Tuskegee University

|

125 YEARS OF SERVICE & SUCCESS

The Gathering Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institutions

THELEGACYMUSEUM

|

“Each one of us has the capacity to change the world.

However, the price of change is often high and risky.

We need you to take up that challenge.

Figure out how to feed another three billion people.”

Chavonda Jacobs-Young Administrator, USDA Agricultural Research Service Carver Convocation 2014

Tuskegee Institute Fruits and Vegetables Grown on Campus around 1900 Cover photograph– Harvesting Corn-Department of Agriculture Tuskegee Institute (University)

Dr. Jontyle Robinson, Curator Copyright 2014 THELEGACYMUSEUM © 2014 Jontyle Robinson, Halle Tanner Dillon Willing Washington: In Words Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee, Alabama 36088 ©

Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 2014947074 Funding for this Exhibition was made possible by the College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.

Tuskegee University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award doctoral, professional, master’s and bachelor’s degrees.

Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lanes, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of Tuskegee University.

Brian Johnson, President

TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY OFFICE

OF THE

PRESIDENT

April 2, 2015 Statement from the President This is a significant year as 2015 marks the 125th anniversary of the Second Morrill Act, which was signed August 30, 1890. This act brought into being the Black-Land Grants. The exhibition frames Tuskegee University’s doubly unique status:

• how it acted as a Land-Grant institution

• how it did NOT. How the institution survived by operating with, against and outside of expected norms.

The exhibition will review some of the laws of the United States government and how the institution was brave enough and unique enough to make its own path with the laws and in spite of the laws.

The 1890 Land-Grants are a major educational resource for the nation, and continue to be a key source of African American leaders who render valuable service to their communities, the nation and to the world.

The 1890s have spent 125 years of providing access and enhancing opportunities and have a three-fold mission:

1) Prepare - advance a student’s earning potential and upward mobility 2) Discover - find solutions to the problems, obstacles and dilemmas faced by individuals, families and communities 3) Enhance - extend university research and knowledge beyond campus walls

Tuskegee University, as one of the historically black institutions, is a multi-impact institution of national importance and this exhibit will play a significant role as this 125th anniversary is observed. Enjoy the exhibit and #TrustTheTuskegeeTrajectory #TrustTheTuskegeeTradition.

Sincerely,

Brian L. Johnson, Ph.D. President 1200 W. Montgomery Road | Kresge Center, Suite 308 | Tuskegee, AL 36088 | Phone: 334-727-8501 | Fax: 334-727-5276 www.tuskegee.edu #TrustTheTuskegeeTrajectory | #TrustTheTuskegeeTradition THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

|3

WALTER HILL, DEAN

College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences Director, USDA 1890 Research and Extension

GREETINGS As Dean of the College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences (CAENS) and the Director of USDA 1890 Research and Extension at Tuskegee University it is a pleasure to partner with THELEGACYMUSEUM in this important exhibition commemorating the 125th Anniversary of the Second Morrill Act, which was signed August 30, 1890. The 1890 Land-Grant Institutions in the United States are planning a series of events, activities and programs to showcase, highlight and market the accomplishments and impacts of the 1890 system. Tuskegee University’s outstanding role in this system has been unique and outstanding for all! THELEGACYMUSEUM is interpreting Tuskegee University’s unique responses to the Land-Grant Act of 1890. Tuskegee’s two most significant responses were: 1) it was found eligible to receive land-grant support because of its historical involvement in agricultural activities, yet was not founded or designated land-grant under the Second Morrill legislation and 2) the evolution of Tuskegee University’s College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences.

The connection between Tuskegee University in 1890 and CAENS today is profound. The desire to prepare individuals to tackle rural development has NOT changed! However, nowadays, this preparation is not only local but encompasses regional, national and international spheres. Additionally, Tuskegee University and CAENS prepare individuals who will become professionals in areas that include agricultural science, food and nutritional sciences, biochemical and biomedical sciences, human and veterinary medicine or other health related fields, environmental policy and natural resource management. All of these areas are connected to our survival on this planet.

Please enjoy the exhibit and savor Tuskegee University’s victories. Be empowered to stand –up and encourage others to do the same. Commit yourself to develop long-term, issue, goal and impact-driven partnerships and address critical issues for the future that are mutually beneficial, respectful and just!

4|

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

JUANITA ROBERTS, DIRECTOR Tuskegee University Library Services

At a meeting to discuss plans regarding the commemoration of the 125-year Anniversary of the Second Morrill Act, which was signed August 30, 1890, I thought of ways the library could assist with Tuskegee’s involvement. It was my thought that an exhibit in THELEGACYMUSEUM should take place that would promote Tuskegee University’s accomplishments and strengths. Indeed, it is important for all to know that while Tuskegee University “…is found eligible to receive land-grant support because of its historical involvement in agricultural activities, [it is] not founded or designated a land-grant under the Second Morrill Act.” (B.D. Mayberry) This unusual position began this institution’s unique and commanding presence and history underneath and outside the Land-Grant umbrella.

Since 1881, Tuskegee University Library Services has contributed significantly to this institution’s global presence including“125 years of Land-Grant Success and Service.” The first librarian, Ms. Adella Hunt, in 1883, was in charge of the Library and Reading Room. Ms. Hunt presided over 700 volumes in the library’s collection. The Reading Room, as suggested in the 1883-1884 Tuskegee Institute Bulletin, “…was furnished with the best journals and periodicals.”

In the 18th Annual President’s Report (1899) Booker T. Washington listed several special campus needs-some most urgent- heating, a water works and a lighting system! He also listed $15,000 for a library and administration building. From 1899 until now, the library has evolved, magnificently.

Much growth has occurred since Ms. Adella Hunt was librarian in 1883 with her 700 volumes. Nowadays, the library’s resources are 528 times that size with 370,000 volumes and journals. “The Library” is now Library Services under which reside the Hollis Burke Frissell/Ford Motor Company Library, the Architecture Library, the Engineering Library, Veterinary Medical Library, University Archives and THELEGACYMUSEUM. There are 9 faculty members/librarians, an archivist, a museum curator, and 22 support staff.

Tuskegee University Library Services hopes you are profoundly enlightened by this exhibit and exhibition brochure as we celebrate Tuskegee University, its unique role and 125 years of success and service as a part of 1890 Land-Grant system.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

|5

1890 Land-Grant Institutions focused on three subject areas, initially: Agriculture, Mechanical Arts and Military Tactics.

Out of these early offerings have arisen the following Schools and Colleges: Andrew F. Brimmer College of Business and Information Science

College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health CVMNAH

• Computer Science • Accounting, Economics & Finance Management

• Veterinary Medicine • Nursing • Allied Health

College of Arts & Sciences

Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science

• • • • • • • • •

Biology Chemistry English Fine and Performing Arts History & Political Science Mathematics Physics Psychology & Sociology Social Work

• Architecture • Construction Science School of Education

• Elementary and Secondary Education • Physical Education

Environmental, Forest Resources and Plant & Soil Sciences Options: • Environmental Sciences • Environmental Health • Natural Resources Management • Plant and Soil Sciences • Horticulture • Business • Forest Resources • Focus Areas: Forestry/Wildlife/Fisheries

College of Engineering

College of Agriculture, Environment & Nutrition Sciences CAENS

Graduate Programs

• • • • • • •

Undergraduate Programs Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences • Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Options: Science, Veterinary Science and Business)

Master of Science (M.S. Degree – Thesis and Non-Thesis Option) • Animal and Poultry Sciences, Environmental Management (Online Only), Environmental Sciences (Online Option Available), Plant and Soil Sciences, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Agricultural and Resource Economics

Aerospace Science Engineering Aerospace Studies Chemical Engineering Electrical Engineering Materials Science & Engineering Mechanical Engineering Military Science

• Environmental, Natural Resources and Plant Sciences

(Options: Environmental Sciences, Environmental Health, Natural Resources Management, Forestry, Wildlife, Horticulture, Plant and Soil Sciences)

• Agribusiness (Options: Agricultural Economics, Management and Marketing, Farm and Cooperative Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Agriculture, Animal Science, Natural Resources, Food and Nutritional Sciences and Education)

Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences • Food and Nutritional Sciences (Options: Food Science, General Dietetics, Nutritional Science, Food Science/Biology, Nutrition Science/Biology and Public Health Nutrition

6|

Graduate Study Requirements and Procedures Master of Science Programs: • Agricultural and Resource Economics • Animal and Poultry Sciences • Environmental Sciences • Plant and Soil Sciences

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. Degree) • Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Engineering (AESE), Integrative Biosciences (IBS), Integrative Public Policy and Development (IPP)

NIFA LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

1890

Delaware State University

Central State University* West Virginia State Univ.

Lincoln University

Kentucky State University

Alabama A&M Univ.

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff

HAWAII Alcorn State University

PA C I F I C B A S I N NORTHERN MARIANAS GUAM

Prairie View A&M University

ALASKA

Virginia State University

North Carolina A&T State University

Tennessee State University Langston University

University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Tuskegee University

Fort Valley State University

South Carolina State University

1890 Florida A&M University

Southern University and A&M College

FEDERAL STATES OF MICRONESIA

PUERTO RICO / U . S . VIRGIN ISLANDS

AMERICAN SAMOA * Central State University (CSU), in Ohio, has been designated as an 1890 LGU. Under the law, CSU will be eligible to receive certain capacity funds in October 2014 and others in fiscal year 2016.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

|7

Agriculture

“Providing 125 years of Access and Opportunity�

1881

Mr. H. C. Ferguson First Farm Manager (1881-1888)

1888

Mr. Charles W. Green In Charge of Farm (1894-1895) Manager of Home Farm (1895-1896)

1896

Dr. George W. Carver Scientific Agriculture (1896-1897) Director of Agriculture Department (1897-1907) & Research Director (1896-1942)

1896

8|

Department of Agriculture established and First Director of Agriculture named

1907

Mr. George R. Bridgeforth Director of Agricultural Industries (1907) Director, Department of Agricultural Industries and Experiment Station (1908) Director of Agricultural Industries (1909-1911) Director, Department of Agriculture (1912-1918)

1918

Mr. F. B. Cardozo Director, Department of Agriculture (1918-1919)

1919

Mr. J. E. Whitfield Acting Director, Department of Agriculture (1919-1920)

1920

Mr. Benjamin F. Hubert Director, Department of Agriculture (1920-1924) Director, Department of Agricultural Industries (1925)

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

1926

Mr. Russell C. Atkins Acting Director, Agricultural Department (1926) Director, Agricultural Department (1927-1933)

1933

Dr. Frederick D. Patterson Acting Director, Department of Agriculture (1933-1935)

1935

Dr. Jesse R. Otis Director, Agricultural Department (1935-1936) Director, School of Agriculture (1937-1944)

1937

School of Agriculture established

1943

*Dr. Austin W. Curtis, Research Director (1943-1945)

1944

Dr. Reuben A. Munday Acting Director, 1944-1945

1945 1945

Mr. L. A. Potts, Dean, School of Agriculture (1945-1961) *Dr. Russell Brown, Research Director (1945-1957)

1945

L.A. Potts

First Dean named

1958

*Dr. Clarence T. Mason, Research Director (1958-1961)

1961 1962

Dr. B. D. Mayberry, Dean, School of Agriculture (1961-1968) Dr. B. D. Mayberry, Research Director (1962-1982) THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

|9

1968

School of Applied Sciences established - Associate Deans named Dr. Queen Shoots Jones Associate Dean (1968-1970) Dr. John A. Welch Associate Dean (1968-1970)

Â

1968

Dr. Grady W. Taylor Chairman, Division of Agricultural Sciences (1968-1970) Chairman, Division of Agricultural Sciences named

