PRESTON 2050 STRUCTURE PLAN

Structure plan 2020-2050 Manasi Chopdekar (935401) Studio 6/ Tutor: Eric Gaisie

PLAN30005 (Urban Precinct Studio final report) Completed on 12/11/2020 Cover photo – Reimagined residential street, London (Foster + Partners, 2020)

Cover photo 2 – Tanderrum 2014, Federation Square, Melbourne (Cole, 2014)

Acknowledgment of Preston’s Aboriginal communities In the spirit of reconciliation, this student proudly acknowledges the Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung people as the traditional Custodians of Preston, their diverse cultures and intrinsic connections to land, water and community.

I pay my respect to their elders' past, present and emerging, for they hold the knowledge and aspirations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples today.

An informed understanding of and respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander knowledge can facilitate better appreciation of and more active engagement with Preston’s cultural heritage and can lead to reconciliation.

02

Contents 1.

Executive summary

…04

2.

Introduction

…05

2.1.

2.2.

Regional site context Historical context

…06 …07

3.

Site analysis

…08

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

Preston study area Current demographics Preston sub-precinct division Existing issues analysis Land use and built form Heritage Transport Public realm Environment Housing Local economy Community survey and key policy documents Site capacity analysis and development forecast Key design opportunities Environment Transport Local economy and housing

…09 …10 …11

4.

Developing a vision for Preston

…29

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.

4.4.

…30 …31 …32

4.5.

4.6.

4.7.

Vision statement Objective framework and overarching principles Stakeholder analysis Scenario development Scenario 1: Using current planning schemes Scenario 2: Preston as a Smart suburb Scenario 3: Preston as a Sustainable suburb Strategic direction and key indicators Scenario evaluation Preston 2050 framework plan

5.

Action plans

…40

5.1.

…41

5.4.

Sustainable Urban Mobility Key strategies and action plans Case studies – precedent analysis Diverse Urban Environment Key strategies and action plans Case studies – precedent analysis Innovation and Economic Growth Key strategies and action plans Case studies – precedent analysis SWOT analysis of action plans

6.

Implementation Strategy

…59

6.1.

6.2.

6.3.

Implementation schedule and timeframe Development progress maps as per timeframe Conclusion

…60 …62 …65

7.

References

…66

8.

Appendix

…71

3.5.

3.6.

3.7.

5.2.

5.3.

…12 …14 …15 …16 …17 …18 …19 …20 …21 …26 …27 …28

…34 …35 …36 …37 …38 …39

…47 …53

...58

Executive summary The purpose This report aims to deliver a 30-year urban redevelopment structure plan for Preston, Melbourne, starting from 2021.

Preston provides an unprecedented opportunity for public space activation and urban renewal in outer-Melbourne residential suburbs, due to the presence of key Metropolitan and Major Activity Centers within its boundary and close proximity to La Trobe National Employment and Innovation Cluster (State Government of Victoria 2020).

Presently a growing socio-economic suburb in North-East Melbourne, Preston will play a major role in the urban development of City of Darebin and will provide a precedent for Melbourne’s residential suburbs as a leading Activity Centre Hub, comprising of efficient and accessible residential, employment, transport and leisure facilities.

The methodology Current planning schemes and policies from City of Darebin, Melbourne and Victoria.

Scenario planning, strategic direction and indicators Site constraints, budget limitations, stakeholder implications Action plan prioritization

Reference situation analysis.

Vision / intervention aim

Plan design proposal

Planning brief, current demographics, built and natural environment analysis Community and council aspirations Sub-precinct character and sectoral development plan designs Subject to changes under unexpected/ unprecedented circumstances (e.g. global pandemic)

Implementation

(Will require active participation from community and related stakeholders throughout the process) Table 1 – Preston 2020-2050 Planning methodology (Chopdekar 2020)

Preston 2020-2050 Structure Plan utilizes the ‘Sustainable City’ framework (Global Platform for Sustainable Cities 2020) and comprises of six broad objectives centered around Preston’s public realm, transport connectivity and urban economy.

Its action plans, informed by current issues, forecast development and opportunity site analysis, provide urban redevelopment policies and strategies for each sub-precinct within Preston. This report also provides a broad implementation schedule that specifies different timeframes, budget and stakeholder details for each action plan.

Altogether, this report will guide future planning processes and developmental changes within Preston to form a sustainable community (Institute for Sustainable Communities 2020).

04

INTRODUCTION

Cover photo 3 – East Preston Tram Depot (Wayman, J. 2011)

Regional site context As its social and economic capital, Preston is located at the heart of Darebin City, bounded by Thornbury to its south and Reservoir to its north, and located 9 km to the North-East of Melbourne CBD (City of Darebin, 2006, pg. 6).

Containing both Preston Major Activity Centre and Northland Metropolitan Activity Centre and situated in close proximity to La Trobe National Employment and Innovation Cluster (see map. 1), Preston has become a focal point for an array of employment and economic developmental opportunities, attracting new businesses and investments (Victorian Planning Authority 2017, pg. 3 & 14), and increasing residential housing demand (View Bank Homes, 2020) with substantial increase in forecast population (.idcommunity, 2016).

Preston 2020: Regional Context map Map 1 – Preston 2020 regional context map (3DConsultants 2020)

The new Suburban Rail loop project is significant to the future growth of Preston in aiding its transformation from a largely residential suburb. Linking Reservoir to Melbourne Tullamarine Airport via rail line, the project will provide improved connectivity between Melbourne’s outer suburbs, thereby increasing employment opportunities and service facilities at the major interchange stations (State of Victoria 2020) which are in closer proximity to Preston with direct connectivity via existing train line (see map. 1).

By relieving congestion and pressure on the train network with addition of new train lines and services (State of Victoria 2020), it will also encourage more public transport usage and thereby reduce car dependency. It would also potentially bring in new foreign residents with improved connectivity to the airport, thereby contributing to the multicultural identity of Preston.

06

Historical context Aboriginal history in Preston Preston is located on the traditional lands of the Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung People of the Kulin Nation (City of Darebin, 2018, pg. 7). It is important to acknowledge and spread awareness of their diverse cultural history and connection with the land as its traditional owners.

Darebin and Merri creek played a significant role in their society during the summer, as a reliable food and water source (City of Darebin, 2018, pg. 9).

Aboriginal people continued to be an active and crucial part of Preston’s community from its settlement to urbanization period during the interwar years, contributing to national activism against the Aboriginal Protectorate Board founded in 1860 that regulated every aspect of their life and limited their rights and development (City of Darebin, 2018, pg. 7).

Preston: historical timeline Traditional land of the Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung People of the Kulin Nation sold during Melbourne’s land boom to European farmers (City of Darebin, 2018, pg. 12).

