwk¿-∆-K-\pw- Cu- `q-h-\-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c£-I-\p-am-Ip-∂p.- A-h≥- Cuk-ºq¿-Æ- P-K-Øn-s\-bpw- \n-Xy-hpw- `-cn-°p-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- Cu{]-]-©-sØ-- `-cn-°p-hm≥- a-s‰m-cp- tl-Xp-hp-an-√''-3.th-Z-ß-fn¬- k¿-∆-Øn-\pwap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- hn-tijn∏n-®n-´p-≈- ln-c-WyK¿-`-s\-t∏m-epw- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hmsW∂pw- C{µmZntZ-h-∑m-sc-sb-√mw- ]-S-®-Xpw- A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂pwtiz-Xm-iz-Xt- cm-]\ - n-jØ - v- hy-IX v- a - m-°p-∂p-≠:v- '- '-C{- µm-Zn-tZ-h∑ - m-cpsS1.- b- G-tIm- Pm-e- hm-\-o-i-X- Cu-i- \o-`nxk¿-∆m≥- tem-Im-\o-i-tX- Cu-i-\o-`nxb- G-ssh-I- D-Zv-`-th- kw-`-th-iv-N-bG-XZv-hn-Zq-c- ar-Xm-kv- tX- `-h-¥n(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-1)2. k- hn-iz-Ir-Xv- hn-iz-n-Zm-Xv-a-tbm -\n¿-Pv-Rm-- Im-e- Im-tem- Kp--Wo-- k¿-∆-hn-Zy{]-[m-\-t£-{X-Pv-R- ]-Xn¿-Kp-tW-ixkwkm-c-tam-£- kv-Yn-Xn-_-\v-[- tl-Xp-x- (AtX{K\v-Yw- 6:16) 3.- k- X≥-a-tbm- lr--ar-X- Cu-i-kw-kv-tYmPv-Rx-k¿-∆-tKm- `p-h-\-kym-ky- tKm-]v-Xmb- Cu-ti- A-ky- P-K-tXm- \n-Xy-ta-h \m-t\ym- tl-Xp¿- hn-Zy-tX- Cu-i-\m-b- (AtX{K\v-Yw 6:17)

190

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

D¬-∏Ø - n-°pw- hr-≤n-°pw- tl-Xp-`q-X\-mb - n-cn-°p-∂h - \ - pw- k¿-∆m[n ]-Xn-bpw- k¿-hP - vR - \pw- B-Zy-am-bn- ln-cW - y-K¿-`s - \- k-rj - vS- n-®h\pam-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- \-sΩ- ip-`-_p-≤n-bp-≈-h-cm-°n-Øo¿-°-s´''1.{]-Ir-Xn-bn-se- hy-Xy-kX v- - {]-Xn-`m-kß - ƒ-t]m-epw- kw-`h - n°p∂Xv- Cu- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv-.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´m-Wvhm-bp- N-en-°p∂Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂m-Wv- kq-cy≥- D-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-.- CXns\- `-b-∂n-´p-X-s∂-bmWv- A-Kv-\n-bpw- C{µ-\pw- ]-©-a-\m-b- ar-Xyp hpw- I¿Ω-ßƒ- A\p--jvTn-°p-∂-Xv''-2.-P-K-Øn-s≥-d- Im-c-W-sa-¥m-Wv?- kz-`m-h-am-tWm-?- Im-e-am tWm?- A√-X-s∂.- P-K-Øns≥-d- Im-c-Ww- ]-c-tK-iz-c≥- am-{X-amWv.""Cu- P-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww- kz-`m-h-amsW-∂v- Nn-e- _p-≤n-am-∑mc-pwIm-e-am-sW-∂v- a-‰p-Nn-ecpw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- C-h¿- tam-l-{K-kv-X-cm-b-Xn\m¬- P-K-Xv-Im-c-W-sa-s¥-∂-dn-™-p-Iq-Sm.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-Xn-am-\m-b- ]cta-iz-c-s≥-d- a-lm-hn-ti-j-am-WnXv.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- a-ln-asIm-≠m-Wv- Cu- {_-lv-a-N-{Iw- I-d-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv''-3.kq-cy-N{- µm-Zn-Iƒ- {]-Im-in-°p-∂X - v- ]-c{- _-la v- Ø - n-s≥-d- I¬]\-bm-em-Wv- ""A-hn-sS- kq-cy≥- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- N-{µ-\pw- \-£{Xß-fpw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- Cu- hn-Zyp-Øp-°-fpw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.]n-s∂- Cu- A-Kv-\n- F-hn-sS?- tX-tP-m-a-b-am-b- B- ]-c-{_-l-va-sØA-\p-k-cn-®v- as‰√mw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-s≥-d- tim-`-sIm-≠pX-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-]-©w- apgp-h≥- {]-Im-in-°p-∂X-v''-4.1.- tbm- tZ-hm-\mw- {]-`-h-iv-tNm-Zv-`-h-iv-Nhn-izm-[n-t]m- cp-t{Zm-a-l¿-jnxln-c-Wy-K¿-`w- P-\-b-m-am-k- ]q¿-∆wk- t\m- _p-≤ym- ip-`-bm- kw-bp-\-Iv-Xp(AtX{K\v-Yw 3:4) 2 ò-jm- kv-am-Xv-hm--Xx- ]-h-tX,ò-tjm-tZ-Xn- kq-cyxò-jm- kv-am-Z-Kv-\n-iv-tN-{µ-iv-N.ar-Xyp-¿- [m-h-Xn- ]-©-a- C-Xn(ssXØn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 2:8:-1)3.- kz-`-m-h-ta-tI- I-h-tbm- h-Z-¥nIm-ew- X-Ym-t\y- ]-cn-ap-ly-am-\mx- tZ-hssky-j- a-ln-am-Xp-tem-t-Itb- t\-Zw- {`-m-ay-tX- {_-lv-a-N{I(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 6:-1)4.- \- X-{X- kq-tcym-`m-Xn- \- N-{µ-Xm-c-Iwt\-am- hn-Zyp-tXm- `m-¥n- Ip-tXm -f-b-a-Kv-\nxX-ta-h- `m-¥-a-\p- `m-Xn-k¿-∆wX-ky-`m-km- k¿-h- an-Zw- hn-`m-Xn(ap-Wv-W-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- 2:-2:-11)-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

191

]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-\v- C-{µn-b-ß-fn-√.- ]-s£,- A-h≥- Im-Wp-I-bpwtIƒ-°p-I-bp-sa-√mw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- "" B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- I-c-N-c-W-cln-X-\m-sW-¶n-epw- k-a-kv-X- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- {K-ln-°p-∂-h-\pwA-Xn-th-Kw- k¿-h{- X- K-an-°p-∂h - \ - pw- I-Æp-IƒIq-Sm-sX- k¿-∆hpwIm-Wp-∂-h-\pw- ImXp-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- F-√mw- tIƒ-°p-∂-h-\p-am Ip∂p.- A-h≥ - - A-dn-tb-≠X - m-bn-´p-≈X - v- F-√mw- A-dn-bp-∂p.- F∂m¬A-h-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h-\m-bn-´v- Bcp-an-√.- Pv-Rm-\n-Iƒ- A-h-s\- alms\-∂pw- B-Zn-]p-cp-j-s\-∂pw- ]-d-bp-∂p''1.C-{µn-bm-Xo-X-\m-Wv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv.- A-h-s\- Im-Wp-hm≥- I-gn bn-√.- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- cq-]w- Zr-jv-Sn-°p- hn-j-b-a√.- Cu]c-am-Xva - m-hns\- amw-kN - £ - p- p-sIm-≠v- B¿-°pw- Im-Wp-hm≥- km [y-a-√.- km-[-I-∑m¿- lr-Z-b-kv-Yn-X-\pw- A-¥-cym-an-bp-am-b- ]-c-amXv-am-hn-s\- `-Iv-Xn-tbm-Sp -IqSnb- l-r-Z-b-tØm-Spw- \n¿-Ω-e- a-\-t mSpw,- C-{]-Im-cw- A-dn-bp-∂h - ¿- A-ac - ∑m-cm-bn- `-hn-°p-∂p''2- .- C-°mcywX-s∂- I-tTm-]-\n-j-Øv- Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn- hy-IvX-am-bn- hnh-cn-°p-∂p.""B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- hm-°n-\pw- Im-Xn-\pw- _p-≤n°pw- A-{]m-]y-amWv.F-∂m¬- B-cp-sS-ta¬- A-h-\v- Ir-]-bp-t≠m- A-h-\v- B-`m-Kyw- e`n°p-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-h≥- Ir-]m-]m-{X-Ø-n¬- am-{X-sa- kzbw{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q''3.I-Æpw- Im-Xpw- a-\ - p-sa-√mw- {_-lva - s - Ø- t\-cn¬- A-dnbm≥Ai-Iv-X-sa-¶n-epw- C-h-sb-√mw- i-Iv-Xn- t\-Sp-∂-Xv- {_-lv-a-Øn-\mem-sW-∂v- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- ""A-hn-sS- I-tÆmhmt°m- a-\-t m- FØp-∂n-√.- A-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ]-dtb-≠s - X-∂pw- \-ap-°d - n-™p-IqSm.- a-‰p-≈h - c - n¬- \n-∂pw- tI-´v- a\ n1.- A-]m-Wn-]m-tZm- P-h-t\m- Kr-lo-Xm]-iy-Xy-Iv-jpx- k- i-r-tWm-Xy- I¿-Æxk-th-Øn- th-Zyw \-N- X-kym-kv-Xn- th-ØmX-am-lp- c-{Kyw- ]p-cp-jw- a-lm-¥w(tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-19)2.- \- kw-Zr-ti- Xn-jv-T-Xn- cq-]-a-ky - \- N-Iv-jp-jm-]-iy-Xn- I-iv-N-ss\-\.lr-tZm-lr-Zn-kv-Yw- a-\-km- b- G-\ ta-hw- hn-Zp-c- ar-Xm-kv- tX- `-h-¥n- (tiz-tXm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Ø-v 4:-20)-.3. \m-b-am-Xv-am- {]-h-N-t\-\- et`ym - \- ta-[-bm- \- _-lp-\m- {ip-Xt-\b-ta- ssh-j- hr-Wp-tX- tX-\- e-`ykv-X-ssky-j- B-Xv-am-hn-hr-Wp-tX- X-\qw- kzmw(I-tTm-]-\n-jØ-v- 1:2:-23).-

192

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

em-°p-hm-\pw- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-´-h-bn¬\n-∂pw- `n-∂a - m-Wv.- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sm-Øh - b - ° v- pw- AXoX-am-Wv.- C°mcyw\-sΩ- hym-Jym-\n-®v- tIƒ-∏n-®- \-Ωp-sS- ]q¿-∆n-I-∑mcn-¬-\n-∂pwtI-´-Xm-Wv''-1.""hm-°p-I-fn¬- ]-d-b-s∏-Sm≥- A-km-[y-am-b-Xpw- hm-°p-IƒD-®-cn°-s∏-Sm≥- Im-c-W-am-b-Xpw- G-sXm-∂m-tWm- A-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv- {_-lv-asa-∂v- \o- a-\- n-em-°-Ww.- hm-°-p-I-fm¬- D-]m-kn°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''2.""G-sXm-cp- {_-lv-aw- a-\- p-sIm-≠v- a-\- n-em-°-s∏Sp-hm≥km-[y-a-√-tbm,- F-∂m¬- a-\- v- G-sXm-∂n-s≥-d- i-Iv-Xnbm¿-Pv-Pn®n´m-tWm- A-d-b-s∏-´-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv,- A-Xn-s\- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂va-\- n-em-°p-I.- D-]m-k-\m- hn-j-b-am-b-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-3 bm-sXm-∂m-tWm- I-Æp-sIm-≠v- Im-Wm-≥- km-[n-°m-Ø-Xv,F-∂m¬- I-Æn-\v- Z¿-i-\w- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Im-c-Ww- bm-sXm-∂m tWm-,- A-Xn-s\-Øs∂- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- I-ÆpsIm-≠v- Im-Wp-∂- G-sXm-∂n-s\-bm-tWm- a-\p-jy≥- D-]m-kn-°p∂Xv-;- A-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-4.""bm-sXm-cp- i-_Zv- s - Ø- Im-Xp-sIm-≠v- B¿-°pw- tIƒ-°phm≥km-[y-a-√-tbm,- F-∂m¬- bm-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂m-tWm- t{imtX-{µnbØn-\v- {ih-W-i-Iv-Xn- e-`n-°p-∂X-v- A-Xn-s\-Ø-s∂- \o- {_-lv-a sa-∂v- a-\ - n-em-°pI.- Im-Xp-Iƒ-°v- D-]m-k\ - m- hn-jb - a - m-bn-cn- ° - p∂ Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-5.""bm-sXm-∂m-tWm- {]m-W-≥- ap-tJ-\- t{]-cn-X-am-Im-Ø-Xv,F∂m¬- bm-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂p-amtWm- {]m-W-\v- t{]-c-W- e-`n-°p1. \- X-{X- N-Iv-jp¿- K-Nv-O-Xn- \- hm-Kv-K-Nv-O-Xn- t\m-a-t\m\- hn-Zv-tam-\- hn-Pm-\o-tam- b-ssY-X- Z-\p-in-jymXv-˛A\y-tZ-h- X-Zzn-Zn-Xm- Z-tYm- jmx- A-hn-Zn-Xm-Z-[n.- C-Xnip-{ipa- ]q¿-th-jmw- tb-\- kv-X-Zv- hym-N- N-Iv-jn-tc- (tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Xv- 1:-3)-.2.- b-Zv- hm-N-m-\- `yp-Zn-Xw- tb-\- hm-K-`yp-ZytX- X- tZ-h{_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-Zv-[n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX.- (tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-4)3. b≥- a-\-km- \- a-\p-tX- tb-\m-lq¿- at\m -a -XwXtZ-h- {_-lv-a- Xzw- hn-Zv-[n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX- (tIt\m-]-\n-jØv- 1:-5).4. b-®- £p-jm-\- ]-iy-Xn- tb-\- N-jv-jyw-jn- ]-i-y-XnX-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- bZn-Z- ap-]m-ktX- (AtX{K\v-Yw-- 1:6) 5. b-Xv- t{im-t{X-W- \- {ip-tWm-Xn- tb-\- t{im-{X- an-Zw- {ip-Xw X-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX- (AtX{K\v-Yw-- 1:7)

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

193

∂-Xv,- A-Xn-s\-Ø-s∂- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- {]m-W-\vD-]m-k-\m-hn-j-b-am-b-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''1.G-I-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k-a-kv-X- i-Iv-Xn-I-fn-epw- B-[n-]-Xywhln-°p-∂p.- ""F-{]-Im-c-am-tWm- Cu- kq-cy≥- F-√m- Zn-°p-I-sfbpw,ap-I-fn-epw,- Xm-sg-bpw,- C-hn-sS-\n-∂pw,- A-hn-sS-\n-∂pw,- C-ß-s\F-√m- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂pw- {]-Im-in-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- kz-bw- {]-Im-in-°p∂ Xv,- A-Xp-t]m-se- htc-Wy-\pw- ]-c-ta-iz-c-\p-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hvGI\m-bn-Ø-s∂- k-a-kv-X-Im-cW-ß-fm-Ip-∂- k-z-i-Iv-Xn-I-fn¬B[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂p''-2.]-c{- _-lva - s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- A-dnbm-Øh - \ - v- th-Zß - ƒ-sIm-≠v- bmsXmcp- {]-tbm-P-\-hp-ans√-∂v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.""k-a-kv-X- tZh-∑m-cpw- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂- A-\-iz-c-am-b- ]-c-a-thym-aØn¬- h-kn-°p-∂- ]c{_-lv-a-sØ- A-dn-bm-Ø- a-\p-jy-\v- th-Z-ßfm¬- bm-sXm-cp- {]tbm-P-\hpw- kn-≤n-°p-I-bn-√.- F-∂m¬- C-X-dnbp-∂-h≥- A-hn-sS- k-ay-Iv-co-Xn-bn¬- kvYn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p''3.]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h¿- A-a-c-Xz-hpw- A-X-dn-bmØh¿- im-iz- X - Z- px-Jß - f - n-epw- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- ""B- ln-cW - y-K¿-`s - \-°mfpwDXv-Ir-jv-S-am-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- A-cq-]-\pw- A-\m-a-b-\p-am-Wv.- B]-ca - m-Xa v- m-hns\- A-dn-bp-∂h - ¿- A-ac - X - z-sØ- {]m-]n-°p-∂p.- F∂m¬Cu- c-lk - y-ad - n-bm-Øh - ¿- ho-≠pw- ho-≠pw- Zpx-Js - Ø- {]m]n°p∂p''4.Cu- G-I-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- am-{X-am-Wv- B-cm-[-\-Iƒ-°¿l-s\∂pw- tZ-h-]n-Xr-am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- B-cm-[n°p-∂-Xv- im-iz-X- \jvS-Øn-te-°v- am{X-sa- \-bn-°p-I-bp-≈q-sh-∂pw- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\n-jØ - v- hy-IvX - a - m-°p-∂p.- ""hn-Zy-bm-Ip-∂- PvR - m-\X - X - z-hpw- A-hnZy1.- b-Xv- {]m-tW-\- \- {]m-Wn-Xn-tb-\- {]m-Wx -{]Wo-b-tXX-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z-ap-]m-k-tX(tIt\m-]-\n-jØv- 1:8) 2.- k¿-hm-Zn-ix-- Du¿-≤z-a-[-iv-N- Xn-cy-Iv{]-Im-i-b≥- {`m-P-tX- b-Zz-\-Uv-hm≥G-hw- k-tZ-thm- `-K-hm≥- h-tc-tWymtbm-\n- kz-`m-hm-\- [n-Xn-jv-T-tXy-Ix(tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-4)3.- EtNm- A-£-tc- ]-c-ta- thym-a≥ b-kv-an≥- tZ-hm- A-[n-hn-ti-z-- \n-tj-Zpx b-kv-Xw- \- th-Z- In-ar-Nm- I-cn-jy-Xm-- b- C-Xvb-Zv-hn-Zp-kv-X- C-t-a- k-am-k-tX(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 4:-8).4.- X-tXm- b-Zp-Ø-c-X-cw- X-Z- cq-]-a-\m-a-bw. - b- G-X- Zhn--Zp-ca - r-Xm-kvt- X- `-h¥ - n-At- Y- X-tc- Zpx-Jt- a-hm-]n-b¥ - n- (AtX{K\vY - w 3:10).

194

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

bm-Ip-∂- I¿-Ω-X-Xz-hpw- H-∂n-®v- {K-ln-°p-∂- a-\p-jy≥- I¿-Ωm\pjv-Tm-\-ß-fn¬-Iq-Sn- ar-Xyp-hn-s\- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- Pvm-\-am¿-§-\njv-T-\m-bn- A-ar-X-Xz-sØ- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p''-1.""\-iz-c-ß-fm-b- tZ-h-]n-Xr-a-m-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- D-]m-kn-°p-∂-h¿A-Pv-Rm-\-am-Ip-∂- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- A-hn\-minbm-b- ]-c am-Xv-am-hn-s\-°-p-dn-®v- an-Yym-`n-am-\-tØmS-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂h-cpw- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬-X-s∂- ]-Xn-°p-∂p''-2.-""\m-i-c-ln-X-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- D-]m-kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p ≠mIp-∂- ^ -- -ew- a-s‰m-∂m-sW-∂pw,- \-iz-c-ß-fm-b- ]n-Xr-tZ-hm-Zn-I sf- D-]m-kn°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈- ^ -- -ew- A-Xn-epw- `n-∂-am-sW-∂pw]-d-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- hym-Jym-\n-®n-Sp-≈- PvRm-\n-IfpsS- t{i-jv-T-h-N-\-ßƒ- \mw- tI-´n-´p-≠v''3.A-Sn-kvY - m-\] - c - m-b- G-Is - sZ-hhn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[\ - w- sNøp ∂- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬- Nn-e-h-bm-Wv- \mw- N¿-®- sN-bv-X-Xv.ssZ-hn-I- a-XØ - n-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- hy-IX -v a - m-bn- a-\k - n-em-°m≥- Ignbp∂p-≠v- Cu- hN-\-ß-fn¬.- tZ-h-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p-≈- k-¶¬-∏-hpw- D]\n-jØ - p-If - n¬-Xs - ∂- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂X - v- Cu- hn-jb - Øns≥da-dp-]p-da - m-W.v - tZ-h∑ - m-sc-°p-dn-®- kvX - p-Xn-Iƒ- Im-Sp-Ib - d - n- Ah-b° v pwA-\-¥-X-bpw- \n-Xy-X-bpw- k¿-∆m-[n-Im-c-hpw- I¬-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂p-≠v.- ]-t£,- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se-√mw- X-s∂- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-sc√mh-cpw- G-Im-kv-Xn-Xz-am-b- ]-c-{_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h¿-ØnItfm- kr-jv-Sn-I-tfm- B-sW-∂- X-Xzw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.- tZ-h-∑mcpsSkz-X-{¥-ym-kv-Xn-X-zw- k-Ω-Xn-°m≥- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- k-∂-≤-a-s√∂¿-∞w.i-n-h-s\- \n-Xy\pwhn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- {k-jv-Sm-hp-am-bh-X-cn-∏n°p-∂- i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- C-h-sc-√mw- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn I-fm-sW-∂pw- Iq-Sn- hy-IvX - a - m-°p-∂X - v- t\m-°p-I:- - ""A-h≥- F-√mh¿1.- hn-Zymw-N- A-hn-Zymw-N- b-kv-X- Ip-thtZm- `-bw- klA-hn-Zy-bm- ar-Xypw- Xo¿-Øzm- hn-Zy-bm- A-ar-X- a-iv-\p-tX(Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-Øv11).2.- A-\v-[w- X-ax -{]-hn-i-¥n-tb- -kw- `q-Xn- ap-]m-k-tXXtbm- `q-b- C-h- tX- X-tam- b- D- kw-`q-Xymw- c-Xmx- (AtX{K\v-Yw 12) 3. A-\y-tZ-hm-lpx- kw-`-hm- Z-\y-Zm-lp-c- kw-`-hm-X- vC-Xn- ip-{ip-a- [o-cm-Wmw- tb- \-kv-Xm-Zzn-N- N-£n-tc- (AtX{K\v-Yw 13)

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

195

°pw- {]-`p-hpw- t{i-jvT - \ - p-am-Wv.- ]n-Xm-hpw- ]-ct- a-iz-c\ - p-am-Wv.- Ah≥X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-am-hn-s\- [m-c-Ww- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-h≥-X-s∂bm-Wv- th-Zß - s - f- ap-ºn-\m¬-Xs - ∂- \n¿-Æb - n-°p-∂X - v.- A-h≥-Xs∂bm-Wv- {]-`p-hpw- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- ]n-Xm-hpw.- A-h-≥- Ft≥-d-bpwhn-jv Wp-hn-t≥-db - pw- P-\I - \ - m-W.v - A-h≥ - X - s - ∂-bm-W-v A-¥I - m-eØ - -v k¿∆tem-I-ß-sf-bpw- kw-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- B- tZ-h-\v- \-a-kv-°m-cw''-1.F-∂m¬- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]p-cm-Wß - f - n-epw- kva - r-Xn-If - n-ep-sa-√mw- CutZ-h-∑m¿-°v- kz-X-{¥-am-b- A-[o-im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- B-tcm-]n-®v- Ahsc- ssZ-h-ß-fm-°n- am-‰p-∂- Im-gv-N-bm-Wv- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.A-ßs - \- A-hs - c-√mw- ssZ-hß - f - m-bn- amdn-bt- ∏mƒ- G-I\ - m-b- {_lva-sØ-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-]w-X-s∂- P-\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- am-™pt]m-bn.- C-∂-sØ- ln-µp-°-fp-sS- hn-izm-k-ß-fn-tem- B-Nm-c-ß-fn tem- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- em-©-\-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- Ignbn-s√-∂- A-hk - vY - b - m-Wp-≈X - v.- {_-lva - s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- A-h¿-°v- Adnbp-I-t]m-ep-an-√.- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-tbm- {]-Pm-]-Xn-tb-tbm- ]-c-taizc-t\-tbm- ln-cW - y-K¿-`t- \-tbm- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-s\-tbm-Ip-dn-®v- Ah¿tI-ń-ń-√.- A-h¿-°-dn-bp-I- in-h-s\-bpw- ]m¿-∆-Xn-sb-bp-am-Wv-; hnjvWp-hn-s\-bpw- e-£v-an-sb-bp-am-Wv; {_-lv-am-hn-s\-bpw- k-c-kz-Xnsbbp-am-Wv; cm-a-s\-bpw- ko-X-sb-bp-am-Wv;- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- K-W-]-Xn sb-bp-am-Wv.- A-h¿- {]m¿-∞\ - b - pw- B-cm-[\ - m- h-gn-]m-Sp-If - p-a¿-∏n°p∂-Xv- Cu- tZ-h∑ - m¿-°m-Wv.- A-hc - p-sS- aq¿-Øn-Iƒ-°pwhn-{K-lßƒ°pw- enw-K-ß-ƒ-°p-am-Wv._-lp-ssZ-h-cm-[\-bn-te-°v-:-ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kØn-em-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\ Øn-s≥-d- ASn-Ø-d- kv-Ym-]n-°-s∏-ń´p-≈-sX-∂v- \mw- a-\- n-em°n.- ]n-s∂- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ln-µp-°ƒ_-lp-ssZ-hh - n-izm-kØ - n-te°v- h-gn-am-dn-bs - X-∂- At\z-jW - Ø - n\vXo¿-®-bm-bpw- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp≠v.- C-Xn-\v- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm-k-¶¬-∏Øns≥-d-bpw- A-h-Xm-c-hn-izm-kØn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Sn-Ø-d-Iƒ-Iq-Sn1.- {]-`pw- h-tc-Wyw- ]n-Xc - w-at- l-iz-cwtbm- {_-lva - m-Ww- hn-Z[ - m-Xn- X-kvs - sath-Zmw-ivN - - k¿-hm¬- {]-ln-tWm-Xn-Nm-{KywXw- ssh- {]-`pw- ]n-Xc - w- tZ-hX - m-\mwa-am-]n- - hn-jvt- Wm¿-P\ - I - wtZ-ha - o-Uyw- tbm f- - ¥- Im-te k - ¿-h- tem-Im≥- kw-Pl - tc- (i-ct- `m-]\ - n-jØ - v- 2,-3)-

196

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

]-cn-tim-[n-°s - ∏-SW - w.- A-Sp-Ø- t]Pp-If - n¬- A-Xm-Wv- \n¿-∆l - n°s∏-Sp-∂Xv.- tZ-h-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬∏-Øn-\v- a-e-°p-I-sf-°pdn-®hn-izm-kh - p-am-bpw- A-hX - m-c- k-¶¬-∏Øn-\v- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-sc-°pdn®hn-izm-kh - p-am-bpw- XmXzn-Ia - m-bn- _\v[a - p-s≠-∂v- Im-Wm≥- Ignbpw.]p-Wy]p-cp-j∑ - m-sc- tZ-h∑ - m-cm-bn- A-ht- cm-[n-®v- A-hs - c- Bcm[n-°p-∂- Im-gv-N-bm-Wv- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- Cuam¿-§-{`w-i-Øn-s≥-d- B-cw-`w- th-Z-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂va-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- C-{µ-s\-bpw- an-{X-s\-bpw- h-cpW-s\bpw- kq-cy-N{- µm-Zn-tKm-fß - s - f-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p- ∂ - h - c - m-b- Bcy-∑mcpsS- Nn-{X-am-Wv- th-Z-ßƒ- hc-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.- ip-≤-am-b- G-IssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂- v- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-XvH-‰- cm-{Xn-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS- sa-s√-sas√-bmbncn-°-Ww- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv.- At∏mƒ- kaq-lsØ- t\¿-h-gn-°v- \-bn-t°-≠- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- F-¥v- sNøp-Ibmbncp-∂p-sh-∂- tNm-Zyw- {]-k-Iv-X-am-Wv.G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn¬- A-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- H-cp- Z¿-i-\w- _ lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-te-°v- h-gn-am-dnt∏m-Ip-∂-Xv- B- k-aq-l-Øn-se]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-sc-√m-w- \n-jv-{In-b-cm-bn- t\m-°n-\n-∂p-sh-∂v- A-\pam\n-°p-I- h-ø.- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cn¬- ]-ecpw- \-thm-∞-m-\-Øn-\v- apXn¿∂n-´p-≠m-h-Ww.- At∏mƒ- s]m-Xp-P-\-Øn-s≥-d- ln-X-Øn-\-\p-kcn®v- a-X-sØ- am-‰n-a-dn-°m≥- k-∂-≤-cm-b- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- C-Ø-cw]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-s°-Xn-sc- cw-K-{]-th-iw- sN-bv-Xn-´p-ap-≠m-bn-cn-° Ww.- A-h-cp-sS- \ym-bo-I-c-W-ß-fpw- hmZ-ß-fp-am--Wv- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq sS- ssI-am-‰w- sN-øs - ∏-´X - pw- B-te-J\ - w- sN-øs - ∏-´X - pw.- k-aq-lØns\-Xn-sc- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- [z-P-hm-l-I-cm-bn- \n-esIm≠- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- Im-em-¥-c-Øn¬- hn-kv-a-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpwA-ht- cm-sSm-∏w- A-hc - p-sS- B-ib - ß - f - pw- a-cn-®p-aÆ - S- n-bp-Ib - pw- sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww.- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h- G-s‰-Sp-°p-hm≥- B-fn-√m-sX-bm-b-Xmbn-cn-°-Ww- A-h-bp-sS- k-ºq¿-Æ-\m-i-Øn-\v- hgn-sX-fn-bn-®-Xv.]-e- tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpwhn-fn-®v- {]m¿-∞n-®n-cp-∂- ssl-µ-h- kaqlsØ- G-Is - sZ-hm-cm-[\ - b - p-sS- t\¿-am¿-§Ø - n-te-°v- £-Wn-°p∂Xn-\v- ]I-cw- Cu- _-lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw-Iq-Sn- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-im-k

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

197

Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-amsW-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-Øv- k-aq-l-sØ- A-\v-[-Imc-Øn¬- X-f-®n-Sm≥- {i-an-®-]p-tc-m-ln-X-∑m-cp-sS- c-N-\-Iƒ-°m-Wvk-aq-lØ - n¬- im-iz- X - X - z- w- e-`n-®Xv.- ""k-Øm-b- H-∂n-s\- hn-Zz- m≥am¿]-e-Xm-bn- {]-Io¿-Øn-°p-∂p''-1sh-∂pw- ""k-Øm-b- H-∂n-s\- A-dnhp≈-h¿- ]-e-Xm-bn- I¬-∏n-°p-∂p''-2 sh-∂p-amWv- A-Ø-cw- ]-Wv-UnX∑m¿- k-aq-l-sØ- ]-Tn-∏n-®-Xv.- Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- kØm-b- H-∂n s\- ]-e-Xm-bn- I¬-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- A-dn-hp-≈-h-sc-∂- [z\n- A-S ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-Y-hm- k-Øm-b- H-∂n-s\- H-∂p-am-{X-am-bn- I¬∏n°p-∂h¿- hn-Zzm≥-am-c-√.- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-te-°vP-\-ß-sf- £-Wn-®- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-sc- hn-a¿-in-®v- A-h¿- hn-h-c-tZmjn-I-fm-sW∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m\-p-≈- {i-a-am-bn-cn-°mw- Cu- kqIvX-ßƒ-°v- ]n-∂n-ep-≈-Xv.- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- Xm-Xzn-I-am-bn- G-IssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- X-s∂-bm-sW-∂- Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-sS- \y-m-bo-I-c W-am-Wv- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- cq-]Ø - n-ep-≈- hn-Nn-{X-am-b- _-lp-ssZhhnizm-k-Øn-te-°v- ln-µ-p-a-X-sØ- B-]-Xn-∏n-®-Xv.G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw-X-s∂-bm-Wv- i-cn-sb-∂v- a-\- n-em-°pIbpw- F-∂m¬- k-aq-l-Øn¬- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm-hn-izmksØ- s]s´-∂v- hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv- X-ß-fp-sS- hy-Iv-Xn-Po-hn-X-sØ{]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn- _m[n-°p-sa-∂v- `-b-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- a-s‰m-cp- hn`mKw- ]-WvU - n-X∑ - m-sc-Iq-Sn- Nn-e- th-Zk - q-IvX - ß - f - n¬- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bp-∂p.- ""tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- \m-a-ß-sf- [-cn-®n-´p-≈- hy-Iv-Xn- H-∂p-X s∂-bm-Ip-∂p''-3 sh-∂- D-]-tZ-i-Øn-eq-sS- P-\-ß-sf- G-I-ssZ-hhnizm-k-Øn-te-°v- sIm-≠p-h-cm-≥ A-h¿- {i-an-®p-sh-¶n-ep-w,- ]n∂oSv- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-sW∂\ym-bo-I-c-W-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- A-h-cp-sS- h-N-\-ßƒ- hym-Jym\n°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-X-Xv.G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°v- sh-fn-s∏-´n-´pw- ]mac≥am-cn¬- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bn-s√-∂- bm-Ym¿-∞yw- tUm-Iv-S¿cm-[mIr-jv-W≥- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xp-∂p:- ""Nn-e{]-tXy-I-°m-cpsS- a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®- Z¿-i-\m-Xv-a-I-am-b1 G-Iw- k-Zzn-{]m- _-lp-[m-h-Z-¥n- (E-tKz-Zw- 2:-3:-6)2.- G-Iw- k-¥w- _-lp-[m- I¬-∏-b-¥n- (EtKz-Zw 8:6:6) 3.- tbm-tZ-hm-\mw- Xm-a-[m- G-I- G-h- (EtKz-Zw- 8:-3:-3)-