1969

Dr. Maurice A. Maloney Head, Department of Agricultural Sciences (1979-1978) Department of Agricultural Sciences established and first head named

1970

Mr. John A. Welch Dean, School of Applied Sciences (1971-1976)

1970 1972

10 |

First Dean named for School of Applied Sciences *Dr. Phillip W. Brown, First Extension Administrator at Tuskegee (1972-1991)

1976

Dr. B. D. Mayberry Dean, School of Applied Sciences (1976-1978)

1978

Dr. G. E. Cooper Dean School of Applied Sciences (1978-1985)

1978

Dr. Ronald J. Field Head, Department of Agricultural Sciences (1978-1980)

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

1980

Dr. Marvin Burns Head, Department of Agricultural Sciences (1980-1991)

1982

*Dr. Bobby Phills, Research Director (1982-1985)

1985

Dr. Eloise Carter Acting Dean, School of Agriculture and Home Economics (1986-1987)

1985

*Dr. Ralph Noble, Interim Research Director (1985-1986) School of Agriculture and Home Economics established

1987

Dr. Walter A. Hill Dean, School of Agriculture and Home Economics and Director of G.S.R.S. Research Program

1988

*Dr. Ralphenia D. Pace, Head, Department of Home Economics; Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences

1991

Dr. P. K. Biswas Head, Department of Agricultural Sciences (1991-2004) Head, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (2004-2007)

1991

*Dr. Walter A. Hill, Extension Administrator (1991-1992)

1992

*Dr. Velma L. Blackwell, Extension Administrator (1992-2008)

1997

Dr. Walter A. Hill Dean, College of Agricultural, Environment and Natural Sciences College of Agricultural, Environment and Natural Sciences established THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 11

2007

Dr. Ramble Ankumah Head, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (2007-2012)

2008

*Dr. Ntam Baharanyi, Interim Extension Administrator (2008-2011)

2011

Dr. Walter A. Hill, Administrator & Dean, College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences (2011-Present)

2012

Dr. Olga Bolden-Tiller Head, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (2007– Present) College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences established

Agriculture Research

Instruction

Extension

The College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Science timeline from 1881-2015 is a compilation created by Lanice Potts Middleton (Department of Agriculture 1964-2004, since 2008 Photographic Preservationist, University Archives, Tuskegee University Library Services) and Daniel T. Williams, Assistant Professor/Archivist (born Sept 20, 1932-died June 24, 2010) Amendments to the timeline are denoted by asterisks and sources for those amendments are taken from the Association of 1890 Research Directors, Inc. and Tuskegee University CAENS Personnel Files.

12 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Research

Instruction

Extension

Established in 1897 as the Tuskegee State Experiment Station, the George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station (GWCAES) continues the tradition of the legendary scientist. While at Tuskegee University, Dr. Carver develops hundreds of innovative products from sweet potatoes and peanuts. While working at Tuskegee University. University researchers address subjects and issues related to improving the agricultural operations, health and quality of life.

Tuskegee University’s College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences (CAENS) offers an education that prepares future professionals and leaders in the agricultural, environmental, and nutritional sciences, as well as veterinary medicine through course work along with internships, research and outreach activities related to their chosen majors. Instruction is offered through the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DAES) and the Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences (FNS), offering degree programs at the bachelors, masters and doctorate levels .

Formally beginning with the appointment in 1906 of Thomas Monroe Campbell as the first extension agent in the United States, the Tuskegee University Cooperative Extension Program (TUCEP) maintains a rich tradition of serving limited resources and underserved audiences by providing comprehensive research-based educational programs designed for lifelong learning to assist limited resource families, both urban and rural and other groups and organizations, to improve their quality of life in a technological global society.

Notable research accomplishments include the establishment of the Tuskegee University Center for Food and Environmental Systems for Human Exploration of Space (CFESH), which focuses on previous research on sweet potatoes and hydroponic production of salad crops, waste recycling on mission, and pursuing commercialization on earth of products already developed for space. Currently research includes, but is not limited to Global Food Security and Hunger, Sustainable Energy, Natural Resource Conservation and Management, Environmental Sustainability and Climate, Human Nutrition, Well-Being, Health and Obesity and Community/Economic Development.

In 2015, innovative research is recognized with the award of two new U.S. Patents to make producing chickens more environmentally friendly, and a feed mix to improve meat yield, taste and shelf life for the meat production industry.

The Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences in 2003 IFT approves under-graduate program in food science for five years; 2005 Didactic Program in Dietetics is accredited for 10 years; 2008 establishes an undergraduate program in public health nutrition; 2011 establishes Dr. George Washington Carver Nutrition Walking Trail and 2014 FNS Endowed Alumni Scholarship is established.

The overall mission of the College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences is to develop students with skills in critical and systematic thinking, intellectual curiosity, a desire for lifelong learning, and to prepare them for leadership and service in the basic and applied sciences.

Extension personnel contribute most of their time towards meeting specific needs of the people in the communities they serve through our Extension Team Projects and other outreach initiatives. An example includes the Small Farmer Agricultural Cooperative, recently formed as a result of the efforts to provide Socially and Historically Disadvantaged Farmers (SHDFs) great opportunities to market and sell their fruits and vegetables.

The pooled resources and experiences of farmers, along with the expertise of university faculty and staff results in the growing, harvesting and packaging of purple hull peas, greens (collards, kale and turnips) and watermelons to be sold at Walmart, the largest retailer in the world. Since the creation of SHDFs, soil irrigation and solar project grants and food safety training have allowed the partnership with Walmart to grow, and additional opportunities with Whole Foods, C.H. Robinson, W.P. Rawls and Pura Vida have been developed.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 13

Pages from the 1899 President’s Report 1) Study of Agriculture @ Tuskegee Institute 2) Support for Cooperative Extension

14 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 15

William Jay Schieffelin Appearing as a member of the Tuskegee University Board of Trustees as early as 1909, William Jay Schieffelin, from New York City, served until 1953. From 1923-1924 he was Acting Chairman of the Board of Trustees. Dr. Schieffelin served, first, as a university trustee under the Booker T. Washington administration. From 1925 until 1945 he served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees. On the eve of his 80th birthday, he was voted Chairman Emeritus. Schieffelin also served on the Board of Trustees at Hampton University.

According to the New York Times, April, 1946, Schieffelin had impeccable social credentials with ties both to old Knickerbocker New York and the Gilded Age tycoons. His family business, Schieffelin & Co., was one of the oldest in the city. He was a descendant of Chief Justice John Jay. His wife was the granddaughter of railroad tycoon William H. Vanderbilt.

Racial equality and educational opportunities for African Americans were among Schieffelin’s passions. He was active in the NAACP and had served as chairman of the Defense Committee for the Scottsboro Boys, a cause célèbre for the civil rights movement and the left in the 1930s. The Times article quoted Schieffelin as praising our nation’s “Negro population who have shown during the war patience and self-respect in industrial and civil life.” He saw steady progress in social conditions for Blacks, expressed optimism about the future of race relations, even in the South, and felt that antipathy to people of mixed race was steadily dissipating.

As a reformer, Schieffelin also supported woman’s suffrage, opposed sweatshops and served as an officer of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. But he also advocated the availability of cocaine by prescription early in the century when the move to ban it completely was gaining steam.

His company was charged with restraint of trade in the Progressive era. During Prohibition, it got into the “medicinal” liquor business legally supplying Moet & Chandon champagne and Hennessy Cognac to those affluent sufferers who were able to obtain prescriptions. By mid-century, liquor and wine were the company’s chief business and by the 1960s it dropped its drug business.

16 |

William Jay Schieffelin Jr., Member and Chairman, Tuskegee University Board of Trustees William Jay Schieffelin Jr.,was board chairman of Schieffelin & Company, a major importer and distributor of wines and spirits, He lived in Manhattan in a Vanderbilt mansion. Mr. Schieffelin was a direct descendant of John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States, and of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt.

He represented the sixth generation of his family to head Schieffelin & Company. He joined the company in 1914, was president from 1922 to 1952, chairman from 1952 to 1962 and honorary chairman from 1962 until his death. The Schieffelin concern, originally a wholesale drug company, was founded in New York City in 1793 by Jacob Schieffelin,.

The company was sold in 1981 to Moet-Hennessy S.A., of France, whose brands include Moet et Chandon champagne, Hennessy cognac and Christian Dior perfumes. Mr. Schieffelin never missed a Tuskegee Board meeting and shared his wealth with Tuskegee University, an institution he revered.

Tuskegee University Library Services Collection of THELEGACYMUSEUM

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

The 13TH Amendment to the Constitution The 13th Amendment to the Constitution declared that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865.

The Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in America. This was achieved by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution on December 18, 1865. Tuskegee Institute was founded sixteen years later in July of 1881.

The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 brought into existence institutionsland-grant colleges or universities, designated by state legislators, designated by state legislatures or congress for support. The original mission of these institutions, as set forth in the first Morrill Act, was to teach Agriculture, Military Tactics, and the Mechanical Arts as well as classical studies so members of the working classes could obtain a liberal practical education.

The Second Morrill Act (1890) sought to extend access to higher education by providing additions endowments for all land-grants, but prohibiting distribution of money to states that made distinctions of race in admissions, However, states that provided a separate land-grant institution for blacks were eligible to receive funds. The institutions that, as a result of this act, were founded or designated the land-grant for blacks in each of the thensegregated Southern states came to be known as “the 1890 land-grants.” (www.aplu.org) The Second Morrill Act was passed as a result of economic, social, and political issues in the post-war reconstruction era. Tuskegee Institute (University) was instrumental in the development of Extension within the 1890 land-grant institutions. Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver established Extension among the 1890 institutions educating millions through research and outreach. Tuskegee Institute (University) conducted extension in 28 states and abroad (Comer, Campbell, Edwards, Hillson).

Booker T. Washington’s vision towards Cooperative Extension assisted in Tuskegee University educating an entire region of farmers, making inroads and creating victories in the vital area of agriculture before the United States as a whole.

This jumpstart propelled Tuskegee University on the road to global prominence which has not abated since 1890.

Second Morrill Act of 1890 Act of August 30, 1890, ch. 841, 26 Stat.

417, 7 U.S.C. 322 et seq.

Chap. 841.--AN ACT To apply a portion of the proceeds of the public lands to the more complete endowment and support of the colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts established under the provisions of an act of Congress approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That there shall be and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, arising from the sales of public lands; to be paid as hereinafter provided to each State and Territory for the more complete endowment and maintenance of colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts now established, or which may be hereafter established, in accordance with an act of Congress approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars for the year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, and an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation thereafter for ten years by an additional sum of one thousand dollars over the preceding year, and the annual amount to be paid thereafter to each State and Territory shall be fifty thousand dollars to be applied only to instruction in food and agricultural sciences (1) and to the facilities for such instruction: Provided , That said colleges may use a portion of this money for providing courses for the special preparation of instructors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts: THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 17

(2) Provided , (3) That no money shall be paid out under this act to any State or Territory for the support and maintenance of a college where a distinction of race or color is made in the admission of students, but the establishment and maintenance of such colleges separately for white and colored students shall be held to be a compliance with the provisions of this act if the funds received in such State or Territory be equitably divided as hereinafter set forth: Provided , That in any State in which there has been one college established in pursuance of the act of July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and also in which an educational institution of like character has been established, or may be hereafter established, and is now aided by such State from its own revenue, for the education of colored students in agriculture and the mechanic arts, however named or styled, or whether or not it has received money heretofore under the act to which this act is an amendment, the legislature of such State may propose and report to the Secretary of Education (4) a just and equitable division of the fund to be received under this act between one college for white students and one institution for colored students established as aforesaid which shall be divided into two parts and paid accordingly, and thereupon such institution for colored students shall be entitled to the benefits of this act and subject to its provisions, as much as it would have been if it had been included under the act of eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and the fulfillment of the foregoing provisions shall be taken as a compliance with the provision in reference to separate colleges for white and colored students. (5) SEC. 2. (6) That the sums hereby appropriated to the States and Territories for the further endowment and support of colleges shall be annually paid on or before the thirty-first day of October of each year, by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the warrant of the Secretary of Education, out of the Treasury of the United States, to the State or Territorial treasurer, or to such officer as shall be designated by the laws of such State or Territory to receive the same, who shall, upon the order of the trustees of the college, or the institution for colored students, immediately pay over said sums to the treasurers of the respective colleges or other institutions entitled to the Secretary of Agriculture and to the Secretary of Education, on or before the first day of December of each year, a detailed statement of the amount so received and of its disbursement. The grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the purpose of said grants: Provided , That payments of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of legislature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof, duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury.