“Settlement” 1838-1841

Fig. 1 – Batman’s Treaty with the aborigines at Merri Creek (Burtt, 1875)

“Growth” 1880-1890

Tanneries became a major industry in Preston during this period (Darebin Libraries 2020), along with brick, pottery, tiles and farms. With the establishment of rail network to the city, Preston became a suburb with settlement largely concentrated to the south of Bell street within 200 m of High street and Plenty Rd. .

Fig. 2 – Howe’s tannery c.1926 (Darebin Libraries, 2020)

Increased railway connectivity to Melbourne CBD, new tram services and electrified trains paved the way for shopping strip development along High street and Plenty Rd (Victorian Places 2015).

“Urbanization” 1920-1930

Fig. 3 – High street, Preston (Darebin City, n.d.)

“Preston today” 1947 - present

Rapid population growth after interwar period, partly due to overseas immigration, along with educational and economic development has established Preston as a multicultural residential suburb with future plans to build a Northland suburb in Preston East (City of Darebin 2020).

Fig. 4 – Northland Shopping Centre, East Preston (Young, n.d.)

07

SITE ANALYSIS

Cover photo 4 – Elliot ‘Numskull’ Routledge & Bradley ‘Beastman’ Eastman’s art on Preston market walls (Salta Properties & Medich Corporation 2020)

Local site context

x.

Refer to corresponding number on images below Map 2 – Preston 2020 local context map (Chopdekar 2020)

Key functional spaces and landmarks: Preston study area

Fig. 5 – Preston Market, Mary St. (Google maps, 2019)

Fig. 6 – Preston Library, Gower St. (Torcasio, J. 2018)

Melbourne’s second largest fresh food market (Salta Properties & Medich Corporation 2020)

Fig. 7 – Ray Bramham Gardens (Ross, L.D., 2016)

Fig. 8 – High Street Medical & Dental Centre Preston, State Rd. 29 (Google maps, 2019)

Fig. 9 – Darebin City Council, State Rd. 29.

(Google maps, 2017)

Fig. 10 – Darebin Arts and Entertainment Centre, Bell St. (Google maps, 2019)

Occupying a total land area of 11.47 sq. km (Nearmap 2020), Preston (comprised of Preston East and West) is bounded on its western and eastern sides by Merri Creek and Darebin Creek respectively (see map 2).

Parks and reserves within the precinct (see fig. 7) provide opportunities for natural relaxation spots with relatively flat terrain, low-medium density housing and access to educational and commercial facilities nearby (see fig. 5 and 6).

The Northland Metropolitan Activity Centre (see map 2) currently contains largely low-density commercial sites whose access is majorly dependent on car use (ABS 2016). While it complements the Preston Activity Centre (see map 2) in terms of retail and commercial activity, as well as employment availability, it lacks efficient public transport connectivity, leaving pedestrian spaces isolated and inactive.

09

Current demographics Preston’s socio-economic and cultural demographics with household types are crucial datasets for analyzing community needs and preferences pertaining housing, public transport, active mobility facilities and open spaces.

Population density within Preston is higher than that within the City of Darebin (.idcommunity, 2016). This indicates a potential future shortage of housing in Preston. Individuals between ages 30-34 are identified as the most populated age group (.idcommunity, 2016). This indicates a potential increase in future demand for medical services as Preston continues to accommodate an increasingly aged population.

Key population figures:

32, 851 Total population (2016)

3.5%

34.2%

Indigenous population (2016)

Overseas-born population (2016)

32.67 Persons/Ha (2016)

According to the 2018 ABS Census (ABS 2018), Preston has also achieved an overall score of 3 out of 5 (where 1 implies most disadvantaged and 5 implies least disadvantaged) in the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA). This average score rating is an indication of future socio-economic disadvantage within Preston owing to unsustainable population growth, lack of affordable housing and scarcity of employment and essential services to accommodate the growing population.

7.4% Unemployment rate (2016)

14,515 Total dwellings in Preston (2016) All figure data from (.idcommunity 2016)

Chosen mode of transport to work:

Household data:

Walking

25.2% Lone person household population

2.3% Cycling

21.9%

4.0%

Couple household population

Car

27.1%

54.6%

Couple with children household population

Bus

9.4%

2.4%

One parent family household population

Tram

7.2%

8.0% Group household population

Train

14.5% Work from home

?

8.4% Other households population

4.1%

All figure data from (.idcommunity 2016)

All figure data from (.idcommunity 2016)

10

Sub-precinct division The following sub-precincts in Preston have been divided according to the boundaries of SA1 land divisions in Preston for ease of analysis for forecast predictions. They each contain key developmental sites and/or corridors and have been numbered in the order of priority socioeconomic redevelopment according to existing planning schemes (see page 20 for complete list) with CURRENT demographic and job data (as of 2016).

Sub-precinct 7

Sub-precinct 1

Sub-precinct 5

Largely low-density detached residential area with linear reserve, parks and schools.

Contains one of the two tram lines within Preston.

Preston Major Activity Centre – retail shops, Preston Market, High street corridor containing restaurants of different cuisines, healthcare and other essential services. Also present are linear reserve and parks, lowmedium density residential dwelling

Largely low-density detached residential area with parks and reserves, and schools. Plenty Rd. corridor containing commercial and retail services. Contains one of the two tram lines within Preston.

All figure data from (.idcommunity 2016)

Map 3 – Preston 2020 sub-precinct division (Chopdekar 2020)

Sub-precinct 6

Sub-precinct 4

Sub-precinct 3

Sub-precinct 2

Largely low-density detached residential area in close proximity to the cemetery and Merri Creak.

Also contains linear reserve, parks and schools.

Contains one of the two tram lines within Preston.

Largely low-density detached residential area with parks and reserves, and schools.

Plenty Rd. corridor containing commercial and retail services.

Contains one of the two tram lines within Preston.

Northland industrial area – large underutilized industrial blocks up for sale (CommercialVIEW 2020), large car park lots and infill sites.

Northland Metropolitan Activity Centre – retail and commercial shops and services at Northland Shopping centre. Largely commercial and low density residential dwelling. Contains part of Darebin Creek.

Priority redevelopment sub-precincts marked for major socio-economic urban renewal within council planning schemes (see page 20 for list) Sub-precinct analysis conducted through Nearmap 2020 virtual site visit

11

Existing issues analysis Land use Even with planning zones allocating specific areas to mixed-use zones (in sub-precincts 1, 4,5 and 6 from maps 3 and 5) to encourage socioeconomic and pedestrian activity, Preston is dominated largely by residential land use with the industrial and commercial zones concentrated mainly in sub-precincts 1, 2 and 3 (see maps 3 and 4).

Lack of diversity in land use leads to uninteresting public streetscapes, not only reducing walkability (see Nolli maps under map 4) but thereby also reducing pedestrian activity on streets, which leads to reduced perception of public safety (Alexander, R. M., 2019, pg. 86).