198

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

199

G-I-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- ]ma-c-P-\-ß-fp-sS- A-\v-[-hn-Im-c-ß-fp-am-bnH-cp- ]-c-kv-]-c- [-m-c-W-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- hm-kv-X-h-Øn-en-Xp-aqew]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- ]m-a-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw- C-S-bn¬- Nn-¥m-]-c-am-bH-cp- k-\v-[n-bp-sS- A-¥-co-£w- kw-Pm-X-am-bn.- A-Xn-t∏m-gpw- Xp-S¿ ∂p-h-cp-∂p''-1.- ]-W-vUn-X-∑m¿-°v- sh-fn-s∏-´- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kwkm-[m-c-W-°m-cn¬-\n-∂pw- a-d-®p-sh-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂¿-∞w.- CXn\vIm-c-Ww- kzm¿-∞-X-bm-hmw.- A-s√-¶n¬- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- hn-izm-kßsf- F-Xn¿-Øm-ep-≠m-hp-∂- `-hn-jy-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®- `-b-am-hmw.F¥mbn-cp-∂m-epw- B- a-d-®p-sh-°-em-Wv- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- cq-]Øn¬,- G-Is - sZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\s - Ø-°p-dn-®p-t]m-ep-ad - n-bm-Øhn-[-Øn-ep-≈- _lpssZh- hn-izm-k-Øn-te-°v- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i\w]cn-W-an-°m-\p-≈- ]-e Im-cW-ß-fn-sem-∂v.-

jn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- {io-Ir-jvW - ≥- ]-db - p-∂p-:- ""Cu- P-KØ - n-s≥-d- ]nXmhpw- am-Xm-hpw- ]n-Xm-a-l-\pw- I¿-Ω-^-e-ZmXm-hpw- A-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠h-kv-Xp-hpw- ]-cn-ip-≤- h-kv-Xp-hpw- Hm-¶m-c-hpw- E-tKz-Z-hpw- km-a-th Z-hpw- b-Pp¿-th-Zhp-w- Rm≥-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p''-1 ""N-cm-N-cm-Xv-a-ß-fmbF-√m- `q-X-ß-fpw- Fs≥d- c-≠p-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂p≠m-b-h-bm-Ip-∂p.- A-Xn\m¬- Rm≥- k-I-e- tem-I-Øn-s≥-d-bpwD¬-∏-Øn°pw- eb-Øn-\pw- Imc-W-`q-X-\m-Ip-∂p''-2 ""{]m-]y-kv-Ym\-hpw- `-c-W-I¿-Øm-hpw- \n-b¥m-hpw- {]-Xy-£-Øn¬- I-≠-dn-bp∂h-\pwhm-k-kv-Ym-\-hpw- c-£-I-\pw- ln-XIm-cn-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-I¿-Ømhpw- kw-lm-c-I¿-Øm-hpw- ]m-e-\-I¿-Øm-hpw- {]f-b-kv-Ym-\-hpw- \mi-c-ln-X-am-b- aq-e-Im-c-W-hpw- Rm-≥-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p''-3.-

F-√m ssZ-h-ß-sf-bpw- tbm-Pn-∏n-®v- G-I-ssZ-h-am-°m-\p-≈H-cp- {i-aw- Ko-X-bn-eq-sS-bpw- \-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.- ""tl....- Ip-¥o]p{Xm-!- {i-≤-tbm-sS- A-\y-tZ-h-X-I-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- `-Iv-X-∑m¿hn[n-{]-Im-c-a-√m-sX- F-s∂-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv''-2 F∂Ir-jvt- Wm-]t- Z-iØ - n-eq-sS- hn-hn-[- ssZ-hß - s - f- B-cm-[n-°p-∂h - cpwIr-jv-W-s\-∂- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- X-s∂-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-sX-∂vh-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m-≥- Ko-Xm-Im-c≥- {ian-°p-∂p-≠v.- F-∂m¬- C-XvKo-X-bn-se-X-s∂- a-‰p-Nn-e- h-N-\-ß-fp-am-bn- s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. ""C-{µm-Zn- tZ-h-∑m-sc- D-t±-in-®v- {h-X-a-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-h¿- C{µm-Zn-IsfX-s∂- {]m-]n-°p-∂p.- ]n-Xr-tZ-h∑ - m-sc- `-Pn-°p-∂h - ¿- ]n-Xr-°s - fbpw{]m-]n-°p-∂p.- F-s∂- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-h¿- ]-c-am-\-µ-kz-cq-]-\m-bFs∂-Ø-s∂- {]m-]n-°p-∂p''-3sh-∂v- Ir-jv-W≥- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- tZh]n-Xr-am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv- hy¿-∞-am-sW-∂pw- Cu-izc-{]m-]vX - n-°v- Ah-s\-am-{Xw- B-cm-[n-®n-t´-- Im-cy-ap-≈q-sh-∂pw- hyIvX-am-°-p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp∂Xv.-

H-cp-h-i-Øv- {io-Ir-jv-W]q-Pbn-e[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øp-∂- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-X-s∂- a-dp-h-i-ØvtZ-h-]q-P-°v- A-\p-a-Xn- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- hy-Xy-kv-X- tZ-h-X-I-sf- B-cm[n-°p-∂X - n-eq-sS- G-Is - sZ-hs - Ø-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n°p-∂s - X∂[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°p-I-bp-w- sN-øp-∂p.- ""G-tX-Xv- `-Iv-X-∑m¿- GtX-Xvcq-]-sØ- {i-≤m-]q¿-∆w- A¿-®n-°m-\-n-On-°p-∂p-thm- B- `-Iv-X-∑mcpsS- B- cq-]Ø - n-ep-≈- {i-≤s - b-Xs - ∂- Rm≥- kvY - n-ca - m-°n-Øo¿°p∂p.-- kvYn-c-am-b- {i-≤-tbm-sS- B- `-Iv-X≥- B- k-z-cq-]-sØ- Bcm[n°p-∂p.- k¿∆m-¥-cym-an-bm-b- Rm-≥-X-s∂- D-≠m-°n-Øo-¿-°p-∂B- A-`o-jv-S- h-kv-Xp°-sf- B- tZ-h-Xm-kz-cq-]-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A-h-\vIn-´p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p''4.- Cu- [m-c-W-bn-eq-sS- G-I-ssZ-h-am-b- hnjvWp-hn-\v- Hu-∂X - yw- \¬-Im-\m-Wv- Ko-Xm-Im-c≥- {i-an-°p-∂s - X-¶nepwssi-h-˛ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-te-°m-W-h- ]n-∂-o-Sv- \-bn-®Xv.G-Xm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- G-I-ssZ-h-am-°m-\p-≈- Ko-XmImc-s≥-d- {i-ah - pw- {]m-tbm-Kn-Ia - m-bn- ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏Sp-∂X - m-Wv- C-¥ybn¬Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww,- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm[\bpsS- AwKo-I-c-W-a-√m-sX- a-s‰m-∂p-a-√.-

a-‰v- ssZ-h-ß-sf-sb-√mw- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- e-bn-∏n-°m\-p-≈- {iaam-Wv- Ko-Xb - n¬- Im-Wp-∂X - v.- hn-jvW - p-hn-s≥-d- Ah-Xm-cs - a-∂v- hnti1.-Dr. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol I Page 145.

2.- tbf ] -\y- tZ-h-Xm- `-Iv-Xm- b-P-t¥- {i-≤-bm-\zn-XmxtX -]n- am-ta-h- sIu-t¥-b- b-P-¥- hn-[n- ]q¿-∆-Iw- (`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 9:-23)3.- bm-¥n- tZ-h-{h-Xm- tZ-hm≥- ]n-Xr≥- bm-¥-n- ]n-Xr-{h-Xmx`q-Xm-\n- bm-¥n- `q-tX-Pym- bm-¥n- a-Zym-Pn-t\m-]n-amw- (Ko-X- 9:-25)-

1.- ]n-Xm-fl-a-ky- P-K-tXm- am-Xm-[m-Xm- ]n-Xm-a-l-xth-Zyw- ]-hn-{X-tam-¶m-c- E-Iv-km-a- b-Pp-tc-h -N- (-Ko-X 9:17). 2.- G-X-tZym-- \o-\n- `q-Xm-\n- k¿-∆m-Wo-Xyp-]-[m-c-bA-lw- Ir-Xv-kv-\-ky- P-K-Xx -{]-`-hx- {]-f-b-kv-X-Ym- -(Ko-X 7:6). 3.- K-Xn¿-`¿-Øm- {]-`px-km-£o- \n-hm-kx-i-c-Ww- kp-lrXv{]-`-hx-{]-fbx-kv-Ym-\w- \n-[m-\w- _o-P-a-hy-bw- (Ko-X 9:18) 4.Ko-X 7:21,22.

200

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

_-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn¬-\n-∂v- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-te°vlnµp-°-sf- sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\v- {i-an-®- \-thm-∞m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS- ]-e-Xn-s≥-d-bpw- X-I¿-®-bm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- \ap°vIm-Wm-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥-tdm-bn-bp-sS- "{_-lv-a-kamPw'- C-s∂-hn-sS-?- dm-\s - U-bp-sS- "{]m¿-∞\ - m-ka - m-P'-sanhn-sS?- cmam\-µs - ≥-db - pw- I-_o- d - ns≥d-bpw- "`-IvX - n-{]-kvY - m-\'-sa-hn-sS?- Cu- {]kvYm-\-ß-sf-√mw- G-I-ssZh-hn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øm≥- {ian®p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- `m-c-XØn-s≥-d- a-Æn¬- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-dGSp-I-fn¬- am-{X-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- {]-k-IvXn.- {]m-tbm-KnIPo-hn-XØn¬ \ - n-∂v- A-h- ]q¿-Æa - m-bpw- ]-dn-®p-am-‰s - ∏-´p.- F-¥n\[nIw-,- Zbm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- B-cy-k-am-Pw-t]m-epw- AXn-s≥-dXo-{hhpw- k-¶p-Nn-Xh - p-am-b- tZ-io-bX - - am-{Xw- A-ht- i-jn-∏n-®v,Z- m¿i \n-Iamb- G-I-ssZ-h-kn-≤m-¥-tØm-sSm-∏w- `m-c-X-a-Æn¬- N-c-aw{]m]n®XmWt√m- \mw- Im-Wp-∂Xv-!.F-∂m¬,- I-√v ap-X¬- Im-™n-c-Ip-‰n-h-sc-bp-≈- k-I-e-X-ns\bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]-Wn-X- {io-i¶cs≥-d- AssZzX- Z¿-i\ - Ø - n-\m-Wv- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- ssl-µh - - \-thm∞m\-sa-∂- A-≤ym-b-Øn-\v- Io-gn¬- kv-Ym-\-ap-≈-Xv.- i¶--cm-Nm-cy-sc]m-Sn-∏p-Ig - vØ - m-≥- F-∂pw- B-fp-If - p-≠v.- At±-ls - Ø- ]n-¥p-Sc - m\pwB-i-b-ßƒ- {]-N-cn-∏n-°m-\pw- P-∑-hm¿-jn-I-ßƒ- sIm-≠m-Sm-\pw\n-co-iz-c- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-- h-Iv-Xm-°ƒ-t]m-epw- ap≥\ncbn ¬- X-s∂-bp-s≠-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv- G-sd- hnNn{X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.th-Z-ß-fn-se-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se-bpw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izmk-Øn-e[ - n-jvT - n-Xa - m-b- X-Xz-kw-ln-XI - ƒ-°v,- A-hb - p-sS- am-{Xw- ASnkv-Ym-\-Øn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠v- {]m-tbm-Kn-I- cq-]-w- \¬-Im≥- km-[y a-s√-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-\-thm-∞m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-cm-PbØn ¬- \n-∂v- a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv.- G-I-ssZ-h-m-Z¿-i-Øn-s≥-d- {]mtbmKnI-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\v- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-b- ssZhn-I- t{km-X p-Iƒ-t°I-gn-bq-.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- am-\p-jn-I- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-I-fn¬\n-∂v- ap-‡-am-b- k-am-lm-c-ß-ƒ-t°- km-[n-°q.- A-Øcw- kv-JenXc-ln-X-amb- ssZ-hn-I- t{km-X- m-bn- tem-I-Øn-\v- ap-ºn¬- A-hXcn∏n-°m-≥ -]-‰p-∂- G-I-{K-\v-Yw- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B≥- am-{X-am-Wv.-

201

2 _lp-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏whn-iZ- mw-iß - f - n¬- hy-Xy-kvX - s - a-¶n-epw- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- \nb{¥-W-®p-a-X-e-bp-≈- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw- G-sd-°p-sdF-√m- a-X-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-ƒ- CuiIv-Xn-I-sf- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- a-e-°p-Isf-∂pw- am-em-J- (Angels)am-sc∂p-am-Wv.- {Ko-°p-Im¿- Yn-tbm-kv- (Theos) F-∂pw- tdm-a° - m¿ sUbqkv- (Deus) F-∂pw- t]¿-j-y-°m¿- b-kv-Xm-s\- (Esthan)∂pw- hnfn°p-∂X - v- Cu- i-IvX - n-Is - f-Øs - ∂-bm-Wv.- a-e° - p-Iƒ-°v- G-sX-¶nepwcq-]-Øn-ep-≈- Zn-hy-Xz-ap≈-Xm-bn- apkv-enw-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-√.am-em-Ja - m-cn¬- {]-ap-J\ - m-b- ]-cn-ip-≤m-Xa v- m-hv- ssZ-hn-I- {Xn-Xz-Ønseaq-∂m-a-sØ- B-f-Xz-am-bn-´m-Wv- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.am-em-J-am¿- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- s]¨-a-°-fm-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- a-°-bn se- _-lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS- hn-izm-kw.- {Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- ]ptcmW-ß-fn-se- Yn-tbm-kpw- sU-bq-kpw- kz-¥-am-b- A-Xo-im-[n-Im-cß-fpwkz-X-{¥-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-hp-ap-≈-h-cm-W-v.ssl-µh - - ]p-cm-Wß - f - n-se- "tZ-h"- k-¶¬-∏w- sk-an-‰n-Iv- aXßfnse- am-em-J-am-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn- XmXzn-I- s]m-cp-Øw-

202

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

{]-I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p-≠v.- ]-t£,- am-em-J-am¿- ssZ-h-I¬-∏-\-I-f-\p-kcn®v- am-{Xw- {]-h¿-Øn°m≥- hn-[n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-sW-∂- hn-izm-k-hpambn- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥- Bcy-tZ-h- k-¶-¬-∏-Øn-\v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- thZ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p∂- tZ-h-∑m-cn¬- ]-e¿-°pw kz-X{¥am-b- \n-b-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- ssI-Im-cy-I¿-Ør-Xz-hpw- I¬-∏n°s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.a-XN - c - n-{X-sØ- ]-cn-Wm-a- {]-{In-bb - p-sS- `u-Xn-I- ho-£W - ØneqsS- am-{Xw- t\m-°n-°-≠- K-th-j-I¿- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k- ]q-Pbpw]n-Xp-cm-cm[-\b - p-am-Wv- Cu- _-lp-tZ-hX - m- k-¶¬-]Ø - n-\v- A-SnØd]-m-In-b-sX-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂- G-I-Xz-hn-`m-h-\_lp-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬- \n-∂- v- D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-≠m-b-Xm-sW-∂pwhm-Zn-°p-∂p.- `m-cX - o-b- a-Xß - f - p-sS- aq-ew- G-Is - sZ-hh - n-izm-kØ - nemsW-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- Cu- G-I-ssZh- hn-izm-k-tØmsSm-∏-w- `m-c-X Øn¬-h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]t_m-[-\w- sNbvX- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈hn-izm-k-am-Wv- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ød-bm-bn- h-¿-Øn-®sX-∂v- kq-£v-a- hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- Ignbpw.- a-e°p-I-sf- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂1- k-aq-l-ß-sf-t∏m-se- `m-c-Xo-b-cpw- tZhmcm-[-\-bn-te-°v- h-gn-sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- E-tKz-Z-hpwa-‰pw- \-ap-°v- X-cp-∂-Xv.tZ-hi - _ - Z-v Ø - n-s≥-d- D¬-∏Ø - n-:˛- Xn-fß - p-I- F-∂¿-∞w-hcp∂"Znh'- i-_v-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-h-i-_v-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn.- {]-Iin-°p-∂-h-s\-∂m-Wv- tZ-h-i-_v-Zw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-sX-∂vtUm-Iv-S¿- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥-2 Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- {]-Im-iw sIm≠v- kr-jvS- n-°s - ]-´h - ≥- F∂- A¿-∞Ø - n-em-bn-cn-°mw- "tZh≥'F-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-´-Xv.- a-e-°p-Iƒ- {]Im-i-Ø-m-em-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-°s∏-´-Xv-3 F-∂m-W-t√m- C-kv-em-a-n-I- hn-izm-k-w.F-∂m¬- ]n-∂o-Sv- Cu- ]-ZØ - n-\pw- A¿-∞h - y-Xym-ka - p-≠mbn."a\p-jy-\v- Zm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂-h\m-Wv- tZ-h≥'- F-∂m-Wv- \n-cpIvX Øn¬- \n¿-∆-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- ""a-‰v- a-\p-jy¿-°v- Zm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂hn-Zzm-\m-b- a-\p-jy-\pw- tZ-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- (hn-Zzmw- tkm-ln- tZhx)1.- Jp¿-B≥- 43:-20.2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52 3.- k-lo-lp- ap-kv-enw.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

203

kr-jv-Sn-°v- ap-gp-h-\pw- sh-fn-®w- \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬- kq-cy≥,- N-{µ≥,A-¥-co-£w- F-∂n-h-bpw- tZ-h≥-am¿-X-s∂.- ANv-O - ≥-,- A-Ω-,- Kp-cp°-∑m¿- F-∂n-h-cpw- tZ-h≥-am-cm-Wv- (am-Xr-tZ-thm- `-hx-]n-Xr-tZ-thm`-hx- B-Nm-cy-tZ-thm-`-hx)''- F-∂m-Wv- \n-cp-Iv-Xw-1 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.kz-X-{¥- ssZ-h-ß-f-√-:˛-- tZ-h-∑m¿- H-m-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw- kzX{¥∑m-cpw- B-cm-[ym-¿l - c - p-am-bm-Wv- th-Zß - f - pw- ]p-cm-Wß - f - pw a‰pwA-hX - c - n∏n-°p-∂X - v.- F-∂m¬,- tZ-h∑ - m-sc-√m-hc - pw- X-s∂- {]-h¿Øn°p-∂X - v- G-I\ - m-b- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- B-PR v- {- ]-Im-ca - m-sW-∂v- hyIvXam-°p-∂- D-]-\n-j-Xv-kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-≠v.- ssX-Øn-cn-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- ]dbp-∂p.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv- hm-bp- N-en-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `b∂mWv- kq-cy≥- DZn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- A-Kv-\nbpwC-{µ-\pw- ]-©-a-\m-b- ar-Xyp-hpw- A-h-cp-sS- I¿-Ω-ßƒ- A-\pjv-Tn°p-∂-Xv''-2 C-{µ-≥,- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-[m-\- tZ-h-∑m-sc √mw- ssZ-h-kr-jv-SnI-fm-sW-∂v-3 D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am°p∂p≠v.- A-h-sc- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h-\pw- {_-lv-aw-X-s∂-bm-Wv.C-Xn¬-\n-s∂-√mw- tZ-h-∑m-sc-√mw-X-s∂- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- krjvSn-I-fp-w- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h¿-Øn-I-fp-am-Wv- F-∂pw- A-h¿-°v- k-z-X-{¥am-b- ssI-Im-cy-I¿-ØrXz-an-s√-∂pw- X-s∂-bm-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.D-Xv-`-h-Im-c-W-ßƒ-:-˛ tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]Øn- ae°p-I-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[y-X- \mw- a-\ nem-°n.- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- _-lp-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Ønte-°p-≈- ssl-µ-h-X-bp-sS- ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v- H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- ImcWß-fp-≠v.- B-cy-Z-kyp-- kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-Wv- tZ-hk-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥dD¬-∏-Øn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- {]-Ir-Xn]q-P-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-´-sX-∂vhm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- Z-kyp-°-fp-sS- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- B-cy-∑m-cp-sShn-izm-k-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn- \-S-∂- k-¶e-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-t]m¬-∏-∂-am-WvtZ-h-∑m-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-sa-∂- A-`n-{]m-b-hpw- Nn-e¿-°p-≠v.- Cu1. Quoted by: Drs. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52.

2. ssX-Øo-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 8:-4.3.- tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 4:-12

204

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn-se-√mw- bm-Ym¿-∞y-Øn-s≥-d- Aw-i-ß-fn-s√-∂v- ]d™p-Iq-S.- ]-t£,- C-Xn-se- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-c-`n-{]m-b-Øn-s≥-d- am{Xw]-cn-[n-bn¬- H-Xp-ßn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v- tZ-hh - n-izm-kØ - n-s≥-d- D¬-∏Ønsb-bpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-sØ-bpwhn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I- km-[y-a-√.- C-h-sb√mwX-s∂- H-cp- hn-[Ø - n-es - √-¶n¬- a-s‰m-cp-hn-[Ø - n¬- tZ-hh - nizm-kØns≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- {]-[m-\-am-bpwaq∂v- Im-c-Wß-fm-Wv- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.H-∂v.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-f-p-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-i-b-am-b- G-I-ssZhhn-izm-k-tØm-sSm-∏-w- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- am-emJam-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw- ]-cn-W-an-®v- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-te-°v- h-cn-I-bpwA-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- \¬-In- hn-Ir-X-am-°-s∏-SpIbpw- sN-bv-Xp.c-≠v.- k-aq-l-Øn¬- B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂- B-fp-Iƒ- a-c-Wtijw- B-cm-[n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - pw- tZ-h∑ - m-cm-bn- hy-hl - c - n-°s - ∏-Sp-IbpwsN-bv-Xp.aq-∂v.- {]-Ir-Xn- {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fpw,- a-\p-tjy-X-c-am-b- A-tNX\ß-fpw- k-tN-X-\-ß-fp-am-b- h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- A-h-tbm-Sp-≈- `-bwsImt≠m- A-hb - n¬-\n-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂- D-]I - m-cw-sIm-t≠m- tZ-h∑ - mcmbn- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´p.th-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- E-tKz-Z{]-Im-cw- `q-an,- A-¥-co-£w,kz¿-§w- F-∂n-h-bn¬- B-sI- ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wp-≈-Xv.C{µ≥,- hm-bp,- A-Kv-\n,- tkm-a≥,- an-{X≥,- k-q-cy≥,- ]¿-Pv-P-\y≥,hcp-W≥,- hn-jv-Wp,- D-j- v,- c-≠v- A-izn-\n-am¿,- cp-{Z≥,- {]-Pm-]-Xn,]q-¿j - m-hv,- b-a≥,- B-cy-am-hv,- a-cp-Øp-°ƒ,- _r-lk - v] - X - n,- k-ck - zXn,A-Zn-Xn,- B-Zn-Xy-∑m¿,- E-`p-°ƒ,- C-f-Xzm-jv-Sm-hv,- ssh-izm-\-c-≥,k-hn-Xm-hv-,- h-cp-Wm-\n,- C-{µm-Wn,- A-Kv-t\-bn-h-kp-°ƒ,- `m-c-Xn,am-X-cn-izm-hv,- \m-k-Xy-∑m¿- F-∂n-h-cm-W-h¿.- C-h-cn¬- Nn-e¿- tZhX-I-fm-Wv.- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-cn¬- B-sc-√mwap-I-fn¬- ]-d-™- aq-∂vhn`m-K-ß-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂v- Ir-Xy-am-bn- IW-°m-°p-I- hø.Nn-e- tZ-h-∑m-sc- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ap-I-fn¬- ]-d™- H-∂n-tesdIm-c-W-ßƒ- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-b-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

205

B-Zn-B-cy-∑m¿-°v- tZ-h-∑m-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- ]-Xn-hp-≠mbncp-∂n-s√-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv- hn-hn-[- tZ-hn-Im-tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpwhn-{Klß-sf-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-s-X-∂pw- {]-ap-JK-th-j-I-∑m¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- hniz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- FgpXp-∂p-:- "" A-Y¿-∆th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Im-e-am-b-t∏m-tg-°pw- B-cw-`-Øn¬hn-{Klm-cm-[-\- io-en-®n-´n√m-bn-cp-∂- B-cy≥- P-\-X- a-{¥-hm-ZØn epw- ]-e-X-cw- tZ-ho-tZ-h-∑m-sc- B-cm[n-°p-∂-Xn-epw- X¬-∏-c-cmbn°-gn-™n-cp-∂p''-1.{Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ-:-˛ {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥- F-∂n-ßs\aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-If - n-em-bn- \n-cm-Im-c- \n¿-Kp-W- {_-lva - w- kvY - n-Xn- sNøp∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-kw.- {_-lv-am-hv- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS-bpwhn-jvW - p- kvY - n-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- in-h≥- kw-lm-cØ - n-s≥-db - pw- tZ-h∑ - mcmWvv-.- Cu- {Xn-aq¿-Øn- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- th-cp-Iƒ- ssZ-hn-I-a-XØnse- am-em-Jm- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bp-≠v.- ]-t£,C-h-bv-°pw- a\p-jy-hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-bpw- k-z-`m-h-ß-fpw- k¶¬∏n-®-Xn-\m¬- G-sd- hn-Nn-{X-am-b- H-cp- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \-ap-°n-∂vA-h-sb-°p-dn-®v- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.]p-cm-W-ß-fn-em-Wv- Cu- aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-daq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-I-fm-sW-∂ B-i-bw- sX-fn-™p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- hm-bp]p-cm-Ww- ]-d-bp-∂p-:- ""{_-lv-am-hv- N-cm-N-c-ß-sf- krjv-Sn-°p-∂p.Im-e-\-h-sbkw-l-cn-°∂p.- ]p-cp-j≥- C-h-sb-sb-√mw- hy-Xy-kvXß-fm-bn- \n-e\ - n¿-Øp-∂p.- C-h- aq-∂pw- {]-Pm-]X - n-bp-sS- aq-∂v- L´ß-2 f-s{X'' .- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-Ww- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv:- ""kr-jv-Sn-bpwkv-Yn-Xn-bpw- kw-lm-c-hpw- A-h-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-ßƒ- am-{X-am Ip-∂p.- k-z-bw- k-Øz-am-b- hn-jv-Wp-`-K-hm-\m-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-I-sf- ap-gp h≥- \n-e\ - n¿-Øp-∂X - v.- k-zb - w- c-P - m-b- {_-la v- m-hv- kr-jSv- n-°pIbpwX-a- v- kw-l-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-''3.D-]\ - n-jØ - p-Iƒ- Cu- aq-∂v- tZ-h∑ - m-sc-°p-dn-®pw- {]-Xn-]mZn°p∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h- H-∂n-t\m-sSm-∂v- _-\v[ - s - ∏-´p-sIm-≠msW-t∂m1.- hn-iz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tImiw,- hm-e-yw- 2,- ]p-dw- 281. 2.Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India Vol: II Page 75. 3.Ibid Page 76.

206

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

G-Is - sZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-If - m-sWt∂m- hy-IvX - a - m-°p-∂n√.kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- aq¿-Øn-sb-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {_-lv-am-hn-s\H-cp- tem-I-]m-e-I≥- am-{X-am-bn-´m-Wv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- kr-jv-Sn-®-sX∂vsF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv- t\m-°p-I-:- ""C-{]-Imcwk-I-e- tem-I-ß-sf-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- C-{] Im-cw- hn-Nm-cn-®p "tem-I-ß-sf-√mw- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- C-\n- tem-I-ß-sfkw-c-£n-°p-∂- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-sc-bpw- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- kr-jv-Sn° Ww-'.- C-{]-Im-cw- Nn-¥n-®n-´v- A-t±-lw- P-e-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- ln-c-WyK-¿-`-cq-]n-bm-b- ]p-cp-j-s\- k-ap-≤-cn-®v- A-Xn-s\- k¿-∆mwK--bpIv-X\m-°n- aq¿-Ø-cq-]w- sIm-Sp-Øp''-1.- C-Xn¬- ]p-cp-j-≥- F-∂v- {]-tbmKn®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- H-∂m-a-Xm-bn- kr-jv-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂- {_-lv-am-hn-s\-°pdn®m-sW-∂-v X-s≥-d- "`m-h{- ]-Im-iw'-- F-∂- D-]\ - n-jØ - -v hym-Jym-\Øn¬sI.- `m-kv-°-c≥- \m-b¿-2 hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.D-]\ - n-jØ - p-If - n¬- Nn-eh - ,- C-Xn-se- Nn-e- {]-tXy-I- tZ-h∑mcpsS- D-]m-k-I-∑m-cp-sS kzm-[o-\-Øn-\v- hnt[-b-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- a-\ nem-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- in-h-s\- k-I-e- tZ-h-∑mcn-epw- D-∂X - \ - m-bn- hm-gvØ - p-tºmƒ- a-‰p- Nn-eh - - hn-jvW - p-hn-s\bmWvhm-gv-Øp-∂-Xv.- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ- ]-d-bp-∂- kr-jv-Sn- kv-YnXn- kw-lm-cØn-s≥-d- tZ-h{- I-aw- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-If - n¬- Im¨-am-\n-√.- {_-la v- m-hmWvkr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-sX-∂- ]p-cm-W- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- hn-cp-≤-am-bn- ""k-akv-X- {]m-Wn-I-sf-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xv- hn-jv-Wp-hm-sW''3 ∂m-Wvi-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬- C-tX- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Xs∂- in-h≥- am-{X-am-Wv- \n-Xy-s\-∂pw- h-n-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpwa‰v- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sa-√mw- an-Yy-I-fm-bXn-\m¬- Xy-Pn-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmsW∂pw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""H-tc-sbm-cpin-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- \nXy\m-bn-´p-≈X - v.- a-‰p-≈s - X-√mw- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- hn-jvWpap-X-em-b- k-a-kv-X- tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpw- Xy-Pn-®v- k-¿-∆-kwkm-c-_-\v-[\-ßf - n¬-\n-∂pw- tam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- G-Ia - m-{X-am-b- A-t±-ls - Ø- [ym\n1.- k- Cu-Iv-j-tX- ta- \p- tem-Im- tem-Im-]m-em-∂p- kr-Pm- C-Xntkm- f Zv-`y-x- G-h- ]pcpjw- k-ap-Zv- [r-Xym- aq¿-O-b-Xv(sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1:-3).2.- sI.- `m-kv-°-c≥- \m-b¿-:- D-]-\n-j-Zv- Zo-]v-Xn,- hm-eyw- 2 t]-Pv- 87 3.- hn-jv-Wp-¿- hn-iz- P-K-tZym-\nx(i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- 22).-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

207

t°-≠-Xv.- k¿-∆-kw-lm-c-I¿-Øm-hm-b- B- a-tl-i-z-c-\m-bn-s°m≠v\-a-kv-°m-cw''-1.C-Xn-\p-t\-sc- hn-]-co-X-am-bn- {Xn-]m-Zzn-`q-Xn- a-lm-\mcmb tWm-]\ - n-jØ - n¬- hn-jvW - p-hn-s\- D-∂X - \ - pwin-h≥-t]m-epw- At\zjn-°p-∂-h-\p-am-b- tZ-h-\p-am-bn- k-¶¬-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- Im-Wm-≥I-gn-bpw.- ""A-ßv- (hn-jv-Wp)-X-s∂-bm-Wv- k¿-∆-Pv-R-\pw- k¿-∆-kzcq]-\pw,- k¿-t∆-iz-c-\pw,- k¿-∆-Øn-\pw- A-[-n-jv-Tm-\-am-bn-´p-≈-h-\pwk¿-∆-i-Iv-Xn-bpw,- k¿-∆- {]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw,- k¿-∆-tc-bpw- ]-cn-]m-en °p-∂-h-\pw,- k¿-∆- \n-h¿-Ø-I-\pw,- k-Z-km-Xv-a-I-\p-w,- k-Z-k-Zzne£-W-\pw,- A-¥¿-_-ln¿hym-]n-bpw- kq-£v-a-X-c-\pw,- A-Xn-a-ltXma-ln-bm-\pw- k¿-∆-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Pv-Rm-\- \n-h¿-Ø-I-\pw,hn-Zym-hn-lm-cn-bpw-,- hn-Zym-[m-c-I-\pw,- hn-Zym-th-Zy-\pw,- hn-Zym-k-z-cq]\pw,- hn-Zym-Xo-X-\pw,- k¿-∆-Im-c-W-ßƒ-°pw- tl-Xp-`q-X-\pw,- k¿∆Im-c-W-k-a-jv-Sn-bpw,- k¿-∆-Im-c-Why-jv-Sn-bpw,- A-J-Wv-Um-\-µ-\pw,]-cn-]q¿-Æm-\-µ-\pw,- \n-c-Xn-i-bm-\-µ-\pw,- Xp-co-b-Xp-co-b-\pw,-- Xpcobm-Xo-X\ - pw,- A-\¥ - ß-fm-b- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-If - n¬- A-t\z-jn-°s - ∏Sp∂-h-\pw- k-I-e-im-kv-{X-ß-fm¬- A-t\z-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\pw,- {_lvam-hv,- in-h≥,- C-{µ≥- Xp-S-ßn-b- tZ-h-∑m-cm-epw- A-\y-tZ-h-∑m-cmepwA-t\z-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\pw- A-ar-X-a-b-\pw- k¿-∆-hpw- k¿-∆-hpw- k¿∆-hpw.- A-ßp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- tam-£-hpw- tam-£-km-[-\-hpw''-2.Cu- ssh-cp-≤y-ap-≠m-b-Xv- ssi-h˛-- ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L-´-\Øn¬- \n-∂m-sW-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Wv.- ssh-jv-W-h-∑m¿- X-ß-fp-sStZ-h-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-bn- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-®-t∏mƒssi-h-∑m¿- X-ß-fp-sS- tZ-h-\m-b- in-h-s\- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- t]mepwtZ-h-\m-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- Cu- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- Ztim]-\n-j-Øp-I-sfm-gn-®v- _m-°n- H-cphn-[-sa-√m- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-f-n-epwIm-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp 1.- G-I- G-h- in-thm- \n-Xy-x- -X-tXm- f \yXv- k-I-ew- ar-jmX-kv-am-Xv- k¿-∆m-≥-- ]-cn-Xy--Py- t[y-bmXv- hn-jv-Wzm-Zn-Im-≥- kp-cm≥in-h- G-h-- k-Zm-t[y-bx- k¿-∆- kw-km-c- tam-N-IxX-kv-ssa- a-lm-{Km-km-b- a-tl-iz-cm-b- \-ax(i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- 30:31).2.- {Xn-]m-Z-z-n-`q-Xn- a-lm- \m-c-mb-tWm-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1˛7

208

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

∂-Xv,- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- in-h-\pw- H-scm-‰- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-daq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-If - m-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√,- {]-Xyp-X- aq∂v- tem-I] - meI∑m ¿- am-{X-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-,- B-Zy-Im-e- ssl-µh - h - n-izm-ks - a-∂mWv.ssi-h-˛ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- D-]-\njØp-I-fn-se- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fn¬- am-{X-a-√D-≈-Xv.- A-h-sc {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fm-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂- ]p-cm-W-ßƒX-s∂,- C-h¿- aq-∂p-t]-cpw- hn-jvW - p-hn-s≥-d- aq-∂v- cq-]ß - f - ms-W∂pwA-X-√- in-h-s≥-d- aq-∂v- cq-]-ß-fm-sW-∂pw- ]-d-™-v X¿-°n-°p-∂Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""ssh-jv-W-h- a-Xw- Cu- aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-I-fp-sS-bpw]n-∂n-ep-≈- G--Ii-Iv-Xn- hn-jv-Wp-hm-sW-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-tºmƒssi-h]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- Xm-{¥n-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- Cu- Kp-W-ß-sf-√mwin-h-\pw,- im-Iv-X-]p-cm-W-ßƒ- i-Iv-Xn-°pw- tZ-hn-°p-am-Wv- B-tcm]n-°p-∂-Xv''-1 F-∂m-Wv- B-cy-cm-a-N-{µ- Xn-hm-cn- k-a¿-∞n-°p-∂-Xv.Cu- aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw- ]p-I-gv-Øn- ]p-I-gv-Ønh-f-sc- hn-I-e-hpw- hn-Nn-{X-hp-am-b- H-cp- k-¶¬-∏-am-Wv- ]pcm-Wßƒ\-ap-°v- ap-∂n¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.{_-lv-am-hv-:-˛ {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- ap-gp-h-≥- {k-jv-Sm-hm-b- {_-lvam-hv- P-\n-®-Xv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- \m-`n-bn¬-\n-∂p-b¿-∂p-h-∂Xm-a-c-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.- A-t\-Iw- h¿-j-ß-fp-sS- I-Tn-\-X-]- n-\p-tij-am-Wv- {_-lv-am-hv- k-]v-X¿-jn-I-sf-bpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-I-sf-bpw- krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-h-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- a-‰v- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-≠m-b-Xv.- kz-¥wi-co-cØ - n-s≥-d- A¿-≤` - m-Kw-sIm-≠v- kr-jvS- n-®- i-Xc - q-]bm-Wv- {_lvam-hn-s≥-d- `m-cy.- X-s≥-d- `m-cy-sb- ap-Jw- Xn-cn-°m-sX- GXp-`m-KØp-\n-∂pw- Im-Wp-∂X - n-\m-bn- X-eb - p-sS- ]m¿-iz-ßf - n-epw- ]p-dI - nepwHm-tcm- ap-J-ßƒ-Iq-Sn- kr-jv-Sn-®v- NXp¿-ap-J-\m-bn- am-dn.- i-X-cq-]B-Im-iØ - n¬-Iq-Sn- k-©c - n-®t- ∏mƒ- ap-If - n¬- H-cp- ap-Jw- Iq-Sn- - krjvSn-®p.- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- `m-cy-bm-bn- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-°qSnA-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- k-c-k-z-Xn-bpw- i-X-cq-]-bpw- H-cm-fm-tWm,- AX√hy-Xy-kv-X- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fm-tWm-sb-∂- Im-cyØn¬- ]p-cm-W-ßƒXΩn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-h-Xym-k-ap-≠v.1 Tiwari-Arya Ramachandra G: Evolution of Brahmanical Pantheon, Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India Vol II Page 76.