SEC. 3. (7) That if any portion of the moneys received by the designated officer of the State or Territory for the further and more complete endowment, support, and maintenance of colleges, or of institutions for colored students, as provided in this act, shall by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by the State or Territory to which it belongs, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to such State or Territory; and no portion of said moneys shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings. An annual report by the president of each of said colleges shall be made to the Secretary of Agriculture, as well as to the Secretary of Education, regarding the condition and progress of each college, including statistical information in relation to its receipts and expenditures, its library, the number of its students and professors, and also as to any improvements and experiments made under the direction of any experiment stations attached to said colleges, with their cost and results, and such other industrial and economical statistics as may be regarded as useful, one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free to all other colleges further endowed under this Act. SEC. 4. (8) That on or before the first day of October in each year, after the passage of this act, the Secretary of Education shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury as to each State and Territory whether it is entitled to receive its share of the annual appropriation for colleges, or of institutions for colored students, under this act, and the amount which there upon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. If the Secretary of Education shall withhold a certificate from any State or Territory of its appropriation the facts and reasons therefor shall be reported to the President, and the amount involved shall be kept separate in the Treasury until the close of the next Congress, in order that the State or Territory may, if it should so desire, appeal to Congress from the determination of the Secretary of Education. If the next Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be covered into the Treasury. And the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare is hereby charged with the proper administration of this law. (9) 18 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Booker T. Washington Fanny Norton Smith Olivia Davidson Margaret Murray

The Gathering George Washington Carver Halle Tanner Dillon Robert Robinson Taylor John A. Kenney Thomas Monroe Campbell

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 19

THE GATHERING Jontyle Theresa Robinson, Ph.D.

Tuskegee Institute in 1881: No Place For Wimps.

•• First Railroad to the campus 1903. Train tracks are laid near the Band Cottage.

•• First Asphalt Road on campus 1927. Interstate 85 is not built until the mid-1950s. Booker T. Washington made his campus rounds every morning on horseback.

•• Two separate bathhouses one for women and one for men are given by two Northern Supporters in 1902.

•• Faculty decides on a designated place for automobiles to park in 1915.

•• New Laundry is completed in 1915. New Power Plant is completed in 1915.

•• First airplane lands on a farm near the edge of campus in 1939.

•• First telephone system is installed 1892. The iPhone 6 is 134 years away.

•• Washing clothes is done by hand which involved soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty clothes before indoor plumbing.

•• The Internet, a global communications phenomenon, shut down by Michael Jackson’s death, did not exist. No 24-hour WalMarts or Targets in Montgomery and Auburn existed and students could not leave campus without permission. Traveling to Auburn or Montgomery, by horse and buggy, took several hours not minutes. In fact, at this time Tuskegee was more developed than Auburn. Many Tuskegee Institute buildings, student-built with student-made brick, were designed by campus Architect Robert Robinson Taylor, who came in 1892, including Tomkins Dining Hall, erected in 1906.

Tomkins was renovated in 1938 and, again, in 2013.

•• No McDonalds, Burger Kings, KFCs, Chic Fil A’s are available.

•• Vegetables are grown on a working campus farm, which included an orchard for fresh fruits. Campus cows in the campus dairy provide fresh milk, butter, and ice cream treats. Animals are raised and slaughtered on campus for food. Rite Aid, CVS, Walgreen pharmacies are unavailable.

•• Dr. Halle Tanner Dillon, the first Resident Physician at Tuskegee Institute in 1891, founded the Lafayette Dispensary. She compounded medicines for the administration, staff and students and the community.

•• White supremacist organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan, organized first in 1865, are in full swing.

•• 1899-$200.00 enables a student to complete a four years’ course. $50.00 pays for the education of a student for a year. Tuskegee Institute is grateful for 20 |

even the smallest gift.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Jontyle Theresa Robinson, Curator Curatorial Synopsis and Co-Founders’ Ideas Checklist For African Americans, a scant two decades out of involuntary servitude that began in 1619 when the first Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia

by Dutch traders, starting the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute was an auspicious beginning for individuals seeking solutions for minds and bodies freed from 200+ years of slavery. A duplicitous federal government enacted the Second Morrill Act, an immoral act, in actuality, though hidden behind the cloak of aid and assistance.

First, Tuskegee is found eligible to receive land-grant support because of its historical involvement in agricultural activities, yet not founded or designated land-grant under the Second Morrill Act (B.D. Mayberry).

In order to circumvent the Morrill Act, a smokescreen, designed to destroy the very institutions it, purportedly, was created to enhance, the founders had to make some smart moves.

Gathering /n. accumulation, assemblage Co-founders Olivia Davidson’s and Booker T. Washington smart moves included “the gathering” at Tuskegee Institute of individuals and ideas: I ndividuals unique, united, unflagging stalwarts who “trusted the Tuskegee trajectory” even though it was barely perceptible. In the formative years 18811906 several individuals were at Tuskegee Institute (University) who made this university great. Booker T. Washington and Fanny Norton Smith Washington, Olivia A. Davidson Washington (credited with actually starting the school) and Margaret James Murray Washington; Dr. George Washington Carver; Dr. Halle Tanner Dillon; Robert Robinson Taylor; Thomas Monroe Campbell and Dr. John A. Kenney were here.

Ideas acted upon which created a foundation (terra firma) for the institution to sustain itself and out of which the institution, as presently configured, has grown are: • Amass land • Cultivate agriculture and farming to sustain campus community and ultimately, the entire globe • Canvass your surroundings • Be attentive to the needs of individuals in communities surrounding the institution • Offer on-campus and off-campus formal and informal educational activities for Tuskegee denizens • Provide and promote the best medical care and stress healthy lifestyles and cleanliness • Create and/or stay ahead of the curve in areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Medicine • Obtain permission from the State of Alabama to fundraise • Find Donors • Stay abreast of the best equipment and best facilities to push institution’s agenda forward.

• Continue attracting new members of “The Gathering.”

• Save important items from the institution’s early history • Participate in activities that increase awareness of institution • Promote diversity • Do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability or genetic information THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 21

Willing Washington: In Words Š

Booker T. Washington about to inspect the campus and its environs as he would do every morning on horseback. A hands-on leader and equestrian as evidenced by this photo, he was physically involved in ushering and overseeing the success of this University.

22 |

WILLING WASHINGTON equals WINNER! THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Jontyle Theresa Robinson, Ph.D.

WILLING to do and aspire for the impossible WILLING to offset a Complicated Life WILLING to Work Through School WILLING to Walk to School- 500 miles to Hampton Institute WILLING to Work on the Way to School Desire, Pupil, Student, Excel, Teacher, Educator, Founder, Mentor, Leader Visionary, Principal, President, Equestrian, Husband, Father, Moral Character Well-dressed, Clean, Kind, Slow-to-Anger, Considerate Compromising, Conciliatory WILLING to sustain criticism for his compromising beliefs WILLING to lift up someone else WILLING to co-found Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute along with Olivia Davidson, his second wife. Many historical treatises credit Olivia Davidson for the institution’s nascence.

WILLING to work with Margaret Murray, his third wife, who was connected with Tuskegee for 35 years. A graduate of Fisk University, her force of character, strong intellectual power, and attractive personality aided a Willing Washington on levels, local, regional and national.

WILLING to work with others Focused, Clarity, Training, Fundraiser, Negotiator, Patient, Thrifty, Enterprising, Shrewd WILLING to beg WILLING to fight for what he thought was right WILLING to ask for and connect with the best WILLING to teach everyone to feed their minds and bodies Agriculture and health proponent Political adviser, Therapist, Morale-lifter Writer, World-Traveler, Witness WILLING to be the consummate poker player and not show his hand to everyone seated and not seated at the table WILLING to assure whites that nothing in the burgeoning Tuskegee program would threaten white supremacy or pose any economic competition to whites while working assiduously to insure that the program did, in fact, do that exactly.

WILLING to work so that at his death Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute had more than 100 well-equipped buildings, 1,500 students, a 200-member faculty teaching 38 trades and professions, and a nearly $2 million endowment.

WILLING to remain the head of Tuskegee Institute (University) until his death on November 14, 1915, at the age of 59, of congestive heart failure.

The Women in Washington’s World: Wise and Wonderful!

Fanny Norton Smith Washington, Olivia A. Davidson Washington and Margaret James Murray Washington are three women who shared their lives with Booker T. Washington and assisted in the creation of Tuskegee University. Born a slave, bringing into existence a new institution coupled with caring for the young people at Tuskegee Institute entrusted to him and bearing the personal trauma of losing two wives, Dr. Washington was unwavering in his commitment to the school.

position that she held until her death. A graduate of Fisk University in 1889, Margaret, also, became the Lady Principal of Tuskegee. Margaret and Booker did not have children. It is certain that she cared for Portia a child from his first wife and his two sons from his second wife. In addition to her professional role on campus, Margaret ran a home for the entire Washington family at The Oaks. She survived Booker by a decade, passing in 1925.

Fanny Norton Smith Washington - He married one of his school pupils, Fanny Norton Smith in 1882. She was in the B Section of the preparatory class and it was recorded in the Tuskegee Institute catalogues that her home was East Tallassee, Tallapoosa County.

From 1882-1883 she was still listed as a student in the preparatory class. In 1883, it can be deduced, that though she was married to Dr. Washington, she continued her studies! No slacker she, such an act evidenced the importance of her education. In the Institute catalogues she is listed as Fanny N. Washington, Housekeeper on the Officers and Teachers page.

Her placement there is a testimony to the importance of her and her work. Their daughter Portia was born in 1883. Mrs. Fanny Norton Smith Washington died in 1884. She was 26 years of age.

In Up from Slavery Booker recounts that in the difficult beginnings of the work at Tuskegee Institute, while he was away in the North making friends and begging money, Margaret James Murray Washington held things together. Margaret James Murray Washington had a national reputation in America. She was an educator and “labored in the country at large for the advancement of colored women, teaching them how to make use of every opportunity” and was “a person of great tact who knew how to meet all and every difficult situation. Smoothing away obstacles and avoiding unpleasant crises.”(Minutes of the Board of Trustees, 1925).

She was President of the National Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs for two terms “…and on campus was especially zealous in her interest in the progress and development of the less privileged students and those it was necessary to discipline. Coming up through many hardships herself, working her way through Fisk University, she counted her highest service to create opportunities for others and to assist those who were handicapped in the struggle for advancement.” (Robert Moton, Principal’s Annual Report.) “She was a woman of great force of character, of strong intellectual power and attractive personality.” (Robert Moton)

Olivia A. Davidson Washington - With her Hampton degree in hand, Olivia A. Davidson became the assistant principal of Tuskegee Institute. It has been suggested that the idea for school is hers.