Areas under residential growth zone (see map 5) can be expected to face increase in pressure of accommodating more population and subsequent rise in housing demand.

The Nolli maps, showing areas of largely commercial and residential land use respectively, help in showing the gridded street patterns and reduced pedestrian walkability to public services and transport facilities with the void spaces used majorly by cars, thereby indicating low pedestrian functionality of the neighborhood (King, M., 2018).

Preston 2020: Current land use map

Commercial land use

Residential land use

Map 4 – Preston 2020: current land use map (3DConsultants 2020)

Preston 2020: Current zoning map

Alexander, R. M. (2019). In Defense of Nature: Jane Jacobs, Rachel Carson, and Betty Friedan. Journal of Women’s History, 31(3), 78-101. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2019.0028

Map 5 – Preston 2020 current zoning map (3DConsultants 2020)

12

Fig. 11 – Chart plotting the directly proportional relationship between the number of outdoor activities and frequency of interactions. (Street life studies in Melbourne [20]) (Gehl, 2006, pg. 13)

Built form Currently, Preston contains low rise commercial and underutilized industrial buildings with largely single storey detached dwellings (see Nolli maps under map 4). However, with increase in population and population density concentrating in sub-precincts 1 and 2 due to major urban renewal plans (see page 20 for a complete list of current renewal plans), Preston can be expected to have mid-high rise apartments and commercial buildings within the next 30 years.

Planning policies and regulations can guide the development of these new structures in a positive manner, ensuring that they would elevate Preston’s existing neighborhood character, protect its cultural and heritage identity, and ensure sufficient light and wind access to short residential blocks in close proximity.

Darebin Planning Scheme for High Street Corridor Land Use and Urban Design (City of Darebin, 2018, pg. 1, 7-8) provide specific built form guidelines within Preston’s subprecincts, such as the priority development and residential growth zone areas in subprecincts 1,2 and 4. These include: 1. Street frontage activation along High street 2. Mixed use development as opposed to only commercial land use in priority development zones (see maps 4 and 5 for comparison) 3. Reduced car park facilities 4. Added residential development in and around commercial zones (see map 5) 5. Height restrictions of 5-8 storeys for visibility and minimizing wind tunnel effect Urban Design Framework 2015 for St Georges Road and Plenty Road corridors (City of Darebin, 2017, pg. 8, 30) also contain policies that focus on: 1. Facilitating a more pedestrian-friendly environment 2. Encouraging adaptable building layouts according to changing land uses at ground level (City of Darebin, 2017, pg. 21) These policies serve to encourage the development of leisure activities and facilities, thereby increasing diversity in urban streetscape and pedestrian activity (see fig. 11), largely in the commercial-oriented sub-precincts 1 and 2. The other sub-precincts are predominantly residential and thereby require separate policies that are targeted to improve community interaction and create active and safe public engagement spaces.

13

Existing issues analysis Heritage

Predominant architecture styles:

As new industries began to dominate Preston’s land use during its growth period, Preston’s population began to rise due to the establishment of rail connection to the city. New developments emerged in close proximity to major transit routes and gradually expanded further, with new transport route developments (Context Pty Ltd., 2008, pg. 73-74). Hence, heritage overlay parcels are largely concentrated in sub-precincts 1,4 and 6, near the train line, and along High street and Plenty Rd (see map 6). The issue arises when these heritage overlay parcels come into conflict with the priority development areas (see map 6) which could inhibit new developmental plans in favor of preserving Preston’s heritage character.

Heritage sites and new development plans can avoid conflict through the following considerations: 1. Implementing designs that complement the neighborhood’s heritage aesthetic and elevate its cultural and heritage character (see fig. 14 for construction redevelopment in background, in close proximity to heritage site).

2. Analyzing current heritage overlay buildings in terms of their embodied energy and level of redevelopment (Wise, F. et al., 2019, pg. 1) in order to understand its function in modern society according to the land use and zone it is situated in, as well as the heritage value it offers to modern Preston.

INTER-WAR

Fig. 12 – Inter-war residential housing under Heritage Overlay along Gilbert Rd. (HO169) (Google maps 2019)

POST-WAR

Fig. 13 – Post-war former hospital under Heritage Overlay along Wood street. (HO92) (Google maps 2019)

VICTORIAN/EDWARDIAN

Fig. 14 – Victorian/Edwardian mix housing Heritage Overlay along Bell station (HO170) (Google maps 2019)

Heritage Overlay (HO) Priority development zone

Preston 2020: Current heritage overlay map Map 6 – Preston 2020 current heritage overlay map (Chopdekar 2020)

Architecture styles analyzed using neighborhood character map from (Darebin City Council, 2013, pg. 38)

14

Transport

Key transport problems:

22% residents fall outside the 400 m tram and bus catchment, and outside the 800 m train catchment (Victorian State Government, 2016)

24 min avg. wait time for bus due to traffic congestion and low bus frequency (Parker 2020)

Car dominant with poor traffic management on arterial and local roads

?

Poor transport interconnection with tram only on two roads in Preston (see map 7)

It can be observed from the chosen mode of transport data (see demographics figures on page 10) that car dominance is high in Preston, despite the availability of a multi-modal public transport network Regional development and spatial distribution of economic activities and business investments are directly impacted by the level of reliability of available public transport network in the area (Koźlak, 2017, p. 20).

Lack of interconnected transport network within Preston has created detached activity centers that majorly depend on cars for access, which leads to prioritized car facilities provision, thereby reducing pedestrian perception of safety and comfort (see fig. 15).

This facilitates inactivity in public spaces with increase in antisocial community behavior due to car dependency, which has been further accelerated over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic with apprehension around using public transport even though there is no conclusive research proving public transport as a source of spread of the infection (Sipe, 2020).

Issues surrounding transport also raise environmental concerns through increase in carbon footprint and urban heat island effect.

Preston 2020: Current transport issues map

7.

Poor

High

Poor

Map (a)

Map (b)

7.

7.

7.

Fig. 15 – Bus stop along High street (Google maps 2019)

Map 7 – Preston 2020 transport issues map (Chopdekar 2020)

15

Existing issues analysis Key public realm features:

Public realm Lack of transport interconnectivity produces inactivity in public open spaces due to inaccessibility. However, other factors producing a dull and inactive public streetscape, thereby reducing public perception of safety and creating crime opportune environments include lack of inactive frontages (see fig. 17) and poor pedestrian active mobility facilities.

Fig. 16 – Dropped kerb along St. Georges Rd (Google maps 2019)

In response to this, the City of Darebin (2020) has partnered with community organizations with an aim to reduce crime and create a safe neighborhood (See fig.