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

209

H-cn-°¬- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- X-ß-fn¬- B¿-°m-Wval-Xzw- Iq-Sp-X-se-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- X¿-°-ap-≠m-bn.- in-h≥- am-[ykv-Y-Øn-s\-Øn.- in-h-s≥-d- \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-cw- {_-lv-am-hv- in-h-enwK-Øn-s≥-d- ap-Iƒ-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- ap-I-fn-te-°pwhn-jv-Wpinhenw-K-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- Io-tgm-´pw- A-Xn-Zq-cwk©-cn-®p.- hn-jv-Wp- X-s≥-d- ]-cm-P-bw- k-Ω-Xn-®p.- ssI-X-∏q-hns\km-£n-bm-°n,- Xm≥- P-bn-®-Xm-bn- {_-lv-am-hv- kz-bw- {]-Jym-]n®p.X¬-£-Ww- A-hn-sS- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´- i-n-h≥,- I-≈w-]-d-™- {_-lv am-hn-s≥-d- A-©m-a-sØ- X-e- \p-≈n-°-f-™p-sh-∂m-Wv- tZ-ho-`m-Kh-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v- h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-ti-jw- {_-lvamhv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- e-bn-°p-sa-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-t\-Iw- {_-lv-am hp-Iƒ- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- \n-∂v- D-≠m-bn- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- hn-e-bw- {]m]n°p-sa-∂pw- `m-K-h-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.hn-jW v- p-:˛- Po-hn-XØ - n-s≥-d- A-[n-\m-bI - \ - m-b- hn-jW - v- p,- ]m¬° - S- e - n¬- A\-¥i - b - \ - Ø - n¬- tbm-K\n-{Z- sN-øp-Ib - m-Wv.- e-£vanbpw`q-an-bp-am-Wv- ]-Xv-\n-am¿.- K-cp-V-\m-Wv- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- hm-l-\w.A-[¿-Ωs - Ø- kw-lc - n-°p-hm-\pw- [¿-Ωw- kvY - m-]n-°p-hm-\pw- bpKß ƒ- tXm-dpw- hn-jv-Wp- A-h-X-cn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-hn-izm-kw.H-cn-°¬- } E-jn-am¿- Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂v- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- BcmWv]q-Pm¿-ls - \-∂v- kw-hZ- n-®p.- `r-Kp-al - ¿-jn-sb- C-°m-cyw- ]co£n°m ≥ -th-≠n- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `r-K-p-hn-s\- A-hKWn®-t∏mƒ- A-t±-lw- A-h-sc- i-]n-®p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- tbm-K-\n-{Z-bn¬- kvYnXn- sN-øp-∂- hn-jv-Wp-hn-\-Sp-Øm-Wv- sN-∂-Xv.- tIm-]n-®v- `r-Kp-al¿jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n¬- N-hn-´n.- hn-jv-Wp- D-W¿-∂v- `r-Kp-hns≥-d- Im-ep-XS- h - n- t£-aa - t- \z-jn-®p.- hn-jvW - p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- ]qPm¿ls\-∂v- ap-\n-am¿- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- N-hn-´p-sIm-≠- ]m-Sm-Ws{X- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n-se- {io-h¬-kw.- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- GIssZ-h-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h≥-am¿.in-h≥-:-˛ kw-lm-c-aq¿-Øn-bm-b- in-h-s≥-d- P-\-\-sØ-°p-dn®vhy-Xy-kX -v m-`n-{]m-bß - f - p-≠.v - A-Xn¬- G-‰h - pw- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- A-`n{]mbwhnjv-Wp-]p-cm-W-Øn-te-Xm-sW-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- {_-lv-amhns\h-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n- a-[p,- ssI-S-`≥- F-∂o- c-≠- A-kp-c-∑m-¿-

210

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

]m-s™-Øn.- Cu- A-{I-aw- I-≠v- tIm-]n-jv-T-\m-b- a-lm-hnjv-Wphns≥-d- s\-‰n-bn¬-\n-∂pwin-h≥- iq-e-]m-Wn-bm-bn- P-\n-®p.- in-hs≥ds\-‰n-ØS- Ø - n-se- k¿-∆Z- m-lI - a - m-b- aq-∂mw- I-Æv- A-S™ n-cn-°p∂p.`-kv-aw- ta-em-sI- ]-q-ip-I-bpw- k¿-∏-sØ- am-e-bm-bn- k-zo-I-cn-°p Ibpw- sN-øp-∂- ]-c-a-in-h≥- th-Z-ß-fn¬- cp-{Z-s\-∂- t]-cn-em-W- vA-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- A-`n-{]m-b-h-yXym-kß - f - p-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-eqw- A-]q¿-∆a - m-tb- kw-L´- \ - ß - f - p-≠mbn-´p-≈q.- A-hb - n¬- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- c-≠v- kw-L´- \ - ß - s - f-°p-dn-®v- ]pcmW-ßƒ- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- H-sc-Æw- in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wphpw- t\-cn-´m-Wv- \-S-∂-sX-¶n¬- a-t‰-Xv- in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wp-A-h-Xm-cam-b- \m-cm-b-W¿-jn-bpw- X-Ωn-em-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv.- A-Xn¬- in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-Ωn¬- \-S-∂- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v- ]-cn-ip-≤-cm-b- am-em-J-am¿-°v- am-\p-jn-I- cq-]w- I¬-∏n-°s∏-´t- ∏mƒ- F-{X-am-{Xw- hn-Ir-Xa - m-b- k-¶¬-∏ß - f - m-Wp-≠m-bs - X∂va-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.in-ht- \-m- hn-jvW - phn-t\m- B¿-°m-Wv- _-e° - q-Sp-Xs - e-∂v- ]cntim-[n-°m≥- tZ-h-X-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- X-ß-fp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-sØ°p-dn-®v- A-h¿- {_-lv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bn-®p.- {_-lv-am-hv- G-j-Wn-Iƒ]-d-™-v in-h-s\-bpwhn-jv-Wp-hn-s\-bpw- X-Ωn¬- ]n-W-°n.- A-h¿X-Ωn¬- bp-≤w- Xp-S-ßn.- {_-lv-am-hv- c-≠p-t]¿-°pwhn-√p-≠m-°ns°m-Sp-Øv- kw-L-´-\-sØ- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- {]kvXp-X- bp-≤-Øn¬- A-h-km-\w- ]-c-a-in-h≥- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sh-∂mWv]p-cm-W-ßƒ- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.{Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ-°pw- \m-i-ap-≠v.- B-bn-cw- N-Xp-¿-bp-Kw- Iq-Sp ∂-Xm-Wv- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Hcp- Zn-h-kw.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- B-bp-jvIm-e-Øv- ]-Xn-\m-ev- C-{µ-∑m-¿- kz¿-§-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ho-Wv- a-cn-®pt]mIpw.- C-ßs - \- c-≠v- {_-la v- m-bp- v- Iq-Sn-bX - m-Wv- hn-jW v- p-hns≥dB-bp-j° v- m-ew.- hn-jW v- p-hn-s≥-d- B-bp- n-s≥-d- C-c´- n- b - m-Wv- inhmbp v1- .- C-t∏m-gs - Ø- {_-la v- m-hv- \-in-®m¬- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la v- m-hv- P\n°pw.C-t∏m-g-sØ- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Im-e-Øv- ]-Xn-\m-ev- a-\z-¥-c-ß-fmWp 1.- tZ-hn-`m-K-h-Xw-:- ]-©-a-kv-I-\v-[w.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

211

≈-Xv.- Hm-tcm- a-\z-¥-c-Øn-epw- C-{µ-\pw- tZ-h-am-cpw- th-sd-th-sdbm Wv.- C-\n-bpw- G-gv- a-\z-¥-c-ßƒ-Iq-Sn- I-gn-bp-tºmƒ- C-t∏m-g-sØ{_-la v- m-hv- \-in-°p-Ib - pw- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la v- m-hv- P-\n-°p-Ib - pw- sNøpw1.C-{µ≥-:˛- E-tKz-ZØ - n-se- {]-[m-\n-bm-b- H-cp- tZ-h\ - m-Wv- C{µ≥.tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- A-[n]-\m-b- C-{µ-≥,- I-iy-]-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn¬- P-\n-®]p-{X-\m-Wv.- A-jvS- Z- n-Iv] - m-eI - c - n¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- C-{µ-s\-∂v- EtKzZw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- tZ-th-{µ-k-t¶-X-am-b- A-a-cm-h-Xn- k¿-∆- sF-izcyßfp-sS-bpw- C-cn-∏n-S-am-Wv.- C-{µ-\v- Ip-¥n-bn¬- P-\n-®- ]p-{X-\m-WvA¿-Pp-\-s\-∂v- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ- ]-d-bp-∂p.- Ku-Xa-s≥-d- ]-Xv-\n-bm-bA-l-ey-sb- {]m-]n-®-t∏mƒ- Ku-X-a≥- C-{µ-s\- i-]n-®p.- A-ß-s\tZ-th-{µ≥- k-l-{k-enw-K-\m-bn.- im-]-tam-£w- e-`n-®-t∏mƒ- kl {km-Iv-j-\p-am-bn.- C-{µ-s\- a-g-bp-sS- tZ-h-\m-bpw- k-¶¬-∏n-°s∏Sp∂p.D-Ø-a-cm-bn- I-cp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- hn-tbm-K-Øn\p-ti-jw- A-h¿- tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-Øv- A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-≈- hyIvX-am-sbm-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- tZ-th-{µ≥.- E-tK-Z-kq-Iv-X-ßƒ- kq£va-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- C-{µ≥- H-cp- B-cy-cm-Pm-hmbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂vt_m-[y-s∏-Spw.- C-{µ≥- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn- "C≥',- "{Z'F-∂o- A-£c - ß - f - p-sS- k-a\ - z-bØ - n¬- \n-∂m-sW-∂m-Wv- ]-WU - v- nXm`n-{]m-b-w.- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b≥- `m-j-bn¬- "C≥'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-dA-¿∞ - w- tbm-≤m-hv- F-∂pw- "{Z'- ]-ZØ - n-s≥-d- A¿-∞w a-pJ - yw- F∂pam-Wv -.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- C-{µ≥- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈- hn-h-£- ap-Jy tbm≤m-sh-∂m-sW-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.th-Z-ß-fn-se- tZ-h-m-kp-c- kw-L-´-\-ßƒ- C-¥ybn-se- B-Zn hm-kn-I-fm-b- Z-ky-p-°-fpw- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-h-∂- B-cy-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- {]-K¬-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cm-b- Un.-Un.sImkmw_n,- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥,- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b-≥2 F-∂n-h cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw.- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´- ]p-Wym-Xv-am°-fn¬- ]-e-cpw- B-c-y˛Zkyp- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-se- B-cy-`m-K-Øp-\n∂p-≈- tP-Xm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- t\-sc-a-dn-®v,1.- hn-jv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww-.- Aw-Kw- 2 A-[ym-bw- 1.2 D.D. Kosambi: Myth and Reality, sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Xv-am-hv,- cm-lp¬kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- km-aq-ly-tc-J- C-h- t\m-°p-I.-

212

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

Cu- kw-L´- \ - Ø - n- s - e- Z-kyp-t\-Xm-°∑ - m-sc-sb-√mw- A-kp-c∑ - m-cmbnk-¶-¬-∏n-®-Xm-bpw- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hpw.E-tKz-ZØ - n-se- kq-IX v- ß - f - n¬- ]-eX - pw- C-{µ-s\-∂- cm-Pmhns\kvXp-Xn-®p-sIm-≠pw- A-t±-lØn-s≥-d- sN-bX v- n-Is - f- ]p-Ig - Ø v- n-s°m≠p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.- B-{in-X¿-°p-th-≠n- bp-≤w- sN-bm≥- k-∂-≤-\mb-Xm-Wv- C-{µ-\v- C-{X-tb-sd- {]m-_-eyw- e-`n-°m-\p-≈- Im-c-W-sa∂vk¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-°¿-1 Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v.C-{µ-\v- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- _-\v-[p-hm-b- Xzm-jv-Sm-hv- \¬-In-b{]-tXy-IX - c - w- h-{Pm-bp-[a - p-]tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- A-t±-lw Zm-k\ - K - c - ß - ƒ\-in-∏n-®-sX-∂pw- H-Sp-hn¬- Zm-k-t\-Xm-hm-b- hr-X-s\- h-[n-®psh∂pw- E-tKz-Zw- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- A-kp-c-cm-Pm-°-∑-m-cm-b- hr-On,Ir-jv-W≥,- ip-iv-W≥,- ]n-{∏p,- E-Pn-izm-hv- F-∂n-h-sc-bpw- C-{µ-≥tXm¬-]n-®-Xm-bpw- ]-´-W-ß-sf- ]n-f¿-°p-∂-h≥- F-∂¿-Yw- h-cp∂]pc-\v-[-c≥- F-∂- t]-cp-Iq-Sn- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- e-`n-®-Xm-bpw- E-tKz-Zw]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- C-{µ-s\-°p-dn-®- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-ßƒ- t\m-°pI.""B¿- Cu- `p-h-\-ß-sf- ho-gm-Xm-°n-tbm,- B¿- Xm-∂- ap-Sn-b-∑m-scIp-gn-bn¬- aq-Sn-tbm-;- e-£y-sØ- sh-√p-∂-h-\m-b- B¿- i-{Xp-hns≥dk-ar-≤n-sb- H-cpth-S-s\-∂-t]m-se- ssI-°-em-°n-tbm-,- B-fp-ItfA-t±-l-am-Wv- C-{µ≥''.- ""B¿- k-º-∂-\p-w,- B¿- Z-cn-{Z-\pw,- B¿bm-Nn-®p- kvX - p-Xn-°p-∂- {_lva - P - R v- \ - pw- [-\w- A-b® - p-sIm-Sp-°p∂pthm-;- A-g-sIm-Ø- in-c- p-≈- B¿- tkm-aw- A-Ωn-°p-g-sIm-≠vNX®p-]n-gn-™-h-s\- c-£n-®-cp-fp-tam,- B-fp-Itf-,- A-t±-l-am-WvC{µ≥''- ""B-fp-Iƒ- B-sc-°q-Sm-sX- P-bw- t\-Sn-√-tbm-;- s]m-cp-Xp∂-h¿- c-£-°v- B-sc- hn-fn-°p-∂p-thm-;- k¿-∆-tem-I-Øn-\pw- {]-Xn \n-[n- B-tcm-;- B¿- ho-gm-Ø-h-tb-bpw- hogn-bv-°ptam-;- B-fp-I-tf,A-t±-l-am-Wv- C-{µ-≥''.- ""X-∂-Øm-\-dn-bm-Ø- h-f-sc- a-lm-]m-]n-Isf- B¿- h-{Pw-sIm≠v- h-[n-®p-thm-;- B¿- D-¶p-Im-c-\v- D-Ø-a-I¿-ΩwsIm-Sp-°n-√-tbm-;- B¿- ap-Sn-b-s\- ap-Sn-°p-tam,- B-fp-Itf- A-t±-lam-Wv- C-{µ≥''.- ""B¿- a-e-b-I-fn-sem-fn-®- iw-_-c-s\- \m¬-∏-Xmwkw-h¬-k-c-Øn¬- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p-thm-;- sI¬-s∏-Sp-Øp-s]m-cp-Xn-b1.- k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-°¿-:- h-≈-tØm-fn-s≥-d- E-tKz-Z- kwln-X-:- B-ap-Jw- t]-Pv-:- 16.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

213

B-Zm-\-h-s\- B¿- sIm-∂p-ho-gv-Øn-tbm-;- B-fp-Itf- A-t±-l-a-m-WvC-{µ≥''.- ""hm-\q-gn-Iƒ- B-sc- h-W-ßp-∂p-thm-;- ]¿-∆-X-ßƒ- BcpsS- _-e-sØ- t]-Sn-°p-∂p-thm- tkm-a-]m-\pw- Zr-V-Km-{X-\-pw- h-{PXp-√y-_m-lp-hpw- h-{P-]m-Wn-bpw- B-tcm- B-fp-I-tf- A-t±-l-am-WvC-{µ-≥''1- .A-Xn-i-tbm-Iv-Xn-bpwcm-P-{]o-W-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- A-am \p-jn-I- Ignhp-I-fp-sS- B-tcm-]-W-ß-fpw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂p-sh¶n-ep-w- Cu- kq-Iv-Xßƒ- cm-P-`-Iv-Xn-bpƒ-s°m-≠v- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-hbm-sW-∂v- H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬-X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-hp-∂p-≠v.- C-{µ≥B‰nse- P-ew- Ip-d-®v- kp-Zm- - cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- tk-\-Iƒ-°v- X-c-WwsN-øm-dm-°n-sb-∂pw- kp-{i-h- v- \n- -lm-b-\m-b-t∏mƒ- tX¿- N{IwsIm-≠v- 20 cm-Pm-°∑m-sc-bpw- 60099 ]-Sbm-fn-I-sf-bpw- \-in-∏n-®psh-∂pw- E-tKz-Zw- ]-db - p-∂p.- C-{µ≥- Xz-jvS- m-hn-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- hnizcq-]s - \- ]p-tcm-ln-X\ - m-°p-Ib - pw,- hn-πh - `- b - Ø - m¬- A-bm-sf- sIm√pI-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn-epw- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-epw- {]-kv-Xmhn-°p-∂p-≠v.C-{µ-t\m-Sp-≈- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fpw- A-t±-lw- Hcptk-\m-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- hy-IvX - a - m-°p-∂X - v.- ""_p-≤n-bn-√mØZpjvS- ∑ - m-cm-b- Z-ky- p-°ƒ- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-If - n¬-\n-∂pw- R-ßs - f- h-f™ncn-°p-∂p.- A-h¿- a-\p-jy-Xz-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv.- sX-‰m-b- \n-b-a-ßƒsh-®p-]p-e¿-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.- A-√-tbm- i-{Xp-kw-lm-c-I-! Zm-k-s≥-dB-bp-[-ß-sf- C-Sn-®p-X-I¿-°p-I''-2.- "ap-t∂-dp-I,- i-{Xp-h- t\-cn-Sp-I,ss[-cy-im-en-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-,- \n-s≥-d- C-Sn-sh-´v- A-P-ø-a-m-Wv.- C-{µ-!]u-cp-ja - m-Wv- \n-s≥-d- _-ew-;- hr-Xs - \- B-´n-tbm-Sn-°p-I.- \-Zn-IfpsSta¬- B-[n-]-Xyw- t\S-p-I!- kz-cm-Pyw- D¬-tLm-jn-°p-I''-3.B-cy-tZ-h-\m-b- C-{µ≥- a-Zy-]-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-{µ≥- am-{X-a-√,a-‰v- ]-e- tZ-h∑ - m-cpw- "tkm-aw'- F-∂- a-Zy-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-aI - f - m-bncp∂p.tkm-a-c-kw- Ip-Sn-®v- A-h¿- a-tZm-∑-Ø-cm-b- I-Y-Iƒ- th-Z-ß-fn¬Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""C-{µ≥- A-`n-π-hn-I-Zn-\-ß-fn¬- tkm-a-c-kw1.- E-tKz-Zw-:- a-Wv-U-ew- 2 kq-Iv-Xw- 12¬-\n-∂v.2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-22:-8.3. EtKz-Zw-: 1:80: 3,4

214

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

Ip-Sn-®p.- A-Xn-s≥-d- a-Øn¬- hrX-s\ h-[n-®p''-1sh-∂m-Wv- C-{µ-s≥dKp-WK - W - ß - ƒ- h¿-Æn-®p-sIm-≠v- Kp¬-ka - Z- - E-jn- ]-db - p-∂X - v.- tkma-c-k-Øn-s≥-d- a-Øn¬- C-{µ-≥,- B-Im-i-Øn¬ tZym-hn-s\- D-d-∏n-® Xm-bpw- h-en-b- A-¥-co-£-sØ-bpw- hm-\q-gn-I-sf-bpw- \n-d-®-Xmbpw`q-an-sb- Xm-ßn- hn--kv-Xm-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-n-b-Xm-bpw- \-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-h-iß-sf- h-{Pw-sIm-≠v- s]m-fn-®-Xm-bpw- Z-Zo-Xn-sb- ]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠pt]m-Ip-∂-h-tcm-sS-Xn¿-Øv- A-h-cp-sS- B-bp-[-ß-sf-√mw- I-Øp-∂Xo-bn¬- F-cn-®-Xm-bpw- a-lm-\-Zn-bn-sesh-≈w- Np-cp-°n-b-Xm-bpwkn-\v-[p-hn-s\- h-S-t°m-s´m-gp-°n-®X -- m-bpw- D-j- n-s≥-d- h-≠n- h{PwsI-m-≠v- X-hn-Sp-s]m-Sn-bm-°n-bXp-sam-s°- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- c-≠m-wa-Wv-U-e-Øn-se- ]-Xn-\-©mw- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- hn-i-Z-am-bn- hn-h-cn°p∂p.- tkm-ac - k - s - a-∂- D¬-Ir-jvS- - (?)- a-Zyw- tk-hn-®n-cp-∂- B-cyt\Xmhm-b- C-{µ-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.C{µ-s≥-d- B-fp- I - ƒ-°v- F-¥v- s\-dn-tI-Spw- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-sa∂A-h-kv-Y-bn-te-°m-Wv- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-ßƒ- \-sΩ- \-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- Iuj-XI - o- D-]\ - n-jØ - n¬- C-{µ≥- ]-db - p-∂p-:- ""F-s∂- A-dn-bp-I!- AXmWv- a-\p-jy¿-°v- ln-X-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- F-s∂- F-ßs\-sb-¶n-epwA-dn-b-W-w!- Xz-jv-Sm-hn-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- {Xn--io-¿-j-s\- Rm-\m-WvsIm-∂-Xv.- A-cp-W-a¿-K- F-∂p-t]-cp-≈- H-cp- b-Xn-sb- Rm-≥- ]-´n sb-s°m-≠v- Xo-‰n-®p.- A-t\-Iw- k-Xy-ew-L-\-ßƒ- sN-bv-Xv- Zn-hytem-I-Øn¬- {]-Àm-Z-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-bpw- A-¥-co-£-Øn¬]utem-a∑m-sc-bpw- `q-an-bn¬- Im-e-Im-iy-∑m-sc-bpw- Rm-≥- \n-{Kln-®p.- A-Xp-sIm-s≠m-∂pw- F-s≥-d- H-cp- tcm-aØ - n-\p-t]m-epw- lm\nkw-`h - n-®p-an-√.- - Cu- hn-[Ø - n¬- F-s∂- B-cd - n-bp-t∂m- A-h≥- amXrh-[w-,- ]n-X-r-h-[w,- tam-j-Ww-,- {`q-W-l-Xy- ap-X-em-b- ]m-]-ßƒsN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂m-epw- A-h-\v- bm-sXmcpi-¶-bp-ap-≠m-I-cp-Xv.- A-h-s≥-d- ap-J-`m-h-Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- hm-´-hpwD-≠m-hp-I-bp-w- A-cp-Xv''2-.C-sX-√mw- C-{µ≥- F-∂- k-\m-X-\- kw-c-£-I-\m-b- tZ-hs≥d- h-r-Øn-I-fm-tWm-;- A-X-√- G-Xv- am¿-§-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v- cm-Pyw1 EtKz-Zw- 2:15:4 2 [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n-: D≤cn-®Xv- `-Kv-hm≥- _p-≤≥,- t]-Pv- 57,- 58.-

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215

ssI-°-em-°m-≥-- {i-an-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- hr-Øn-tI-Sp-I-tfm?- E-tKz-ZØn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- C-{µ-s\-∂- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am Wv- H-cp- k-Xym-t\z-jn-°-v Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ""k-]v-X- kn-\v-[phn-s\- kzm-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tk-\m-[n-]-Xn-bm-b- C-{µ≥- a-\p-jy\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-≈-Xn-\v- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬-X-s∂- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v''1 F-∂m-Wv- [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.- ""k-]v-X- kn-\v-[ptZ-i-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æm-[n-Im-cw- e-`y-am-b-ti-jw- a-[y-ln-µp-kv-Ym\wC-{µ-s≥-d- e-£y-am-bn- am-dn.- tZ-hI - o-\µ - \ - m-bn-cp-∂,- tI-he - w- tKm°sf- ]-cn-]m-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- C-{µs≥-d- b-Pv-R- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- B-[n-]-Xy-hpw- k-Ω-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥H-cp-°-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- C-{µ≥- A-t±-l-sØ- F-Xn-cn-´p.Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- I-øn¬- Ip-Xn-c-∏-S-bn-s√-¶n-epw- A-t±-lw- C-{µ-s\F-Xn¿-Øp-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-h-Æ-ap-≈- H-cp- \n-e-bn-se-Øn-®p._r-l-kv-]-Xn-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS- C-{µ≥- F-ßn-s\-tbm- Po-h t\mSp-Iq-Sn- ]n≥-hm-ßn.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- (8:-36:-13˛15)- Im-Wp-∂- Nn-eE-Xp-°-fp-w,-- `m-K-h-Xw- ap-X-em-b- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- h¿-Æn-®n-´p-≈sF-Xn-ly-ßf - pw- Cu- A-\p-am-\s - Ø- A-Xy-¥w- _-es - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p''2.th-Z-Øn-se- C-{µ-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-sS- D-d-hn-SwA-t±-lw- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ- sIm-´m-c] - W - vU - n-X¿- \-SØ - n-b- {]iwk-I-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpwcm-Pm-hn-s\- kv-Xp-Xn-°ptºmƒ,- B-e-¶m-cn-I-am-bn- A-t±-l-Øn¬- A-am-\p-jn-I-X- B-tcm]n-®-Xm-bn-cn-°mw- ]n-∂o-Sv- tZ-h-\m-bn- am-dm-\p-≠m-b- Im-c-Ww.[¿Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n- F-gp-Xp-∂p" ""k¿-∆-`u-a-cm-Pm-°-∑m-scb-Pv-R-Øn¬- £-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂v- tkm-aw- \¬-Ip-∂- co-Xn- _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B- A-h-k-c-Øn¬- A-h-cp-sSkv-Xp-Xn- ]q¿-Æ-ß-fm-b- Km-\-ßƒ- ]m-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- C{µs\-∏-‰n-bp-≈- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- C-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p''3.h-cp-W≥-:˛- th-Zß - f - n-se- kp-{]-[m-\n-bm-b- a-s‰m-cp- tZ-h\ - mWvh-cp-W-≥.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬ tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpwcm-Pmhmbn-´m-Wv- h-cp-W-s\- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-cp- tem-I-ßf-- pw- X-Ωn-eI‰n1. AtX]p-kv-XIw- Page 57, 2 AtX]p-kv-XIw 62, 3.- [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n-:- ln-µn- kw-kv-Ir-Xn- B-Wn- A-lnw-k,- t]-Pv- 56.-

216

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

B-Im-i-sØ- ap-I-fn-te-°p-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw- kz¿-§-hpw- `q-an-bpwth¿Xn-cn-®v- sh-®-Xpw- \-Zn-Iƒ- I-S-en¬-sN-∂v- tN-cp-∂-Xpw- h-cp-W-s≥di-Iv-Xn-sIm-≠m-sW-∂m-Wv- k-¶¬-∏w.- E-tKz-Z-{]-Im-cw- an-{X-\pwh-cp-W-\pw- a-g-bp-sS- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- ]-e- kq-Iv-X-ßfn-epw- C-{µ-t\-°mƒ- i-Iv-Xn-tb-dn-b- tZ-h-\m-bm-Wv- h-cp-W≥- {]Xy£-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-epw- a-‰pw- Xm-c-X-tay-\- iIvXn-Ip-d-™- tZ-h-\m-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.a-lm-`m-c-X-{]-Im-cw- I-iy-]- {]-Pm-]-Xn-°v- A-Zn-Xn-sb-∂- `m-cybn¬P-\n-®-h-\m-Wv- h-cp-W≥-1.- I-iy-]-{]-Pm-]-Xn-°v- ap-\n-sb-∂- `m-cybn¬- P-\n-®,- tZ-h-K-\v-[¿-∆-\m-b- a-s‰m-cp- h-c-p-W-s\-°p-dn-®pw- alm`m-c-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v- 2.- {_-lv-a- k-`-bn-se- H-cp- km-am-Pn-I-\p-am-Wva-lm-`m-c-X-{]-Im-cw- hcp-W-≥-3.- In-g-°v- C-{µ-s\-bpw- sX-°v- b-a-s\ bpw- h-S-°v- ssh-{i-h-W-s\-bpw- Zn-Iv-]m-e-I-cm-bn- \n-b-an-®- {_-lv am-hv- ]-Sn-™m-dv- h-cp-W-s\-bpw- Zn-Iv-]m-e-I-\m-bn- \n-b-an-®-Xm-bnD-Ø-a- cm-am-b-Ww- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.h-cp-W-s\-°p-dn-®- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- H-cpkq-Iv-Xw- t\m-°p-I-:""h-cp-W≥- Im-´n¬- a-c° - q-´ß - f - p-≠m-°n.- ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v- Hm-P - pw- ]ip°ƒ-°v- ]m-epw- lr-Z-b-ßƒ-°v- hn-th-I-hpw- \¬-In-;- P-e-Øn¬A-Kv-\n-sb-bpw- B-Im-i-Øn¬- kq-cy-s\-bpw- ]¿-∆-X-ß-fn¬- tkmasØ-bpw- \n-t£-]n-®p''-4.C-{µ-s\-t∏m-se,- h-cp-W≥- B-cy-tk-\m-\n-bmbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v]-db - m≥- J-WvU - n-Xa - m-b- sX-fn-hp-Is - fm-∂p-an-√.- F-¶n-epw,- A-t±lwB-cym-{I-a-W- I-m-e-tØm- A-X-n-\p-ap-tºm- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- B-Z-cn-°s∏-´- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn¬- H-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xn¬- sX-‰n√.am-em-J- ]-cn-W-an-®v- a-\p-jy-\m-b-Xm-tWm,- A-X-√- a-\p-jy≥- ]-cn W-an-®v- tZ-h-\m-b-Xm-tWm-sb-∂v- J-Wv-Un-X-am-bn- ]-d-bm≥- km-[n°m-Ø- A-h-kv-Y-bm-Wv- h-cp-W-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- kqIv-X-ßƒ- ]cntim-[n-®p-t\m-°p-tºmgp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se-bpw- b-Pp¿-thZ-Øn-se-bpw- a-‰pw- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpsS- sh-fn-®-Øn¬,- hcp-W≥- B-Z 1.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- B-Zn-]-¿-∆w- A-≤ym-bw- 65 ]-Zyw- 15.2.- AtX]p-kv-XIw-]-Zyw- 42.3. AtX]p-kv-XIw k-`m-]¿-∆w- 11:-51 4.- E-tKz-Zw- 5:-85:-2.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

217

cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂- H-cp- B-cy-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- \n-K-a-\-am-Wv- Iq-SpX¬{]-k-Iv-X-sa-∂m-Wv- tXm-∂p-∂-Xv.A-Kv\ - n-:˛- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-kß - f - pw- h-kvX - p-°f - pw- A-ht- bmSp≈- `-bw-sIm-t≠m- B-Z-c-hp-sIm-t≠m- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- hy-h-l-cn-°s∏-´X - n-\p-≈- D-Zm-lc - W - ß - f - m-Wv- A-Kv\ - n,- D-jk - v,- kq-cy≥,- tkma≥F-∂o- tZ-h∑ - m-sc-°p-dn-®- th-Zt- «m-Iß - ƒ.- C-h- B-Zy- I - m-eØ - v- BZc-hn¬- \n-t∂m- `-b-Øn¬- \n-t∂m- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-h-bm-bn-cn-°mw.]t£,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-sb-°q-Sn- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- A-h-kvY-bn-te-°vh-gn-am-dp-∂-Xm-bm-Wv- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Kw-Km-X-S-Øn-epw- Xp-S¿-∂vIn-g-t°m-´v- \o-ßp-∂- Im-cy-Øn-epw- B-cy-∑m-cm-b- Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿t\-cn-´- {]-Xn-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- I-Tn-\-am-b- Im-em-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-°n-b{]-iv-\-ß-fpw- B-Xv-a-hn-izm-kw- sISp-Øn-b- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-Øn-embncn-°-Ww- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßƒ- tZ-h-∑m-cm-sW-∂- [m-c-W- hf¿Øn-bs - X-∂m-Wv- F-®v.- U - n.- {Kn-kv- thmƒ-Un-s≥-d-1- A-`n-{]m-bw.- BcyIp-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿- t\-cn-´-- {]-Xn-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- Im-em-h-kv-Ym- {]-iv-\ßfpw- am-{X-a-√,- A-h-bp-sS- D-]tbm-K-ß-fpw- B-Z-c-hpw-Iq-Sn- {]-Ir-Xn{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n¬- {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏w- `o-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂p-w- `-Iv-Xn bn¬- \n-∂pw- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂- Im-c-y-Øn¬- kw-i-b-an-√.- AKv\n-bm-cm-[-\- sk-≥-dv- A-sh-kv-sX-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-b- C-dm\nI-fn¬- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Im-e-w- ap-X¬-X-s∂- \n-e-\n-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bp-w.- A-h-cn¬- \n-∂m-bn-cn-°mw- B-cy-∑m¿- A-Kv-\n-bm-cm-[-\k-zo-I-cn-®-Xv.- C-S-Xq¿-∂v- \n¬-°p-∂- h-\-ß-fn-te-sX-¶n-epw- A-Kv\n°n-c-bm-b-Xn-\m¬- B-cy-∑m¿-°v- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂- {]-bm-k-ß-fmbncn-°mw A-Kv-\n-sb-°p-dn-®- `-b-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-s\- {]o-Xn-s∏-Sp-ØnAKv\ - n-t£m-`ß - f - n¬-\n-∂v- c-£s - ∏-Sm-sa-∂- [m-cW - ° - pw- Im-cW - ambn-Øo¿-∂-Xv.- `-b-Øn¬-\n-∂- v- Xp-S-ßn- {I-ta-W,- B-Im-i-sØ-bpw`q-an-sb-bpw- A-I‰ - n-\n¿-Øp-∂- H-cp- i-IvX - n-sb-∂- \n-eb - n-epw- tZh∑m ¿-°pw- a-\p-jy¿-°p-an-Sb - n-se- a-[y-kY v- s - \-∂- \n-eb - n-ep-am-Wv- AKv\nIq-Sp-X¬- "ssZ-hn-IX - '- ssI-hc - n-°p-∂s - X-∂v- tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥2 1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page: 88. 2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy, Page 62.