She graduated from Hampton Institute and the Massachusetts State Normal School at Framingham. She had great influence on Washington and the development of his Northern philanthropic support. They had two sons, Booker T. Washington Jr. and Ernest Davidson Washington. After they were married Ms. Davidson relinquished the Assistant Principal position and is listed in the Tuskegee Institute Catalogue for 1886-1887 as Mrs. Olivia Washington. In the 1887-1888 catalogue, she is listed with the faculty as a teacher of Spelling.

Margaret James Murray Washington - After Mrs. Olivia Davidson Washington’s death in 1889, Mr. Washington waited several years before marrying Margaret James Murray in 1892. Margaret James Murray, born on March 9, 1865 in Macon Mississippi, was Lady principal and Literature teacher. She was a member of Tuskegee’s Executive Council and she was Director of Industries for Girls, a

She was president of the Women’s Club of Tuskegee out of which arose the Russell Farm Social Settlement, the Night School in the town of Tuskegee, a committee to visit prisons in the county and mother’s clubs. She was a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority and her sisters thought she was queenly and noble, though not considered a militant, she was considered evenly-balanced with dynamic qualities of womanhood, coupled with her wealth of experience and training.

President Calvin Coolidge, on whose council she participated, expressed condolences to Tuskegee University, at her death.

The work rendered by these three great women-in devotion, in service, in sacrifice-in making Mother Tuskegee great reverberates to this day campus-wide.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 23

George Washington Carver George Washington Carver born into slavery in Missouri died 1943 Scientist Extraordinaire, Man of Faith, Educator and Humanitarian As a botany and agriculture teacher to the children of ex-slaves, Dr. George Washington Carver wanted to improve the lot of poor, one-horse farmers, men and women, at the mercy of the market and chained to land exhausted by cotton. Unlike other agricultural researchers of his time, Dr. Carver saw the need to devise practical farming methods for this kind of farmer. He wanted to coax them away from cotton to such soil-enhancing, protein-rich crops as soybeans and peanuts and to teach them self-sufficiency and conservation.

Dr. Carver achieved this through an innovative series of free, simply-written brochures that included information on crops, cultivation techniques, and recipes for nutritious meals. He also urged the farmers to submit samples of their soil and water for analysis and taught them livestock care and food preservation techniques.

In 1906, he designed the Jessup Wagon, a demonstration laboratory on wheels, which he believed to be his most significant contribution toward educating farmers. Dr. Carver’s practical and benevolent approach to science was based on a profound religious faith to which he attributed all his accomplishments. He always believed that faith and inquiry were not only compatible paths to knowledge, but that their interaction was essential if truth in all its manifold complexity was to be approximated.

Always modest about his success, he saw himself as a vehicle through which nature, God and the natural bounty of the land could be better understood and appreciated for the good of all people.

24 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Dr. Carver took a holistic approach to knowledge, which embraced faith and inquiry in a unified quest for truth. Carver also believed that commitment to a Larger Reality is necessary if science and technology are to serve human needs rather than the egos of the powerful. His belief in service was a direct outgrowth and expression of his wedding of inquiry and commitment. One of his favorite sayings was: “It is not the style of clothes one wears, neither the kind of automobile one drives, nor the amount of money one has in the bank, that counts These mean nothing. It is simply service that measures success.�

Our nation currently agonizes over questions about ethics and society in the wake of egregious moral abuses in our public and private lives. The life of Carver reminds us that such abuses will continue until we reunite ethical and technical reasoning in the context of a profound faith that holds all inquiry and action accountable.

Accomplishing this in the midst of so much diversity will not be easy. We can, however, approximate it if we act on the belief in a common humanity, which binds us together despite our differences of race, nationality and culture, and a common destiny that can be secured only if science and technology seek to serve broad and deep societal needs.

At Tuskegee University, we continue to commit ourselves to inquiry and commitment, faith and knowledge, truth and service, scientific/technical competence and ethical maturity.

Such is the imprint of George Washington Carver upon us. www.tuskegee.edu

In 1942, the agricultural chemist George Washington Carver visited Dearborn, Michigan at the invitation of Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motor Company.

Like Carver, Ford was deeply interested in the regenerative properties of soil and the potential of alternative crops such as peanuts and soybeans to produce plastics, paint, fuel and other products. Ford had long believed that the world would eventually need a substitute for gasoline, and supported the production of ethanol (or grain alcohol) as an alternative fuel. In 1942, he would showcase a car with a lightweight plastic body made from soybeans. Ford and Carver began corresponding via letter in 1934, and their mutual admiration deepened after Carver made a visit to Michigan in 1937. As Douglas Brinkley writes in “Wheels for the World,” his history of Ford, the automaker donated generously to Tuskegee Institute, helping finance Carver’s experiments, and Carver in turn spent a period of time helping to oversee crops at the Ford plantation in Richmond Hill, Georgia.

Located 18 miles from Historic Savannah, Georgia, it was the site of Henry Ford’s winter retreat.

By the time World War II began, Ford had made repeated journeys to Tuskegee to convince Carver to come to Dearborn and help him develop a synthetic rubber to help compensate for wartime rubber shortages. Carver arrived on July 19, 1942, and set up a laboratory in an old water works building in Dearborn. He and Ford experimented with different crops, including sweet potatoes and dandelions, eventually devising a way to make the rubber substitute from goldenrod, a plant weed. Carver died in January 1943, Ford in April 1947, but the relationship between their two institutions continued to flourish: As recently as the late 1990s, the Ford Foundation awarded grants of $4 million over two years to the George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee University.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 25

Halle Tanner Dillon ©

Jontyle Theresa Robinson, Ph.D.

1891 Halle Tanner Dillon takes the doctor’s examination and qualifies as the first woman to practice medicine in Alabama. Booker T. Washington assists Halle Tanner Dillon’s in preparing for the Alabama doctor’s examination. He arranges for her to study with Montgomery physician Cornelius Nathaniel Dorsette, the first licensed African American physician in the city. Dorsette is a graduate of the University of Buffalo.

Dr. Tanner Dillon born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1864, is the eldest daughter of nine children born to Benjamin Tucker Tanner and Sarah Elizabeth Tanner. Artist Henry Ossawa Tanner is her older brother.

She earns her M. D. degree with honors. Booker T. Washington requests a nomination for a teaching position from the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania for an African American physician to serve Tuskegee and the surrounding community.

Washington offers Dillon $600 a month, including lodging and meals, and she begins August 1891.

At Tuskegee, Halle Tanner Dillon is responsible for the medical care of 450 students and 30 staff and faculty members. A hospital is established in 1892. The Tuskegee Normal School for nurses and the Lafayette Dispensary (Pharmacy) are established while Ms. Tanner Dillon is resident physician. Thus, the seeds for Tuskegee University’s prestigious School of Nursing are the result of Dr. Tanner Dillon’s work and efforts.

Portrait of Booker T. Washington by Tanner Dillon’s brother Henry O. Tanner Owned by State Historical Museum of Iowa, Des Moines

26 |

The family of Bishop Benjamin Tucker and Sarah Elizabeth Tanner. Halle is seated second from the right.

Her brother, artist Henry Ossawa Tanner, stands behind her.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Robert Robinson Taylor The Robert Robinson Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science was officially dedicated in 2011 featuring Valerie B. Jarrett, senior adviser to President Barack Obama. Jarrett, who is the great-granddaughter of Taylor, expressed her family’s gratitude to the university naming the architecture school after the legendary architect who designed most of the buildings on the campus.

“We’re gathered here to celebrate a great legacy,” Jarrett said. “That legacy is woven throughout Tuskegee’s campus … but there is so much more to his legacy — less tangible, perhaps, but no less real. It’s a legacy of values. It’s a legacy of family.”

Jarrett went on to describe Taylor’s commitment to ensuring that his five children had a college education, possessed good morals, had a desire to help others and were spiritually grounded. She talked about Taylor’s final days, including the day he died in the university’s chapel, which he designed. “Robert Taylor would be so proud to see this school (of architecture) bearing his name,” Jarrett said.

Several presentations were made during the event: Jarrett was presented with the Presidential Humanitarian Award, recognizing Jarrett’s contributions to U.S. matters. The Taylor descendents presented the university with a $50,000 gift.

Dean, Richard K. Dozier, Robert Robinson Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science presented awards to students who have excelled academically throughout their college tenure. He also presented the Robert R. Taylor Legacy Award to three individuals who have contributed to the architectural and construction industries: Charles I. Cassell, Booker Conely and Herman Russell.

Tuskegee Mayor Omar Neal presented Jarrett with the

“key to the city” and proclaimed April 9 as “Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science Day.” Robert Robinson Taylor, who was the first black to graduate with an architecture degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was brought to Tuskegee by the institution’s founder, Booker T. Washington, in 1892. Over four decades, Taylor developed the architecture program and educated many of the country’s pioneer black architects. He designed the buildings, while his staff and students made the bricks and constructed many of the buildings on campus. These include: The Oaks (Booker T. Washington’s home), Dorothy Hall (now a part of the Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center), White Hall, Carnegie Hall and Campbell Hall. During his early years at Tuskegee, Robert Robinson Taylor taught Mechanical and Architectural Drawing and Geometry. Around 1896-1897 Tuskegee Institute Catalogues and Bulletins revealed that he was named Architect to the Institute.

The 38th stamp in the Black Heritage series honors architect and educator Robert Robinson Taylor (1868-1942). For more than three decades, Taylor supervised the design and construction of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama while also overseeing the school’s programs in industrial education and the building trades. He is believed to have been both the first black graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the country’s first academically trained black architect. Through his calm leadership and quiet dignity, he earned the admiration of colleagues and students alike while expanding opportunities for African Americans in fields that had largely been closed to them (United States Postal Service).

United States Postal Service THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 27

John A. Kenney 1902-1924

Dr. John A. Kenney becomes medical director at Tuskegee.

He founds the John A. Andrew Clinical Society, becomes chief surgeon and school physician for the Tuskegee Institute Hospital and its affiliated nursing program.

1912

John A. Kenney reorganizes Tuskegee’s School of Nursing.

John A. Kenney establishes the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital.

Robert Robinson Taylor is the architect and the building and equipment cost $50,000.

Cornlius M. Battey, photography (1873-1927) Dr. John A. Kenney and “Operating Room Staff at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital First Meeting on the Lot for the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital in 1911 (background) A gift from the family of Dr. John A. Kenney

28 |

Tuskegee University Library Services THELEGACYMUSEUM THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Thomas Monroe Campbell At Tuskegee University, the name Thomas Monroe Campbell, or T. M. Campbell as he was more commonly called, is synonymous with Cooperative Extension, in recognition of the fact that he was the first Cooperative Extension Agent in the United States and headed the first Cooperative Extension Program in the nation.

Campbell, a Field Agent for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, was appointed Farm Demonstration Agent in Macon County, Alabama, in 1906. He advanced from County Agent to State Agent in Alabama and from State Agent to Field Agent for seven southern states: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Oklahoma. As a result of the effectiveness of his work, there are now nearly 600 county and home demonstration agents working in these states.

Among his other accomplishments is an extension building on the campus of Tuskegee Institute, which was headquarters for Negro extension work in Alabama.

Campbell is author of the book, The Movable School Goes to the Negro Farmer, as well as a number of articles appearing in some of the leading journals of the nation. He received the “Harmon Award� in 1930 for his distinguished service in the field of farming and rural life.

In September 1944, he was selected as one of a committee of three to make a survey of West Africa. On January 11, 1946, a bust of T. M. Campbell was unveiled and presented to Tuskegee University in honor of his forty years of service in Extension Agriculture.

In short, Mr. Campbell is a pioneer in extension work. He is a nationally known and respected citizen- a public servant of the first rank.