16). Upgrading the Preston activity link and roads in proximity to major schools, transit hubs and markets is prioritized and major projects for renewal have been identified in Preston West (see map 8).

Walkability is a key issue concerning both, transport and public realm sector. While green spaces are located within 800m walking distance (10 mins) from all parts of Preston, as seen in map 8, sub-precinct 3 is largely detached from the rest of Preston with no walkable access to health, retail or education facilities (see map 8). With large scale renewal of sub-precinct 2, these issues are expected to be resolved in developmental stages with improved public transport and pedestrian access to sub-precincts 2 and 3 from Preston station.

• • •

Dropped kerb and pram ramps – catering to disabled and dependent population Sidewalk of more than 1.5m with raised threshold - however no buffer between road and footpath Lack of resting spaces for active mobility for elderly

Fig. 17 – Infill planting and inactive street frontage along High street (Google maps 2019)

• • •

Poor shop interface to street On street car parks creating unattractive pedestrian streetscapes Poor pedestrian activity despite provision of footpath due to high traffic congestion and narrow lanes

Preston 2020: Walkability to key public amenities map

SPR Study area Priority area 1

PPR Study area Priority area 2

Trial slow point

Trial road closure and pocket park

Map 8 – Preston 2020 walkability map (3DConsultants 2020)

16

Preston 2020: Environmental issues map

Fig. 22 – Uninviting open space at Preston Library (Google maps 2019)

Map 9 – Preston 2020 green space analytical map (3DConsultants 2020)

Environment Fig. 18 – Neglected inactive T.W. Blake park (Google maps 2019)

Fig. 19 – Informal path at H.L.T Oulton Reserve (Google maps 2019)

Fig. 20 – Car dominated environment at St. Georges Linear Reserve (Google maps 2019)

Fig. 21 – Lack of public surveillance (Google maps 2019)

As key places of gathering and community interaction, alongside serving health and wellbeing benefits to the community, Preston’s parks should ideally create places of interest with adequate seating, lighting, play spaces for children, exercise spots for the elderly, with a walking and/or jogging trail (Carter & Horwitz, 2014).

These multipurpose features allow the parks to be used to their full potential (Raimi, Benfield, & Aaron, 2009), and thereby increase pedestrian activity and active surveillance in the neighborhood.

Efficient walkability to the parks and reserves does not indicate an efficient usage of the space. Currently, Preston lacks the necessary diversity in green space usage and connection to its indigenous heritage (see map 9).

Green spaces around major activity centers and transit locations are opportunistic sites for redevelopment due to provision of public transport access, in order to complement the services offered by the activity centers and to generate more visitors to the area.

17

Existing issues analysis Housing As it can be seen in fig. 24, currently a large portion of Preston’s population lives in detached residential housing. From fig. 23, it can be seen a significantly large proportion of people earn between $500-$1,000 per week, and when compared with the median rent value, it can be observed that approximately 45% of their weekly income is spent on housing rent. When compared against the 30% Rent Rule, this data is highly indicative of present and consequently, future housing affordability stress if this data trend continues.

Residential building approval plans have also significantly reduced in City of Darebin with only 240 approved in 2018 and 176 in 2019 (.idcommunity 2019). This indicates an even lower rate of approval for Preston, which suggests that housing demand is not being met with adequate supply. Considering the effects of new developments and future increase in land value, this can further intensify housing stress among the low-income households in Preston.

In order to mitigate this issue, the council has marked redevelopment areas focusing on increase in population density and more mixed land use, with ease of accessibility to public facilities like parks and shops. Areas of substantial, incremental and minimal housing change have been analyzed by the Council in their Housing Strategy 2013 (revised 2015), with High street and Northland Shopping centre areas set for substantial redevelopment (see map 10).

With Preston catering to a diverse population of different age groups, it is important to have housing cater to their different needs and consider their connectivity, inclusivity and walkability in the context of their neighborhood as well as within and beyond Preston borders (City of Darebin, 2015).

Key housing figures:

450$ /- week Median rent (ABS 2016)

36.8% rented housing in Preston

Fig. 23 – Total Weekly Income for Preston Households Graph. (ABS, 2016)

11%

66%

22%

Apartment dwellers

Detached house dwellers

Semi-detached house dwellers

26.6% mortgaged housing in Preston

27.3% fully-owned housing in Preston Fig. 24 – Dwelling structure data (ABS, 2016)

All figure data from (ABS 2016)

18

Preston 2020: Socio-economic issues map

Map 10 – Preston 2020: Socio-economic issues map (3DConsultants 2020)

Knowledge-intensive job distribution within Preston (2016):

10.1% Healthcare and social assistance

19.6% Retail Trade

6.9% Education and training (Industrial sector jobs reaching a maximum of 8.60% for manufacturing services)

Local economy As the socio-economic capital of City of Darebin, Preston has been recognized as a significant economic location considering its proximity to the La Trobe National Employment and Innovation cluster (see map 1) and the Northland commercial sector in sub-precinct 2 (see map 3).

With shift from manufacturing to knowledge-intensive industries like healthcare, education and retail, major changes in box-retailer areas in sub-precinct 2 and 3 are anticipated, with shift to more dense mixed-use spaces as observed in High Street Preston Market area in sub-precinct 1. These changes will require major transport and infrastructure developments to support them.

All figure data are calculated from (ABS 2016)

Preston’s local economy is also affected by the condition of surrounding economic centers (see map 1). Preston Market for example, faces competition from other major fresh food markets such as Queen Victoria Market and Prahran Market.

Preston’s industrial sites have not kept up with the changing job market, and have large infill sites (see fig. 25) that need redevelopment in order to keep up with other competitors in the job markets. Transport accessibility to sub-precincts 2 and 3 within Preston, and to and from the suburb needs to improve in order to bring visitors and income into Preston.

Fig. 25 – Box retailer and infill site in sub-precinct 3 along Albert St. (Northland industrial area) (Google maps 2019)

19

Council and community contribution Community engagement City of Darebin Engagement Framework allows the Council to consult and collaborate with Preston’s diverse local community and partner with them in decision-making and planning action processes ((City of Darebin, 2012).

‘Your Say Darebin’ is identified by the City of Darebin as their official digital space for community interaction pertaining Council projects and related issues. It allows both Council and community members to stay up to date on the projects’ developmental stages (City of Darebin, 2020).

Online surveys and workshops conducted with RPS Group Consultants are other key community participation methods employed by the City of Darebin in partnership with Victorian Planning Authority, ensuring that the needs and concerns of all related stakeholders are taken into account (RPS Group, 2019). Key issues identified fall mainly in the transport and socioeconomic sector (concluded from conducted issues analysis).

Background reports (current planning schemes) The following is a list of Council planning schemes and framework reports in order of hierarchy, that have been referred to for analysis for the development of Preston 2020-2050 Structure Plan.