218

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

hn-i-Zo-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.E-tKz-ZØ - n-se- ]-e- kq-IX v- ß - f - n-epw- A-K\ v- n-sb- A-cW - n-Ifn¬(a-c-°-jv-W-ßƒ)- \n-∂pw- P-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- Iq¿ Ø- Xm-Sn-sb-√p-If - pw- ]nw-Kf - - h¿-ÆØ - n-ep-≈- Xm-Sn-bpw- I-Ønsbcnbp-∂- ]-√p-I-fp-ap-≈- A-Kv-\n-sb- am-co-X-cn-izm-hv- kz¿-K-Øn¬- \n∂v- sIm-≠p-h-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- B-cy-hn-izm-kw-1.- A-Kv-\n-tb-m-Sp-≈- H-cpth-Z{- ]m¿-∞\ - - t\m-°p-I:- - ""A-√t- bm- tX-tPm-ab - !- - \o-bm-Wv- NncRvPo-hn-bm-b- kq-cy-s\- B-Im-ib - m-{X-b° v- v- X-øm-dm-°n-bX - v.- \o- a\pjy\v- {]-Im-iw- \¬-In.- A-√-tbm- tPm-Xn-¿-a-b-!- \o- P-\-ß-fp-sS- shfn®-am-Wv.- R-ß-fp-sS- ap-∂n¬- \o- k¿-∆-t{i-jv-T-\pw- k¿-∆-{]n-b \p-am-Wv.- Km-b-I-\m-b- F-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- Z-b- Im-Wn-°p-I.- F-\n-°vPo-h≥- \¬Ip-I''-2 A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬- `-Iv-Xn-tb-°m-tf-sd`-ba - m-Wv- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂s - X-∂m-Wv- E-tKz-Z- kq-IvX - ß - ƒ- hmbn°p-tºmƒ- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-hp-I.- ""A-hn-Sp-∂v- h-\-ß-fn¬- Zm-lw]q-≠-h-\t∏m-se- D-Pv-Pz-en-°p-∂p.- sh-≈w-t]m-se- H-gp-Ip-∂p.- tX¿°p-Xn-c-t]m-se- a-p-c-fp-∂p.- B- s]m-≈n-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W-h¿-Ωm-hv\£-{X-ß-fm¬- ]p-©n-cn-bm-Sp-∂- \-`- p-t]m-se- {]-Im-in-°p-∂p.B- tX-P-kzn-bm-b- A-Kv-\n- \m-\m-cq-l-bm-bn- kv-Y-n-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.`qan-bn-se-ßpw- h-f-cp-∂p.- h-c-≠-h-sb- F-cn-®pw- t\m-hn-°p-∂-hsbI-cn-®pw- [m-cm-fw- Ip-Sn-°p-∂-t]m-se-bm-bpw- C-S-b-\n-√m-Ø- H-cp\m¬-°m-en-sb-t∏m-se- kz-bw- ta-™pw- \-S-°p-∂p''3.I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- bm-K-ß-fn-ep-≈- {]-[m-\- h-kvXphm-b- bm-Km-Kv-\n-tbm-Sp-≈- _-lp-am-\-hpw- A-Xn-t\m-Sv- {]m¿-∞n°p∂- A-h-kv-Y-bn-te-°v- \-bn-®n-cn-°mw.- E-tKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- ]-e Xn-epw- bm-Km-Kv-\n-sb- a-[y-kv-Y-\m-°p-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""tl....A-Kv-t\- R-ß-fp-sS- Cu- bm-K-Øn-te-°v- h-cp-W-s\- B-\-bn-°p-I;tZym-hn¬-\n-∂v- C-{µ-s\-bpw- A-¥-co-£-Øn¬-\n-∂v- a-cp-Øp-°sf bpw- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I''-4sb-∂pw- ""_e-hm-\pw- tim-`-\-I¿-Ωm-hp-am-b1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page 163.

2.- -E-tKz-Zw- 10:-150:53. -E-tKz-Zw 2:4:15-18. 4. -E-tKz-Zw 10:70:17.

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

219

A-Kvt- \,- H-en-sIm-≈p-∂- `-hm≥- R-ßf - p-sS Cu- bm-Kw- tZ-h∑ - mcn¬1 F-Øn-®m-epw''- F-∂p-ap-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- bm-K-sØ- tZ-h-∑mcn-te-s°-Øn-°p-∂- H-cp- C-Sb - m-f≥- am-{X-am-bm-Wv- A-hX - c - n-∏n-°p∂Xv.- F-∂m¬- a-‰p-Nn-e- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- A-Kv-\n-sb- H-cp- tZ-h-\m-bnØ-s∂-bm-Wv- k-¶¬-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v.- ""A-Kv\ - n- F-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-sh∂vRm-≥- I-cp-Xp-∂p.- A-Kv-\n- F-s≥-d- Pv-Rm-Xn-bpw- Zm-Xm-hpw- k-Jmhpam-sW-∂v- Rm≥- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂p''2sh-∂- t«m-I-Øn¬- A-Kv-\n- HcptZ-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- C-cp-´n-s\- A-I-‰p-∂-h-\pw- Zp-cm-Xv-am-°-sf-bpwZp¿-a-{¥-hm-Z-sØ-bpw- Xp-c-Øp-∂-h-\p-am-bn- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- th-Z-ßƒA-Kv-\n-sb- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v-3.D-j- pw- kq-cy-\pw-:-˛ {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßƒ-°v- A-aq¿-ØXI¬-∏n-®X - n-s≥-d- hy-IX v- a - m-b- D-Zm-lc - W - ß - f - m-Wv- D-j - pw- kq-cy\pw.th-Z-ß-fn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\n-bm-b- kv-{Xo- ssZ-h-am-Wv- D-j- v.Dj- v- ku-µ-cy-Øn-s≥-d-bpwku-ay-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- tZ-h-X-bm-bm-Wvth-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-Im-hy-ß-fn-se- A-Xn-a-t\mlc-am-b- H-cp- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- D-j-s -∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- am-IvsUm- ∏-´n-´p-≈X - v.- D-j - n-s\-°p-dn-®- kq-IvX - ß - ƒ- cu{ZW¬-4 A-`n-{]m-bs X-tbm- `-btam- A-√- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv-;- {]-Xyp-X,- lr-Zy-X-bpwku-µ-cy-hp-am-Wv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- D-j- n-s\-°p-dn-®- H-cpkq-Iv-Xwt\m-°p-I-:- ""D-j- v- C-cp-fn-s\- H-cp- £p-c-I-s\-t∏m-se- h-Sn-®p-Ifbp-∂p.- am-dn-S-sØ- H-cp- ]-ip-hn-s≥-d- A-In-Sn-s\sb-∂-t]-m-sesh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- tKm-°ƒ- sXm-gp-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se- In-g-°p-`mKØ-W™ p- tem-IØ - n-s\-√mw- sh-fn-®w- \¬-Ip-∂p.- A-\[ v- I - m-csØ5 A-I-‰p-∂p''kq-cy≥- ]p-cp-j-tZ-h-\m-Wv.- kq-cy-t\m-Sp-≈- H-cp- {]m¿-∞-\t\m-°p-I:- - ""tl- kq-cy-!- A-\v[ - I - m-cs - Ø- A-I‰ - n-°f - b - p-Ib - pw- temI Øn-sem-Sp-°pw- sh-fn-®w- ]-cØ - p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂- \n-s≥-d- D-PvP - zeamb- {]-Im-iw- R-ß-fp-sS- Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ-bpw- kzm¿-Y-sØ-bpw- F√m X-cw- th-Z-\-I-s-f-bpw- Zq-co-I-cn-°-s´.- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- Zp-kz-]v-\-ß-sf1. 2. 3. 4.

-E-tKz-Zw 10:7:4. -E-tKz-Zw 10:7:28. -E-tKz-Zw 7:15:2,4:1:9, 31:7,3:5:1 C-h- t\m-°p-I.Macdonell: Mythology in Grundiss, Page 46.

5. E-tKz-Zw- 1:-92:-14.-

220

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

D®m-S-\w- sN-ø-s´''1.tkm-at- Z-h≥-:˛- X-ßf - p-]t- bmKn-®- a-Zy-wt- ]m-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]m¿∞n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- tZ-h\ - m-bn- am-dn-bX - m-bp-≈- B-cy-Nc - n-{X-Øn-se- sshNn-{Xy-am-Wv- tkm-at- Z-hs - \-°p-dn-®- kq-IvX - ß - f - n¬- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- C-{µ-\pw- a-‰v- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sa-√mw- tkm-a-c-kw- D-]tbmKn-®v- a-tZm≥-a-Ø-cm-b-Xm-bn- th-Z-ß-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- tkmac-kw- A-a-c-Xz-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-°p-∂-Xm-bn- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- ]-d-™n´p-≠v.- ""R-ßƒ- tkm-a-]m-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- A-ar-X-cm-bn-Øo-¿-∂p.- tPymXn- n-te-°v- {]-th-in-®p.- tZ-h-∑m-sc- A-dn-™p''2sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z- I¿Øm-°-fn-sem-cmƒ- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A-t±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-b- elcn--bncn-°mw- A-a-c-Xz-hpw- tPym-Xn¿-{]-th-i-\-hpw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p∂-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- Cu- Du-l-Øn-\v{]m-_-eyw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv- ip-¢- b-Pp¿-th-Zo-b- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-aW-Øn-se- Xm-sg-∏d - b - p-∂- hn-hc - W - w-:- ""C-{µ≥- hn-iz-cq-]s - \- sIm∂p.A-Xn-\v- ]-I-c-am-bn- h-n-iz-cq-]-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- Xzjv-Sm-hv- tkm-a sØ- B-`n-Nm-c-{]tbm-Kw- sIm-≠v- A-]-l-cn-®p.- C-X-dn-™- C-{µ≥Xz-jv-Sm-hn-s≥-d- I-øn¬-\n-∂v- tkm-a-sØ- ]n-Sn-®p-]-dn-®p- Ip-Sn-®p.CXn-s≥-d- e-l-cn- C-{µ-s≥-d- tZ-lw- ap-gp-h≥- hym-]n-®p.- I-Æp-Ifn¬-\n-∂v- tX-P- v- a-ßn.- \m-kn-I-Iƒ- h-gn-bmbn- ho-cyw- tNm¿-∂pt]m-bn.- ap-J-Øn¬-\n-∂v- i-Iv-Xn- A-kv-X-an-®p.- sN-hn-Iƒ-°p-≈tIƒ-h-n- \-in-®p.- ip-¢w- {k-hn-®p.- A-ßn-s\- C-{µ≥- X-s≥-d- i-{Xp hm-b- \-ap-Nn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn- k-©-cn-®p''3.ap-I-fn¬-]-d-™- h-n-h-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- i-Iv-X-am-b- e-l-cn-bp≠m-°p-∂- I-©m-hn-s\t∏m-ep-≈- F-t¥m- H-∂m-Wv- tkm-a-c-k-sa ∂v- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bpw.- ]¿-∆X - {- ]-tZ-iß - f - n¬- h-fc - p-∂X - pw- Xq-ßp∂in-J-c-ß-fpw- l-cn-X-h¿-Æ-hp-ap-≈- G-tXm- H-cp- -sN-Sn-bm-Wv- tkmawD¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂m-Wv- th-Z-Øn-se- hn-h-c-W-ß-fn¬- \n-∂- va\- n-em-°m-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ku-{Xm-a-Wn- bm-K-Øn-\p-th-≠ntkmaw- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-d-n-®v- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-Ww- hn-h-cn-°p-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

221

∂p-≠v.- ""tkm-aw- sIm-≠p-h-∂v- B-Zy-cm-{Xn- P-e-Øn-en-´p-sh-®v- ImesØ-Sp-Øv- sh-≈-sam-gn-®v- e-`n-°p-∂- ip-≤n-°v- A-izn-\w- F-∂m-Wvt]¿.- c-≠mw- Zn-h-k-hpw- aq-∂mw- Zn-h-k-hpw- cm-{Xn-bn¬- P-e-Ønen´psh-®v- \-∂m-bn- I-gp-In- e-`n-°p-∂-X-n-\v- b-Ym-{I-aw- km-c-kz-Xsa∂pw- sF-{µ-sa-∂pwhn-fn-°p-∂p''-1.- C-∂v- "tam¿-^n≥'- F-∂- el-cn]-Zm¿-∞-Øn¬-\n-∂v- "tIm-Un≥',- "sl-tdm-bn-≥' F-∂n-h-bpw- I©mhn¬-\n-∂v- Iq-Sp-X¬- e-lcn-Zm-b-I-am-b- l-jo-jpw- D¬-∏m-Zn∏-n-°p∂-Xp-t]m-se- "tkm-a'-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≈- e-lcn]-Zm¿-∞-ßƒ- \n¿-Ωn-°m-\-p-≈-- hn-Zybm-bn-cn-°mw- i-X-]-Y-{_mlva-W-Øn-seap-I-fn¬- ]-d-™- kq-Iv-Xw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv.F-¥p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- H-cp- e-l-cn- ]-Zm¿-∞-am-bn-cp∂ptkm-a-sa-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-an-√.- F-∂m¬,- tkm-a-tØmSv{]m¿-∞n-°p-∂-Xpw- A-Xn-s\- tZ-h-\m-bn- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw- thZØn¬- \mw- Z¿-in-°p-∂p.- tkm-a-sØ- h¿-Æn-®p-h¿-Æn-®v- tZ-h-∑mcpsS-bpw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpwcm-Pm-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Zw- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂h-cp-W-\v- Xp-ey-\m-bpw- h-cp-W≥- X-s∂-bm-bpw- hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂Xm-Wv- th-Z-ß-fn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- ""tkm-am....- cm-Pm-hpw- h-cpW-\p-am-b- A-ß-bp-sS-bm-W-t√m- I¿-Ω-ßƒ.- hn-im-e-hpw- Kw-`o-chp-a-s{X- A-ß-bp-sS- tX-P- v.- tkm-am,- A-ßv- {]n-b-s∏-´- an-{X-s\t∏m-se- ]m-h\ - a - m-Ip-∂p.- kq-cy-s\-t∏m-se- h¿-≤b - n-Xm- h - m-Ip-∂p''2sh∂p- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- E-tKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- tkm-a-t\m-Sp-≈H´-\-h-[n- {]m¿-∞-\-Iƒ- Im-Wm-\m-hpw.- ""tkm-a- cm-Pm-th,- `-Khm≥- R-ß-sf- F-√m- tZ-tl-Nv-Op-°-fn¬-\n-∂pw- c-£n-°p-I.- Aß-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-h-s≥-d- k-Jm-hpw- \-in-°p-I-bn-√-t√m''.- ""tkm-am,A-hn-Sp-∂v- Cu- b-Pv-R-hpw- kv-Xp-Xn-bpw- kzo-I-cn-®v- F-gp-∂-≈n-hcnI,- R-ßƒ-°v- A-`n-hr-≤n- h-cp-Øp-I''.- ""tkm-a,- A-ßp- R-ßƒ°v[-\w- h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I.- tcm-K-ßƒ- i-an-∏n-°p-I,- k-º-Øv- \¬-Ip-I,]p-jv-Sn- Iq-´p-I,- \-√- k-Jm-°-sf- X-cn-I-'-'3Xp-S-ßn-b-h- E-°p-If-- n¬Im-Wp-∂- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- Nn-e-h-bm-Wv.tkm-a-c-kw- {]-Zm-\-w-- sN-øp-∂- Zn-hy-am-b- (?)- A-\p`-q-Xn-bmbn-

1. E-tKz-Zw10:37:4. 2. E-tKz-Zw 8:48 36. 3.- -ip-¢- b-Pp¿-th-Zo-b- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-Ww- 7:-3:-2:-1˛3 -C-¥y-bn-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cØn¬- D≤cn-®Xv.-- t]-Pv- 66.-

1.- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-Ww-:- 12:-8:-2:-8˛10 2.- E-tKz-Zw- 1:-91:-17.3. E-tKz-Zw H-- -∂mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 91˛mw- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v.-

222

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

cn-°W - w- A-Xn-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂X - n-te-°v- a-\p-jy-sc- \-bn-®s - X∂m Wv- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- hn-‰v-\nF-gp-Xp-∂p-" ""{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- B-iv-N-cy-I-c-ß-fm-b- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-bpw- ]q-Pn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn¬- a-X-k-¶¬-∏w- ap-gp-h≥A-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂- k-c-f-lr-Z-b-∑m-cm-b- B-cy-∑m¿- B-Xv-tam≥-ta-jsØ- D-b¿-Øp-hm-\pwkm-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬- sN-øm≥- I-gn-bm-Ø{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- sN-øm-\p-≈- t{]-c-Wb -- pw- I-gn-hpw- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn-ep-fhm-°p-∂- Xm¬-°m-en-I-am-b- H-cp- X-c-w- e-l-cn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m\pwH-cp- {Zm-h-I-Øn-\v- I-gn-hp-s≠-∂v- I-≠-tXm-sS- Zn-hy-am-b- F-t¥mH-∂m-Wv- A-sX-∂v- I-cp-Xp-hm≥- Xp-S-ßn.- Xm≥- {]-th-in-°p-∂- hyIvXn-Iƒ-s°-√mw- tZ-thm-Nn-X-am-b- i-Iv-Xn-Iƒ- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂Hcp- tZ-h-X-bm-bn-Øo-¿-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬- B- ]m-\o-bw.A-Xp-≠m-°p-∂- sN-Sn-bm-I-s´- A-h-sc- kw-_\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Huj-[n-I-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hpw- A-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]m-\o-bap-≠m-°p-∂- {]-{Inbhn-ip-≤-am-b- H-cp- b-Pv-R-hpw- A-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- D-]-I-c-Wßƒ- ]m-h-\-hp-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p.- Cu- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º--Zm-bw- h-f-sc b[n-Iw- {]m-No-\-am-sW-∂v- t]¿-jy≥- A-sh-kv-X-bn¬- A-Xn-s\∏-‰n- Im-Wp-∂- kq-N-\-Iƒ- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂p.- F-¶n-epw- C-¥y≥- `q{]tZ-i-Øv- F-Øn-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-Xn-s\m-cp- ]p-Xn-b- Po-h≥- h∂Xm-bn- Im-Wp-∂p-''1.tkm-a-sØ-t∏m-se-X-s∂- th-Z-Øn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-ás‰m-cp- e-l-cn- ]-Zm¿-∞-am-Wv- kp-c.- ""kp-c-b-√m-sX- a-‰v- a-Zy-ßƒ{_m-lv-a-W≥- Ip-Sn-®p-Iq-Sm''2sb-∂m-Wv- t_m-[m-b-\- [¿-Ω-kq-{Xw\n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-t£,- kp-c- tkm-a-sØ-t∏m-se- Zn-hy-h¬-°cn-°-s∏-ń-ń-√.- th-Z-Øn-tem- a-t‰m- kp-c-tbm-Sp-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-IƒIm-Wp-I- km-[y-hp-a-√.Akp-c-∑m¿-:-˛ sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ßƒ- ]n-im-Np-°ƒ- F-t∂mkm-Øm-∑m¿- F-t∂m- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- D-≈- hn-h-£- X-s∂-bm-WvB-cy-a-Xw- Akp-c-∑m-sc-∂pw- cm-£-k-∑m-sc-∂pw- ]-d-bp-tºm-gp-ap≈-Xv.- sN-Ip-Øm≥-am-sc-°p-dn-®v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬- IS-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xn-t\-°m-f-[n-Iw- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-ßƒ- B-cy-a-X-Øn¬A-kp-c-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- a-\p-jy-cn¬-s∏-´- D-Ø-a∑m-sc- tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- A-[-a-sc- A-kp-c∑mcm-bn- Nn-{Xo-Ic - n-®X - m-bpw- \m-w- th-Zß - f - n¬- Im-Wp-∂p.- A-Xp-t]mseX-s∂,- B-cy-˛Z-kyp-kw-L´- \ - Ø - n¬,- B-cy-t\-Xm-°∑ - m¿- tZ-h∑ - mcmbn- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Z-kyp-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿- A-kp-c-∑m-sc-∂vhn-fn-°s - ∏-´p.- Z-kyp-°s - f- sN-Ip-Øm≥-am-tc-°m-fpw- \o-Nc - m-bn-°≠B-cy-∑m¿,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-sc- A-Sn-a-I-fm-°n-b-Xm-bm-Wv- C-¥ym- Ncn{X-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-ß-sf-bpwD¬-∏-Øn-Im-c-W-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \mwI-≠-Xv.- a-lm-Xv-am-°-tfm-Sp-≈- B-Z-c-hpw- {]-Ir-Xn-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- {]-o Wn-∏n-°m-\p-≈- A-`n-hm-Rv-O-bp-am-Wv- {]-[m-\- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-sb√mw- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-≈-sX-¶n-epw- A-h-bp-sS-bpw- ASnkv-Ym-\-am-bn- h¿-Øn-®-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Wn-bm-fp-I-fm-bam-em-J-am-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- {]-Ir-Xn-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf bpw- a-l-Øp-°-sf-bpwam-em-J-am-cp-sS- kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Ønbt∏m-ƒ-X-s∂,- am-em-J-am-sc- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xo-I-am-ba\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-te-°v- C-d-°n-sh-®-Xm-bpw- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- X-e-Ifp-sS-bpw- ssI-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-‰v- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-Æw- Iq-Sp-Xep-≈- tZ-h-∑m-sc- k-¶¬-∏n-®-Xv- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[oI-cn-°m-\m-sW-∂v- Du--ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-sØ°p-dn-®pw- A-t\-Iw- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-≈-h-\m-bp-≈- hn-h-c-Ww- D-]-\nj-Øp-I-fn¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""F-√m- `m-K-Øpw- I-ÆpIfp-≈-h-\pw- k¿-∆-{X- ap-Jap-≈-h-\pw- F-√m-`m-K-Øpw- _m-lp-°-fp≈-h-\pw- F-√m- `m-K-Øpw- ]m-Z-ß-fp-≈-h-\pw- B-Im-i-sØ-b-pw`qan-sb-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-h-\pw- B-b- G-I-am-{X-\m-b- B- ]-c-am-Xm-hv,a-\p-jym-Zn-I-sf- c-≠v- ssI-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\pw- ]-£n- ap-X-em-b-h °v- Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ- {]-Zm-\w-- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-p''-1.- C-sX-√mw- ssZ-h Øn-s≥-d- i-Iv-Xn-sb- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥-th-≠n-bp-≈- hn-h-c-W-am-bXp-t]m-se- tZ-h-i-Iv-Xn-sb- hy-Iv-X-am-°m-\m-bn-cn-°mw- A-h-b-h-

1. Whitny: Journel of American Oriental Society-iii:292. Quoted by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol I page 62.

2.- t_m-[m-b-\-[¿-Ω- kq-{Xw- 1:-1:-10.-

223

1.- tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-3.-

224

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

225

ßfpsS- F-Æ° - q-Sp-Xe - ns\-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v.- F-¥p-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw,- ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈n-s≥-d-bp≈n¬- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-Xß - f - n-seam-em-Jm-k¶ - ¬-∏Ø - n¬-\n-∂pw- \ofp ∂- th-cp-Iƒ- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-fn-epw- sN-dn-btXm-Xn-se-¶n-epw,- am-em-J-am-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw- _-lp-ssZ-hhnizm-k-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn-W-an-®n-´p-s≠-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- C-hn-sS- {]tXyIw- kv-a-c-Wo-b-am-Wv.Jp¿-B≥- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- t\m-°p-I-:- ""A-h-sc-sb-√m-h-sc-bpwA-h-s\m-cp- Zn-h-kw- H-cp-an-®p-Iq-´pw.- ]n-s∂- a-e-°p-I-tfm-Sv- tNm-Zn°pw-:- "C-h-cm-tWm- \n-ßs-- f- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv?'- A-h¿- ]-d-bpw"\o- ]-cn-ip-≤≥!- \o-bm-Wv- R-ß-fp-sS- c-£m-[n-Im-cn-˛A-h-c-√.Ah¿- Pn-∂p-Is - f-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂X - v.- A-hc - n¬- A-[n-It- ]cpw-1 Pn-∂p-I-fn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Ip-∂p-'' .-

3 A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-∏wa-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b- e-£y-{]m-]v-Xn-°vF-¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-hm≥- ]m-Zm¿-∞n-I-am-b- ]-co-£-W- \nco£-W-ßƒ-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- A-h-s\- kr-jv-Sn-®v- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h≥X-s∂- A-X-h-∂v- A-dn-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.- A-Xn-∂p-th-≠n- ssZhwsX-c-s™-Sp-Øv- {]-tXy-I-am-b- t_m-[-\-ßƒ- \¬-In- P-\-a-[y-Ønen-d-ßm≥ \n-tbm-Kn-®- Zq-X-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw,- hn-i-Zmw-ißfn¬- hy-Xy-kv-X-sa-¶n-epw- H-cp- hn-[-sa-√m- a-X-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bpw.- {]-hm-NI - ≥- (Prophet),- ssZ-hZ- q-X≥- (The Messenger) F∂o{]-tbm-K-ßƒ- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW-¶n-epw- Cu- ]-Z-ßƒsIm-≠v- hn-h£ - n-°p-∂- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ- sN-bvX - - hy-IvX - n-Is - f-°pdn®- k-¶¬-∏w- {Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- an-tØm-f-Pn-bn-epw- ]u-cm-Wn-I- \-ZoX-S- hn-izm-k-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.-

1. Jp¿-B≥- 34:-40,-41.-

{]-hm-N-I- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- k-am-¥-c-am-bn- ln-µp-a-X-Øn¬Im-Wp-∂- H-cp- hn-izm-k-am-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw.- AhXm-c-]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- [m-Xzm¿-∞w- "Xm-tgm-´p-cn-I'-sb-∂m-Wv.- ""\mwXmsg-\n-∂v- F-¥m-bn- hn-I-kn-°-W-tam- A-Xn-s\- ap-I-fn¬-\n-∂v-

226

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

sF-iz-cy-i-Iv-Xn- B-hn-jv-°-cn-®v- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- A-h-Xm-cw-''1 F-∂m-Wv- {io- A-c-hn-µ- a-l¿-jn- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.- C-hn-sS,- ap-I-fn-ep≈- sF-iz-cy-iI - X v- n-bp-sS- B-hn-jI v- m-cs - a-∂- B-ib - w- am-‰n-sh-®m¬,"\mw- Xm-sg-\n-∂v- F-¥m-bn- hn-I-kn-°-W-tam- A-Xv- Im-Wn-®v- Xcm≥sF-iz-cy-i-Iv-Xn- ]-d-™-b-®- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-°-fm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ'F-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂p.- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- B-K-a-t\m-t±-iyw- a-\p-jy¿Fß-s\- Po-hn-°W - s - a-∂v- {]m-tbm-Kn-Ia - m-bn- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pIbm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jvIm-c-am-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-∂m-W t√m- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-kw.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jv-°m-c-sØ°p-dn-®v- ln-µp-aX - Ø - n-se- hy-Xy-kvX - - hn-`[ - K - ß - ƒ - ° - n-Sb - n¬- kmcam b- A-`n-{]m-bh - y-Xym-kß - f - p-≠.v- - _u≤∑m¿- t_m-[n-kX - z-s≥-d- AhXm-cß - s - f-°p-dn-®-v hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- P-mX - I - I - Y - I - f - n¬- _p-≤\ - p2 apºpwt_m-[n-k-Xz-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-\n-bpwAh- D-≠m-Im-\n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bpw.- ssP-\≥-am¿-°pw- A-hc - p-tS-Xm-b- A-hX - m-ckn-≤m-¥a - p≠v.ssP-\h - n-izm-k{- ]-Im-cw- A-hX - m-cß - ƒ- F-t∏m-gpw- h-cp-∂X - v- \∑bpsS-bpw- Xn-∑-bp-sS-bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sS- hn-cp-≤- C-c-´-I-fm-bn-´mWv3.\m-cm-b-W-\pw- {]-Xn-\m-cm-b-W-\pw,- _m-e-`-{Z-\pw- {]-Xn-_m-e- `-{Z\-p-sa-√mw- C-ß-s\- \-∑-bp-sS-bpw- Xn-∑-bp-sS-bpwhn-cp-≤- C-c-´-Ifm-b- Ah-Xm-c-ß-f-s{X.- ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-c-ap-≈- ssZ-h-Øns≥-d- P-Um-hn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ- C-h-bn¬- \n-s∂-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.in-h-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-ß-fm-b- cp-{Z≥,- `-h≥,- a-lm-Im-e≥,- A¿≤-\m-co-iz-c≥- F-∂n-h¿- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ- F-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- ]-‰ptamC-t√- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-h-y-Xym-k-ap-≠v.- C-∂v- hy-h-lcn-°p-∂- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-{]-Im-c-ap≈-Xm-Wv.- sshjv-W-h- A-h-Xm-c-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v- Xm-Xzn-I-am-bn- A-Sp-∏-ap-≈-Xvt]¿jy-°m-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn-´m-sW-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpsS]-£w.- F.-kn.- _u-s°- F-gp-Xp-∂p:- ""ssl-µ-hm-h-Xm-ct_m-[ tØm-Sv- G-‰-hpw- ASp-Øp\n¬-°p-∂-Xv- t]¿-jy-°m-cp-sS- k-¶¬1. Shri Arabind: The Message of Gita 58. 2.- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- _p-≤≥.3. Krishna Bhagwan Dai: A Study in the Theory of Avataras Page 6.