These facts were the product of cooperation between the United States Government represented

by Seaman A. Knapp, the State of Alabama represented by Auburn University; the private enterprise represented by the General Education Board, and Tuskegee University represented by Booker T. Washington on November 12, 1906. www.tuskegee.edu THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 29

30 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

the

Ca m pbell fa mil y

Family Photo The Campbell family annually went to renowned Tuskegee University Photographer P.H. Polk for a family portrait. This one was taken in 1932.

Front Row (l to r): • Noel Campbell Mitchell, a member of the army’s first class of black women. She earned a degree in food and nutrition and worked at Tuskegee’s VA for 27 years before retiring in 1980.

• Thomas M. Campbell, first Cooperative Extension Agent in the United States and headed the first Cooperative Extension Program in the nation.

• Elizabeth Campbell Clarke, worked as a physical therapist in Riverside, Ca., for 39 years until her death in 1997.

• Virginia Campbell Hawkins, became Miss Tuskegee Institute 193637 and later a physical education and civics teacher. Also as a trained nurse in New York before returning to Tuskegee with her husband photographer David Hawkins.

Back Row (l to r): • Bill Campbell, became one of the Tuskegee Airmen attaining the rank of Colonel in the Air Force before retiring in Seaside, Ca. • Carver Campbell, named after legendary scientist Dr. George Washington Carver, died in 1936 while pursuing a master’s degree in agriculture at Cornell University.

• Mrs. Anna Marie Ayers Campbell, was a head nurse at John A. Andrew Hospital in Tuskegee.

• Thomas Campbell Jr., became a pediatrician serving the military and the Tuskegee community until his death in 1976.

Cooperative Extension

The Smith-Lever Act establishes the cooperative extension system that provides agricultural services to the public. The Smith-Lever Act establishes a joint effort between the USDA and the land–grant institutions in each state. Tuskegee University’s Movable School and Thomas Campbell predate by 8 years the Smith -Lever Act of 1914 for Cooperative Agricultural Extension in America.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 31

Agriculture

Tobacco crops and Tuskegee students. In 1965 the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act was passed. In 1969 the Cigarette Smoking Act was passed. Both warn against the use of all tobacco products.

Farmer William L. Collins (left) of Clarksville, Tennessee talks with agent John Branham at milking time on Collin’s 500 acre farm . A part of this herd of 97 head of cows is shown.

32 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Ideas which informed the institution’s early years “No one can go into the rural districts and mingle with the people without being conscious of the fact that there exists among them a kind of empty and depressing loneliness. Especially this is true of the young people. This problem is being met by the Movable School force and county agents in the communities where they work. They not only carry tools and implements with which to teach farmers how to work but, in addition, have a supply of athletic equipment with which to teach these isolated people organized play.” (Booker T. Washington)

“At the close of the day the whole group of (students) is brought together, at which time they play volley ball, dodge ball, tug-o-war, and engage in foot races, potato races, jumping, hurdling, and many other simple games directed by the Movable School force. It is interesting to notice how these simple people, old and young, unused to these games, after some little coaxing forget their timidity and join in the exercises” (Booker T. Washington)

“The Movable School work is especially adaptable to the needs of the average negro [sic] farmers, for the simple reason that it reaches by motor truck “the man furthest down” who lives in the most remote sections of the rural districts. Certainly the methods used by these workers must necessarily be practical and elementary, in order to instruct and inspire this class of people. The real object of the Movable School is to place before the farmers concrete illustrations in Agriculture, Home Economics, Rural Health and Sanitation, proving to them that they can raise more produce on smaller acreage and at less expense, make their homes more sanitary and attractive.” (Booker T. Washington)

Knapp Agricultural Truck - In 1918, T. M. Campbell requested support from Alabama State Extension Director John Frederick Duggar to purchase a modern vehicle to replace the Jesup Wagon.

He was given the needed funds and purchased a Ford truck that he named the Knapp Agricultural Truck in honor of Seaman A. Knapp, “father” of the national Cooperative Extension System.

This new Movable School was met with enthusiasm, and in 1920 a registered nurse and Tuskegee graduate, Uva Mae Hester, was added to the staff to teach improved home health and sanitation. From the Encyclopedia of Alabama

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 33

Laboratory Assistant, Austin W. Curtis , Jr., conducting a class in soil analysis 34 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Fruits From Tuskegee Institute Orchards

Lady Farmers at Tuskegee Women farmers and family members being instructed regarding care of poultry.

Canning Produce THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 35

Class in Beekeeping Please note the gift of beekeeper supplies from A. I. Root Manufacturing Co. in 1899.

Report on page 15.

36 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Farmer in the field with plow

Horse harness and farmer’s hat Collection of L.A. Potts Collection of Lanice Potts Middleton THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 37

Boerner Sampler Type Manufactured by Seed Trade Reporting Bureau Chicago, Illinois Tuskegee University Library Services Collection of THELEGACYMUSEUM To operate this device, a sample of grain is poured into the hopper and then released down in to the cone which is directly under the center of the opening.

The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 38 separate streams, rejoining into two streams, which should empty into two pans (now lost).

The divider is calibrated to provide accuracy of 1% between pans on a 1000g sample.

The body and inner parts are made of brass eliminating the possibility of rust.

38 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Mechanical Engineering

Antique set of gears for teaching torque ratios and gear ratios in Mechanical Engineering.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 39

Antique set of gears for teaching torque ratios and gear ratios from Mechanical Engineering.

40 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

The Slide Ruler

7 feet high, 1 foot, 2 and 1/4 “ wide, 1 inch depth Before we had calculators we had slide rules. The circular (1632) and rectangular (1620) slide rules were invented by Episcopalian minister and mathematician William Oughtred.

The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer.

THELEGACYMUSEUM Tuskegee University Library Services Gift of Dr. Legand G. Burge, Jr. Dean, College of Engineering (1999-2015) Tuskegee University THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 41

Military Tactics 1894-1895 • Military Department Commandant Julius B. Ramsey 1899-1898 • Military Department • Military System cultivates order, neatness and unquestioned obedience.

Employed methods of U. S. Army • Battalion is composed of 5 day school companies of about 50 each. Same from night school • Commissioned by the Institute Commandant 1918-1919 • Battalions and regiments reorganized into a junior unit of the ROTC under the supervision of 1 US Commissioned Officer and 3 non-Commissioned Officers • Opportunity to secure commission in the ROTC • Captain Russell Smith US Army Professor of Military Science and Tactics • Lieutenant James C. Pinkston U S Army, Asst. Professor of Military Science and Tactics • Lieutenant Harry J Mack U S Army , Asst. Professor of Military Science and Tactics 1938-1939 • Department of Military Science • Charles E. Cruh, Professor of Military Science and Tactics Retired U.S. Army 1941-1942 • School of Mechanical Industries • George L. Washington, B. S, M.S Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Charles A. Anderson, Chief Flight Instructor 1942-1943 • School of Mechanical Industries • G. L. Washington, Director • George W. Allen, Chief Flight Instructor 1943-1944 • Department of Military Science and Tactics arose • Basic Course of 2 years and an advanced course of 2 years

42 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

1944-1945 • Department of Military Science and Tactics • Senior Division, ROTC, established 1945-1946 • Department of Military Science and Tactics • Professor John A. Welch , Major Infantry 1947-1948 • Department of Military Science and Tactics • Herbart A. Barrow Professor of Military Science and Tactics • Lieutenant Colonel , Infantry 1957-1958 • Department of Military Science and Tactics 1958-1959 • Department of Air Science 1959-1960 • Department of Air Science & Military Science • Professor H. L. Jones Professor B. W. Lewis 1959-1961 • School of Engineering, Electrical, Mechanical Engineering Graphics, Applied Mechanics, Industrial Management 1970 • Chemical Engineering established 1972 • Nuclear Engineering 1974-1975 • Aerospace Studies and Military Science (ROTC [Army] & [Air]) 1981 • Aerospace Engineering established

Since the 1880s a regiment or battalion focusing on character, leadership and courage, were a part of the Institute curriculum.

ROTC Commandant’s Staff—1921

|

Military Department

|

Tuskegee Institute THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 43

Tuskegee University is authorized by the Department of Defense as a senior division Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) unit. The Training Corps is organized into two parts-Army and Air Force. Since the 1880s a regiment or battalion focusing on character, leadership and courage, were a part of the Institute curriculum. Military Science has been part of the curriculum since 1919. Air Force ROTC was established in 1946. This program continues the previously established program of training military leaders and the Military Tactics the Second Morrill Act of 1890 required.

During World War II, the Army Air Corps contracted with Tuskegee Uni-

44 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

versity to conduct primary Pilot Training for Black Officers. This was the only training site in the nation where Blacks could train to be military pilots. The 992 black military aviators trained at Tuskegee’s training complex were organized into four squadrons designated the 332nd Fighter Group.

The group became known as the Tuskegee Airmen and the support team of women and men aircraft mechanics and airport maintenance personnel who teamed with them did not occur at Tuskegee University by accident.

They are a part of Booker T. Washington’s gathering of ideas and individuals initiated during the Institute’s formative years.

Photograph by P.H. Polk First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and “Chief” Charles A. Anderson Tuskegee University Archives Tuskegee University Library Services

First Lady of the United States of America Michelle Obama

Commencement Speaker for 2015 Tuskegee University

In 1940 Anderson is recruited by Tuskegee University to serve as the Chief Flight Instructor for its new program to train black pilots. He develops a training program. He is a self–taught pilot.

In March 1941 he takes First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for a flight. 1941 Pursuit Squadron is authorized by United States War Department, January 18. Senior ROTC Unit is authorized by United States War Department, March 7. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visits, again, March 27.

Drawing from her personal experiences and Tuskegee history, Obama shares stories about how she and other African-Americans overcame stereotypes and adversity. She stresses the importance of being a person who rises above misconceptions and paves the way for others such as the Tuskegee Airmen.

“When they hit the ground, folks treated them like they were nobody.

Now, those Airmen could have easily let that experience clip their wings,” she said. “But as you all know, instead of being defined by the discrimination and the doubts of those around them, they became one of the most successful pursuit squadrons in our military.”

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 45

The latest group of Tuskegee University military officers is commissioned by the second highestranking commander in the U.S. Navy and the only female in history to attain that positionAdm. Michelle J. Howard. She is not only the first woman to have earned that rank, but the first African-American. The joint commissioning ceremony is held on May 8 at 1 p.m. CST at Tuskegee University Chapel.

According to a 2014 Washington Post article, “Howard is perhaps best known for leading Task Force 151, which oversaw counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden. After Somali pirates attacked the cargo ship MV Maersk Alabama and captured its top officer, Capt. Richard Phillips, in April 2009, she devised a plan with others to get him back, dispatching the USS Bainbridge, a destroyer, to help. Navy SEAL snipers eventually opened fire on a small lifeboat carrying Phillips and three pirates, killing the bandits and freeing him.�

She currently serves as the 38th Vice Chief of Naval Operations.

46 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

The original mission of the institutions, which these two acts inform, is to teach agriculture, military tactics and the mechanic arts, and additionally, classical studies so members of the working classes can obtain a liberal practical education.

1787

Congress passes the Northwest Ordinance which authorizes the sale of public land for the support of education, which establishes the principle of the land-grant. (Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities).

1862

United States Department of Agriculture is founded.

1881

Tuskegee State Normal and Industrial School opens Booker T. Washington, Principal, Miss Olivia A. Davidson, Assistant Principal

1881

The beginning of “Negro Extension Work” is essentially the arrival of Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama, in June. Once settled in his residence, his initial activities include a series of trips throughout the surrounding rural communities to do informal assessment studies. Data from these studies provide the basis upon which the Tuskegee University Program was initially structured, including on-campus and off-campus formal and informal educational activities (B. D. Mayberry).