Plan Melbourne 2017-2050 City of Darebin planning schemes from DELWP

City of Darebin Council Plan 2017-2021

(Preston 2020-2050 Structure Plan) Reports used for data research and analysis in Preston (socio-economic and transit focused): Victorian Cycling Strategy 2018-28 Darebin Cycling Strategy 2013-2018 Darebin Transport Strategy 2007-2027

La Trobe National Employment and Innovation Cluster: Draft Framework Plan March 2017 Preston Central 2030: The Preston Central Structure Plan

Darebin Walking strategy 2018-2028 Safe Travel Strategy 2018-2028 Breathing Space: The Darebin Open Space Strategy 2019 Darebin Housing Strategy 2013: Revised 2015 City of Darebin Heritage Study 2008 The story of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Darebin

Northland East Preston Structure Plan Draft June 2013 Northland Urban Renewal Precinct Preston Market Planning Review October 2018 2017-18 Annual Community Survey Summary Report: October 2018

GreenStreets Streetscape Strategy 2012-2020 Format adapted from City of Darebin, Breathing Space: The Open Space Strategy, pg. 21

20

Site capacity analysis Developable area calculation Sub-precinct 3, an industrial zoned area, is a massive infill site owing to its empty pockets of land and industrial buildings not being used to their full potential. Sub-precincts 1, 2, 4 and 5 offer major opportunities for redevelopments close to major transit corridors.

Map 11 – Preston 2020: Development areas map (Chopdekar 2020)

area

area

area

area

area

area

Sub-precinct

Total area

1

142 ha

9.18 ha

4.45 ha

5.96 ha

10.5 ha

45.94 ha

65.98 ha

2

162 ha

-

6.2 ha

60 ha

57.25 ha

10.84 ha

27.71 ha

3

74 ha

-

74 ha

-

-

-

-

4

160 ha

0.76 ha

7.56 ha

9.24 ha

19.08 ha

5.32 ha

127.04 ha

5

237 ha

-

-

9.8 ha

20.29 ha

9.53 ha

197.38 ha

6

195 ha

26.21 ha

1.18 ha

16.5 ha

10.33 ha

11.96 ha

128.82 ha

7

160 ha

20.27 ha

-

2.53 ha

6.38 ha

-

130.82 ha

Table 1– Preston 2020: Development area values (Nearmap 2020)

21

Site capacity analysis o ula on fore ast for reston

Population forecast

This structure plan will use the upper confidence bound value, taking into account the effects of current COVID-19 pandemic on employment, work from home and housing market trend.

otal o ula on

Using the existing ABS 2006, 2011 and 2016 census population data, growth rates were calculated and three variance values were obtained (see fig. 26) for Preston’s forecast development for 2050.

8 7

3 1 11

1

1

31

3

1

Fore ast year otal o ula on

Fore ast( otal o ula on)

o er Con den e Bound( otal o ulatii on)

er Con den e Bound( otal o ulatiion)

Fig. 26 – Population projection for Preston 2050 (Chopdekar 2020)

Expected population growth for Preston from 2020

Total population of Preston in 2050

+44,506

84,148

Map 12 – Preston 2020-2050: Forecast development map (Chopdekar 2020)

22

Employment and dwelling forecast As observed under economic issues analysis, Preston’s economy is shifting from manufacturing to knowledge-intensive focused work, and this is reflected in fig. 28 (see page 71. in appendix for complete list of office, retail, industry jobs). As it can be seen from map 3 and 12, sub-precincts 1 and 2 show the highest increase in job count, followed by sub-precinct 3 (owing to its future redevelopment). Similar trend can be observed in its dwelling count increase, with local job opportunities increasing nearby housing demand as land value rises (Harvey & Jowsey 2004, p. 238.).

otal lo al o s in reston

otal lo al o s fore ast for reston

Expected total job count growth for Preston from 2020

+29,000

3

Total number of jobs in Preston in 2050

1 11

1

1

31

3

+49,670

1

Fore ast year otal o

ount

Fore ast( otal o

o er Con den e Bound( otal o

ount )

ount )

er Con den e Bound( otal o

Fig. 27 – Total local job projection for Preston 2050 (Chopdekar 2020)

total lo al o

ount

Fore ast o

ount )

(Upper confidence bound value chosen, taking into consideration 2050 forecast population value) base values taken from (.idcommunity, 2016)

ount for ndustry, retai l and o for reston

es

+12,600 Expected retail job growth in Preston from 2020

3

+21,570

1 ndustry

etail

Expected office/commercial job growth in Preston from 2020

e

Jo ty es

-2,978

um er of o s in reston ( 11)

Expected industrial job decline in Preston from 2020

um er of o s in reston ( 1 ) um er of o s in reston (

ro e ted)

u ied ri ate d ellin units

Fig. 28 – Local office, retail and industry job projection for Preston 2050 (Chopdekar 2020)

base values taken from (.idcommunity, 2016)

u ied ri ate d ellin fore ast for reston

Expected total private dwelling increase for Preston from 2020

3

+19,026 1

11

1

1

31

3

Fore ast year

u ied ri ate d ellin s)

o er Con den e Bound(

u ied ri ate d ellin s)

er Con den e Bound(

u ied ri ate d ellin s)

Fig. 29 – Total housing projection for Preston 2050 (Chopdekar 2020)

Total private dwellings in Preston in 2050

34,497

u ied ri ate d ellin s Fore ast(

1

Dominant household type in 2050 base values taken from (.idcommunity, 2016)

23

Site capacity analysis Service capacity analysis Based on the forecast development map, additional floor space requirement for offices (City of Melbourne 2018) and retail jobs (Schlesinger 2013) have been calculated in table 2 using average unit value for one office unit space and one retail store space in suburban Melbourne. It can be observed that sub-precincts 1-5 will see potential medium-rise commercial development to accommodate for job and retail growth, while balancing low and medium density housing.

In order to determine the need for further public essential services, namely healthcare and education, service capacity for daycares (Lorina 2016), schools (Goss 2016), clinics (Campbell 2019), hospitals (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2020) and age care facilities (Royal Freemasons 2020) have also been calculated owing to the walkability analysis conducted under public realm issues analysis.