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

227

∏-am-Wv.- A-h-cp-sS- ]-c-am-Nm--cy-\m-b- skm-cm-kv-‰-dp-sS- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬"sh-c-{X-Kv-\-'- F-∂- tZ-h-X- ]-e- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-Sp-Ø- I-Y- {]-Xn]mZn-®n-´p-≠v''1.A-hX - m-c- e-£yw-:˛- A-[¿-ΩØ - n-s≥-d- \n-jI v- m-k\ - h - pw- [¿ΩØn-s≥-d- kw-kvY - m-]\ - h - pw- \-SØ - p-Is - b-∂- sk-an-‰n-Iv- {]-hm-NI - ∑mcp-sS- A-tX- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-h-cm-Wvssl-µ-h- k-¶¬-]-{]-Im-cw- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-sS- BKa-t\m-t±-iyw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn-se- kp-{]-kn-≤-am-b- Ir-jv-tWm-]-tZiwhn-hc - n-°p-∂p≠v.- ""tl-!- `m-cX - !- - G-tX-Xp-Im-eØ - v- [¿-ΩØ - n-\v- •m\nkw-`h - n-®v- A-[¿-ΩØ - n-\v- {]m-_e - yw- e-`n-°p-∂p-thm- At∏mƒ- Rm≥k-z-bw- A-h-X-cn-°p-∂p.- k-Pv-P-\-ß-sf- c-£n-°m\-pw- Zp-jvS-∑m-scin-£n-°m\-pw- A-Xn-eq-sS- [¿-Ωw- kw-kv-Ym-]n-°m-\-pw- Rm≥- bpK-ßƒ-tXm-dpw- A-h-X-cn-°p-∂p''2.[¿-Ωk - w-kvY - m-]I - s - \-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-ka - m-Wv- ssl-µh - - AhXm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂v- Cu- t«m-I-Øn¬\n-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- ]-s£,- [¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]-I≥- `-K-hm≥Xs∂- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- ]q-≠-Xm-sW-∂- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bns]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-hm≥- C-kv-em-an-\v- Ign-bn--√.- ss{I-kv-X-h- Z¿-i-\Ønepw- ssZ-hw- P-U-w- kzo-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂- hn-izm-k-ap-s≠-¶n-epw- AXv{In-kv-Xp-hn¬- am-{Xw- ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv.- ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ {]Imcw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-√mw-X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- A-h-k-c-Øn¬[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-s≥-d- B-h-iym¿-∞w- ssZ-h-w-- P-Uw- k-zoIcn-®m-Wv- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- ]-Zm¿-∞m-Xo-X-\pw- ]-cn-ip-≤-\p-am-bssZ-hw- P-Uc - q-]w- kzo-Ic - n-®v- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw- ar-Kß - f - p-sS-bpw- kIe-hn-[- Nm-]-ey-ß-tfm-Sp-w-Iq-Sn- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-sa-∂- hn-izm-kw- Ahs≥-d- hn-ip-≤n-sb- I-f¶ - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - m-sW-∂v- C-kve - m-an-I- {]-amW ßƒ- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂p.ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂- hn-izm-k-sØ]-c-ky-am-bn- hn-a¿-in-®- ssl-µ-h- \-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-∑m-cp-≠m1.A.C. Bouquet: Comprative Religion, Page 97.

2. -b-Zm- b-Zm- ln- [¿-Ω-ky- •m-\n¿-`-h-Xn- `m-c-XA-`yp-∞m-\-a-[¿-Ω-k-y- X-Zm-Xv-am-\w- kr-Pm-ay-lw]-cn-{Xm-Wm-b- km-[q-\mw- hn-\m-im-b- N- Zp-jv-Ir-Xmw[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\m¿-∞m-b- kw-`-hm-an- bp-tK- bp-tK- (`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 4:-7,-8.-)

228

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

bn-´p-≠v.- A-h-cn¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- I-_o¿.- ""{]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- D-S-akv-Y-\m-b- ssZ-hw- Zp¿-∫-e-∑m-cpw- {]-_-e-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-ka-Xzw- I-≠n-´v- {io-cm-a\ - m-bn- A-hX - c - n-®p-sh-∂v- ln-µp-°ƒ- ]-db - p∂p.I-_o¿- ]-d-™p-:- ""P-\n-°p-I-bpw- a-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- bm-sXmcm-fp-sS- ap-ºn-epw- in-c- v- Ip-\n-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√.- B-fp-Iƒ- ]-d-bp-∂Z-im-h-Xm-c-hp-am-bn- F-\n-°v- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-√''-1.-

A-sXm-cp- N-cn-{X- Ir-Xn-b-s√-∂v- F-\n-°v- tXm-∂n-bn-cp-∂p.- imcocnI- bp-≤-Ø-n-s≥-d- _-m-l-y-`m-h-tØm-sS- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- D-≈n¬- \-S °p-∂- A-\¥ - a - m-b- Zz-¥b - p-≤a - m-Wv- C-Xn¬- hn-hc - n-°p-∂X - v.- a-\ n¬\-S-°p-∂- Cu- bp-≤-sØ- Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠nbm-Wv- i-m-co-cn-I- bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- I-Y-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv''-1.-

hn-izm-kn-bpw- ssh-jv-W-h-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- P-\n-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bpam-b- \-Ωp-sS- cmjv-{S-]n-Xm-hv- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- ho-£-Ww- C-Xn¬\n-s∂-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xn:- ""ssZ-hw- H-cp- hyIvXn-b-√.- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂Xn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-tb k-Xy-ap-≈q.- A-Ø-cwhy--Iv-Xn-Iƒ- ssZ-h-tØmSvA-Sp-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- am-{X-sa- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≈q.k¿-∆-hym-]n-bm-b- ssZ-hw- F-√m- a-\p-jy-cn-epw- h-kn-°p-∂p.- AXpsIm-≠v,- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂v- B-sc-∏-‰n-bpw- ]-d-bw.- CXv\-sΩ- F-hn-sS-bp-sa-Øn-°p-I-bn-√.- cm-a≥,- Ir-jv-W≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-hsc- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- \mw- A-h¿-°v- Nn-e- ZnhyKp-W-ßƒ- \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- A-h¿- a-\pjy-`m-h-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-I-f-m-Wv.- A-h¿- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-thm- C-√-tbmsb-∂-Xv- a-\p-jy-a-\- n¬- A-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp-≈- Nn-{X-ß-sf- _m-[n°p-∂n-√.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- N-cn-{X- ]p-cp-j-∑m-c-m-°m≥{i-an-®m¬- ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- hm-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-\mIm-sX- hn-ja - n-t°-≠n-hc - pw''-2.- ""F-s∂- kw-_\ - v[ - n-®n-St- Øm-fw- alm`m-cX - w- H-cp- A-Km-[a - m-b- a-X{- K-\vY - a - m-Wv.- {]-Xn-cq-]m-Xva - I - a - m-b- AXvH-c¿-∞-Øn-epw- N-cn-{X-tc-J-b-√.- \-Ωp-sS-bp-≈n¬- A-\-¥-am-bn\-S-°p-∂- Zz-µ-bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-W-Xv.- \-ap-°v- Nn-¥n°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- ku-I-cy-Øn-\v- A-Xv- a-\p-jy¿- \-S-Øn-bXm-bn- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am-{Xw.- \-Ωp-sS- I-øn¬- C-t∏m-gp-≈alm-`m-c-Xw- aq-e-Øn-s≥-d- Ip-‰-a-‰- {]-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw- Rm≥- I-cp-Xp ∂n-√.- t\-sc-a-dn-®v- A-Xv- \n-c-h-[n- Xn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-bn´p-≠v''-3.- ""Rm≥- Ko-Xb - p-am-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xs∂-

A-h-Xm-c-hpw- A-ssZz-X-hpw-:-˛ A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏w- {io- i¶c-s≥d- A-ssZz-X-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- ssh-cp-≤yw- ]p-e¿-Øp ∂p.- "{]-]-©-Øn-em-sI- Fs¥-√mw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-t≠m- A-sX √mw- {_-lv-awam-{X-amsW'-∂m-W-t√m-2 A-ssZz-X-Øn-s≥-d- ASnkv Ym-\-hm-Iyw.- Rm-\pw- \n-ß-fpw- \-ap-°v- Np-‰p-ap-≈- A-tN-X-\-hpwktN-X-\-hp-am-b- k-I-e-Xpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- F-ß-s\bm-Wv- ssZ-hw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- hy-IvX - n-bn¬- am-{Xw- A-hX - c - n-°p∂Xv?GsXmcp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n-epw- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥d- Aw-iw- \n-e-\n¬°p∂psh-¶n¬- F-¥n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- \-ap-°v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-®p-Xcm≥-th-≠n- ssZ-hw- (ssZ-h-hpw- \mw- X-s∂-!)- a-s‰m-cp- ]p-cp-j-s\A-b-°p-∂-Xv-!?.- "Po-h≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-a'-3sa-∂- A-ssZz-X-hN-\w- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬- a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-h-sc-bp-≈- A-hXm-c-ßƒ-°v- \-Ωn¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- F-¥v- {]-tXy-I-Xbm-Wp-≈X - v?- A-h¿- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- A-hX - m-cß - ƒ.- \-Ωt- fm- ssZhwX-s∂-bpw-!- ]n-s∂- \-ap-°v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-°m-\-h¿- A¿-l-cm-tWm?A-h¿-°v- F-¥v- {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-\v- F-¥v- {]k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?A-h-Xm-c- kw-Jy-:-˛ "A-h-Xm-tc-ly- kmw-tJy-b- l-tcx- kXz-\n-t[¿-Zzn-Pm'- F-∂- `m-K-h-X- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- `-K-hm-s≥-d- A-hXm-c-ßƒ- A-kw-Jy-am-sW-¶n-epw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-cß-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv- km-[m-c-W- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv.- a-Xv-kyw,Iq¿-Ωw,- h-cm-lw,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a\-≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,- {io-cm-a≥,{io-Ir-jv-W≥,- _ecm-a≥4 I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ßƒ.{io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]-Im-cw- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- C-cp-]-Øn-bmdv5 1. M.K. Gandhi: The Teaching of the Gita, Page 18.

1. Dr. Thara Chand: Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Page 163. 2. Harijan-22-6-1947. 3. Young India 1-10-1925.

229

2.- {_-lv-ssa- th-Zw- hn-izw- k-a-kv-Xw- C-Zw- P-K-Zv3.- Po-thm- {_-v-ssa-h- \m-]-cx4.- Nn-e¿- _-e-cm-a-\p- ]-I-cw- {io-_p-≤-s\-bm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv-.5.- {io-a-lm-tZ-hn- `m-K-h-Xw-˛kv-I-\v-[w- 1 A-≤ym-bw- 3.-

230

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-hX - m-cß - f - p-≠v.- k-\I - ≥,- k-\µ - ≥,- k-\m-X\ - ≥-,- k-\¬-Ip-amc≥,h-cm-lw,- \m-c-Z≥,- \-c-\m-cm-b-W-∑m¿-,- I-]n-e≥,- Z-Øm-t{X-b≥,b-Pv-R≥,- E-j-`≥,- ]r-Yp,- a¬-kyw,- tam-ln-\n,- Iq¿-Ωw,- K-cp--V≥,[-\z-¥-cn,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a-\≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,- hym-k≥,- {io-cma≥,_-e-`-{Z-cm-a≥,- {io-Ir-jv-W≥,- _p-≤≥,- I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-W-h¿.]-tØm- C-cp-]-Øn-bm-tdm- am-{X-a-√- Ip-sd-b-[n-Iw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂- ]-W-vUn-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- "X-Xz-a-kn'sb∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hym-Jym-\-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤n-t\Snbkp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sn-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n¬- tb-ip-{In-kvX - p- apX¬a-lm-Xv-Km-\v-[n-h-sc- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-W1v- .a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-hs - c-bp-≈h - c - p-sS- A-hX - m-tcm-t±-iyw[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®- ]p-cmWI-Y-Iƒ- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.- Ir-X-am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-X¿-∏-WwsN-øp-∂- k-Xy-hr-X-cm-Pm-hn-\m-Wv- hn-jv-Wp- a¬-ky-cq-]-Øn¬{]Xy-£s - ∏-´X - v.- ]n-∂o-Sp-≠m-b- {]-fb - Ø - n¬- A-t±-ls - Ø- c-£n°pI-bpw- l-b-{Ko-h-s\- l\-n-®v- th-Z-ß-sf- D-≤-cn-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂pa¬-kym-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m¿- ]m-em-gn- I-S-™vA-a-r-Xw- e-`n-°m-≥- {i-an-°-sh,- I-St-Im-em-bn-cp-∂- a-µ-c-]¿-∆-XwXm-Wp-t]m-b-t∏mƒ- B-iv-N-cy-I-c-amw-h-Æw- h-en-sbm-cp- B-a-bpsScq-]w- ssI-sIm-≠v- ]m-em-gn-a-Y-\-sØ- k-^-e-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂pIq¿-Ωm-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- kz-bw-`p-h-a-\p- krjv-Sn-°p-th-≠nD-Zyp-Iv-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ- I-S-en-sem-fn-°-s∏-´p- Im-Wm-Xm-b- `qansb- ln-c-Wym-£- h-[w- \-S-Øn- ho-s≠-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-cmlmh-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- [¿-aw.- Cu-iz-chn-izm-k-sØ- ]m-sS- X-S-™- ln-c Wy-I-in-]p-hn-s\- Xq-Wn¬-\n-∂v- \-c-knw-l-aq¿-Øn-bm-bn- ]p-d-Øph-∂v- \-in-∏n-®v- {]-lv-fm-Z-Ip-am-c-s\- k-am-iz-kn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv- \-cknw-lm-h-Xm-cw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- ]n-Xm-hm-b- P-a-Z-Kv-\n-bp-sS- in-c-tO-ZwsN-bv-X- Im¿-Ø-ho-cm-¿-Pv-Pp-\-s\-bpw- £-{Xn-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-bpwl-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-c-ip-cm-am-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- tI-c-f\m-´n¬- kp-J-kp-µ-c-am-b- `-c-Ww- Im-gv-N-sh-®- a-lm-_-en-sb- ]-co £-W-Øn-eq-sS- `q-an-°-Sn-bn-te-°v- Xm-gv-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-m-a\m-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- B-K-a-t\m-t±-iyw.- ko-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- \-S-Øn- A[¿Ω-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Xm-Im-hm-l-I-\m-bn- am-dn-b- cm-h-W-s\- \-in-∏n-°pIbm-bn-cp-∂p- {i-o-cm-am-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- [¿-Ωw.- Iu-c-h- ]m-Wv-U-hbp-≤-Øn¬- £-{Xn-b-[¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v- A¿Pv-Pp-\ s\- D-]t- Z-in-°p-Ib - pw- k-lm-bn-°p-Ib - p-am-bn-cp-∂p- Ir-jvW - m-hX - mcØn-s≥-d- D-t±-iyw.- Po-hI - m-cp-Wy-Øn-s≥-d- a-ln-Xm-ib - ß - f - p-sS- {]Nc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p- {io-_p-≤m-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- I-en-bp-K-]m-c ay-Øn¬- Zp-jv-S- P-\-a¿-±-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cn-°pw- I¬-°n-b-hXcn-°pI. hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- A-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv- H-cpim-]w- sIm ≠m-sW-∂m-Wv- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-1 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- I-iy-]-]p-{X-\m-bI-in-]p- tZ-hm-kp-c-bp-≤-Øn¬- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-jw,- hn-jv-Wphn-s\-bpw- C-{µ-s\-bpw- H-cn-°¬- tbm-K-i-Iv-Xn-sIm-≠v- ip-{I-a-l¿jn-bp-sS- A-Ω- kv-Xw-`n-∏n-®p-I-f-™p.- D-S-s\- hn-jv-Wp- kp-Z¿-i-\wsIm-≠v- ip-{I-am-Xm-hn-s≥-d- in-c- v- tO-Zn-®p.-- C-Xp-I-≠v- tcm-jw]q≠- `r-Kp-a-l¿-jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- i-]n-®p-.- ""`q-an-bn¬- A-h-Xm-cß-fm-bn-°-gn-bm≥- C-S-h-c-s´''.- Xp-S¿-∂v- hn-jv-Wp- ssI-s°m-≠A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-W-s{X- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ßƒ.A-h-Xm-c-hpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-hpw-:˛ Z-im-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏sØ- B[p-\n-I- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- k-a-\-z-bn-∏n-°m-≥- C-∂v- Nn-e- A{im¥-]-cn-{i-aw- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- _m-h-Sv-kv-In- ap-X¬- Pn\cm-P-Zm-k≥-h-sc-bp-≈- Xn-tbm-k-^n-kv-‰p-I-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-Xn-bhymJym-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-t_m-[-I¿.- B-‰-Øn-s≥-d- \n-Kq-VX -- -I-fn¬\-S-cm-P-\r-Øw- Z¿-in-®- {^n-tPm-^v-Im-{]-bp-sS-2 Ir-Xn-I-fpw- Z-im-h Xm-c- ]-cn-Wm-a- k-¶e - \ - - kn-≤m-¥ß - f - pw- H-cp- "\-h- C-¥y≥- tkmjyen-k'-Øn-\v- cq-]w- \¬-Im≥- ]-cym-]X v- a - m-hp-sa-¶n-epw- A-hb - pw- kXyhp-am-bnbm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-s√-∂v- H-c¬-∏w- Nn-¥n-®m-¬-- t_m[yam-Ipw.- Z-im-h-Xm-c- ]c-n-Wm-a- k-a-\z-b- kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬-\n-∂pw{]tNm-Z-\w- Dƒ-s°m-≠v- tUm.- B¿.- tKm-]n-a-Wn- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv N-∏-Xn-∏n¬- G-Xm-\pw- h¿-j-ßƒ-°v- ap-sº-gp-Xn-b- "]-cn-Wm-a-Øn 1.- {io-a-lm-`mK-h-Xw-:- A-jv-S-a-kv-I-\v-[w- 24:-9˛13.-

1.- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv-:- X-Øz-hp-w- a-\p-jy-\pw- t]-Pv- 74˛84.-

231

2. Fritjoph Capra: The Tao of Physics.

232

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

s\-Xn-sc- sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ'-1 F-∂- te-J-\w- X-s∂- Cu- hm-Z-Øns≥dA-]l - m-ky-X- h-yI - X v- a - m-°p-∂p-≠v.- B-Zyw- P-eØ - n-se- a¬-ky-ambpw]n-s∂- I-c-bn-epw- P-e-Øn-epw- H-cp-t]m-se- h-kn-°m≥- I-gn-hp-≈Iq¿-Ωa - m-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]m-Ir-Xa - m-b- h-cm-la - m-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy\pwar-K-Øn-\pw- \-Sp-hn-ep-≈- \-c-knw-l-am-bpw- H-Sp-hn¬- a-\p-jy-s≥-dX-s∂- ]-e- kw-kv-Im-c-`m-h-ß-sf-bpw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥sXm-´v- {io-_p-≤≥-h-sc-bp-≈- a-\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bpw- _p-≤-o-izc\m-b- hn-jv-Wp- Cu- `q-ap-J-Øv- A-h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂- Z-im-h-Xm-c- I-YPo-h-]cn-Wm-a-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥ tKm]na-Wn- h-√m-sX- ]m-Sp-s]-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-√m-sX,- {]-kv-Xp-X- te-J-\-Øneq-sS- Xm≥- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂- B-i-b-ßƒ- k-a¿-∞n°m-≥-t]m-epw- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- A-h-X-m-tcm-t±-iy-am-b[¿-Ω- kw-k-vY-m-]-\-hpw- Um¿-hn-\n-k-Øn-se- "h¿-§-ß-fp-sS- D¬∏-Øn'-bpw- X-Ωn¬- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂v- hn-i-ZoI-cn-°m-≥- tKm-]n-aW - n-t°m- At±lsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂h¿-t°mkm--[n-°p-∂n-√.a-\p-tjym¬-∏Ø - n°-v- ap-ºv- a-Xvk - y-hpw- Iq¿-Ωh - pw- h-cm-lhpw\-c-knw-l-hp-ap-≠m-bn- F-∂m-W-t√m- hm-Zw.- F-∂m¬- ]p-cm-W-ßfn-se- a¬-ky- Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn-®- I-Y-I-fnse-√mw-X-s∂- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ-°v- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-bn- a-\p-jy-cp-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn,- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬- {]-Ya-\m-b- a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥d- I-Y- t\m-°p-I.- Akp-c-∑m-cp-sScm-Pm-hv- th-Zw- X-´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-b-t∏m-gm-Wv- hn-jv-Wp- a¬-kym-hXm-c-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- I¬-]-Im-e-Øn-se- k-Xy-hr-X-s\-∂- cm-P-m-hvIr-X-am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-X¿-∏-Ww- sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv- hn-ti-j-s∏-´a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-w-- Z¿-in-®-Xv-2.- ]n∂o-Sp-≈- a¬-ky-]p-cm-W- I-Y-I-fnse-√mw- X-s∂- a-\p-jy-sc- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- am-{X-hp-a-√,- {io-a-lmtZ-hn- `m-K-h-X-Øn-se- H-∂mw- kv-I-\v-[-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈- C-cp-]-Ønbm-dv- A-hX - m-cß - f - n¬- BZy-sØ- \m-epw- (k-\I - ≥,- k-\µ - ≥,- k\mX-\-≥,--- k-\¬-Ip-am-c-≥-)- a-\p-jy-cm-Wv.- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-cap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- ]-cn-Wm-a-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬- a-\p1.- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v- ]p-:- 64,- e-°w- 36,- 37.2.- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-:- A-jv-S-a-kv-I-\v-[w- 24:-9˛13.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

233

jy≥- ]-∂n-bm-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy-\m-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- a¬-ky-hp-am-bpsa-√mw- ]-cn-W-an-®-p-sh-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.B-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ-:-˛ ssZ-hw- P-Uw- kzo-I-cn-®p- `q-anbnen-d-ßp-I-sb-∂- B-i-bw- ssl-µ-h-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY-m-\{ip-Xn-I-fm-b- th-Z-ß-fn-tem- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-tem- H-∂pw- Im-Wp∂n√.- "A-h-Xm-c'-sa-∂- ]-Zw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wp-∂n-√.]t£,- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- C-h-bn-se√mw- D-≠p-Xm-\pw.- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-Øn-epw- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\nj-Øn-epw- a-‰p-Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-ep-sa-√mw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bnC-∂v- hy-hl - c - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- Nn-es - c-°p-dn-®v- ]-db - p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- Ahbn¬- H-∂pw-X-s∂- C-h¿-- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.""F-√m- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-te-°pw- \mw- Zq-X-s\- A-b-®n-´p-≠v''-1 F-∂- ssZ-hn-I- k-tµ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v- `m-c-X-Øn-s≥-d- a-Æn¬- {]-hmNI-∑m¿- \n-bp-Iv-X-c-bn-´p-≠m-I-W-a-t√m.- A-t∏mƒ,- C-¥y-bn¬- \nbpIv-X-cm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-h-Xmck-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂XmWv.- ln-µp-aX - Ø - n-se- A-hX - m-cØ - n-\v- ]m-ivN - m-Xy-aX - ß - f - n-se- {]hmN-I-s≥-d-tbm- a-lm-t\-Xm-hn-s≥-d-tbm- kv-Ym-\-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂m-Wvkzm-an- - hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥2- ]-d™ n-´p-≈X - v.- ssZ-ha - √ - m-sX- a-s‰m-cp- Bcm[y-\p-an-s√-∂- D-ds - °- {]-Jym-]n-®- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-cn¬- ]-ec - pw- ]n∂oSvssZ-h-]p-{X-]-Z-hn-bnepw- B-cm-[y-]-Z-hn-bn-epw- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°-s∏-´t]m-se- `m-cX - o-b- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-cn¬- Zn-hy-Xy-am-tcm-]n-°s - ∏-´X - mhmwA-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-Xv.- ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬{]-X-n-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-√mw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-sW-∂-√CXp-sIm-≠v- \mw- A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-Xyp-X- "[¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]I-\m-bn- bp-K-ßƒ- tX-m-dpw- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-h≥'- F-∂- A-h-Xm-ck¶¬-∏Ø - n-s≥-d- th-cp-Iƒ- `m-cX - o-b- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-sc-°p-dn-®- hnizmk-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v- am-{X-am-Wv- C-hn-sShnh£n-°p-∂-Xv.1.- Jp¿-B≥- 16:-36 2.- km≥- {^m≥-kn-kv-tIm- {]-kw-Kw- 8:-4˛1990

234

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

th-Z-ß-sf- \m-em-bn- hy-kn-®- th-Z-hym-k-s\-°p-dn-®- ]-cma¿i-ßƒ- C-Xn-s\m-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv-.- {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]Imcw- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\p-ti-jw- {io-cm-a-\pap-ºm-bn h-∂- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wvth-Z-hy-m-k≥.- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hym-k≥- B-ZyIm-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂- Im-cyw- {]-tXy Iw- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- hym-k≥- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I\m-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[y-X- I-Æp-a-S-®v- X-≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.a¬-ky-Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-Iƒ,- C-kv-em-an-I- hnizmk-{]-Im-cw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-Im-≥- bm-sXm-cp- km-[y-X-bp-an-√m-Øh-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- A-am-\p-jn-IZr-jv-Sm-¥-ß-fp-sS- h¿-Æ-\-bm-bn-cn-°mw- C-ß-s\-bp-≈- A-h-Xm-cß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kØ - n-\v- \n-Zm-\a - m-bs - X-∂q-ln-°mw.- t\-cs - Økq-Nn-∏n-®- B-cy-˛Z-kyp- kw-L´- \ - ß - f - pw- A-hX - m-c- I-YI - ƒ-°v- \ndw]-I-cm≥- k-lm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏´bp-≤-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- B-cy-˛Z-kyp-kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-ap≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.A-h-Xm-c- I-Y-Iƒ-:-˛ ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn-se- A-h-Xm-cß-fp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS,- hn-in jy-m-- a-\p-jy-k-a-q-l-Øn-s≥-d- h-gn-Im-´n-I-fm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS{]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - f - m-sW-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°p-Ih - ø - .- A-h- b-Ym¿-∞Ø - n¬[¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- I-S-∂p-h-∂- A-h-Xm-cß-fp-sSeo-e-I-fm-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X-bp-an-√.- Im-e-ßƒ- I-gn-™-t∏mƒ- [¿Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-sc- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- X-ß-fp-sS- kz-¥w- `m-h-\°pwC-jv-S-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn-®v- ]p-I-gv-Øn-b-Xm-hmw- C-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-fp-sSD¬-∏-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- k-aq-l-Øn-se- {]-[m-\n-I-sf- A-hXm-c-ß-fp-sS- kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw- C-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-fp-sSkr-jv-Sn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw.iw-_q-I- h-[w-:-˛ G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-ºn¬- F-√m-hcpwk-a≥-am-cm-sW-∂- X-Xz-am-Wv- {]-hm-N-I- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- kp{][m-\-am-b- H-∂v.- Cu- X-X-z-Øn-\v- Xo-sc- A-\-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- {]-h¿ Ø-\a - m-Wv- iw-_q-I- h-[Ø - n-eq-sS- {io- cm-a≥- sN-bX v- X - m-bn- tcJs∏ Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X - v.- A-Im-e- N-ca - a - n-√m-Xn-cp-∂- cm-as - ≥-d- Im-eØ - v- AIm-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

235

e-N-c-aw- {]m-]n-®- X-s≥-d- a-I-s≥-d- i-h-hpw- Np-a-∂v- cm-a-s≥-d- sIm´m-c-hm-Xn-en¬- h-∂v- H-cp- {_m-lv-a-W-≥- A-e-ap-d-bn-Sm≥- Xp-S-ßn.cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]-Wv-Un-X- k-Z- p-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn-®p.- A-t∏mƒ\m-c-Z-a-l¿-jn,- cm-Py-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- [¿-Ω-hn-cp-≤-am-bniq{Z≥- X-]- v- sN-øp-∂p-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- ]-d-™p.- cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]pjv]-I-hn-am-\-Øn-te-dn- cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h≥- Np-‰n.- Z-£n-W-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂pwA-I-se- tLm-c-h-\-Øn¬- D-S-tem-sS- kz¿-§w- ]p¬-I-W-sa-∂- Bibp-am-bniq-{Z-\m-b- iw-_q-I≥- X-]- -v sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥Ign-™p.- C-Xv- I-≠-bp-S-s\- cm-a≥- iw-_q-I-s≥-d- X-e-b-dp-Øp.XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-\v- Po-h≥- Xn-cn-®p-In-´n.- C-Xp-I≠- tZ-h-∑m¿- cm-a-s\- A-\p-tam-Zn-®v- B-Im-i-Øp-\n-∂v- ]p-jv-]-hrjv-Sn- \-S-Øn.Cu- I-Y-bn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- cm-a-s\-∂- [¿-Ω-kw-kvYm]-I-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-tWm?- A-X-√,- {_mlv-a-Wta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn\pw- A-h¿-Æ-cn¬-\n-∂pw- A-dn-hv- A-I-se- \n¿-Øm-\pw-th-≠n- ]cn{i-an-®-h-cp-sS- k-¶¬-∏-kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- B-Zy-tØ-Xm-Wv- i-cn-sb-¶n¬cm-a-s\-∂- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I≥- iq-{Z-sc- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- a-\- n-em°n-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.cm-as - \-∂- `¿-Øm-hv:- ˛- am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bmWvcm-a-s\- hm¬-ao-In- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- `m-cym-`¿-Xr-_\-v-[-Øn-s≥d- hn-ip-≤n-°pw- sI-´p-d-∏n-\pw- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- ]-e-Xpwhm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-W-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- cm-h-W-s≥-d- ko-Xm]-lc - W - Ø - n-\p-ti-jw- tLm-ca - m-b- bp-≤Ø - n-eq-sS- ko-Xs - b- c-£n®cm-a≥- ]p-I-gv-Ø-s∏-S-W-sa-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-s£,- A-Xn-\p-tijap-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- {Iq-c-at√-sb-∂v- B-sc-¶n-epw- tNm-Zn-®m¬A-Xn¬- sX-‰p-Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- F-s≥-d- A-`n-am-\Ø - n-\v- th-≠nbmWv- \n-s∂- Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-®s - X-∂v- ]-db - p-∂- cm-a≥,- cm-hW - ≥- koXsbB-kz-Zn-®n-cn-°p-sa-∂v- B-tcm-]n-°p-Iq-Sn- sN-øp-∂p.- X-s≥-d- \n-c-]cm-[n-Xz-hpw- ]-cn-ip-≤n-bpw- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ko-X- A-Kv-\n]-co £-°v- hn-t[-ba - m-hp-Ib - pw- A-Kv\ - n-bn¬- \n-∂v- H-cp- t]m-de - p-ta¬°msX- ]p-d-Øv- h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xn-\p-ti-jw- am-{X-am-Wv- cm-a≥Ahsf- A-tbm-[y-bn-te-°v- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.-

236

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

A-tbm-[y-bn-se-Øn-b- ko-X- am-kß - ƒ-°I - w- K¿-`n-Wn-bmIp∂p.- P-\w- K¿-`-Øn-s≥-d- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- cm-h-W-\n¬- B-tcm-]n°pI-bpw- ko-Xs - b- k-zo-Ic - n-®- cm-as - \- A-ht- l-fn-®- v- kw-km-cn-°p-IbpwsN-bv-Xp.- A-]-am-\-Øn¬- \n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm≥- cm-a≥- kzo-I-cn-®am¿-§-w- ko-X-sb- D-t]-£n-°p-I-bm-Wv.- B-{i-a-{]m-¥-Øn¬- I-gnbms\-∂- hym-tP-\- cm-a-k-tlm-Z-\m-b- e-£v-a-W-t\m-sSm-∏-w- c-Y-Øn¬Im-´n-te-°v- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-sc- A-hn-sS- D-t]-£n-®v- e-£v-a W≥- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.hm¬-ao-In-bp-sS- B-{i-a-Øn¬- A-`-bw- tX-Sn-b- ko-X,- AhnsS-sh-®v- e-h≥,- Ip-i≥- F-∂o- C-c-´-Iƒ-°v- P-∑w- \¬-Ip-∂p.- e-hIp-i≥-am-cp-sS- ]-{¥-≠v- h-b- n-\p-ti-jw- cm-a≥- \-S-Øn-b- bm-K Øn¬-sh-®v- cm-am-b-Wam-e-]n-®- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®v- A-t±-lw- A-t\zjn-°p-I-bpw- ko-X-bp-sS- ]p-{X≥-am-cm-Wv- A-h-sc-∂v- Xn-cn-®-dn-bpIbpw- sN-øp-∂p.- ko-X-bp-sS- ]m-Xn-{h-Xyw- sX-fn-bn-°m≥- k-`-bp-sSap-∂n¬- h-∂v- {]-XnPv-R-sb-Sp-°m≥- cm-a≥- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- hm¬ao-In-tbm-sSm-∏w- cm-P-k-Z- n¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´- ko-X,- Xm≥- ]-Xn{h-Xbm-sW-¶n¬- `q-an- am-Xm-hv- ]n-f-¿-∂v- F-s∂- Ip-gn-®p-aq-S-s´-sb∂vI-Tn-\-am-bn- {]m¿-∞n-°p-∂p.- D-S-s\-X-s∂- `q-an- ]n-f¿-∂v,- ko-Xsbkp-h¿-Æ- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬- B-cq-V-bm-°n- D-≈n-te-°v- sIm-≠pt]m-hp-I-bpw- tZ-h-X-Iƒ- A-h-cp-sS- in-c- n¬- ]p-jv-]-hr-jv-Sn- \-SØp-I-bpw- sN-b-vXp-sh-∂m-Wv- I-Y1.am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bn- Po-hn-®v- Im-Wn-®p-sImSp-t°-≠- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-tWm- C-Xv?- A-X-√,kv{Xo-sb- sh-dp-sam-cp- ku-µcy-h-kv-Xp- am-{X-am-bn-°-≠- ]p-cp-jta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-s≥-d- hy-IvXn-Xz-Øn-\v- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- C-Xp-t]m-ep-≈- ]-e- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpwcm-am-b-W-Øn¬- Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bpw.- a-Z-y-Øn-epw- a-Zn-cm-£n-bn-epwX¬-∏-c-\m-b- H-cp- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- hm¬-ao-In- cmambWw-2 \-ap-°v- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-®v- X-cp-∂-Xv.Ir-jW v- e - o-eI - ƒ-:˛- a-lm-`m-cX - Ø - n-se- Ir-jW v- N - c - n-XØ - nepw1.- hm¬-ao-In-c-m-am-b-Ww-:- bp-≤-Im-Wv-Uw- k¿-§w- 115.2.- hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-:- D-Ø-c-Im-Wv-Uw- k¿-§w- 42,- t«m-Iw- 8.-

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H-cp- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-\n-ep-≠m-hm-≥- ]m-Sn-√m-Ø- ]-e- kz-`m-hßfpw- \mw- Ir-jv-W-\n¬- Im-Wp-∂p.- tKm-]n-Im- h-kv-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- ap X¬- Ir-jvW - h - nhm-lß - ƒ-hs - c- H-cp- [¿-Ω- kw-kvY - m-]I - s - ≥-d- hyIvXn-Xz-Øn-\v- A-\p-tbm-Py-a-s√-∂p-th-Ww- ]-d-bm≥.h-kv-{X-ß-sf-√mw- I-c-bn¬- Du-cn-sh-®v- Ip-fn-°m-\n-d-ßn-btKm-]n-I-am-cp-sS- h-kv-{X-ßƒ- A-]-ln-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- A-h-bpam-bn- H-cp- a-c-Øn¬- I-b-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- tKm-]n-I-am¿- h-kv-{Xw- XncnsI- sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- Hm-tcm- tKm-]n-I-am-cpw- \-Kv\cm-bn- h-∂v- h-kv-{Xw- B-h-iy-s∏-´m¬- am-{X-sa- A-h- \¬-Ip-I-bp≈q-sh-∂v- im-Tyw- ]n-Sn-°p-∂p.- A-ßn-s\- tKm-]n-I-am¿- Hm-tcm-cpØ-cm-bn- I-S-∂p-h-∂v- Ir-jv-W-t\m-Sv- h-kv-{Xw- hm-ßn- I-S-∂p-t]mIp ∂- cw-K-ßƒ- F-√m-hn-[- h¿-Æ-\-I-tfm-Spw-Iq-Sn- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xwhn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂,- {io-Ir-jv-W≥- X-s≥-d- hn-hm-l-ßƒ-°pth-≠n- kzo-I-cn-®- am¿-§-ßƒ- Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-sW-∂v- ]-d-™-p-Iq-Sm.- Ch-sbm-∂p-X-s∂- H-cp- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-\n-se-∂-√,- [¿-Ω-Øn¬hn-i-z-kn-°p-∂- H-cp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- ]mSn√m-Ø-Xm-sW-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- tXm∂p-∂n-√.a-lm-`m-c-X- bp-≤-th-f-bn-epw- {io-Ir-jv-W≥- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- hncp≤-am-bn- A-\o-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- A-{I-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- h-©-\-bp-sS-bpwam¿-§-ßƒ- kzo-I-cn-®-Xn-\v- H-´-\-h-[n- D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒ- tUm.- _n.B¿.- Aw-t_-Zv-°-¿- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- {]-tl-fnIIƒ'-1 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- A-°-an-´v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.A-hX - m-cß - f - pwap-kve - nw-If - pw-:- tKm-hmƒ-°¿- tNm-Zn-°p∂p:""cm-a-\pw- Ir-jv-W-\pw- Cu-i-z-c-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hn-izkn°m-Ø- A-t\-Iw -t]¿- ln-µp-[¿-Ω-Øn-\-I-Øp-≠v.- ]-t£,- A-h¿F-√mw- A-\p-Ic - W - o-bc - m-b- a-lm]p-cp-j∑ - m-cm-sW-∂v- C-°q-´¿- hnizkn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-\m¬- Cu-iz-c-≥- A-h-X-cn-®n-´n-s√-∂v- ap-kv-enw Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬- A-Xn-se-¥p-≠v- Im-cyw.- A-Ø-cw- alZz-IX v- n-Is - f- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- A-h¿-°v- kz-¥w- tZ-io-b- ]p-cp-j∑ - mcmbn1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Riddles in Hinduism. Appendix III: Riddles of Rama and Krishna.