At Tuskegee’s founding most African Americans in the South are former enslaved workers who knew only farming. Many of them debt-ridden and close to destitution, are barely scratching a living from the exhausted soil. (Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site Alabama, National Park Service).

Porter Hall (Administration Building ) is completed at the cost of $6,000.

1882

Fanny Norton Smith is in B section of the preparatory classes. It is recorded in the Tuskegee Institute catalogues that her home is East Tallassee, Tallapoosa County. Booker T. Washington marries her. She dies two years later in 1884 she is 26 years of age.

1883

Farming introduced at Tuskegee Institute with a farm of 19 acres

1866-1912

Eighteen 1890 Land-Grant institutions are founded. They are located in 18 states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

1886-1887

Olivia A. Davidson’s role at Tuskegee changes. From 1881 to 1886 she is Assistant Principal. From 1886 to 1889 she is the wife of Booker T. Washington. Olivia and Booker have two sons.

1887

Hatch Act creates federally funded agricultural experiment stations. It asserts that in any state where two land-grant colleges are established, they must split the appropriations for an experiment station equally unless the legislature of the state directs otherwise. This clause allowed states to distribute funds unequally between 1890 and 1862 institutions. The only 1890 institution to have an autonomous experiment station before 1971 is Prairie View A&M (Harris and Worthen). Prior to this, experiment stations at other 1890 institutions are small subsidiaries of experiment stations at 1862 institutions.

The passing of the Hatch Act in 1887 establishes an Experiment Station at Tuskegee, making it possible for the school to conduct research. Soon afterwards Carver becomes the director of what became known as the “movable school,” a stage coach in which lecturers would travel over the county on week-ends to educate Negro farmers on new agricultural approaches based on research conducted on the institution’s farm.

1887

One hundred years after the Northwest Ordinance passes in 1787, the Hatch Act passes creating agriculture experiment stations for scientific research.

1890

CHRONOLOGY:

There are two Morrill Land-Grant Acts. The first act is dated 1862 the second act is dated 1890.

The Second Morrill Act is passed, supplementing by direct appropriation the income for the land-grants. To receive money a state has to show that race or color is not an admission criterion, or else designate a separate land-grant college for blacks. Thus is born in the then-segregated South a group of institutions known as the “1890 land-grants.” (Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities).

1890

Negro Cooperative Extension System is effective until desegregation of schools in America.

Tuskegee University is found eligible to receive land-grant support because of its historical involvement in agricultural activities, yet not founded or designated land-grant under the Second Morrill Act. (B. D. Mayberry).

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 47

CHRONOLOGY:

1891

1892

Dr. Halle Tanner Dillon comes to Tuskegee University from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is the first woman of any ethnicity to pass the Alabama State Medical Boards. Dr. Dillon is a physician, pharmacist, nurse practitioner, teacher, and runs a private medical practice for 3 years and she is a single mother. She teaches two classes a day, she heads the health department and compounds medicines for the school’s needs and the community. She will formally create the Lafayette Dispensary and compound medicines in the Lafayette Dispensary (Pharmacy), probably Tuskegee’s first pharmacy. She will enhance or begin two new hospitals one for women and one for men, provide medical assistance for 450 students and 30 faculty and staff. She helps those who needed care in the Macon County communities and surrounding counties. (Jontyle Theresa Robinson)

Negro Farmers Conference. In February 1892, the first Annual Negro Farmers Conference is held, drawing over 500 farmers to Tuskegee Institute from all over the state. This conference is said to be the spark that ignited agricultural Extension work among Negroes. Bishop Benjamin Tucker Tanner, father of Dr. Halle Tanner Dillon, delivers the Invocation for the opening of the conference (Robert Zabawa)

1892

Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Museum starts in the Agricultural Department (Probably Tuskegee’s first museum).

1892

Plantation of 100 acres in Macon County is given by Miss Mary E. Berry of New York.

1892

First telephone system is installed , donated by Mr. D.L. Carson, Southern Agent , Bell Telephone Company.

1892

Robert Robinson Taylor is invited to come to work at Tuskegee.

1892

Booker T. Washington and Margaret James Murray marry. They have no children.

1896

Dr. George Washington Carver is employed by Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee University to head the Department of Agriculture.

George Washington Carver loses no time in reaching out to Black farmers and establishes himself and the university’s agricultural center as a powerful factors in the development of the New South. Dr. Carver educates African Americans on methods of crop rotation and introduces alternative crops for farmers that will also improve the soil of areas heavily cultivated in cotton.

Dr. Carver makes weekend trips to rural communities where he makes talks and gives instructional agricultural demonstrations. (Booker T. Washington, B.D. Mayberry)

1897

Dr. Booker T. Washington influences the Alabama legislature to pass a law which creates the Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station. Dr. Carver becomes the first director of the station. (B.D. Mayberry)

1897

United States President William McKinley visits.

1897

Armstrong-Memorial Boys’ Trades Building is erected.

1897

A group of Tuskegee University graduates and teachers is sent to Africa-the Republic of Togo- to introduce cotton-raising.

1902 New Horse Barn, given by Mr. Morris K. Jessup, is completed.

1902

John A. Kenney becomes Resident Physician, S. May Smith is the Head Nurse. Maggie E. White is the Nurse.

1903 Money is given to extend Tuskegee Railroad to Tuskegee University.

1904 Most of Washington’s extension activities center on bringing uneducated Black farmers to Tuskegee. However, Washington realizes, early on, that there is little hope of advancement for isolated farmers unless modern agricultural training is carried to their doorsteps. In November, he questions Dr. Carver about the possibility of outfitting a wagon to serve as a traveling agricultural school.

48 |

Morris K. Jessup, a New York banker and philanthropist provides $567.00 for the wagon and the equipment.

Dr. Carver accepts the idea and creates a sketch of a light, strong wagon body for either a one-or two-horse wagon which opens half way down and carries a small milk separator, a churn, a complete outfit for making butter and cheese and large charts on soil building, orcharding, stock raising and all operations pertaining to the farm.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

This equipment wagon’s purpose is two-fold. First, it strengthens Tuskegee’s Agricultural Department and second, it disseminates to the farmers agricultural knowledge Carver is developing at the Tuskegee University Experiment Station. (B.D. Mayberry).

1906

Dr. George Washington Carver and his staff create designs and prepare estimates for the cost of the wagon.

1906

Dr. Washington goes North and finds the money for the wagon.

On May 24th the Agricultural Wagon begins trips into the rural areas of Macon County with George Bridgeforth as the first operator of this “Farmers College on Wheels.” The wagon carries different kinds of plows and planters, a cultivator, a cotton chopper, a variety of seeds, samples of fertilizers, a revolving churn, a butter mold, a cream separator, a milk tester, and other appliances useful in making practical demonstrations; and it has the immense advantage of carrying scientific agriculture directly to the farmers in the fields.

After making rounds of the small and large farms of a community, the “Movable-School” would locate at a central point and conduct an open-air demonstration for a “GATHERING” of farmers and their families. (Booker T. Washington, George Washington Carver, B. D. Mayberry, Jontyle Theresa Robinson)

The Movable School work is especially adaptable to the needs of average Black farmers. The school reaches the most modest Black male and female farmers who live in the most remote sections of the rural districts. The methods used by Movable School workers must be practical and basic in order to instruct and inspire. The real object of the Movable School is to place before the farmers concrete illustrations in Agriculture, Home Economics, Rural Health and Sanitation proving to them that they can raise more produce on smaller acreage and at less expense and make their homes more sanitary and attractive. (B.D. Mayberry)

1906

Tompkins Hall is built by students, some who are former slaves and some who are first generation free people.

CHRONOLOGY:

1907 Nelson Amendment

The Nelson Amendment of 1907 and the 1890 Morrill Act permit land-grant colleges to use funds for teacher instruction and certification as well as for summer teacher-training institutes and helps significantly to accelerate the trend toward teacher education in the black land-grant schools.

1909 Dedication of new Milbank Agricultural Building, which is given by Mr. George Eastman. George Eastman is an American innovator and entrepreneur who founds the Eastman Kodak Company and popularizes the use of roll film, helping bring photography to the mainstream.

1914 Smith-Lever Act ( a.k.a Cooperative Extension)

The Smith-Lever Act establishes the cooperative extension system that provides instruction and agricultural services to the public. Smith-Lever encourages land-grant colleges to establish home economics courses. The Smith-Lever Act establishes a joint effort between the USDA and landgrant institutions in each state. Funding for county-level participation is also provided.

The 1890 schools are directed to cooperate with their 1862 counterparts to extend Extension benefits to the Black population. However, only the 1862’s were provided funding, and they control all the monies receive by the 1890’s. This results in very limited resources for the black institutions, separate and unequal!

1915

Tuskegee University Veterinary Hospital is completed.

New Power Plant is completed.

1916 Phelps-Stokes Study

The 1916 Phelps-Stokes study infers that the college degrees these 1890 schools grant are not worth the sheepskin they are printed on. This is harsh criticism for schools struggling to do so much with so little. Moreover, the Second Morrill Act of 1890 was designed to destroy the very institution, it was suppose to aid.

1923

Vice-President Coolidge visits Tuskegee University and dedicates in University Chapel, the Veterans Hospital number 91.

1927

Asphalt Road on campus is completed.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 49

CHRONOLOGY:

1929

The American Stock exchange crashes initiating THE GREAT DEPRESSION.

1934

Congress creates the National Youth Administration.

1934

May 22, first plane lands on grounds of Tuskegee University on an outfield near the school farm (Jakeman).

1935 Inauguration of President Frederick Patterson and Dr. Robert Moton retires and becomes President Emeritus.

1936

Secretary of Agriculture, Henry A. Wallace, visits in November.

New Farmers of America (NFA) is organized in Virginia in 1927 and becomes a national organization for African American young men in 1935. The organization is formed to serve agriculture students in southern states which are segregated by law.

1936-1944

Mary McLeod Bethune serves as director of the National Youth Administration’s Division of Negro Affairs, and becomes the first woman to serve as head of a federal agency.

1936

The crucial change for the Tuskegee Airmen comes this year because of the efforts of Ms. Mary McLeod Bethune. Ms. Bethune understands, before most other Black leaders, a way to break the hold of racism on Black participation in the military is by striking at the most resistant obstacle of all; the integration of the pilot program. Bethune’s struggle to get African Americans into pilot-training programs begins with the New Deal’s Civilian Pilot Training Program. This program is modestly funded by the National Youth Administration.

Mary McLeod heads the ”Negro Section” of the National Youth Administration. (Henry Louis Gates)

William H. Van Orden Famous People of all Ages: Who they were, When they Lived, and Why they are Famous.

1938

In October, Tuskegee University receives authorization to initiate an aviation program.

United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt visits in March 30.

First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visits September 14.

Secretary of Agriculture, Henry A. Wallace visits again September 10.

Civilian Pilot Training Program begins on October 13.

1940

Infantile Paralysis Unit of the John A Andrew Memorial Hospital opens for African American youth and teens stricken with polio. This structure will become THELEGACYMUSEUM.

Collection of Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee University boasted a library on its premises since the institution began.

1941 Pursuit Squadron is authorized by United States War Department, January 18.

50 |

Senior ROTC Unit is authorized by United States War Department, March 7.

First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visits, again, March 27.

On January 16th the War Department announces the creation of the 99th Pursuit Squadron. This is to be an all black flying unit which trains at Tuskegee University. Charles A. Anderson, a self-taught African American pilot, establishes a civilian pilot training program at the Institute in 1939.