Forecast job distribution - required area for each sub-precinct Total

Subprecinct 1

Office space (0.00025 ha/-job)

48.51 ha

20.85 ha

17.93 ha

4.77 ha

Retail space (0.015 ha avg/-shop)

189 ha

45.15 ha

87 ha

Total ground area

1,130 ha

142 ha

162 ha

Function

Subprecinct 2

Subprecinct 3

Subprecinct 4

Subprecinct 5

Subprecinct 6

Subprecinct 7

2.47 ha

1.71 ha

0.47 ha

0.31 ha

29.79 ha

14.55 ha

6.48 ha

4.8 ha

1.23 ha

74 ha

160 ha

237 ha

195 ha

160 ha

Count in sub-precinct 4

Count in subprecinct 5

Count in subprecinct 6

Count in subprecinct 7

Table 2 – Forecast additional floor space requirements for offices and retail jobs based on average unit value (Chopdekar 2020)

School and hospital service capacity Current service capacity

Count in subprecinct 1

Count in subprecinct 2

Childcare (City of Darebin 2016)

~84 kids aged 0-3 per day)

5

2

0

3

1

1

2

Education facilities

~1,130 students

5

3

0

2

2

2

3

Neighborhood clinic

~41 patients per day

6

3

0

3

1

1

3

Hospital

2.42 beds per 1000 persons

3

1

0

2

0

0

1

Aged care/Retirement village

66 units in Preston

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Facility

Count in subprecinct 3

Table 3 – Schools and hospitals service capacity in Preston 2020 (Chopdekar 2020)

From the population forecast and predicted dominant household type data, it can be concluded that sub-precinct 3, which will see increase in employment services as well as residential dwellings, will require at least 1 neighborhood clinic and education facility (communal work space), while sub-precinct 5 and 6 would require 1 more childcare center to accommodate the increasing child population as family-oriented residents would potentially increase in number.

24

Darebin Planning Scheme Overlays Preston contains a total of 9 planning overlays designated from Darebin City Council(see map 12) that will limit the type of development planned and envisioned for Preston, thus potentially reducing its site capacity. These limitations include requirement of permit to construct buildings and/or carry out work, including changing building setbacks, heights, as well as subdivision of land (DELWP 2018).

These overlays have been taken into consideration when calculating developable areas under map 12, and have been also been separately depicted here for further reference for sub-precinct level framework plan designs.

As can be seen when comparing map 11 and 13, majority of the developable areas in subprecinct 1, 2 and 6 would require permits for renewal projects and proper care would be needed when redeveloping areas near Preston Market that come under flood risk.

Map 13 – Preston 2020: Darebin planning schemes overlays map (Chopdekar 2020)

25

Development opportunities Environmental opportunities City of Darebin’s Open Space Strategy and The Global Design Guidelines provide useful case study precedents to improving parks and reserves in Preston. While Preston has sufficient green spaces, they have not been utilized to their full potential and map 14 shows opportunities for their multipurposed redesign.

A key opportunity is applying Green Streets Initiative (see fig. 30) to Preston’s linear reserves such as St. Georges Linear Reserve. This opportunity would provide diversity in vegetation and use of reserve, as well as provide for stormwater management (Water Environment Research Foundation, 2009).

Fig. 30 – Diversity in use of linear reserve – a case study from Copenhagen, Denmark (Global Designing Cities Initiative (GDCI), 2020)

Benefits include stormwater management and cooling effect

Another opportunity is encouraging residents to incorporate native vegetation in their dwelling yards (see fig. 31), that would also enhance community awareness on Indigenous plant knowledge and history, creating a sense of place and identity within Preston (Lowe & Stanley, 2016). Merri and Darebin Creek are also key sites of Aboriginal heritage and can be better integrated into the neighborhood.

Fig. 31 – Example of use of native vegetation in suburban lawn (Pawley, 2016)

Map 14 – Environmental development opportunities in Preston (3DConsultants 2020)

26

dedicated bus lanes

Map 15 – Transport development opportunities in Preston (Chopdekar 2020)

Key transport opportunities:

Transport Opportunities Car dependence is a key issue which needs to be addressed when considering transport issues and opportunities, which can only be alleviated when Preston’s existing multimodal public transport and active mobility network is made more efficient and feasible to use (Parliament of Victoria, 2004, p. 156-7).

Fig. 32 – Preston Station, facing Preston Market (Google maps 2019)

Bus and cycling network interconnectivity with train station as interchange hub Pop up urbanism, with activities complementing Preston Market can take place at carpark when it is not being used at full capacity

The level crossing removal projects (see map 15) can potentially reduce car dependency, ease traffic congestion and improve pedestrian safety by raising the rail over the roads (State Government of Victoria, 2020).

Potential transport interchange hubs (see map 15) can better connect sub-precincts 1 and 2 with each other and the rest of Preston. Transit-oriented development can be implemented for this, which would also facilitate mixed land use and reduce need for additional carpark facilities (see fig. 32) Other tactics include tactical and pop up urbanism which increase pedestrian safety and surveillance in inactive carpark spaces (see fig. 33)

Fig. 33 –Preston Market Carpark, Cramer St. – opportunity for activation through placemaking tactics

27

Development opportunities Socio-economic opportunities Affordability and lack of diversity in land use are key socio-economic issues that impact Preston’s local income and housing demand.

City of Port Philip’s ‘Growing Affordable Housing in Port Phillip 2015-2025’ can be used as a key case study precedent when planning for social housing for low-income residents (see fig. 34). The local Council can redevelop existing public housing (see map 16) through collaborated planning efforts with MAB Corporation and HousingFirst with focus on inclusive and environmentally sustainable design.

Fig. 34 – Tiuna Grove, Elwood, Port Phillip – social housing (HousingFirst, n.d.)

The strategic location of Darebin Creek (see fig. 35) can be capitalized by facilitating more medium density development that integrates the creek into its built form fabric, as a potential waterfront activity area (Heinberg, 2016) .

Real estate and economic development depend on the utility and accessibility of the area and more human scale development with focus on provision of leisure and essential services can bring more investments and businesses in Preston (Ratcliff, 1961, p. 10).

Dominated by single storey housing and businesses – does not take advantage of the creek frontage -

-

Opportunity for activating street frontage by relocating existing car parks and replacing with pedestrian centric activities and infrastructure.

Redevelop into more dense retail and commercial center, thus increasing pedestrian visits from within and outside of Preston.

Fig. 35 – Current development next to Darebin Creek (Google maps, 2019)

Map 16 – Socio-economic development opportunities in Preston (3DConsultants 2020)

28

DEVELOPING A 30-YEAR VISION

Cover photo 5 – Assembly Square, Somerville MA, redevelopment concept design (Clancy, G., 2020)

Vision

Cover photo 6 – Master Plan for Rotary Plaza (CENTURY GROUP GRAPHIC 2019)

Preston is valued, as the ‘capital’ of City of Darebin, for its cultural and social diversity, its local heritage, its creeks and wide range of parks and reserves, its multimodal public transport network, and most notably its major and metropolitan activity centers (State of Victoria 2017, pg. 47).

What is an Activity Centre Hub? One that can connect two or more places together and can also be a place of destination “designed around and with the citizens” (Carreras et. al, 2012, pg. 9).