238

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

K-Wn-®p-Iq-Sm''-1.ssZ-h-w- PU-Øn¬ A-h-Xc-n-®p-sh-∂- hn-izm-kw,- G-I-ssZh-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-Øn-\pw- A-h≥- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-seB-i-b-ßƒ-°p-sa-Xn-cm-sW-∂v- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- cma\pw- I-r-jv-W-\pw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cm-bn-cn-°mw-.- F-∂-√,- A-h¿- [¿Ωkw-kv-Ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cmbn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-t£,- A-h-sc- A-\p-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬- A-h-sc-°pdn®- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-am-b- N-cn-{X-sa-hn-sS-bp-≠v?- C-Xn-lm-k- ]p-cmWß-fn-se- A-h-X-m-c- eo-e-I-fn¬- k-I-e-Xpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-sW∂- A-`n-{]m-bw- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-°p-t]m-epw- D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- tXm∂p∂n-√.- ""a-lm-`m-c-Xw- B-[p-\n-I- A¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- N-cn-{X-{K-\v Y-am-sW-∂pw- A-Xn-se- Hm-tcm- hm-°pw- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-sW-∂p-wa-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se- Ir-jv-W≥- A-Xn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- X-c-Øn¬- sN-bvXn-´p-s≠-∂pw- sX-fn-bn-®m¬,- ln-µp-P-\-hn-`m-K-Øn¬-\n-∂v- F-s∂ ]p-d-Øm-°n-bm¬-t]m-epw- B- Ir-jv-W-s\- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c-a-s√-∂v]-d-bp-hm≥- Rm≥- a-Sn-°p-I-bn-√''-2sb-∂m-Wv- ]-e-Xpw- ssZ-hm-hXm-c-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂- Km-\v-[n-Pn-t]m-epw- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.C-¥-y-bn¬- h-∂- ap-gp-h≥- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-sc-bpw- Aw-KoI-cn-°m-\pw- A-\p-I-cn-°m-\pw- a-p-kv-enw-Iƒ- k-∂-≤-cm-Wv.- h-∂-XvC-¥-y-bn-em-bn-t∏m-bn-sb-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- `m-c-Xo-b- {]hmN-I-∑m-sc- A-h-a-Xn-°m≥- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-°m-hn-√.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d{]-hm-N-I-∑m-¿-°n-S-bn¬- \n-∂v- Nn-e-sc- am-{Xw- sX-c-s™-Sp-Øvhn-iz-kn-°p-∂- {]-h-W-X- A-hn-izm-k-am-sW-∂v3 ]-Tn-∏n-°-s∏-´-hcm-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-X-s∂t{ijvT-cm-bn-cp-∂p- `m-c-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sa-∂m-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒhn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- cm-a-\pw- I-r-jv-W-\pw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°mw-;A√m-bn-cn-°mw.- cm-a-s≥-d-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s≥-d-bpw- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬]eXpw- A-hb - n¬- ssZ-ht- _m-[\ - Ø - n-s≥-d- kzm[o-\a - p-s≠-∂- \nKa-\-Øn-se-Øm-\m-Wv- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]t£,- A-h-sc- A-\p-I1.- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c,- t]Pv- 576.2 Young India Oct 1, 1925-Quoted from The Encyclopaedia of Gandhian Thoughts, Page 190.

3.- Jp¿-B≥- 4:-150.-

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cn-°m-≥- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®- hy-Iv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- tc-JI-sf-hn-sS?- C-∂v- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-tfm- ]p-cm-W-ßtfm- h-c® - p-Im-Wn-°p-∂- cm-as - \-bpw- Ir-jW v- s - \-bpw- A-\p-Ic - n-°m≥B¿-°m-Wv- I-gn-bp-I?- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-t°m- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- A\pbm-bn-Iƒ-t°m- I-gn-bp-tam?- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- cm-a-s\-bpw- IrjvW-s\-bpw- A-\p-I-cn-°m-Ø- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ,- tZ-io-b-t_m-[-an-√m-Øh-cpw- tZ-io-b-[m-c-°v- hn-e-ßv- \n¬-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW-∂- ho-£-WwA-Sn-kY v- m-\c - l - n-Xh - pw- ]-cn-lm-ky-hp-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- ln-µp-aX - - hnizmkn-bm-b- Km-\v-[nPn-X-s∂- ap-ºv- D-≤-cn-®- h-N-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- a-dp-]-SnsIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.I¬-°n-˛ A-h-km-\-sØ- A-h-Xm-cw-:- Z-im-h-Xm-c-kn-≤m¥-{]-Im-c-hpw- {io-tZ-hn- a-lm-`m-K-h-X-Øn-se- C-cp-]-Øn-bm-dv- AhX-m-c-ßƒ- F-∂- X-Xz-{]-Im-c-hpw- I¬-°n-bm-Wv- A-h-km-\-sØA-h-Xm-cw.- I-en-bp-K-Øn-s≥-d- ]m-c-ay-Øn¬- Zp-jv-S-P-\- a¿-±-I-\mbnI¬-°n- A-h-X-cn°p-sa-∂m-Wv- h-n-izm-kw.- I¬-°n-sb-°p-dn-®sslµ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i-Nn-{Xw- t£-{µ≥- Xs≥d"Z-im-h-Xm-c- N-cn-{X'-Øn-se- [ym-\-t«m-I-Øn-eq-sS- h-c-®p-Im-Wn°p∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv-:- ""\o-c-\v-{[-am-b- C-c-p-fn-s≥-d- Np-cp-fn¬\n-∂v hn-iz-sØ- hn-tam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- {]`m-Xm¿-°-s\-t∏m-se,- tæOtZm-jw- Xo-≠m-Ø- im-¥n-kp-µ-c-am-b- H-cp- tem-I-Øn-s≥-d- D-Z-bhpam-bn- I-¬-°n- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Spw''1.-I¬-°n- A-h-Xm-cw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_nbm-sW-∂v- ]-e- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m-cpw- k-a¿-∞n-®n-´p-≠v2- .- hn-jv-Wp-]pcm Ww- C-cp-]-Øn-\m-emw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- I¬-°n- kz-`m-hß-fn¬- ]-eX - pwap-lΩ - Z- v- \-_n-bp-am-bn- km-ayw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh∂Xv- H-cp- h-kX v- p-X- am-{X-am-Wv.- - G-Xm-\pwkm-ay-ßƒ- Xm-sg- ]dbp∂p.H-∂v,- I-¬-°n- A-h-km-\-sØ- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv.- I-en-bp-K-Ønem-Wv- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-°p-I.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- A-h-km-\-sØ1.- kz-O-µ- t{]m-Nv-O-e≥- tæ-OXn-an-tcm-Zv-t`-Z- k-Nv-O-hnI¬-°n- hn-jv-Wp- {]-Im-im-b{]-`m-Xm¿-°- C-am-kv-Xp-hkp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv D≤cn-®Xv,- XØz-hpw- a-\p-jy-\pw- t]-Pv- 77)2.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- l-ao-Zp-√:-- :- ap-l-Ω-Zp-d-kq-ep-√m-lv,- t]-Pv- 25˛28.-

240

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

{]-hm-NI - \ - m-Wv.- I-en-bpKw- B-cw-`n-°p-∂X - v- _n.-kn.- 3102em-sW∂mWv- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A-t∏mƒ- ap-l-a-Zv- \-_n- P-\n-®-Xv- I-en-bp-K Øn-s≥-d- ]m-c-ay-Øn¬- X-s∂-bm-Wv.c-≠v,- I¬-°n- - A-hX - c - n-°p-I- knw-^m-es - b-∂- a-W¬-Zzo-]nem Wv.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- P-\-\-hp-w- A-td-_y≥- a-W-em-c-WyØnemWv.aq-∂,v - I¬-°n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- \m-aw- hn-jW -v p-`K - Ø - -v F∂mbn-cn-°pw.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-{]-Im-cw- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cm-Wvhn-jv-Wp.- `K-Øv- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\¿-∞w- Zm-k≥- F-∂m-Wv.- ap-lΩZv\-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- t]-cpw- A-_v-Zp-√m- A-Y-hm- ssZ-h-Zm-k≥F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. \m-ev,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- a-m-Xm-hn-s≥-d- t]-cv- "kp-a'Xn-sb-∂m-Wv.im-¥n-sb-∂- [m-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂p-≠m-b- Cu- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-∞whn-iz-kv-X-sb-∂-s{X.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- am-Xm-hv- B-an-\- A-Yhmhn-iz-kv-X-sb-∂- t]-cp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-.A-©,v - I¬-°n- ]-ci - p-cm-a\ - n¬-\n-∂-v a-eb - n¬-sh-®-v hn-Zy- - kzoIcn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-d™ n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-lΩ - Z- v- \-_n- ssZ-hn-I- k-tµ-ißƒB-Zy-am-bnkzo-I-cn-®-Xv- H-cp- a-e-bn¬-sh-®m-bn-cp-∂p.B-dv,- I¬-°n- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- \mev- Iq-´m-fn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS\n-∂v- A-[¿-Ω-sØ- \-in-∏n-°p-sa-∂v- {]-h-Nn®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-l-ΩZv\-_n-bpw- X-s≥-d- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- \m-ev- Ip-´p-Im-tcm-Sv- (A-_q-_-°¿,D-a¿,- D-kv-am≥,- A-en- (d)-)-Iq-sS-bm-Wv- A-k-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- kacwsN-bv-X-Xv.G-gv,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- B-Im-im-tcm-lW - s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- ]-d™ ncn°p-∂p.- ap-lΩ - Z- v- \-_n-bpw- B-Im-im-tcm-lW - w- (an-Avd - m-Pv)- \-SØn.F-´v,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- P-\-\-Øn-\pap-ºpw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-®p- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- I-gn-™pw- a-c-W-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v{]-kv-Xm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t±-lØns≥d- P-\-\-Øn-\v- ap-ºpw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-®v- G-Xm-\pw- h¿-j-ßƒ°p-ti-j-hpw- C-l-tem-I-hm-kw- sh-Sn-™p. Cu- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- I¬-°n,- A-td-_y

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bn¬- P-\n-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bm-sW-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-WvUnX-∑m-cp-≠v.- Cu- \n-K-a-\-{]-Im-cw- A-[¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- kw-lm-cm¿∞wA- h - k m- \ - s Ø- A- h - X m- c - h pw- Atd- _ y- b n¬- h- ∂ p- I - g n- ™ ncn°p∂p.a-lm-a-Zv- F-∂- hn-izm-Nm-cy≥-:-˛ `m-hn-sb-°p-dn-®- {]-h-N-\ßf-S-°n-b- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv- `-hn-jy¬- ]p-cm-Ww.- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬ap-lΩ - Z- v- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®- hy-IvX - a - m-b- Nn-e- ]-cm-a¿-iß - ƒ- Dƒs°m≈p-∂p.- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W-w- {]-Xn-k¿-§- ]¿-∆-Ø-n¬- ]-d-bp-∂-Xvt\m-°p-I-:- ""A-t∏mƒ- a-lm-a-Zv- F-∂- t]-cn¬- hn-tZ-in-bm-b- H-cpB-Nm-cy≥- X-s≥-d- A-\p-N-c-∑m-tcm-Sv- Iq-Sn- {]-Xy-£-s]-Spw''-1.- Cukq-Iv-X-Øn¬- "a-lm-a-Zv'- F-∂v- t]-sc-Sp-Øv- X-s∂- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®Xn¬-\n-∂p-w- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-h-N\ ßƒ- F-∂v- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.`-hn-jy-¬- ]p-cm-Ww- Xp-S-cp-∂p-.- ""ssZ-h-Zq-X- k-Zr-i-\m-b- Cua-cp-`q-\n-hm-kn-sb- cm-Pm-hv- Kw-Km-P-e-Øn-epw- a-‰v- A-©p-X-cw- ip≤oI-cW - - P-e- (]-©K - h - yw)-ßf - n-epw- kv\ - m-\w- sN-øn-®v- `-IvX - n-hn-izmkk-a-\zn-Xw- ]q-Pn-®v- C-{]-Im-cw- {]m¿-∞n-°pw.- "A-√-tbm- a-\p-jyh¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- A-`n-am-\-kv-Xw-`-am-bn- ]n-d-∂- a-lm-\p-`-hm-!- Zp-jv-S\n-{K-l-Øn-\p-≈- Zn-hy-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- am-lm-Xv-ay-Øm¬- i-{Xp-]o-UI-fn¬-\n-∂pw- c-£-{]m-]n-®p- ]-cm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xy-£-e-£-Wam-bn- ]-cn-e-kn-°p-∂- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-th-!- A-ß-bp-sS- ]m-Z-N-c-W-ß fn¬- A-Sn-]-Wn-bp-∂- Cu-bp-≈-h-s\- A-ßp-∂v- H-cp- A-Sn-a-bm-bnkzo-I-cn-®-\p-{K-ln-®m-epw''2.h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂- {]-hm-N-I-s≥-d- A-\pbm-bn-I-fp-sS- kz-`m-hk-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-w- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- Nnlv-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pt]m-epw- `-hn-jy¬-]pcm-Ww- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-:- "A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- A\p1 G-X-kv-an-∂-¥-tc- tæ-O- B-Nm-tcy-W- k-a-\zn-Xa-lm-a-Z- C-Xn-Jym-Zx- in-jy-im-Jm- k-a-\zn-Xwx(`-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-Ww- 3:-3:-3:-5)2.- \y]m-iv-tN-h- a-lm-tZ-h- a-cp-kv-Y-e- \n-hm-kn-\pwK-w-Km-Psse-iv-N-kw- kv-\m-]yw- ]-iv-N-K-hy- k-a-®n-Xm Nw-Z-\m-Zn- Z-cn-Zy¿- Ny- Xp-jv-S-h- a-\k-w-lm-cwt`m-P-cm-P- D-hm-Nx-\-a-kvsX- Kn-cn-Pm- \m-Ym- a-cp-kv-Y-e-\n-hm-kn-t\{Xn-]p-cm-kp-c-\m-im-b- _-lp-am-bm- {]-h¿-Øn-\wtæ-ssO-Kp-]v-Xm-b- ip-≤m-b- k-®n-Zm-\-µ- cq-]n-ssWXzw- amw- ln-In-¶-cw- hn-≤n- i-c-Wm-Xv-Y-ap-]m-K-Xw- (AtX{K\v-Yw-: 3:3:3:6-8)

242

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

bm-bn-Iƒ- tN-em-I¿-Ωw- sN-øpw.- A-h¿- Ip-Sp-a- sh-°p-Ib - n-√.- Ah¿Xm-Sn- h-f¿-Øpw.- A-h¿- hn-π-h-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.- {]m¿-∞-\-°vh-cm≥- A-h¿- D-d-s°- B-lzm-\w- sN-øpw.- ]-∂n-sb- H-gn-®v- a-‰v- an-°ar-K-ß-sf-bpw- A-h¿- `-£n-°pw.- ip-≤n-sN-øm≥- Z¿-`- D-]-tbm-Kn°p ∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- k-a-cw- sN-bv-Xv- A-h¿- ]-cn-ip-≤-cm-hpw.- a-X-sØaen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-cp-am-bn- bp-≤w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m¬- ap-ssk-e-h\-∑m¿- F-∂h - ¿- A-dn-bs - ∏-Spw.- Cu- amw-k`- p-°p-If - p-sS- B-hn-¿`mKwF-∂n¬-\n-∂m-bn-cn-°pw''-1.Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn-eq-sS- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W- I¿-Øm-hm-b- hym k-ap-\n- ap-l-Ω-Zn-(k)-s‚- B-K-a-\w-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {]-h-Nn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-an-√m-sX-s∂- a-\- n-em-°mw.- C-Xn¬- \n-∂v- aq∂vh-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-Wv- \-ap-°v- ap-∂n¬- sX-fn™p-h-cp-∂-Xv-˛ 1.- ln-µp-°ƒ {]-Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- I-en-bp-Km-h-Xm-c-am-bI¬°n- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- P-\n-®ncn°p-∂p.11.- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- {]-hm-N-IXz-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. 111.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-h-Nn-®- th-Z-hym-k≥- H-cp{]-hm-N-I-\m-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X-bp-≠v.Hcp Imcyw ChnsS {]tXyIambn kqNn∏nt°≠Xp≠v. Cu {]hN\ßfSßp∂ `hnjy¬]pcmWØns≥d tIm∏n t_mws_ sh¶ntSizc {]kn¬ A®Sn®XmsW∂ Imcyw CXv D≤cn®ncn°p∂ F.F®v. hnZym¿∞n, bp. Aen F∂nh¿ Ah cpsS {K\vYØn¬ hyIvXam°nbn´p≠v. (A.H. VIDYARTHI & U. ALI: Muhammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures, Page 36). `hnjy¬ ]pcmWØns≥d HdnPn\¬ tIm∏nIƒ C∂v 1.- e-nw-K-tO-Zn-in-Jm- lo-\x-iv-a-{ip-[m-cn- k-Zp-j-ID-®m-e-]o- k¿-∆-`-£n- `-hn-jy-Xn- P-\-tamwhn-\-Iu-i-ew- N-h-i-h-kv-tXm- jmw- `-£-bm- a-Xm-amwap-ssk-sse-\-h- kw-kv-Im-cx- Ip-ssi-cn- `-h-hn-iz-XnX-kv-am¬- ap-k-e- h-t¥m-ln- Pm-X-tbm- [¿-Ω- Zq-j-IxC-Xn-ss]-im-N- [¿-Ω-iv-N- `-hn-jy-Xn- ambm-Ir-X-˛ Ibid 3:3:3:25-28. Quoted by A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures.

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D]e_v[a√. Ct∏mƒ ]pdØndßp∂ ]cn`mjIfn¬ an°Xpw {]km[IcpsS CNvOm\pkcWw am‰ßƒ hcpØns°m≠mWv ]pdØnd°p∂sX∂mWv a\ nemhp∂Xv. Ahbn¬ Nneh aplΩZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[n®v hymkal¿jn ]d™Xmbn D≤cn°s∏Sp∂ t«mIßƒ A∏Sn hn´pIfbpIbmWv sNbv Xncn°p∂Xv. XßfpsS CjvSm\pkcWw ]pcmX\ {K\vYßsf hymJym\n°p∂XpXs∂ sX‰msW∂ncns°, Ahbn¬\n∂v ad®psh°pIbpw Iq´nt®¿°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv alm]m]am sW∂v am{Xw kqNn∏n°s´. `hnjy¬]pcmWØns≥d B[nImcnIXsb \ntj[n°p hm≥ lnµpaX ]WvUnX∑m¿s°m∂pw Ignbn√. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂, aplΩZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[n®v Cu ]pcmWØn¬ ]d™n´p≈ Imcyßƒ ]n∂oSv ASpØ ImeØv FgpXnt®¿Ø XmsW∂mWv ]et∏mgpw hmZn°s∏Smdp≈Xv. CXn¬ Igºn√. ]pcmWßfn¬ ISØn°q´phm≥ apkvenwIƒ°v GXmbncp ∂mepw Ignbn√t√m. kwkvIrX `mjm ]T\hpw thZPvRm\ kºmZ\hpw {_mlvaWcpsS am{Xw IpØIbmbn IcpXs∏´n cp∂ ImeØv hntZinIfmb apkvenwIsf AhcpsS CNvO{] Imcw XßfpsS aXhnizmkØn\v A\pKpWamb Imcyßƒ ]pcmWßfn¬ ISØn°q´phm≥ {_mlvaW¿ A\phZn®psh∂v ]dbp∂Xv IÆS®v Ccp´m°p∂Xn\v XpeyamWv. aplΩZv \_n (k)sb°pdn® ]cma¿ißƒ ISØn°q´phm\mbn `hnjy¬ ]pcmWsØ°pdn®v Adnbmhp∂ ]WvUnX∑msc√mw HcnSØv HØpIqSnsb∂v hnNmcn°p∂Xpw ip≤ Akw_\v[a√msX as‰m∂pa√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Cu `mKßƒ {]£n]vXam sW∂p ]dbp∂Xv Xosc \ymboIcWa¿ln°p∂n√. AY¿-∆ thZØn-se Ip-¥] kq-Iv-Xw-: AY¿-∆ thZwhnwi (Ccp-]Xv)- Im-Wv-Uw- 127˛mw- kq-Iv-XØn-se t«m-IßfmWvIp-¥]kq-IX v- w- F∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- Cu- kq-IX v- w- kp-{][m-\ßfm b bPv-RthZn-Ifn¬- ]p-tcm-ln-X∑m¿- Be]n-°m-dp-s≠¶n-epwCXn-s≥-d A¿-∞w- hfsc \n-Kq-Vam-sW∂m-Wv- ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿]dbm-dp-≈Xv.- kp-{]kn-≤ C≥-tUm-fPn-k‰ v- p-Ifm-b {Kn-^n-Øv,- amIv-

244

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

kv-ap-≈¿,- ssh‰v-\n,- ªq-ô¬-Uv- Xp-Sßn-bhcpw- Ip-¥] kqIv-XwHcp- {]tlfn-Ibm-sW∂v- Aw-Ko-Icn-®n-´p-≠v.- `m-cXo-bam-b kml Ncy-ßƒ- sh®p-sIm-≠v- Cu- kq-Iv-XsØ hym-Jym-\n-°p-I Zp-jvIcam-sW∂Xn-\m-em-Wv- Chsc√mw- Xs∂ CXn-s\ AXn-\n-KqVam-bn- I≠n-´p-≈Xv.Ip-¥] kq-IvX - Øn-se H∂p- ap-X¬- aq-∂p- hscbp-≈ t«mI ßƒ- Im-Wp-I: A√tbm- P\ßtf,- \n-ßƒ- _lp-am-\ ]p-c cw- {i≤n°pI.- kvX - p-Xy¿-l\mbh≥ hm-gØ v- s∏Spw-.- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-sØm Æqdv- i{Xp-°fp-sS a[y-Øn¬-\n-∂v- \mw- At±lsØ kzo-Icn°pw.At±lØn-s≥-d hm-l\w- Ccp-]Xv- B¨-s]¨- HÍßfm-bncn °pw.- At±lØn-s≥-d alXzw- kz¿-Ktem-Iw-hscsbØn- AXns\ Xm-gv-Øpw.- Ah≥- amam-Ejn-°v- ]Øp- NXp-cßfpw- \q-dp- kz¿-W \m-Wbßfpw- ap-∂q-dv- Ad_n-°p-Xn-cIfpw- ]Xn-\m-bn-cw- ]ip°fpw\¬-Ipw1 Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)sbbm-W- v- ]cm-a¿-in-°p∂sX∂v- A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂ ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿-2 Xm-sg∏dbp-∂ hkvXp-XIfm-Wv- Ahcp-sS A`n-{]m-bØn-\v- Dt]m¬-_eIam-bn- D≤cn°p-∂Xv.H∂v-: Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- hy-Iv-Xam-b Hcp- {]hN\apƒ-s°m-≈p∂p-sh∂v- CXn-se kw-t_m-[\co-Xn- hy-Iv-Xam-°p-∂p.- ""CZw- P\mD]{ip-Xm''- (A√tbm- P\ßtf,- \n-ßƒ- _lp-am-\ ]pc cw{i≤n-°p-I)- F∂p- ]d™p-sIm-≠m-Wn-Xv- Xp-Sßp-∂Xv.- NXp-¿thZßfn-sehn-sSbpw- CtXt]m-se P\ßsf {]tXy-Iam-bnkwt_m-[\sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- Hcp- Im-cy-hpw- ]d™n-ń-√.- AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ Cu- kqIv-Xw- P\ßƒ- ap-gp-h\pw-- Adn-tb≠ Hcp{]hN\ apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh∂v- CXn-s≥-d kw-t_m-[\m-co-Xn- hyIvXam°p∂p.1. CZw- P\m- D]{ip-Xm- \cm-iw-k kv-X hn-jy-tX jjv-Snw- kl{km- \hXnw- N Iu-ca Acp-j tajv-T ZZv-atl Djv-Sm- bky- {]hm-ln-tWm- h[p- at¥m- Zzn¿- Zi h¿-jv-a cYky- \n- Pn-lo-UtX Zn-h Cu-jam-Wm- D]m-kv-]r-ixGjm- -Ejtb am-atl iXw- \n-jv-Im≥- Zi {kPx{Xo-Wn- iXm-\y¿-hXmw- kl{km-Zi tKm-\mw(AY¿-∆ thZw- hnw-iIm-Wv-Uw- kq-Iv-Xw- 27,- t«m-Iw- 1˛3)2. A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures.

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c≠v-: Chn-sS "kv-Xp-Xy¿-l\m-bh≥-'- F∂v- ]cn-`m-js∏SpØs∏´n-cn-°p-∂Xv- ""\cm-iw-k'-'-sb∂ kw-kv-Ir-X ]Zam-Wv.- Cu]ZØn-\v- "kv-Xp-Xn-bpw- {]iw-kbpw- bYm¿-YØn¬- A¿-ln-°p∂h≥-'- F∂ A¿-∞w- ]dbmw.- "ap-lΩZv-'- F∂ Ad_n- kw-Pv Rm-\m-aØn-s≥-d A¿-∞w- kv-Xp-Xn-°s∏Sp-∂h≥- F∂p-Xs∂bm Wv.- AYhm- ap-lΩZv- F∂ Ad_n- kwPvR - m-\m-aØn-\v- Xp-eyamb kw-kvI - r-X ]Zam-Wv- "\cmiw-k'.- AXp-sIm-≠v- CXv- ap-lΩZv- \_n(k)-sb°p-dn-®m-sW∂v- a\ n-em-°mw.aq-∂v-: \cmiw-ksb∂ kw-Pv-Rm-\m-aØn-\p- tijw- {]tbm Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂ "kv-Xhn-jy-tX'- F∂ ]Zw- Hcp- kw-kv-Ir-X `m-hnIm-e {In-bbm-Wv.- "Ah≥- hm-gvØ - s∏Sp-w'- F∂m-Wv- Cu- ]ZØn\¿∞w.- AY¿-∆thZIm-eØn-\p- tijw- "\cm-iw-k'-sb∂p- t]cmb Bsc¶n-epw- tem-INcn-{XØn¬- hm-gvØ - s∏´Xm-bn- \mw- Im-Wp∂n√; ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)-b√m-sX Cu- t]¿-Xs∂ `m-cXØn-temat‰sX¶n-epw- tZitØm- {]Nm-cØn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xm-Wv- hm kv-Xhw.- "\cm-iw-k'-sb∂p- t]cp-≈ Hcm-sfbpw- \ap-°v- ]p-cmtWXn-lm-kßfn-sem-∂pw- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bp-∂n-√.- ap-lΩZv- \_n(k)-°v- ap-ºv- Atd_y-bn-epw- B¿-°pw-Xs∂ B t]cp-≠m-bn-cp∂n-√.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ "\cmiw-k kvX - hn-jy-tX'- F∂ hN\wsIm-≠v- a{¥{Z-jv-Sm-hv- A¿∞am-°n-bXv- "ap-lΩZv- hm-gv-Øs∏Spw'F∂m-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Cu- {]hN\Øn\p-tijw- P\n-®hcn¬- G‰hpw- A[n-Iw- hm-gv-Øs∏´n-´p-≈Xpwap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)- Xs∂.- e£°W°n-\v- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- Zn-t\\ \akvI - m-cßfn-epw- A√m-sXbpw- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS t]scSp Øv- ]d™v- hm-gv-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- kXy-k\v-[am-bn- Ncn {XsØ kao-]n-® Aapkv-enw- _p-≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw- ap-lΩZv- \_n(k)-sb ]p-IgvØ - n-bn-´p-≠v.- tem-INcn-{XsØ G‰hp-a[n-Iw- kzm[o\n-® alZvh - y-IX v- n-Ifn¬- {]Ya KW\o-b\m-bn- ]p-IgvØ - s∏Sp∂Xvap-lΩZv- (k)-bm-sW∂ Im-cyw- kp-hn-Zn-Xam-Wt√m.\m-ev-: Cu- kq-Iv-XØn¬- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-sXm-Æqdvi{Xp-°sf°p-dn-®v- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂p.- {]hm-NI Im-eL´Øn-se a°bn-se P\kw-Jy- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-\pw- Fgp-]Xn-\m-bn-

246

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

cØn-\pw- CS°m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂m-Wv- hnZKv-[m-`n-{]m-bw-.- Ahcn¬an-°hcpw- i{Xp-°ƒ-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m.- i{Xp-°fp-sS kwJybm-bn- AY¿-∆ thZØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂ Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØnsXm-Æq-dv- F∂ kw-Jy-t]m-epw- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bn¬- ]q¿ØoIcn-°s∏Sp-∂p-sh∂v- km-cw.A©v:- Ip-¥]kq-IX v- Øn-se H∂m-asØ t«m-IØn¬- "\cmiw-k'-sb hn-tijn-∏n-°p-hm≥- th≠n-bp-]tbm-Kn-® ]Zam-Wv- "Iu ca'.- Cu- ]Zw- Hcp- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS \m-aam-sW∂ cq-]ØnemWv]et∏m-gpw- ]cn-KWn-°s∏Sm-dp-≈Xv.- bYm-¿-YØn¬- Iu-ca F∂ ]Zw- Hcp- \m-ahn-tijWam-Wv.- "kam-[m-\sØ t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n°p-Ibpw- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂h≥'- F∂m-Wv- Cu- ]ZØn\¿-∞w.- F√ A¿∞Øn-epw- ap-lΩZv- \_n(k)-°v- tbm-Pn-°p∂ Hcp- hn-tijWam-Wn-sX∂Xn¬- kw-iban-√.- Pm-Xo-bhpw- h¿Kobhpw- h¿-W]chp-am-bn- \n-e\n∂n-cp-∂ kv-]¿-ZIsf√mw- C√mbvasNbv-Xv- ]ckv-]cap-≈ km-tlm-Zcy-hpw- kam-[m-\hpw- Dd∏p-hcpØp-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- {]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibpw- hn-Pbn-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-X hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wt±lw.- B A¿-∞Øn¬- "kam-[m-\sØ {]Ncn-∏n®h≥'- F∂v- ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)-sb hn-fn-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- "Ckvemw'F∂ ]ZØn- \ v - "ka¿- ∏ Ww',- "kam- [ m- \ w'- F∂n- ß s\ A¿∞ßfp-≠v.- k¿-∆iIv-X\v- kz-¥sØ kºq¿-Wam-bn- ka¿∏n-°p-Ihgn- IcKXam-Ip∂ kam-[m-\am-Wv- Ckve - mw- F∂v- ]dbmhp-∂Xm-Wv.- Ckv-em-am-Ip-∂ kam-[m-\sØ {]Ncn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw]q¿-Øo-Icn-°m-\pw- th≠n- BKXam-bh≥- F∂ A¿∞Øn-embn-cn-°mw- thZa-{¥-Øn-s‚- {Zjv-Sm-hv- "Iu-ca'sb∂v- hn-fn-®sX∂v\ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.Bdv-: Ip-¥]kq-Iv-XØn¬- c≠m-asØ a{¥w- "\cm-iw-k's\°pdn-®v- ]dbp-∂Xv- "h[q- at¥m- Zzn¿-Zi'-sb∂m-Wv.- CXn-s\ c≠p- cq-]Øn¬- ]cn-`m-js∏Sp-Øm-sa∂v- ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿- A`n{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.- H∂v-,- At±lsØbpw- `m-cy-am-scbpw- HÍw- ]qńb cYw- hln- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂m- W v - . - c≠m- a tØXv , - At±lsØ HÍsØbpw- CWsbbpw- ]q-ń-b cYw- hln-°p-∂p-sh∂m-Wv-.ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS {][m-\s∏´ hm-l\w- HÍam-bncp∂