Flying with Anderson demonstrates the depth of Eleanor Roosevelt’s support for black pilots and the Institute’s training program. Press coverage of her adventure in flight helps advocate for the competency of these pilots and boosts the Institute’s visibility. Roosevelt is so impressed with the program that she establishes and maintains a long-term correspondence with some of the airmen. (The iconic photograph of this flight is by Tuskegee University Official photographer P. H. Polk)

1942

Tuskegee becomes the training base for the all African American 99th Pursuit Squadron. Pre-flight training begins at the Institute with primary flight training at the nearby Tuskegee Army Airfield, until Moton Field, on Tuskegee Universityland in completed later that year. It is the only military primary flight training center for African Americans throughout World War II. (Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site Alabama, National Park Service)

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

First 4-H for African Americans

West Virginia State University opens Camp Washington Carver in Clifftop, WV. This facility is the first 4-H camp in the country that serves African Americans.

1942

At the Tuskegee Army Airfield in rural Alabama, five men receive the Silverwings of Army Airforce Pilots (Jakeman).

1943 Moton Airfield is dedicated.

1950

Congress creates the National Science Foundation.

1955-1961

Instruction at Tuskegee University is organized in the following schools, colleges and departments: School of Agriculture, College of Arts and Sciences, School of Education, School of Engineering, School of Home Economics and Commercial Dietetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Hospital Dietetics, Department of Physical Education.

1957

The Woodruff Food Processing Plant is erected.

1965

Public Law 89-106

The civil rights movement greatly influences changes in how 1890 institutions receive funding New legislation authorized a funding formula for Black colleges. President Lyndon Johnson signs Public Law 89-106 in 1965. This law authorizes the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to fund research at institutions previously not considered eligible. After the civil rights movement and the passage of Public Law 89-106, 1890 institutions receive more money each fiscal year thereafter.

During the 1950’s, many university Extension departments are becoming involved in sponsored research from grants. However, this is not the case for many of the 1890’s until 1967, when Public Law 89-106 is passed, which provides research funds collectively for 1890 institutions in the amount of $283,000, continued at the same level each year. Although this amount is substantially smaller in comparison to funds received by 1862 institutions, it does encourage research.

CHRONOLOGY:

1942

1971 Cooperative Extension and Representative Frank Evans

Rep. Frank E. Evans from Colorado presents a proposal to USDA that amends the funding formula and gives an appropriation in the amount of $12.6 million directly to the 1890 land-grant universities for research and Extension. This bill marks the first time that the 1890 land-grant universities receive direct funding for their Extension and research efforts. However, USDA sets provisions whereby once the funds are appropriated, the 1862’s are still in charge of the resources.

1972

1890 Cooperative Extension and Agricultural Research receive increases in Discretionary Funds PL 89-106.

1977

95th Congress enacts PL 95-113 which provides price and income protection for farmers and assures consumers of an abundance of food and fiber at reasonable prices and for other purposes. Funds are , also, provided for conducting agricultural research, administrative planning and direction, purchase and rental of land and the construction, acquisition, alteration or repair of buildings necessary for conducting agricultural research.

1977 Food and Agriculture Act of 1977

The 1890 colleges and universities are not allowed to participate in the receipt of formula (research and extension) funds until 1977, when they along, with Tuskegee Institute (University), are written into the Food Security Act of 1977 via a bill sponsored by U.S. Congressman Frank E. Evans and Senator James B. Allen. In honor of the bill sponsors, this Act becomes known as the Evans-Allen Act of 1977.

The Evans-Allen Act of 1977 is approved by Congress to provide capacity funding for food and agricultural research at the 1890 land-grant universities and Tuskegee University (the 1890 Institutions) in a manner similar to that provided to the1862 universities under the Hatch Act of 1887.

Research conducted under the Evans-Allen Program leads to hundreds of scientific breakthroughs of benefit to both the unique stakeholders of the 1890 Institutions and the nation as a whole.

1984

Monies for Research Facilities at 1890 Land-Grant institutions are provided.

1986

Monies for Extension Facilities at 1890 Land-Grant institutions are provided.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 51

CHRONOLOGY: 52 |

1988

United States Department of Agriculture initiates an 1890 Land-Grant institution Task Force

1998

November 6 President Clinton approves Public Law 105-355, and establishes the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site at Moton Field in Tuskegee, Alabama, to commemorate and interpret the heroic actions of the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II. The new site will contain a museum and interpretive programs at the historic complex at Moton Field as well as a national center based on a public-private partnerships.

2000-2007

Federal law requires that the states Match funds required for Research and Extension. This law is exceptional in that it has the potential to double available funds to the 1890s.

2002

Tuskegee University announces creation of the Carver Wallace professorship in plant science, thanks to a contribution of $250,000 from Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.

Tuskegee University is pleased and honored by Pioneer Hi-Bred’s show of support for Tuskegee’s commitment to excellence. This is a fitting tribute, not only to Mr. Wallace, but also to Dr. Carver, one of America’s greatest scientists and a Tuskegee legend. These men shared the great vision of finding new and more efficient ways to feed the world.

George Washington Carver teaches and directs research for 47 years at Tuskegee. Henry C. Wallace teaches George Washington Carver at Iowa State University (ISU). Then Carver, as an ISU faculty member, is a mentor to Henry A. Wallace, founder of Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.

Tuskegee University inherits the legacy of Dr. George Washington Carver with his many contributions to teaching, research and outreach in agriculture and new product development. Through this new professorship and other endeavors, the current needs of others are kept in focus.

The professorship helps further strengthen faculty development, while assisting in the University’s continued recruitment of outstanding faculty to lead its plant science efforts. It also complements other partnerships between Tuskegee, Pioneer and DuPont, in research, internships, visiting scientists and other outreach programs.

Pioneer is proud of its relationship with Tuskegee and the opportunity to support and invest in the education of minority students interested in agriculture as well as the research which is conducted at Tuskegee.

2008

McIntire-Stennis sponsor a bill for Matching and Sharing Funds for the 1890s.

2009

February 8 Dr. Bennie D. Mayberry Sr. Dean and Professor Emeritus of the College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences dies.

2012

February 26 Trayvon Benjamin Martin, a 17-year-old African American from Miami Gardens, Florida, is fatally shot by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, in Sanford, Florida.

2011-2013

Ensuring a sustainable future for socially and historically disadvantaged farmers (SHDFs) remains a central mission of many 1890 land-grant universities. As major corporations adopt socially responsible and sustainable policies, they are exploring new partnerships, including those with the aforementioned farmers and institutions. Such a partnership exists between Tuskegee University and Walmart during 2011, 2012, and 2013 that focuses on assisting SHDFs to work together to expand their produce marketing opportunities to include large commercial retailers.

2013

In May, the James Henry Meriweather Henderson Hall of Agricultural Life Science, Teaching, Extension and Research opens at Tuskegee University. The United States Department of Agriculture Secretary, Thomas Vilsack, helps open the building. Vilsack, Marc H. Morial, president and CEO of the National Urban League, and several representatives from the university community cut the ribbon and tour the facility. The new 40,000 square-foot building houses state-of-the-art classrooms and laboratories to support science and agricultural education programs.

Henderson Hall provides labs for teaching introductory courses in animal, plant, soil, and environmental sciences as well as biology and chemistry.

The laboratories facilitate “hands on” experiences by students that reinforce learning of fundamental concepts and laboratory techniques, and enhance students’ analytical and critical thinking skills. Henderson marks the university’s ongoing commitment to the promotion of agricultural studies and the improvement of agribusiness in Alabama’s Black Belt region. The building also pays homage to a mix of old and new construction.

Henderson Hall is built with plans to add a second story in the future. The bricks that form the walkway of the current building are taken from Tuskegee University’s old dairy barn, the original School of Veterinary Medicine and the Woodruff Food Processing Plant.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

May 6 Between 2002 and 2004, Ariel Castro (1960–2013) kidnaps three women and holds them prisoner in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. Michelle Knight, Amanda Berry, and Georgina “Gina” DeJesus are held against their will in his house on Seymour Avenue until May 6, 2013, when Berry escapes with her six-year-old daughter and contacts the police. Knight and DeJesus are rescued by responding officers and Castro is arrested within hours.

2013

September 28 Tuskegee University student, Bobby J. Smith, Jr., a senior finance major from Mabelton, Ga., dies in the early morning hours after sustaining a gunshot wound to the back. Smith is at an off-campus block party when a shooting occurs in the City of Tuskegee. Smith, 21, is also the father of an infant son.

2014

June 15 Dr. Brian Johnson assumes role as the 7th President of Tuskegee University.

2014

August 9 The predominantly Black city of Ferguson. Missouri (population 21,000) on the outskirts of St. Louis is under siege since White police officer Darren Wilson, 28, fatally shoots unarmed Black teenager Michael Brown.

2014

Tuskegee University’s College of Agriculture and Environment and Nutrition Sciences is receiving checks for sponsorship from Alabama Ag Credit and Alabama Farm Credit totaling $20,000. Alabama Ag Credit’s CEO, Doug Thiessen, and Alabama Farm Credit’s CEO, Ben Gore, are presenting two checks to Walter A. Hill, university provost and dean of the College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences. The donation marks the second consecutive year that the sponsorship institutions have financially supported CAENS.

Alabama Ag Credit is a farm credit institution based in Montgomery, Ala., and Alabama Farm Credit is a rural lending cooperative with locations in Albertville, Athens, Cullman, Talladega and Tuscumbia. Of the $20,000 given, the $5,000 from Alabama Ag Credit, will be given to student scholarships and the $15,000 donation, from both companies, will be in support of this year’s Professional Agricultural Worker’s Conference (PAWC) which will be held at the university Dec. 8-10.

2014

According to CEO Ben Gore, “Because we finance agriculture in Alabama and anything to do with agriculture or in the future of agriculture, we want to be involved in and to help promote that.”

“Agriculture is one of the largest industries and employers in the state of Alabama, according to Dean Walter Hill, and actually throughout the South and this nation. The scholarship symbolizes the fact that the agriculture industry and businesses are now turning to Tuskegee and looking for students who can join them in creating new jobs, new businesses dealing with the food and agriculture industry, which globally is the biggest most important industry in the world.”

2014

Dr. George Washington Carver Lives On: Changing the World in Uncommon Ways”

The College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences invites the submission of papers, posters, panel discussions and workshop proposals for its 72nd Annual Professional Agricultural Workers Conference.

This year we are accepting abstracts that focus on the following topics: Veterans and Agro Healing; Using Social Media to Build Your Personal, Business, & Community Brand; Careers & Opportunities in Science, Technology, Health and Agriculture; Women & Youth in Agriculture: Changing the Landscape of Agriculture; Part II Agribusinesses: Setting the Stage for Success; Hispanic and Black Farmers Push for Profitability; Addressing Community Food Security Through Local Food Systems; Socioeconomics & Sustainability of Forestlands; Cooperatives for the Future; Can Biotechnology Help Farmers in America and Africa? Implementing the New Farm Bill; and Preparing the Next Generation of Agricultural Leadership.

For this conference PAWC accepts papers, panel discussions, posters, and workshop proposals that focus on rural development, small farmers, animal science, plant science, food and nutrition, health, entrepreneurial development, faith-based initiatives, international development, forestry, environmental science and other areas.

CHRONOLOGY:

2013

Lousia M. Alcott Life Letters and Journals-1889 Collection of Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee University boasted a library on its premises since the institution began.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 53

CHRONOLOGY:

2014

Tuskegee University Archives receives a $30,000 grant to help other institutions enhance Black History Month programs. The United Negro College Fund and Andrew W. Mellon Programs awarded Tuskegee University Archives the grant to sponsor a UNCF/Mellon Teaching and Learning Institute.

2014

THELEGACYMUSEUM is awarded $10,000 from the Bank of America Art Conservation Programme for the restoration of TWENTY DIORAMAS. Bank of America and J.P. Morgan Chase are the largest banks in America.