For Preston, this entails: Enhancing its multimodal transport networks to improve accessibility and

“Preston 2050 envisions to become Melbourne’s first Activity Centre Hub, with holistic sustainable development creating an well-connected, diverse and active suburb.”

Capitalizing on its major and metropolitan activity centers along with the potential socioeconomic and transit benefits brought about by the Suburban Rail Loop project

to create a bustling social and employment hub for its residents and for suburbs surrounding

30

Objectives Why an Activity Centre Hub?

Key Guiding Principles:

Transport has a major impact on the socioeconomic development of a city. A ‘Hub’ in its basic definition connects two or more entities together. Primarily focusing on user-centric sustainable mobility services, wherein the users are both consumers of the facilities as well as providers, Preston’s development will be guided towards active usage of public transport modes and facilitating community behavioral change towards choosing “healthy and desirable mobility” (Carreras et. al, 2012, pg. 10) options, which would create an environmentally and socially sustainable community.

Preston’s transformation to an Activity Centre Hub will be guided by the following 3 guiding principles and their respective broad objectives:

Preston is currently an outer residential suburb in Melbourne, and with major transit changes in the Northern Region as outlined in Plan Melbourne 2050’s 5 year implementation plan, Preston needs to prioritize development of its own local and regional transport links as well as support its consequent socio-economic development by transforming into a “vibrant, well-serviced” community (State of Victoria 2017, pg. 47).

Preston’s vision towards becoming an Activity Centre Hub will focus primarily on its transport, public realm, and local economy, thus fostering a holistic community development that contributes both locally and regionally to Melbourne.

SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY O1

Enhance Preston’s multimodal transport infrastructure and interconnectivity to increase its reliability and efficiency.

O2

Upgrade Preston’s streetscape to make it safe, inclusive and pedestrian-centric.

DIVERSE URBAN ENVIORNMENT

O3

Provide a high quality public realm with diverse land use and activities

O4

Protect Preston’s Indigenous, diverse and multicultural heritage and incorporate it into its urban fabric.

Literature SUPERHUB: A User-Centric Perspective on Sustainable Urban Mobility (Carreras et. al, 2012) What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? (Ahvenniemi et. al., 2017) Urban Sustainability Framework (GPSC, World Bank, 2020)

SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH O5

Enhance Preston’s local economy through efficient land resource allocation

O6

Low capital costs and eco-friendly planning designs for new and redevelopmental projects.

31

Stakeholder analysis Stakeholder analysis table The following table provides a list of stakeholders from regional to local scale, who will be directly and/or indirectly involved in the planning process for Preston 2050: Building an Activity Centre Hub. The stakeholders will be assessed on their level of influence based on the following IAP2 Engagement level categories arranged in increasing order of impact on planning decision (The Australian National University, 2020): 1. Inform – Providing balanced and objective information pertaining key issues, challenges, opportunities and strategies for development 2. Consult – Receiving feedback pertaining site analysis, development issues and/or strategies.

3. Involve – Working directly with those involved in the development process to ensure their concerns are addressed.

4. Collaborate – Seeking advice from those involved in the development process pertaining design strategies and recommendations in every aspect of decision making 5. Empower – Having the final decision making say pertaining implementation

Stakeholder

Sector/Jurisdiction

Responsibilities/conflicts of interests

IAP2 Engagement Level

Department of Transport (DOT) - PTV, VicRoads under its jurisdiction (Victoria State Government 2020)

State government

Will be involved in Preston’s transport policy and action plan proposals that require major land use changes such as pedestrianization, new tram line etc. May face conflict of interest with local business owners over car parking strategies.

Inform, consult, collaborate

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP)

State government

Will be involved in Preston’s public realm policy and action plan proposals that require major land use and zoning changes.

Inform, consult, collaborate

Victorian Planning Authority (VPA)

State government

Will work closely with Darebin city council in ensuring local implementation of land use and infrastructure objectives as stated under Plan Melbourne 2017-2050.

Consult, collaborate

Environment Protection Authority Victoria (EPA)

State government

Will provide advice on major infrastructure projects in terms of their impact on the environment and community, and will provide guidelines on managing soil, groundwater, waste from industries and air quality

Consult

Melbourne Water

State government

Will be involved in managing redevelopment projects incorporating Darebin and Merri Creek, managing flood risks and balancing water ecosystem.

Inform, consult

Parks Victoria

State Government

Will provide advice on redeveloping Preston’s parks and reserves, and managing their biodiversity and Aboriginal heritage and connection

Consult

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

State Government

Will provide guidelines on developmental policies pertaining social housing, disability service providers and community services etc.

Consult

Department of Treasury and Finance (DTF)

State government

Will provide guidelines through reports on budgeting and finance management for Preston’s infrastructural redevelopment projects

Consult

Table 4 – Stakeholder analysis table (Chopdekar 2020)

32

Stakeholder

Sector/Jurisdiction

Responsibilities/conflicts of interests

IAP2 Engagement Level

Darebin City Council (sub-departments such as City Futures and Finance)

Local government

Council will have final say in decision making and will be involved in all aspects of planning proposals and policy changes. May face conflict of interest with local community and business owners over prioritization of actions.

Inform, consult, involve, empower

Darebin Aboriginal Advisory Committee

Local community

They will be involved with in Preston’s land use and infrastructure redevelopment policies and strategies pertaining heritage, environment and placemaking and will require equal role in decision making to ensure their knowledge and guidance is integrated with understanding in future developmental strategies

Consult, collaborate, empower

DLM Town Planning and other private sector planning and placemaking consultancy firms

Private Consultancy for Darebin City Council

They will be involved with Preston’s planning developments pertaining applications for change of land use, new residential/commercial buildings, VCAT advocacy, placemaking strategies

Consult, collaborate

NMIT Preston (Melbourne Polytechnic)

Tertiary Institution/Service provider

They will be involved with Preston’s land use and infrastructure developments pertaining public transport and land use in close proximity to the campus, that would impact their accessibility and space. They will also be involved in local research and development for Preston’s action plan implementation.

Inform, collaborate

La Trobe University Melbourne (Part of La Trobe NEIC)

Tertiary Institution/Service Provider

They will also be involved in local research and development for Preston’s action plan implementation.

Consult, collaborate

Preston’s social groups for senior citizens, LGBT+ community, ethnic groups etc. (City of Darebin 2017, pg. 40)

Local community

They will be involved in Preston’s transport, public realm and economic infrastructural and policy redevelopments being directly impacted due to change in land use, as the community residents and users of the space

Inform, consult, involve

Land and Business owners

Local community

They will be involved in Preston’s transport, public realm and economic infrastructural and policy redevelopments being property owners of key developmental projects such as Preston Station or Northland Shopping Centre redevelopment (can be government bodies or private land owners).