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

247

t√m.- (Cu- kq-Iv-XØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂ hy-Iv-Xn- Hcn-°epw- Hcn¥y-°m-c\m-Im≥- km-[y-Xbn-s√∂ hkv-Xp-X hy-Iv-Xam-hp-∂XvChn-sSbm-Wv.- ln-µp-°ƒ-°n-Sbn-¬- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂ \n-ba{]ImcwHÍbm-{Xbpw- ]m-epw- {_m-lva - W¿-°v- \n-jn-≤am-bn-cp-∂p.- "HÍ∏pdtØm- Igp-X∏p-dtØm- bm-{X sNøp-∂Xpw- \Kv-\\m-bn- kv-\m\wsNøp-∂Xpw- {_m-lv-aWs\ Aip-≤am-°p-w'(a\p-kv-ar-Xn- 11:201)F∂m-Wv- a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS hn-[n).- \_n- (k)- Xs≥-d `m-cy-am-tcmsSm-∏w- HÍ∏p-dØv- bm-{X sNbv-XXm-bn- \ap-°dn-bm-hp-∂XmWv."`m-cy-am¿-'- F∂ {]tbm-Kw- {]tXy-Iw- {it≤bam-Wv.- \_n(k)bp-sS _lp-`m-cy-Xzw- {]kn-≤am-Wt√m.- Cu- kq-Iv-XØn-\v- \¬Imhp∂ c≠¿-∞{]Im-chpw- CXv- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS Po-hnXhp-am-bn- ]q¿-Wam-bn- tbm-Pn-∏v- {]ISn-∏n-°p-∂p.Ggv:- "Ahs≥-d alXzw kz¿-Ktem-Iw- hscsbØn- AXns\ Xm-gv-Øpw'- F∂v- ]d™Xv- H∂p-In¬- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS alXz-sØ Db¿-Øn-°m-Wn-°p-hm-t\m- AXs√¶n¬- At±lØns≥-d BIm-im-tcm-lW(an-Av-dm-Pv)-sØ°p-dn°p-hm-t\m- Bbn-cn°m-sa∂v- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.F´v-: Ip-¥]kq-Iv-XØn-s≥-d aq-∂m-asØ a{¥Øn¬- Ejnbp-sS t]cv- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂Xv- "am-am-Ejn'-sb∂m-Wv.- `m-cXo-b ]p-cm-Wßfnsem-∂pw-Xs∂ am-am-Ejn-sb∂ t]cp-≈ Hcp-BNmcy s\°p-dn-®v- ]cm-a¿-ißsfm-∂pw-Xs∂bn-√.- AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ `m-cXo-b Ncn-{XØn-¬- am-am-Ejn-sb sXcbp-∂Xv- hy¿-∞am-Wv.ap-lΩZv- F∂ ]Zam-bn-cn-°mw- a{¥{Zjv-Sm-hm-b Ejn- am-am-Ejnsb∂Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-h£n-®sX∂v- \ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp∂Xm-Wv.- skan-kv-‰n-Iv- \m-aßƒ- `m-cXo-b `m-jIfn-te°v- ]cmh¿Ø\w- sNøp-tºmƒ- D®m-cWam-‰ßƒ- D≠m-hp-I kzm-`m-hn-IamWt√m.HºXv-: am-am-Ejn-°v- \¬-Is∏Sp-∂Xm-bn- Ip-¥]kq-IvXØn¬- BZy-w- ]dbp-∂Xv- ]Øp- NXp-cßfm-Wv.- CXv- ap-lΩZv\_n-(k)-bp-sS G‰hpw- ASp-Ø ]Øv- A\p-Nc∑m-sc°pdn-®mImsa∂v- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- kz¿Kw-sIm-≠v- kt¥mj hm¿Ø Adn- b n- ° s∏´ alm- ∑ m- c m- b ]Øv - klm- _ n- I ƒ- . -

248

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

"Zi{kPx'sb∂ {]tbm-KØn-\v- "]Øp- lm-cßƒ-'- Ft∂m-- "]ØvNXp-cßƒ-'- Ft∂m- A¿-∞w- ]dbm-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- {]hm-NIs≥-d Po-hn-XØn-\v- Xm-ßpw- XWep-am-bn-cp-∂ Ckv-em-an-\p- th≠nXymKßƒ- kln-® ]Øp- t]¿- Xs∂bm-hWw- Zi{kPx- F∂XpsIm-≠v- Dt±in-°s∏´Xv.]Øv: amamEjn°v \¬Is∏Sp∂Xmbn ]n∂oSv ]dbp∂Xv \qdv kz¿W\mWbßfmWv. aplΩZv \_n (k)tbmsSm∏w XymKßƒ kln® BZyIme kJm°sf kqNn∏n°phm≥ th≠nbmhWw \qdv kz¿W\mWbßƒ F∂p {]tbmKn®Xv. F√mhn[ {]bmkßsfbpw AXnPohn°phm≥ t]m∂ BXvao b iIvXnsb kqNn∏n®psIm≠v kz¿Wsa∂ {]tbmKw `mcXob kmlnXyØn¬ km[mcWbmbn ImWs∏Sp∂XmWv. XßfpsS BXvaob iIvXnsIm≠v i{Xp°fpsS ]oU\ßsfbpw A{Iaß sfbpw AXnPohn°pIbpw kz¥w \mSpw hoSpapt]£n®v A_v k o\nbbnte°v ]emb\w sNbv X v kz¥w BZ¿iw kwc£n°pIbpw sNbv X \qdp kzlm_nIsf Dt±in®p sIm≠pXs∂bmhWw \qdp kz¿W\mWbßƒ F∂p {]tbm Kn®sX∂v A\pam\n°mhp∂XmWv. ]Xns\m∂v: lmcßfpw kz¿W\mWbßfpw IqSmsX ap∂qdv Ad_n°pXncIsfbpw amamEjn°v \¬Ipsa∂v Ip¥] kqIvXØn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂p. {]hmNI Ncn{XØnse {]kn≤ amb {]Ya bp≤Øn¬ ]s¶SpØ hoccmb kJm°sf Dt±in®p sIm≠mbncn°Ww Ad_n°pXncIƒ F∂v a{¥{ZjvSmhmb Ejn ]d™Xv. _Zv¿ bp≤Øn¬ ]s¶SpØXv ap∂q‰n ]Xnaq∂v kzlm_nIfmbncp∂pht√m. CXn¬ AhnNmcnX ImcWßfm¬ bp≤w sNøm≥ IgnbmXncp∂ F´p t]scbpw bp≤amcw`n°p ∂Xn\p apºv sIm√s∏´ Hcmsfbpw \mep _me∑mscbpw Ingn ®m¬ _m°n FÆw IrXyw ap∂qdpXs∂. ap∂qdv Ad_n°pXnc Iƒ F∂ {]tbmKw Ahsc°pdn®pXs∂bmIm\mWv km[yX. ]{¥≠v: Ahkm\ambn amamEjn°v \¬Is∏Sp∂Xv ]Xn\mbncw ]ip°fmsW∂mWv Ip¥]kqIvXw ]dbp∂Xv. a°mhnPbkabØv {]hmNIt\msSm∏ap≠mbncp∂ ]Xn\m

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

249

bncw kzlm_nIsf Dt±in®psIm≠mbncn°mw ]Xn\mbncw ]ip°ƒ F∂p {]tbmKn®Xv. Ah¿ A∂v kuaycpw im¥cpam bncp∂ht√m. ]iphn\p≈ kwkvX]Zamb "tKm' \njv]∂ambn cn°p∂Xv "bp≤Øn\p t]mhpI'sb∂v A¿∞w hcp∂ "Ku' F∂ {Inbbn¬\n∂msW∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw {]kvXmhyamWv. Bcybp≤ßfpsS e£yw ]ip°sf kz¥am°embXp sIm≠mbncn°Ww ]iphn\v "tKm'sb∂ t]cp h∂sX∂mWv ]WvUnXaXw. "]Xn\mbncw ]ip°ƒ' F∂ {]tbmKw F√m A¿∞Ønepw tbm≤m°fmb ]Xn\mbncw kzlm_nIƒ°v tbmPn°psa∂¿∞w.. C∂s\, \nKqVsa∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂ AY¿∆thZØnse Ip¥]kqIvXØn¬ ]d™n´p≈ Imcyßsf√mwXs∂ aplΩZv \_n(k)bn¬ ]q¿ØoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xmbn \ap°v a\ nem °m≥ Ignbp∂p. "Ip¥]'sa∂ ]ZwXs∂ aplΩZv \_nbpambn _\v[ap≈XmsW∂XmWv hmkvXhw. "DZcØnse {K\vYn' sb∂mWv Cu ]ZØn\¿∞w. aplΩZv \_n(k)bpsS P∑\mSn s≥d t]cmb "a°'sb∂ Ad_n]ZØn\v "DZcw' F∂pIqSn A¿∞ap≠v. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ "Ip¥]kqIvXw' F∂Xn\p ]Icw "a°mkqIvXw' F∂p]dbp∂Xp sX‰√. AY¿∆ thZ Ønse a°mkqIv X Ønse ]cma¿ißƒ aplΩZv \_n (k)bpsS {]hmNI PohnXhpambn tbmPn°p∂Xv XnI®pw bmZrNvOnIambmsW∂v IcpXp∂Xv XnI™ A\v[Xb√msX as‰m∂pa√. [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\m¿-∞w- h-∂- A-h-km-\-sØ- {]-hmNI \pw- I-gn-™p- t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xs - Ø-°pdn®hy-Iv-X-am-b- en-Jn-X- tc-J-Iƒ- C-∂pw- e-`y-am-Wv.- \-ap-°v- am-XrIbm-°m-≥- ]-‰p-∂- Po-hn-Xw-!- A-Xm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsSA-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°pw- A-\p-I-cn-°m≥- ]-‰p-∂-Xv.- k¿-∆iIv-X\m-b Xºp-cm≥- ]-d-bp-∂Xv- t\m-°p-I: ""B¿-°- v- \mw- th-Zw- \¬-In-bn-´pt≠m,- A-h¿- X-ßf - p-sS- k-¥m-\ß - s - f- a-\ - n-em-°pw-t]m-se-Xs∂ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-bpw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-hcn-sem-cp- hn-`m-K°m¿- bmYm¿-∞yw- {K-ln-®p-I-gn-™n-´p-a-Xv- a-d-®p-sh-°p-I-bm-Wv''1.1.- -Jp¿-B≥- 2:-146.-

250

A-Sn-kvY - m-\i - n-eI - ƒ-

251

∂-sX-∂- Pq-X-hn-izm-k-hpw- Ip-cn-ip-a-c-W-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h¿ °v- am-{X-am-Wv- \n-Xy-Po-h-s\-∂- ss{I-kv-X-h- ho-£-W-hpw- k-Xywhn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw- \-∑- {]h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-h-\v- ]-c-temI-tam-£-sa-∂- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw- X-Ωn¬- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\]-cam-b- s]m-cp-Øt- °-Sp-s≠-¶n-epw- C-lt- em-IØ - n-s≥-d- k-ºq¿Æ\-io-Ic - W - Ø - n-\p-ti-ja - m-Wv- ]-ctem-Is - a-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- C-h- tbmPn-°p-∂p-≠v.-

4 ]p-\¿-P-∑-tam- ]-c-tem-I-tam{]m-No-\-a-\p-jy¿- ap-X¬-- X-s∂- Cu- tem-I-Øn-\p-ti-jwas‰mcp- tem-I-ap-s≠-∂pw- X-s≥-d- C-l-tem-I- sN-bv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- AhnsS-sh-®v- {]-Xn-^e - w- \-¬I - s - ∏-Sp-sa-∂p-ap-≈- hn-izm-kw- \n-e\n∂Xm bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ]p-cm-X\ - - \m-Kc - n-IX - I - s - f-°p-dn-®- ]-T\ - Øn¬\n-∂v- C-°m-cyw- G-Xm-≠v- ]q¿-Æ-am-bn- hy-Iv-X-am-bn-°-gn-™n-´p≠v.kp-tadn-b≥- kw-kv-°m-cw- ap-X¬- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S- \m-K-cn-I-X-h-scbp-≈- F-√m- \m-K-cn-I-X-I-fn-epw- ]-c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®- t_m-[-ap ≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- B-[p-\n-I- D¬-J-\-\- K-th-j-W-ßƒ- sXfnbn-®p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- a\p-jy-sc- tk-h-\-ßƒ-°m-bn- t{]-cn-∏n°p-∂-Xpw- hn-th-In-bpwhn-\o-X-\pw- k-ln-jv-Wp-hpw- £m-a-io-e\pwa-lm-\p-sa-√m-am-°n-Øo¿-°p-∂-Xpw- ]-c-tem-I-t_m-[-am-Wv.]-c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-sf-√mw- G-I-tZ-iwH-tc- cq-]Ø - n-ep-ff - -- ho-£W - ß - f - m-Wpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - v.- A-hn-sSbp≈c£-bp-sS-bpw- in-£-bp-sS-bpwam-\-Z-Wv-U-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hnhcWß-fn-em-Wv- C-h- hn-cp-≤m-`n-{]m-bw- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. -C{kmCu¬X-d-hm-´n¬- P-\n-®v- h-f¿-∂-h¿-°v- am-{X-am-Wv- kz¿-§-tem-Iw- e-`n°p-

]p-\¿-P-∑w-:-˛ C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- h-fs - c- hy-Xy-kvX - a - m-b- H-cp- ImgvN-∏m-Sm-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-\v- ]-c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈-Xv.- ]p-\¿-P∑-sa-∂- t]-cn-em-Wv- ssl-µ-h- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-kw- s]m-Xp-shhy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-ißƒ- B-Zyw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- O-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-em-Wv.- ""a-\p-jy≥hn-Nm-c-a-b-\m-Ip-∂p.- Cu- tem-I-Øn¬- sh-®v- A-h-≥- F-{]--Im-cwNn-¥n-°p-∂p-thm- A-{]-Im-cw-X-s∂- A-h≥- C-hn-sS-\n-∂pw- {]-bmWw- sN-bv-Xn-´pw- B-bn-Øo-cp-∂p''-1 F-∂m-Wv- O-tµm-Kyw- ]-d-bp-∂ Xv.- C-l-tem-I-Øn¬-sh-®p-≈- a-\p-jy-Nn-¥-bm-Wv- A-h≥- ]-c-temI-Øn¬- F-¥m-bn-Øo-c-W-sa-∂v- X-o-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-sX-∂¿-∞w.- Zp¿Nn-¥-I-fp-≈- a-\p-jy¿- \n-Ir-jv-S-cm-bpw- k¬-Nn-¥-I-fp-≈-h¿- D-Øa-cm-bpw- Chn-sSXs∂ P-\n-°p-∂psh∂m-Wv- Om-tµm-tK-y-m-]\njØv- ]dbp-∂Xv.-Chn-sS \n-∂- v- {]-bm-Ww- sN-bv-X-ti-jw- Cu- tem-I-Øn¬ X-s∂-bm-Wv- ho-≠pw- ho-≠pw- P-\n-°p-∂-Xv F∂ k¶¬-]am-Wv]p\¿-P∑ hn-izm-ksa∂ t]cn¬- Adn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- D-Øa - I - ¿Ωß ƒ- sN-bv-Xv- Po-hn-®-h¿- {_m-lv-aW--\m-tbm- a-‰v- D-b¿-∂- Ip-e-ßfn¬-s]-´-h-\m-tbm- P-\n-°p-∂p.- A-[-a- I¿-Ω-ßƒ- sN-bv-Xv- Po-hn®-bmƒ- ar-K-ß-fm-tbm- Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-c-\m-tbm- P-\n-°p-∂p.- O tµm-Kyw -X-s∂- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- t\m-°p-I-:- ""C-h-cn¬- ]p-Wy-I¿-Ωn-Ifm-bn-´p-≈-h¿- kz-I¿-Ωm-\p-k-c-Ww- {_m-lv-a-W-tbm-\n-bn-tem,- £ {Xn-b-tbm-\n-bn-tem- P-\n-°p-∂p.- A-ip-`-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ- io-{Lw- X-s∂1.- A-Y- J-ep- {IXp-a-bx- ]p-cp-jx-b-Ym- {I-Xpx A-kv-an≥- tem-tI- ]p-cp-jx- `-h-Xn- X-Ym- GXxt{]-Xy-`-h-Xn(O-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-14:-1)-

252

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

\o-N-tbm-\n-I-fn¬-˛A-Xm-b-Xv- \m-b-b-p-sStbm- ]-∂n-bp-sS-tbm- NWvUm-f-s≥-d-tbm- tbm-\n-bn¬- P-\n-°p-∂p''-1.C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-\¿-P∑ - k - n-≤m-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- H-cp-GI - t- Z-iN - n{Xw\-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-∂p.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- Zpjvs - N-bX v- n-If - p-sS- ^-ea - m-bn- ASpØ- P-∑-Øn-e-h≥- shdp-°-s∏-´-h-\-m-bpw- k¬-I¿-Ω-ß-fp-sS- ^-eam-bn- th-≠-s∏-´-h-\m-bpw- P-\n-°p-∂p.- C-Xv- Cu- `q-an-bn¬-X-s∂Xp-S¿-∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.- Xn-∑-I-sf- Pv-Rm-\w-sIm-≠v- k-ºq¿Æ-am-bpw- {]-Xn-tbm-Kn-°m≥- ]-Iz-am-hp-∂-Xp-h-sc- Po-h≥- ]-e-hn-[P-∑-ß-fn-eq-sS- ]-cn-Wm-aw- {]-m-]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.- A-h-km-\wk-I-e-hn-[- Xn-∑-I-fn¬-\n-∂pwap-Iv-X-am-bn- Pv-Rm-\-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- k ºm-Zn-®- v- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-t\m-Sv- tN-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc- Cu]-cn-Wm-a- {]-{In-b- Xp-S-cpw--.- C-Xm-Wv- ]p-\-¿-P-∑-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cpƒ.A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-Xw-:-˛ C-X-\p-k-cn-®v- C-t∏mƒ- {_m-lv-a-Wcpw- £-{Xn-bc - pw- ssh-iy-cp-am-bn- Po-hn-°p-∂h - ¿- I-gn-™- P-∑Ø - n¬k-p-I-r-Xw- {]-h¿-Øn-®-h-cpw- \m-b,- ]-∂n- Xp-S-ßn-b- ar-K-ß-fpw- NWvUm-e≥2 Xp-S-ßn-b- A-[-a-P-m-Xn-°m-cm-b- a-\p-jy-cpw- I-gn-™- P-∑ Øn¬- Zp-jv-Ir-Xy-ßƒ- sN-bv-X-h-cp-am-Wv.- I¿-Ωn-I-fp-sS- B-Xv-amhn\v- cq-]m-¥-cw- kw-`-hn-°m-sX ico-cwam-dp-Ibm-Wv- sNøp-∂sX∂mWv- k¶¬-]w--.- Htc BXv-am-hn-\v- hy-Xy-kv-X ico-cßfp-≠m-bXmsW¶n-epw- - C-ßs - \- P-\n-°p-∂h - ¿- Xßfp-sS ]q¿-∆ico-csØ°p dn-®v- t_m-[-hm-∑m-c-√.- {_m-lv-a-W-tcm-tSm- a-‰v- Ip-eo-\- Pm-Xn-bn¬s]-´-h-tcm-tSm- X-s≥-d- I-gn-™- P-∑-sØ-°p-dn-®v- tNm-Zn-®m-¬- A-h c-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v- A-Pv-R-cm-bn-cn-°pw.- ]-∂n-t°m- ]-´n-t°m- N-WvUme-t\m- kz-¥w- ap-Pv-P-∑-]m-]-a-Wv- C-t∏mƒ- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂t_m-[hp--an-√.X-s≥-d- sN-bv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n-°p-tºmƒ- A-XvGtXXv- {]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ-°p-≈- {]-Xn-^-e-am-sW-∂v- A-dn-bp-∂ns√-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- B- {]-Xn-^e -- -Øn-s\-¥v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?1.- X-Zy- C-l- c-a-Wo-b- N-c-Wm- A-`ym-ix- l- b-tØ- c-a-Wo-bmw- tbm-\owB-]-tZy-c≥- {_m-lv-a-W-tbm-\nw- hm- £-{Xn-btbm--\nw-.- hm- ssh-iy-tbm-\nw-.hm- A-Y-b- C-l- I-]q-b-N-c-Wm- A-`ym-ix-l- b-tØ- I-]q-bmw- tbm-\nwB-]-tZ-y-c≥- iz-tbm-\nw- hm -kq-I-c-tbm-\nw-.- hm- N-Wv-Um-e-tbm-\nw- hm(Otµm-Kyw- 5:10:7) 2.- Nm-Xp¿- h¿-Æy-Øn¬- s]-Sm-Ø-h≥.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

253

]p-\¿-P∑-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-cw- {]-Xn-^-ew- \-¬-I-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿- C-Xv{]-Xn-^-eam-tWm- F-∂p-t]m-epw- t_m-[-hm-∑m-c-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂- Cu- kn-≤m-¥w- k-Xv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ-°v- {]-Xn-^-e-hpw- Zp-jv-I¿ΩnIƒ-°v- in£-bp-sa-∂- ]-ctem-I- hn-izm-kh - p-am-bnbm-sXm-cp- s]mcpØ-hpw- {]-ISn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.th-Z-hn-cp-≤w-:-˛ ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®v- bm-sXm-cpkq-N-\-bpwth-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s]-´- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp∂n√.- F-∂m¬- a-cW - t- i-jw- a-s‰m-cp- Po-hn-Xa - p-s≠-∂- Im-cy-Øn-te°vA-Xv- hn-c¬-Nq-≠p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v,- - th-ZI - m-es - ØB-cy-∑m¿- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-k-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-w- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥w- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-sX-∂p-ap-≈- \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv]Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- F-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- {io- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Z-Øn-se- E-jn-am¿- Cu- tem-I-Øn¬-\n-∂pwhn-`n ∂-am-b- a-s‰m-cp- tem-I-ap-s≠-∂v- hn-iz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.- A-hn-tS-°m-Wva-c-Wm-\-¥-c-w- k-Zv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ- t]m-hp-I.- A-h-c-hn-sS- B-\-µ-]q¿∆wPo-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Xm-sg-bp-≈- ]m-Xm-fw- A-\v-[-Im-c-a-b-am-b- \-cI-tem-I-am-Wv.- A-hn-tS-°m-Wv- Zp-jv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ- t]m-Ip-∂-Xv''-1.th-Z-ß-fn-sem-∂pw-X-s∂- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m¥w- ]-cm-a¿-in°p∂n-s√-∂v- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-se-X-s∂- Nn-e- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒhy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-©mw- A≤ym-b-Øn-se- aq-∂mw- J-Wv-UØn¬- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-jw- th-Zw- ]-Tn-®- tiz-X-tI-Xp-thm- ]n-Xm-hm-bKu-Xa - t- \m- Cu- kn-≤m-¥s - Ø-∏‰ - n- tI-´n-´p-t]m-ep-an√m-sb-∂X - ns≥dkq-N\ - I - f - p-≠.v - tdm-_¿-´-v G-Wk - ‰ -v -v lyqw-- F-gp-Xp-∂p- ""]p-\¿-P∑sØ∏-‰n- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- bm-sXm-cp- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-an-s√-∂-Xv- k-hn-tij{i-≤-b¿-ln-°p-∂p.- O-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- 5:-3Dw- kv-Yn-co-I-cn-°p-∂-XvCu- h-kvX - p-Xb - m-Wv.- Cu- D-]\ - n-jØ - n-s≥-d- 6:-1:-2¬- ]-db - p-∂X - v- ]{¥≠p-h¿jw- th-Zw- ]-Tn-®b - m-fm-Wv- tiz-Xt- I-Xp-sh-∂m-Wv.- A-t±lhpw]n-Xm-hpw- Kp-cp-hp-am-b- Ku-X-a-\p-sam-∂pw- Cu- kn-≤m-¥-sØ-∏-‰ntI-´n-cp-∂n-√.- A-h-c-Xv- ]-Tn-°p-tºmƒ- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv,- Cu- kn-≤m¥wtk-\-bn¬-s∏-´- £-{Xn-b-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ- B-Zyambn-´m-Wv- H-cp- {_m-lv-a-W- hn-`m-K-Øn-\v- A-Xv- shfn-s]-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-ßƒ- ]p-dw--:- 552.-

254

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

a-c-Ww,- A-¥y-hn-[n,- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- Po-hn-Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈A-h-kv-Ym-¥-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂- hn-izm-kw- hy-IvXn-bp-sS- tZ-h-tem-I-Øp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂- A-\-iz-c-Po-hn-X-amWv.- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- B-Zy-cq-]w- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- AY¿-∆th-Z-Øn-em-Wv.- A-Xv- hf-sc- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- iX]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-Øn¬- am-{X-am-Wv.- F-¶n-epw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- \n-ehn¬-h-∂- ]p-\¿-P-∑kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- cq-]w- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifn¬t]m-epw- Im-Wm-\n-√''-1.Cu- {]-]-©w- \-in-°p-sa-∂pw- ]-c-amXv-am-hv- A-Xn-s\- ]p-\ kr-jv-Sn- \-S-Øp-sa-∂p-ap-≈- h-kv-Xp-X-I-fn-te-°v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒkq-N\ - - \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- tiz-Xm-iX - t- cm-]\ - n-jØ - n¬- ]-db - p-∂X - v- t\m°p-I-:- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- {]-]-©-t£-{X-Øn¬- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- BZnIm-e-Øv- Hm-tcm- Pm-e-sØ-bpw- ]-e-{]-Im-c-Øn¬- hn-`-Pn-®v,- {]-f-bIm-eØ - v- A-Xn-s\- kw-lc - n-°p-∂p.- - B-Xa v- m-hm-b- Cu-iz-c≥- ho≠pwap-ºn-e-sØ-t∏m-se- k-a-kv-X- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-sc-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®vkz-bw- F-√m-Øn-epw- k¿-∆m-[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂p''-2.]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- i-cn-°pw- a-\- n-em-°n-b-h¿- k-z¿-§-Øn¬{]-th-in-°p-∂p.- kz¿-§Ø - n¬- a-cW - a - n-√.- A-h¿- A-ac - ∑ - m-cm-bn- amdp∂p.- ""B- ln-c-WyK¿-`-t\-°m-fpw- D¬-Ir-jv-S-am-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-amhvA-cq-]-\pw- A-\m-a-b-\p-am-Wv.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h¿A-a-c-Xz-sØ- {]m-]n-°p-∂p.- Cu- c-l-kyw- A-dn-bm-Ø-h¿- ho-≠pw- n-jØ - p-Iƒ- ]dbpho-≠pw- Zpx-Js - Ø- {]m-]n-°p-∂p''3- sh-∂m-Wv- D-]\ ∂-Xv.Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ - v- C-°m-cyw- Ip-sd-°q-Sn- hy-IvX - a - mbn]-d-bp-∂p-≠v:- ""A-hn-\m-in-bm-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- tZ-h- ]n-Xram\-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- \-√-Xp-t]m-se- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈-h¿- -hn-\mi Øm¬- ar-Xyp-hn-s\- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- A-hn-\m-in-I-fm-bn- A-a-r-X1 Robert Ernest Hume: The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Page 54.

2 G-ssI-Iw- Pm-ew- _-lp-[m-hn-Ip¿-h\-kv-an≥- t£-{X- kw-lm-c- tXy-j-tZ-hx `q-bx- kr-jv-Szm- ]-X-b-kv-X-tY-ixk¿-∆m-[n-]-Xyw- Ip-cp-tX- a-lm-Xv-am(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-3)3 A-tX-{K-Ÿw- 3:10

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

255

Xz-sØ- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p''-1.Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-°q-Sm-sX- tZ-h- ]n-Xr- am-\-hm-Zn-I-sfD]m-kn-°p-∂-h¿- \-c-I-Øn-em-Wv- ]-Xn-°p-I-sb-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-ØpIƒ-X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- \-c-I-am-I-s´- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-a-bam-Wv.- ""\-iz-c-ß-fm-b- tZ-h- ]n-Xr- am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- D-]m-kn-°p-∂h¿- A-Pv-Rm-\-am-Ip-∂- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- A-hn\m-in-bm-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-°p-dn-®v- an-Yym`n-am-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bncn-°p-∂-h-cpw- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬-X-s∂- ]-Xn-°p-∂p''-2sh-∂mWv- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-Øv- X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu- \-cI-am-I-s´- Zpx-J-`q-bn-jv-T-ß-fmWv.- ""kq-cy-c-ln-Xß-fm-b- Cu- temIßƒ- A-Pv-Rm-\m-\v-[-Im-c- k-am-hr-X-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.- B-Xv-a-Lm-Xn Iƒ,- A-Xm-b-Xv- Cu-iz-c-s\- kv-a-cn-°m-sX- hn-j-bm-k-Iv-X-cm-bn°-gn-bp-∂h - ¿,- ho-≠pw- Zpx-J`- q-bn-jT v- ß - f - m-b- B- tem-Iß - s - f- {]m]n3. °p-∂p''- kz¿-§t- em-Ia - m-Is - ´- `-bØ - n¬-\n-∂pw- Xo¿-Øpw- ap-IvX - a - mWv.I-tTm-]\ - n-jØ - v- ]-db - p-∂X - n-ßs - \-bm-Wv:- ""kz¿-§t- em-IØ - v- A¬]wt]m-epw- `-b-an-√.- A-hn-sS- \o-bp-an-√.- P-cm-\-c-bm¬- B¿-°pw- `bhpan-√.- A-hn-sS- h-kn-°p-∂-h¿- £p-Xv-]n-]m-km-Zn-Iƒ-°pw- timImZn-Iƒ-°pw- A-Xo-X-∑m-cm-bn- k¿-∆-hn-[-am-b- B-\-µ-hpw- A-\p-`-hn°p-∂p''4.C-h-bn¬- \n-s∂-√mw-X-s∂- B-Zy-Im-e- `m-c-Xo-b-cp-sS- a-cWm\-¥c - - Po-hn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn-®- ho-£W - w- ssZ-hn-I- a-XØ - n-s≥-d- ho£Ww- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- `q-an-bn¬X-s∂- hnhn-[- Po-hn-I-fm-bn- ]-cn-W-an-®v- Po-hn-Xw- ]-cn-{I-a-Ww- sNø-s∏-Sp-sa-∂- hn-izm-kw- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- D-≠m-b-Xm-Wv.- C-l-tem-IØn-s≥-d- k-ºq¿-Æ- \m-iØ - n-\v- ti-ja - m-Wv- ]-ctem-Isa∂pw- Ahn1.- kw-`q-Xnw- hn-\m-iw- N-b-kv-X- tZz-tZm- `-bw- k-lhn-\m-ti-\- ar-Xypw- Xo¿-Øzm- kw-`q-Xym- f ar-X- a-iv-\p-tX(Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-Øv- 14.) 2.- A-tX-{K-Ÿw 12. 3.- A-kq-cym- \m-a- tX- tem-Im- A-\v-t[-\- X-a-km- hr-XmxXmw-kv-tX- t{]-Xym-`n-K-Nv-O-¥n- tb-tI- Nm-Xv-a-l-t\m-P-\mx- (A-tX-{K-Ÿw 3.) 4.- kz¿-tK-tem-tI- \- `-bw- In-©-\m-kv-Xn- \-X-{XXzw- \-P-c-bm- _nt`-XnD-t`,- Xo¿-Øzm-i-\m-bm- ]n-]m-tk- tim-Im-Xn-tim- tam-Z-tX- kz¿-§-temt-I(I-tTm-]\ - n-jØ - v- 12).-