2014

“Dear Mr. Logan: I am very sorry about the loss of the barn and especially the cows and feed. We have needed for some time a larger and better barn and now I hope we shall get it. I leave matters regarding the barn to your judgment. I am going to have the loss published in all the papers and I hope there will be gifts to make up the loss. Will write more fully later. Yours truly.” -”November 24, 1895,” Booker T. Washington

Presidential Commentary by Dr. Brian Johnson

One can either confront challenging situations with a sense of despondency and despair or with a sense of unbridled hope and optimism, and the founding principal and president of Tuskegee Institute (University) chose the latter in the incident of “the loss of the barn.” Without question, the loss of a barn in the late 19th century was a significant financial loss. Mr. Logan, Mr. Washington’s treasurer-a modern-day chief financial officerhad indicated to him in a prior communication that the “insurance” loss was totaled at “fifteen hundred.” All the same, note Mr. Washington’s response to his CFO. First, he empathized with his colleague over the loss.

He knew that Mr. Logan was both faithful and loyal to the university, and that had probably taken the loss personally. He recognized this in Mr. Logan but did not dwell up the darkness; he proceeded to the decision.

Second, Mr. Washington took action. Creatively, he turned a negative incident and made it positive. He went to the papers to publicize the loss. One’s supporters-true supporters in both words and works-are often anxious to provide support if they are able to understand what the difficulties are. Lastly, he possessed hope that the loss might be leveraged into gain. He hoped that “there will be gifts to make up the loss.” Here again, the “Wizard of Tuskegee” was not merely a manager of the micro matters confronting the institution. Behind the curtains, indeed, he was a wizard at communications via the media to leverage a negative into a positive, which is the attribute of every successful leader of any successful organization.

Brian L. Johnson, Ph.D. 7th President, Tuskegee University #TrustTheTuskegeeTrajectory #TrustTheTuskegeeTradition

2014

54 |

September 25th In President Brian Johnson’s Daily Word, he underscores the plight of the early pioneers at Tuskegee in this poignant commentary. This particular Daily Word is germane to the early development of the 1890 Land-Grant Institutions so dependent on farming and agriculture. After the burning of barn, cows and feed, Washington sends Architect Robert Robinson Taylor on a traveling fact-finding mission to discover the “BEST BARNS AVAILABLE.”

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

William Chase The African Preacher - 1849 Collection of Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee University boasted a library on its premises since the institution began.

Harriet Beecher Stowe Dred; Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp - 1856 Collection of Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee University boasted a library on its premises since the institution began.

CAENS receives $500,000 to study land-loss and heir property in specific African-American communities in the South.

2015

125th Anniversary of the 1890 Land-grant Institutions. 1890 Goals must be completed: Equitable treatment and sharing of State Matches, Center of Excellence, Funding of USDA Scholars, USDA Liaisons, Socially and Historically Disadvantaged Farmers.

Participants in the Annual Professional Agricultural Workers Conference are interested in seeing how agriculture plays such a key role in Tuskegee University’s history as an 1890 Land-Grant institution. 2015 marks the 125th anniversary of the Second Morrill Act, which is signed August 30, 1890. The exhibition frames TU’s doubly unique status, i.e., how it acts as a land-grant institution and how it does NOT. How the institution survives by operating with, against and outside of expected norms. The exhibition reviews some of the laws of the United States government and how the institution is brave enough and unique enough to make its own path with the laws and in spite of the laws.

CHRONOLOGY:

2015

2015 February 19-20th Annual Farmers Conference

Participants in the Annual Farmers Conference witness the relationship between the Second Morrill Act, signed August 30, 1890, and the study of agriculture and farming at Tuskegee University. Farmers and their needs are a major concern in Tuskegee’s early years and they still are. The exhibition frames TU’s doubly unique status, i.e., how it acts as a land-grant institution and how it does NOT.

These Impacts should be strengthened and enhanced: Agricultural production, Nutrition and Health, Locally Grown Food, Food Safety, These areas of Sustainability should be strengthen and enhanced: Biofuels, Water, Climate, Youth Development, Environmental Protection, Small Businesses and Cooperative Profitability (Walter Hill).

2015

The Gathering Tuskegee University and the 1890 Land-Grant Institutions honoring 125 Years of Success and Service opens at THELEGACYMUSEUM

In conjunction with the College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, THELEGACYMUSEUM is interpreting Tuskegee University’s history operating in conjunction with other 1890 Land-Grant institutions in the United States. 2015 marks the 125th anniversary of the Second Morrill Act, which was signed August 30, 1890. The exhibition reflects Tuskegee University’s two-fold status. The decisions that informed its very early years of existence aided its survival by operating with, against Bronte, Charlotte Life and Works of the and outside of expected norms. The exhibition will unmask some of the laws of the United States government Sisters Bronte “Villette” and how the institution’s leaders made decisive “smart moves” and were bold enough and brave enough to seek Vol. III 1899 their own path with the laws and in spite of the laws.

Collection of Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee University boasted a library on its premises since the institution began.

The 1890 Land-Grant universities are a major educational resource for the nation, and continue to be a key source of African American leaders who render valuable service to their communities, the nation and to the world. The 1890s have spent 125 years providing access and enhancing opportunities.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 55

GLOSSARY:

Cooperative Extension

The Smith-Lever Act establishes the cooperative extension system that provides agricultural services to the public. The Smith-Lever Act establishes a joint effort between the USDA and the land- grant institutions in each state. Tuskegee University’s Movable School and Thomas Campbell predate by 8 years the Smith -Lever Act of 1914 for Cooperative Agricultural Extension in America.

Land-Grant

United States institutions that benefit from the provisions of the Morrill Acts (1862 and 1890) which give to the states federal lands for the establishment of colleges offering programs in agriculture, engineering and home economics as well as in the traditional academic subjects.

Morrill Acts 1862, 1890

These acts intended to afford a broad segment of the American populace a practical education that had broad relevance on their daily lives.

Red Tails

Red Tails is a 2012 American war film starring Terrence Howard, Cuba Gooding, Jr., George Oyelowo and Nate Parker about the Tuskegee Airmen, a outstanding group of African American United States Army Air Forces servicemen during WWII. The name “Red Tails” refers to when Tuskegee Airmen pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group painted the tails of their P-47s and later, P-51s, red, the nickname “Red Tails” was coined.

United States and Land-Grants

There is one land-grant in every state and territory in the U. S. as well as the District of Columbia. Certain Southern States have more than one land-grant institution as a result of the Second Morrill Act. (Association of Public Land-Grants and Universities).

Isabel Drysdale Scenes in Georgia-1827 Collection of Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee University boasted a library on its premises since the institution began.

56 |

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Hill, Walter. History of 1890 Universities and the USDA Partnership in Context with Significant Civil Rights, Black Education and Agricultural Events 1862-2012. 1890 National Scholars’ Orientation and Training Conference Washington, D. C. July, 2012.

Hill, Walter. Fostering Collaborative Research Between 1862 and 1890 Land-Grant Universities Working Together Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities 125th Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, November 2012.

Jakeman, Robert J. The Divided Skies: Establishing Flight Training at Tuskegee, Alabama, 1934-1942 Tuscaloosa:1992 The University Press of Alabama Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Comer, Campbell, Edwards & Hillson “Cooperative Extension and the 1890 Land-Grant Institution: The Real Story” Journal of Extension, www.joe.org June 2006 Vol. 44, No. 3.

Mayberry, B. D. A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land-Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University - 1890-1990 New York: Vantage Press, 1991.

Zabawa, Robert Outline History of Agriculture at Tuskegee 1881-2013 (unpublished).

Middleton, Lanice P. and Daniel T. Williams A Guide to the Tuskegee University Cemetery (A book in progress).

Minutes of the Board of Trustees, Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, Monday, October 19, 1925.

Principal’s Annual Report Edition The Tuskegee Institute Bulletin Vol. 21 No. 2, March 1925-1926.

Robinson, Jontyle T. Halle Tanner Dillon (a book in progress).

The Land-Grant Tradition Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, Washington, D.C. 2012. http://www.aplu.org/document.doc?id=780 The Tuskegee Messenger, Tuskegee Institute Alabama, Vol. 1 No. 14, June 1925.

Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site Alabama, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior Tuskegee Institute.

Tuskegee Institute (University) Bulletins, 1881-2015.

Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery New York: Doubleday, 1901.

Williams, Luther and Jontyle Theresa Robinson The Patient, The Project, The Partnership Mass Production & Distribution of Hela cells at Tuskegee University Tuskegee: THELEGACYMUSEUM Tuskegee University Library Services, 2012. http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-3024 www.tuskegee.edu/Legacymuseum

William Chase Life Line of the Lone One-1883 Collection of Tuskegee University Library Services Tuskegee University boasted a library on its premises since the institution began.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 57

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Without the support of THELEGACYMUSEUM staff Ms. Myrtis Morris, Office Manager and Mr. Jeffery Strong, Museum Technician this exhibition and brochure would not have been possible. - Dr. Jontyle Robinson Walter Hill

Dean, College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences

Konnie Pace

Financial Analyst, CAENS

Karen Craig

Information & Technology Director, CAENS

Emeritus Professor of Biology

Dr. Desmond Mortley

Faculty George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station

Hobby Town USA

Juanita Roberts

840 Ernest Barrett Parkway, NW, Suite 650, Kennesaw, GA 30144

Dana Chandler

Photographic Preservationist

Director, Library Services Tuskegee University Archivist

Cheryl Ferguson Archives Assistant

Wei Beach

Archives, Scan Technician

McQuick Printing & Publications Montgomery, Alabama

Lanice P. Middleton Shirley Curry

Photographic Preservationist

Robert Zabawa, Ph.D.

Agricultural Resource Economist George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station

Tasha M. Hargrove, Ph.D.

Tuskegee University Marketing & Communications Office

Assistant to the Dean of CAENS for Outreach

Gary Super

Legacy Museum Student Volunteer

Roy Nunn

Student Assistant

Exhibition Designer Director, Corporate and Foundation Relations

William Lennard

CAENS, Resource Specialist

Legand L. Burge , Jr.

Dean, College of Engineering, 1999-2015

Joe Calloway

Technician, College of Engineering

58 |

Lafayette Frederick, Ph.D.

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

Khandice Lofton Shirly Brown

LaRae Walker Student Assistant

Lateisha Mason Student Assistant

Raven Young

Student Assistant

Kyanna Dixon Student Assistant

Stacey Govan

Community Service

Alexia Mosely

Community Service

Sylvia Crayton

Housekeeping Thompson Facilities

Calvesta Simpson Housekeeping Thompson Facilities

Harold Vance

Lead Painter Thompson Facilities

Jethero Harrison Painter Thompson Facilities

Xavier Moss

Painter Thompson Facilities

THELEGACYMUSEUM

Address:

Benjamin Payton Drive Tuskegee University, AL 36083 Phone: 334-727-8889 Fax: 334-725-2400 Email: legacymuseum@mytu.tuskegee.edu

Accommodations:

Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center at Tuskegee University 1-800-949-6161 Additional bed and breakfast accommodations are available

in the Greater Tuskegee Area.

Parking:

There is ample visitor parking surrounding the museum at no charge.

Museum Admission:

Free and open to the public.

Suggested donation is $3 per person.

All contributions are welcome.

Directions to the Museum:

By Car: From Montgomery, AL: I 85 to exit 32 From Mobile, AL: I-65 North to I-85 North to exit 32 From Atlanta, GA: I-85 South to exit 38

By Air: Montgomery, AL: Dannelly Field Airport Columbus, GA-Columbus Metropolitan Airport Dothan, AL :Dothan Airport Atlanta, GA: Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport

By Train: Take Amtrak to Anniston, Birmingham, or Tuscaloosa, AL. and then to Tuskegee by car, taxi or bus

THE GATHERING: Tuskegee University And The 1890 Land-Grant Institution

| 59