256

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

sS-sh-®v- k¬-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ-°v- kz¿-§-hpw- Zp-jv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ-°v- \-c-Ihpw{]-Xn-^-e-am-bn- e-`n-°psa∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p- BZy-Im-e sslµhcpsS hn-izm-ksa∂m-Wv- a\kn-em-Ip-∂Xv-.]p-\¿-P∑ - h - n-izm-kØ - n-s≥-d- D¬-∏Ø - n-:˛- C-kve - m-an-s≥-d- ]ctem-I-ho-£-W-hp-am-bn- B-Zy-Im-e- `m-c-Xo-b-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-Øn-\vs]m-cp-Øap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬,- ]n-s∂-sb-ßn-s\-bm-Wv- Cuhnizm-kw- ln-µp-°-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ]m-sS- th-c-‰p-t]m-bn- X¬-kv-Ym-\Øv- {ip-X-n-Iƒ-°v- Xn-I-®pw- A-\y-amb- ]p-\-¿-P-∑- kn-≤m-¥w- kvYm\w-]n-Sn-®-Xv?- {io- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥- Cßn-s\-bm-Wv- A-`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-:- ""ssh-Zn-I- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-ß-fn¬- P-\-ßƒ-°vhnizm-kw- Ip-d-™p-Xp-Sßn.- A-t∏mƒ- O-tµm-Ky-Ønse- E-jn-amcm-b- ssP-h-en- cm-Pm-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W-\m-b- B-cp-Wn-bpw- Iq-Sn- H-cp]p-Xnb- am¿-§w- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p-.- A-h¿- ]p-\¿-P∑ - s - Ø-t∏m-ep-≈- hnizmk-ßƒ- h-f¿-Øn.- Zm-k-∑m¿- sXm-gn¬-°m¿- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]o-Un-XP\-X-bp-sS- _-\v-[-\-sØ- Iq-Sp-X¬- kp-Zr-V-am-°n-Øo¿-Øp''-1.]-c-tem-I-Øn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-\v- •-m-\n- kw-`-hn-®-Xn-s≥d^-e-am-bn- k-Xv-I¿-Ωm-\p-jv-Tm-\-Øn-\pw- Zp-jv-I¿-Ω- h¿-Pv-P-\-Øn\p-ap-≈- B-th-iw- Ip-d-™-t∏mƒ- ]p-tcm-ln-X¿-°v- P-\-ß-sf- \nb{¥n-°m-\m-bn-√.- X-Zh - k - c - Ø - n¬- a-\x-]q¿-∆w- sa-\s - ™-Sp-Ø- hnizmk-am-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑- hn-izm-kw.- ]-c-tem-I- i-n-£-tb-°mƒ- sF-ln I- t¢-i-ß-sf- a-\p-jy¿- `-b-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b- O-tµm-KyE-jn-am-cp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-bm-b- H-cp- \-ho-\- B-i-bw- am-{X-am-Wn-sX∂mWv- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bw.F-∂m¬- C-Xn-s\m-cp- a-dp-hi - w- Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.- - t\-cs - Ø- D-≤cn®-2 O-tµm-Ky-t«m-Iw t\m-°p-I.- ]-∂n-bp-sS-bpw- ]-´n-bp-sS-bpw- Iq-sSbm-Wv- c-≠p-Im-en¬ \-S-°p-∂- N-Wv-Um-e-s\-- F-Æn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.A-h-s\-bpw- H-cp- ar-K-am-bn-´m-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- {kjvSm °ƒ- I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂¿-∞w.Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cm-b- a-\p-jy-sc- ar-K-Xp-e-y-cm-bn-°m-Wp-∂{]-h-W-X-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-sb-∂v1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-ßƒ,- ]p-dw- 579.2.- O-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-10:-7.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

257

\-ap-°n-Xn-¬-\n-∂- v- a-\- n-em-°mw.N-WvU - m-e∑ - m-cpw- A-h¿-Æc - pw- a-‰v- Io-gvP - m-Xn-°m-cpw- `q-an-bn¬I-jv-S-X- A-\p-`-hn-°p-I-bpw- A-Sn-a-∏-Wn-sb-Sp-°m≥- \n¿-_-\v-[n-°s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- Im-e-Øm-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬∏-Øn.- "`q-an-bn-se- ssZ-h-ß-fm-b'- {_m-lv-a-Wc-- p-sS- {Iq-c-am-b- A-Sna-®-ß-e-bn¬- _-\v-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp--∂- N-Wv-Um-e-cpw- a-‰pw- A-\p-`-hn°p-∂-Xv- X-ß-fp-sS- ap-Pv-P-∑-]m-]-Øn-s≥-d- in-£-bm-sW-∂- [m-cW-bm-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-eq-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv.- {_m-lva-WIv-j-{Xn-bm--Zn-I-f-\p-`-hn-°p-∂- kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS- Im-c-Whpw- A-h-cp-sS- ap-Pv-P-∑-Øn-se- kp-Ir-X-ß-fm-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ- A-SpØ- P-∑-Øn-se-¶n-epw- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-c-\m-bn- P-\n-°-W-sa-¶n¬Cu- P-∑-Øn¬- X-ß-fp-sS- Pm-Xn-[¿-Ωw- \n¿-∆-ln-°-Ww.- N-WvUme-\pw- iq-{Z-\p-w- hn-[n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈- Pm-Xn-[¿-Ωw- A-Sn-a-∏-Wn-bmWv.{_m-la v- W - ∑ - m-cp-sS- A-Sn-a∏ - W - n-sb-Sp-Øv- Po-hn-°p-Ia - m-{X-am-Wv- Ahcp-sS- tam-£-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§w.- Cu- hn-izm-kw- h-f¿-Øn- Xm-gv-∂Pm-Xn-°m-sc- a-m-\-kn-I-am-bn-t∏m-epw- A-Sn-a-I-fm-°n- am-‰m-\p-≈{_mlv-a-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- kr-j-vSn- am-{X-am-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑kn≤m-¥w.]p-\¿-P-∑kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-®- N-Wv-Um-e-\pw- iq-{Z \pw- X-ßf - p-sS- ap-PP -v ∑ - ] - m-]t- am¿-Ø-v Zpx-Jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- ASpØP-∑-Øn¬- D-∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-\m-hm≥-th-≠n- {_m-lv-a-W-cpsS- A-Sna-∏-Wn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-an-cp-∂p.- X-ßƒ- X-s∂- sN-bvX- ]m-]-ßfp-sS- {]-X-n-^-e-am-Wv- X-ßƒ- C-∂v- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂sX-∂- Nn-¥A-Sn-a-∏-Wn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- tam-N-\w- t\m-\p-≈- am¿-§-ßƒ- A-t\zjn-°p-hm-\p-≈- Xz-c-sb-t∏m-epw- \-in-∏n-®p-I-f-™p.- A-ßs\,- Xeap-d-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-te-°v- Cu- A-[-a-t_m-[w- kw{I-an®p.- ]p-\¿-P-∑- hn-izm-k-Øn-t∑¬- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥dtIm-´-Iƒ- D-b¿-∂p-s]m-ßp-I-bpw- A-h¿-Æ-]o-U-\-Øn-\v- XmXznI-am-b- \ym-bo-I-c-Ww- \¬-I-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.""kz-[¿-Ωw- A¬-∏w- Nn-e- \yq-\-X-I-tfm-sS- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- hn-[n-{]-Im-cw- A-\y-[¿-Ωw- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-Xnt\-°mƒ- t{i-jv-T-am-Wv.- kz-[¿-Ω-Øn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-∂v-

258

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

259

acWw-t]m-epw- t{i-b- m-Wv.- A-\y-[¿-Ω-m-\p-jv-Tm-\w- `-bm-h-lam-Wv''-1 F-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂- Ko-X-bpw- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-\pw- A-Xneq-sS- k-h¿-Æ-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\pw- ]-®-s°m-Sn- Im-´p-I-bm-Wv- sNøp∂-Xv.- ap-Pv-P-∑- ]m-]-Øn-s≥-d- ^-e-am-Wv- A-[x-kv-Yn-X-h¿-§-°m¿C-∂v- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂- I-jv-S-X-I-sf-∂- hn-izm-kw- Km-\v-[n-Pn-sbt∏m-epw- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-´-s∏Sp-tºm-gm-Wv-2 Cuhm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Ku-c-hw- F-{X-tØm-f-am-sW-∂- t_m-[-Øm¬- \mwsR-´n-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xv.b-Ym-∞- ]-c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-Øn¬- C-Ø-cw- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ß sfm-∂pw- {]-I-S-am-Ip-∂n-√.- P-∑-a-√- I¿-Ω-am-Wv- ]-c-tem-I-tam-£Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-sa-∂- X-Xz-am-Wv- A-Xn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d.- P-\n-®-Xv- F{XXm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-c-\m-bn-´mbn-cp-∂m-epw- kp-Ir-Xw- sNbv-Xm¬- Ah\v- kz¿-§-Øn¬- kv-Ym-\-ap-≠v.- P-\n-®-Xv- D-∂-X-e- Ip-e-Øn-em-sW¶n-epw,- A-{I-a-am-Wv- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬- A-h-s\- \-c-Im-Kv\n-bn¬- h-en-s®-dn-b-s∏--Sm-Xn-cn-°n-√.- kz¿-§-hpw- \-c-I-hpw- ]-c-temI-hpw- ssZ-hw- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-∂- k-Xy-ß-fm-Wv.- A-h- \n-tj[n-®-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h-bp-sS- A-kv-Xn-X-zw- C-√m-sX-bm-Ip-∂n-√.- `m-cX-Øn-se- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-c-S-°w- tem-I-Øn¬- h-∂- k-Xy-a-X- {]-hm N-I-∑m¿- ap-gp-h≥- Cu- ]-c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- {]-t_m-[-\w- sNbvX - s - X-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- Jp¿-B≥- ]dbp-∂Xv- icn-! ""\n-ivN - b - a - mbpw,A-h≥- A-¥y-\m-fn-te-°v- \n-ß-sf- H-cp-an-®v- Iq-´p-I-X-s∂- sNøpw.A-Xn¬- k-tµ-l-ta- C-√''-3.-

1.- t{i-bm≥- kz-[¿-tΩm- hn-Kp-Wx-]-c-[¿-Ωm¬- kz-\p-jv-Tn-Xm¬kz-[¿-tΩ- \n-[-\w- t{i-bx- ]-c-[¿-tΩm- `-bm-h-lx(`-Kv-h-Zv- Ko-X- 3:-35)2.- I-√-d- kp-Ip-am-c≥-:- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-∞-im-kv-{Xw- t]Pv-:- 39 3.- Jp¿-B≥- 6:-12

5 sh-fn-®-Øn-te-°va-\p-jy≥- P-∑-\m- ]-cn-ip-≤-\m-Wv.- A-h-s\- h-gn-tI-Sp-I-fnte°v- \-bn-°p-∂-Xv- km-l-N-cy-ß-fpw- k-l-Nm-cn-I-fp-am-Wv.- C-Xpt]mse-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- an-°- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-h-kv-Y.- A-hbpsS- A-Sn-th-cp-I-sf- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-epw- {]hmN-I{- ]-t_m-[\ - ß - f - n-ep-am-Wv- H-cp- K-th-jW - h - n-Zym¿-∞n-°v- Im-Wm≥I-gn-bp-∂X - v.- Im-e{- I-aØ - n¬- Z¿-i\ - ß - ƒ- kvY - m-]\ - h - ¬-°c - n-°s∏Sp-I-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- kz-¥-°m-cm-bn- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- h¿-§w- cq-]w-sIm≈p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ- P\-{]o-Xn-°p-th-≠n- a-X-\n-b-a-ßƒ- \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bpwam-‰n-a-dn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-bn.- G-IssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂v Xp-S-ßn-b- a-X-ßfn¬- ]e-Xpw- _-lpssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-te-°v- h-gn-am-dn-b-Xß-s\-bm-Wv.A-{_-lm-apw- tam-si-bpw- tb-ip-hp-sa-√mw- {]-t_m-[\ - w- sNbvX- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A-h-cp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂vA-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿- h-gn-am-dn-t∏m-b-Xn-\v- N-cn-{Xw- km-£n-bm-Wv.Cu- a-lm-∑m-cm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- F-¥n-\p-th-≠n- ]-Wn-sb-SpØpthm- A-Xn-\v- t\¿- hn-]-co-X-am-bn- A-h-sc-Ø-s∂- B-cm-[n-°p-

260

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

∂- A-hk - Y v- b - m-Wv- C-∂v- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂X - v.- ""bn-{km-bo-te- tIƒ°,\-Ωp-sS- ssZ-h-am-b- I¿-Øm-hv- G-I- I¿-Øm-hv''1- F-∂v- D-ss®-kvXcw- {]-Jym-]n-®- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂v- A-h-Im-is∏-Sp-∂-h¿,- C-∂-t±-l-sØ- ssZ-h-]p-{X-\m-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥kp-hn-ti-jw- {]-kw-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ - s - °Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-am-bn- s]m-cp-Xn-b- C-{_m-lnw- \-_n-bp-sS- hn-{K-l-ambn-cp-∂p,- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- I-Av-_-bn¬-sh-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- \-in-∏n®Xv.G-I-\m-b- {k-jv-Sm-hn-s\-b-√m-sX- B-cm-[n-°-m≥- ]m-Sn-s√-∂v- i-IvX-hpw- hy-Iv-X-hp-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- (k)-t]m-epwA-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- Nn-e-cm¬- {]m¿-∞n-°-s∏-Sp-∂psh-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- Cu- "X-e-Xn-cn-®n-en'-s≥-d- `o-I-c-X-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xam-°p-∂-Xv.C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww- `m-c-Xo-b-N-cn-{X-Øn-epw- kw-`-hn®Xv.- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b-Z¿-i-\Øn s≥d- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]-Wn-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈- hnizm-k-ambncn-°-Ww- _-lp-tZ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®-sX-∂v- \mw- a\ n -em-°n.- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- {]-hm-N-I-∑mcn ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v- \mw- I≠p. ssZ-h-Øn¶¬-\n-∂pw- {K-\v-Y-ßƒ- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂hnizm-k-Øn-\v- Xp-ey-am-bn- "{ip-Xn'-I-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-sØ- KWn °mw.- {ip-Xn-I-fm-bn- C-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h- kv-J-en-X-ap-IvXa s - √-¶nepw- {ip-Xn-Is - f-∂- B-ib - w- ssZ-hn-I- {K-\vY - ß - f - n-ep≈- hnizmk-Øn¬-\n-∂v- D¬-`-hn-®-Xm-sW-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- `m-c-Xo-bZ¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- sN-∂p-\n¬-°p-∂Xv- a-c-Wm-\-¥cwD-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-∏n-\v- ti-j-ap-≈- ]-c-tem-I-sa-∂- B-i-b-ØnemsW-∂pw,- ]p-\¿-P-∑- kn-≤m-¥w- {_m-lv-a-W- ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-dkr-jv-Sn-bm-sW-∂pw- \mw- a-\- n-em-°n.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hmNI-∑m-cp-sS- {]-t_m-[\ - ß - fn-em-Wv- `m-cX - o-b- Z¿-i\ - Øn-s≥-d- ASnkvYm-\- in-e-I-sf-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- C-\n- kw-i-bn-t°-≠-Xp-t≠m?ssl-µ-hm-Nm-c-ß-fnep-≈-- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- Zp--kzm-[o\sØ-°p-dn-®v- G-Xm-s≠-√m- ]-WU v- n-X∑ - m-cpw- ]-d™ n-´p-≠v.- bmKhpw1.- a¿-t°-m-kv- 12:-29

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

261

b-Pv-R-hpw- Pm-Xn-bp-sa-√mw- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- Zp--kzm-[o-\wsIm≠v- In-fn¿-Ø-Xm-sW-∂v- A-h¿- ]-d-bp-∂p.- I-¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Ukw_-\v-[n-bm-b- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- am-{X-a-√,- Zm¿-i-\n-I-hpw- hn-izm-k-]-chp-am-b- hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw- ]u-tcm-l-n-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- kzm[o-\-ap-≠mbn-´p-≠v.a-\p-jy-s≥-d- hn-izm-k-am-Wv- I¿-Ω-sØ-bpw- Pv-Rm-\-sØ-bpsa-√mw- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-∂- bm-Y¿-∞yw- a-\- n-em-°n-b- sN-IpØ-m≥,- X-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- {]-Y-a-am-bn- tI-{µo-I-cn-®-Xv- hn-izmkwPo¿-Æn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-em-Wv.- A-Xn-eq-sS- a-\p-jy-cm-in-sb- ap-gp-h≥- ]ng∏n-°p-hm-\pw- A-h-sc- \-c-I-Øn-te-°v- A-b-°p-I-sb-∂- A-h-s≥-dD-t±-iy-]q¿-Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-am-W-v Ah≥- {i-an-®-Xv.- `m-c-Xo-b-Z¿i\-Øn-se-∂-√,- a-t‰-sXm-cp- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-Øn-epw- A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn´p-≈-Xv- I¿-Ω-ß-fp-sS- \-thm-∞m-\-a-√,- {]-Xyp-X- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥d\-thm-∞m-\-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-hm-\p-≈- Im-c-W-hpw- C-X-m-Wv.- hnizmkw- \-∂m-bm¬- am-{X-sa- I¿-Ωw- \-∂m-hq.- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-ap-X¬B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y- t\-cn-Sp-∂- {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- `m-c-X-Øns≥d- ss]-Xr-I-sa-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- _-lp-ssZ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øns≥-d- Zp-jSv- k - ¥ - X - n-If - m-Wv.- C-Xv- a-\ - n-em-°m-sXbp-≈- \-thm∞m\- kw-cw-`-ßƒ- ]m-gv-th-e-bm-bn- A-h-ti-jn-°p-I- kzm-`m-hn-I-amWv.hn-π-hw- th-≠-Xv- hn-izm-k-Ø-n-em-Wv;- AXv- am-{X-sa- a-\p-jy-scim-iz-X- tam-N-\-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-°q.`m-c-X-Øn¬- F-∂v- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b Po-hn-X-Z¿-i-\w- kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-t∂m- A-∂n-hn-sS- km-tlm-Z-cyap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- kv-t\-l-hpw- I-cp-W-bpw- k-a-`m-h-\-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ß-tfm- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-tbm- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-bt_m-[tam- `m-c-Xo-b-sc- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂n-√.- ""k¿-t∆-]n- kp-Jn-\-k-¥p-;k¿-t∆-k-¥p- \n-cm-a-bm''- (k¿-∆-cpw- k-¥p-jv-S≥-am-cm-I-s´-;- k¿-∆ cpw- k¿-∆- Zo-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pwhn-tam-Nn-X-cm-h-s´)-sb-∂- v- {ip-Xn-Ifm¬- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- A-∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-hw!A-hs - ≥-d- kr-jvS- n-If - m-b- a-\p-jy¿- ap-gp-h\ - pw- k-tlm-Zc - ∑ - m¿!- F∂kp-µc - a - m-b- k-¶¬-∏w- {]-tbm-Kh - ¬-°c - n-°s - ∏-´- ]u-cm-Wn-I- kwkv°m-c-Øn-te-°v- \-ap-°v- H-∂n-®v- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-Imw.-

262

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-I-eam-b- k-¶¬-∏-ß-fp-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xvk¶p-Nn-X-Xz-Øn-\pw- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ßƒ-°pw- Im-c-W-am-bn. ssZ-hw]p-cp-j-\m-bn- k-¶¬-∏n-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- X-e-bn¬-\n∂v- kr-jv-Sn-°s∏-´- {_m-lv-a-W≥- D-∂-X-\pw- Im-ep-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- krjv-Sn-°-s∏´iq-{Z≥- A-[-a-\p-am-bn.- A-Xv- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn.- kv-ar-XnIƒ-Iq-Sn- h-∂-t∏mƒ- Cu- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥- k-p-Zr-V-ambn.- Pm-Xo-b-X-bne-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-°p-th-≠-n-bp-≈- A-Sn-kvYm-\- \n-ba - ß - f - m-Wv- kva - r-Xn-Iƒ- ]-S® - p-hn´Xv.- I-√v,- I-cS- v,- Im-™nc°p-‰n- ap-X¬- ap-≈v,- ap-cS- v,- aq¿-J≥-]m-ºv- h-sc-bp-≈- k-Ie - X - n-s\bpwB-cm-[n-°p-I-sb-∂- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- XmXzn-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- krjvSn-®- A-ssZ-z-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- {io-i-¶-c≥,- kz`mhn-I-am-bpw- Cu- PmXnNn-¥-sb- A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n-®p.- k-w-lm-c-aq¿-Øn-bm-b- in-h-s≥-d- A-hXm-c-sa-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- i-¶cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS- P-\-\w- sIm-≠vA-\p-{K-lo--X-am-b- tI-c-f-Øn¬,- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- Pm-Xo-b-XA-Xn-s≥-d- F-√m-hn-[- {Iq-c-`m-h-ß-tfmSpw-Iq-Sn- \q-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fwA-gn-™m-Sn.tI-c-f-Øn¬- Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-bn¬-s∏-´- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- D-b¿-∂Pm-Xn-°m-cm-b- ]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS- ap-∂n¬- am-dp-a-d-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Imiw-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-bn-ØPm-Xn-°m-cn-bp-sS- kv-X-\w Hcp]-cn-[n-bn-e-[n-Iw- h-f¿-∂m¬- in-£-bm-bn- ap-e-°-cw- sIm-Sp-°-Wam-bn-cp-∂p.- A-hƒ-°v- k-z¿-Æ-m-`-c-Ww- [-cn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- iq-{Zkv-{Xo-Iƒ- A-h-cp-sS- hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ- {_m-lv-aW¿-am¿-°p-th-≠n- G-Xv- k-ab - Ø - pw- Xp-d∂ - p-sIm-Sp-°W - a - m-bn-cp∂p.Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m¿-°v- ]-Tn-°m-t\m- D-tZym-Kw- e-`n-°m-t\m- D-≈kzm- X - { ¥y- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ .- A- h ≥- D- b ¿- ∂ - Pm- X n- ° m- c - s \sXmSm≥-t]m-epw- ]m-Sn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-ß-s\- ]-e- X-c-Øn-ep-ap-≈A-\o-Xn-Iƒ- I-≠- Ip-am-c-\m-im-≥- X-s≥-d- "Zp-c-h-kv-Y'-bn¬A∂sØ- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-kv-Y- hn-h-c-°p-∂- h-cn-Iƒ- {]-kn≤am-Wv.sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h¿- Xo-≠n-°q-Sm-Ø-h¿Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬-s∏-´m-epw- tZm-j-apt≈m¿sI-´n-√m-tØm¿- X-Ωn-ep-Æ-m-tØm-cn-ß-s\-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

263

sbm-´-√-tlm- Pm-Xn-t°m-a-c-ßƒ.Pm-Xo-b-X- \-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- hn-izm-k-hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS- am{X-am-Wv.- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-I-fm-Wv- F-√m-h-cp-sa-∂t_m[w- h-f-cp-I.- A-h-\p-ap-∂n¬- am-{Xw- B-cm-[-\-Iƒ- A-¿-∏n-°s∏-Sp-∂- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-am-hp-I.- C-Xv- am-{X-am-Wv- Pm-Xo-b-Xbn¬-\n-∂pw- ]q¿-Æ-am-bn- ap-Iv-X-am-Im-\p-≈- G-I-am¿-§w.G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-t°-≠-sX-∂v- ]-Tn∏n-®p-X-tc-≠-Xv- ssZ-h-\n-bp-Iv-X-cm-b- {]-hm-N-Icm-Wv.- A-h¿- ]-Tn∏n-®p-X-∂- am¿-§-Øn-eq-sS- th-Ww- ssZ-h-m-cm-[-\- \-S-Øm≥.- A-X√m-sX- Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpw- A-h-\-h-\n-jv-S-ap-≈- am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS- Bcm-[-\-I-f¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- a-s‰m-cp- hn-`m-Ko-b-X-°v- am-{X-sa- \n-an-Øam-Iq.- ssZ-hn-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-eq-∂n- \n-∂p-sIm-≠-√m-sX- H-cp- ap-{Zmhm-Iy-Øn\p-th≠n- am-{Xw- "H-cp-Pm-Xn,- H-cp- a-Xw,- H-cp- ssZ-hw-a\p jy-\v'- F-∂- X-Xzw- ]-d-™-Xp-sIm-≠v- Im-cy-an-√.- A-Xv- {]mtbm-KnI-am-°-W-sa-¶n¬- ssZ-h-n-I-am¿-§-Z¿-i-\w- Iq-Sn-tb- I-gn-bq.- "H-cpPm-Xn-bpwth-≠,- Hcp- a-X-hpw- th-≠,- H-cp- ssZ-h-hpw- th-≠'-sb∂v{io-\m-cm-bW - - Kp-cp-hn-s≥-d- in-jy-\m-b- {io.- sI.- A-ø∏ - s - \s°m≠v]-d-bn-∏n-®-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww,- \m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- X-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥Øn-s≥-d- {]tbm-K-Øn-\v- ssZ-hn-I- t{km-X- p-I-sf- D-]tbm-Kn-°mØ--Xm-sW∂m-W-v a-\- n-em-hp-∂-Xv. _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- k-¶p-Nn-X Nn-¥- h-f¿-Øn-b-Xn-\v- `m-cX-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- Xs∂ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h-˛ssi-h- kwL-´-\-ßƒ.- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-\v- aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-I-sf- I¬-∏n-®-Xm-WvCu- kw-L-´-\-ßƒ-°- v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- kw-lm-c-aq¿-Øn-bm-b- ]-c-a in-h≥- am-{X-am-Wv- h-en-b- ssZ-h-sa-∂pwhn-jv-W-p-h-S-°w- a-‰p-≈hsc-√mw- A-h-s≥-d- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h¿-Øn-I-fm-sW-∂pw- ssi-h≥-am¿hm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ,- kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sS- aq¿-Øn-bm-b- hn-jv-Wp-hm-Wv- tZ-thmØ-a-s\-∂pwin-h-\-S-°-ap-≈- a-‰v- tZ-h-∑m-sc-√mw- A-h-∂v- Xm-sgbmsW-∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h¿- hm-Zn-®p.- Cu- hn-`m-K-ßƒ- X-Ωn¬- kw-L ´-\-ßƒ- h-sc-bp-≠m-bn.- Hm-tcm- hn-`m-K-Øn-\pw- {]-tXy-Iw- t£{Xß-fpw- B-cm-[-\-I-fpw- hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.G-I\ - m-b- ssZ-hs - Ø-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-t°--≠X - v- F-∂v- ]-Tn∏n®-

264

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

`m-cX - o-bc - S- ° - a - p-≈- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-sc- ]n≥-]‰ - p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- C-¥ybnse- h¿-§o-b- {]-iv-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ bYm¿-∞am-b ]cn-lm-cam¿§w.ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-∂n¬- am-{Xw- in-c- p-Iƒ- Ip-\n-bp-∂- k-aq-l-Øn¬h¿-Ko-btam- Pm-Xo-btam- Bb- {]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp≠mhn√.H-cp- Kp-cp-X-c-{]-iv-\-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv- tKmlXy-bp-sS- Im-cy-am-Wv.- C-Xpw- ssZ-h-Øn-s\-b-√m-sX- ]-£n- ar-Km-ZnI-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv.- ]-ip-lXybm-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- sN-øp-∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tZ-i-t{Zm-l-{]h¿Ø-\s - a-∂m-Wv- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-t]m-epw- hm-Zn-°p-∂X - v.- D-]\ - n-jØpI-fn-epw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn-epw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂- bm-Pv-h¬-Iy-\v]-ip-hn-s\- `-£n-°m-sa-¶n¬- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- ap-kve - nw-Iƒ-°v- `-£n®pIq-Sm-sb-∂- tNm-Zyw- {]-kI - vX - a - m-Wv.- i-X] - Y - {- _m-lva - W - w- ]-db - p∂p:""]-ip-hn-s\-bpw- Im-f-sb-bpw- `-£n-°-cp-Xv- F-∂-h¿- ]-d-bpw.- F∂m¬-- bm-Pv-R-h¬Iy≥- ]-d-™p.- i-co-cw- amw-k-f-a-m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- Rm≥h-sb- `-£n-°pw''-1.- th-Z-Im-e-Øpw- ti-j-hpw- ]-ip- `-£n-°-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- G-sd- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]-ip-hn-s\B-cm-[n-°m≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gm-Wv- A-Xn-s≥-d- amw-kw- Xn-∂m≥-]m-Sn-s√∂- hn-izm-kw- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv.- Cu- Ip-g-∏-ßƒ-°p-ap-≈Im-c-Ww- GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- h-gn-sX-‰n,- ar-Km-cm[\kzo-I-cn-®-Xm-sW-∂¿-∞w.{ip-Xn-I-fn-epw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fn-ep-sa-√m-w- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- I¬-∏\-I-fn¬- knw-l-`m-K-hpw- {_m-lv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xyw- A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n°m≥ th-≠n- am-{X-w- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-t]m-se- kpcbpw- tkm-a-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W¿-°v- {]n-b-s∏-´- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fm-bncp-∂psh∂m-Wv- a\ n-em-Ip-∂Xv.- - C-h- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v- ssZhnIa-Xw- hn-tcm-[n-®ncp-∂n-t√-sb-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- {]kIv-Xn-bp-≠v.- C-¥-y-bn¬- h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- a-Zy-]m-\-sØ- F-Xn¿Øn-cn-°W - w.- A-hc - p-sS- {]-t_m-[\ - ß - f - p-sS- A-hi - n-jSv- ß - ƒ- C∂pw1.- X-kv-tam-Zv-t[z-\- kp-l-tbm¿- \m-iv-\o-bm-XvX-Zp-tlm- hm-Nm-bm-Pv-R-hm¬-tIymiv-\m-tay- hm-lw- amw-k-ew- tN-Zv-`-h- Xo-Xn''- (i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-aW-w- 3:-1:-2:-21).Quoted by [¿-Ω-m-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n˛`-K-hm≥- _p-≤≥,- t]-Pv- 404.-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-

265

D-]\ - n-jØ - p-If - n-ep-≠v.- Om-tµm-tKym-]\ - n-jØ - v- ]-db - p-∂X - v- t\m°pI-:- ""kz¿-Æw- tamjv-Sn-®-h≥,- a-Zy-]≥,- Kp-cp-]-Xv-\o-X¬-∏-c≥,- {_lva-l-Xy- sN-bv-X-h≥- F-∂o- \m-ev- hn-[-Øn-ep-≈-h-cpw- ]-Xn-X≥-amcm-Ip-∂p.- C-h-cp-am-bn- kw-k¿-§w- sN-øp-∂- A-©m-a-\pw- ]-Xn-X≥X-s∂-bm-Wv''1.- tkm-a-c-kw- ]m-\w- sN-bv-Xv- a-Ø-\m-b- C-{µ-s\bpw,a-Zy-]n-®v- kv-{Xo-I-fp-am-bn- k-√-]n-°p-∂- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-bpw- kr-jvSn-®- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-t≥-d-X-√- Cu- h-cn-I-sf-∂v- hy-Iv-Xw.- `m-c-XØn¬- h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- {]t_m-[-\-ß-fp-sS- A-h-in-jv-Sßfm-Wn-h-sb-∂-\p-am-\n-°mw.tam-£-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- e-£yw.- A-Xn-te-°p-≈- am¿-§wIm-Wn-®p-X-cm-\m-Wv- {]-hm-N-I-am¿- A-b-°-s∏-´-Xv.- ]-c-º-cm-K-Xam-b- hn-izm-km-Nm-c-ß-tfm- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-b- Nn-¥-I-tfm- a-\pjysc- im-iz-X- hn-Pb - Ø - n-te-°v- \-bn-°p-Ib - n-s√-∂p-d∏ - m-Wv.- \mw- ]n¥pS-tc-≠-Xv- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- ]m-X-bm-Wv.- A-h-cm-Wv- tem-I-Øns≥-d- h-gn-Im-´n-Iƒ.- A-h¿- C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂n-cn-°mw-˛]p-d-Øv- P-\n ®n-cn-°mw.- P-∑-kv-Y-e-a-√,- Ah¿- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øp-∂- B-i-bß-fm-Wv- {]-[m-\w.- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-hpw- X-Pv-P-\y-ß-fm-b- I¿ Ωß-fp-am-Wh - ¿- {]t_m-[\ - w- sN-bvX - X - v.- C-Xv- {]-t_m-[\ - w- sNbvX{]-hm-N-I- irw-J-e-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- I-Æn-- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- Po-hn-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)-B-Wv.- BA-¥n-a {]-hm-N-I-\n-eq-sS- am-\-h-cm-in-bp-sS- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\p-th≠n- A-hX - c - n-∏n-°s - ∏-´- {K-\vY - a - s - {X- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B≥.- A-Xv- GsX¶n-epw- H-cp- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s≥-d- {K-\v-Y-a-√.- am-\-h-cm-in-°v- ap-gp-h-\pap-≈- am¿-§-Z¿-i-\-am-W-Xn-s≥-d- Im-X¬.- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- sh-fn-®Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´,- A-{]-am-Zn-X-am-b,- am-‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v- hn-t[-b-am-Im-Ø- {K-\v-Yam-WXv-.- Jp¿-B\p-am-bn- tem-IØnte°v- IS∂p-h∂ ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw- a\p-jy¿°vap-gp-h≥- am¿-KZ¿-i\hpwim-iz-X im-¥n-bn-te°p-≈ hgn-Im-´nbpam-bn- \n-esIm-≈p-∂p.- Po-hn-XØn-s≥-d kIecw-Kßfpw- ssZhnI am¿-KZ¿-i\{]Im-cw- Fßs\ hn-aeo-Icn-°m-sa∂v- Jp¿-B\pw{]hm-NINcy-bpw- hc®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- GIssZhm-cm-[\bne[njv Xamn-X]n-Z¿tXe°v P\ßsf £Wn® 1.- kv-tX-- T \n-xlnc-Wb y-ky-Pokp-h cmw_i ≥- \ØnN-Kp-tcmx¬-∏-a- m-h -k≥- {_-lv-almN- GtX]-X-¥n- N-Xzm-c˛x-] -©-ax-N-B -N-cI -≥Øv - ssXxC-Xn- }(Oµm-tKym]-\n-j 10:-9m-).-epw˛ {]hmNI∑m¿Ah¿tem- FhnsS tP\n®hcmb-Ø n-cv- p-5:-∂ ap-gp-h≥- ]Tn-∏n-® ]m-Xbn-te°m-Wv- Jp¿-B≥- a\p-jy-sc £Wn°p ∂Xv.- B ]m-Xbn-eq-sSbm-Wv- \ap-°v- im-iz-X im-¥n-bn-seØn t®cm≥- Ign-bp-I.-

266

ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

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Iq-Sp-X-e-dn-b-m≥-:U-b-d-Iv-S¿\n-®v- Hm-^v- {Sq-ØvI-em-`h≥- tdm-UvsIm-®n≥ -˛ 682 018 t^m¨-:- 0484 ˛ 2367810,- 2352421 ^-m-Iv-kv-:- 0484 ˛ 380746 Website: www.nicheoftruth.org E-mail: islam@nicheoftruth.org