Inform, consult, involve

Local residents

Local community

They will be involved in Preston’s transport, public realm and economic infrastructural and policy redevelopments being residents of properties in close proximity to redevelopment sites, and thus directly affected by land use changes

Inform, consult, involve

Homelessness support groups (Health direct 2020)

Local community

They will be involved in Preston’s public realm infrastructural and policy redevelopments, being support lines for Preston’s vulnerable homeless residents.

Inform, consult

Visitors to Preston

Wider community from adjoining suburbs

They will be impacted by Preston’s transport, public realm and economic infrastructural and policy redevelopments, being users/visitors of Preston’s services and facilities

Inform, consult

Table 4 – Stakeholder analysis table (Chopdekar 2020)

33

Scenario development Based on the vision, guiding principles and objectives for Preston 2050, the currently residential suburb will undergo a substantial transformation in its land use and built infrastructure in the next 30 years. It is important to understand the strategic direction the development needs to take, in order to guide and establish Preston as a bustling Activity Centre Hub. To analyze Preston’s potential development, 3 future scenarios for Preston have been compared and evaluated.

Concept Scenario 1: Using current planning schemes Development as per current planning schemes from local and regional government (see page 20 for full list) Map 17 – Key features of scenario 1 development in Preston (Chopdekar 2020)

Key development features: Diversified land use in 2 sub-precincts

Prioritized road transport and cycling link enhancement

Low priority on renewing underutilized industrial block Expansion of major transit corridor, prioritizing car infrastructure

34

Concept Scenario 2: Preston as a Smart Suburb Development as per guidelines from Smart City framework (Ahvenniemi et. al., 2017).

Focusing primarily on developing a suburb with knowledge intensive employment and education opportunities, with efficient transportation links (Ahvenniemi et. al., 2017, pg. 242), the Smart City framework for Preston is driven by its high population and economic growth rate in Preston and Northland activity centers, facilitating medium-high rise developments in areas of substantial housing change, in close proximity to major transit corridors (see map 18). Its focused renewal of Northland’s commercial and industrial zones, and of Preston’s priority redevelopment areas (see map 18) would place Preston’s existing heritage and neighborhood character at risk.

Map 18 – Key features of scenario 2 development in Preston (Chopdekar 2020)

Key development features: Largely commercial and office land use in 3 subprecincts Prioritized road transport link enhancement

High priority on renewing underutilized industrial block Shift to innovative alternate sustainable energy fuel source for cars – high reliance on car use 35 continues

Scenario development Concept Scenario 3: Preston as a Sustainable Suburb Development as per guidelines from Sustainable City framework (GPSC, World Bank, 2018).

A hybrid of concept scenario 1 and 2, Preston as a Sustainable Suburb focuses on a holistic development of the suburb, thereby dividing it into 7 sub-precincts facilitating mixed land use and development of 20-min neighborhoods, as under Plan Melbourne. It incorporates the Smart City framework’s focus on technological and economic development in Northland and enhances current redevelopment schemes from the council, maximizing opportunities for community interaction, local employment and provision of a range of essential and leisure facilities (see map 19) for Preston’s population (GPSC, World Bank, 2018, pg. 5).

Map 19 – Key features of scenario 3 development in Preston (Chopdekar 2020)

Key development features: Diversified and varied land use in 7 subprecincts Public, active and private transport enhancement

High priority on renewing underutilized industrial block Shift to innovative alternate sustainable energy fuel source for cars as dependence on cars reduce

36

Strategic direction The key strategic direction that will guide Preston’s development to becoming an Activity Centre Hub is ‘Sustainability’. As Preston’s population doubles and its surrounding regional areas become more economically, socially and environmentally developed by 2050, Preston will have to ensure that it can accommodate for future growth and sustain its diverse community and environment.

The following list of indicators cover key aspects of sustainability identified from Preston 2050 guiding principles and from structural design characteristics listed in the article Sustainability’s ‘Place-Making through Water Sensitive Urban Design’ (Vernon & Tiwari, 2009, pg. 797-798).

Sustainability indicators • Multipurpose use of commercial and industrial facilities – increases pedestrian activity and economic value of land and thereby employment opportunities

ECONOMIC

• Transit-oriented development – ensures council and land resources being utilized efficiently, reducing car dependency, increases employment opportunities • Revitalization of heritage overlay buildings – to contribute socioeconomically to the community • Involvement with council and grassroots programs in Preston’s planning processes – participatory approach to planning, ensuring community needs are prioritized • Active unstructured social interaction in public open spaces – increases public perception of safety and community interaction • Inclusive and adaptable built environment – to meet the changing needs of Preston’s growing diverse population • Affordable accommodation and services – to support and secure Preston’s low-income residents

SOCIAL

• Safe, walkable access to essential services and green spaces – reduces car dependency • Self-sustaining green spaces through water sensitive landscape design – minimizes maintenance costs and time, ensures efficient use of land and water resources • Sensorial natural environment with a strong sense of identity – integrating the parks and creeks into the Preston neighborhood with a sense of place that is comfortable and enjoyable to be in.

• Increase in and efficiently distributed green infrastructure – combating climate change, buffer protection from air and noise pollution, and between pedestrian and vehicular spaces

ENVIRONMENTAL

37

Scenario evaluation Based on the sustainability indicators, the three scenarios for Preston 2050 have been evaluated on a rank of 0 to 2 (see table 5). As it can be seen, scenario 1 ranks the lowest, largely due to the lack of focused developmental planning schemes for all sub-precincts of Preston. Scenario 2 ranks sufficiently high, but focuses majorly on technological and economic development of Preston, capitalizing only on three sub-precincts. Scenario 3 ranks the highest, showing holistic environmental, social and economic development.

This makes scenario 3 the ideal direction to lead Preston’s growth and development for the next 30 years.

Scenario evaluation table Assessment indicator

Scenario 1 (as per current planning schemes)

Scenario 2 (Preston as a Smart Suburb)

Scenario 3 (Preston as a Sustainable Suburb)

1 0 1

1 1 1

2 2 2

1 1

2 2

2 2

0

1

2

1 1 0 1 1

2 1 1 1 2

2 2 2 2 2

8

15

22

ENVIRONMENTAL 1.

2.

3.

Self-sustaining green spaces through water sensitive landscape design Sensorial natural environment with a strong sense of identity Increase in and efficiently distributed green infrastructure

ECONOMIC 1.

2.

3.

Multipurpose use of commercial and industrial facilities Transit-oriented development Revitalization of heritage overlay buildings to contribute socio-economically to the community

SOCIAL 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Active involvement with council and grassroots programs in Preston’s planning processes Active unstructured social interaction in public open spaces Inclusive and adaptable built environment Affordable accommodation and services Safe, walkable access to essential services and green spaces

TOTAL SCORE Table 5 – Scenario evaluation table (Chopdekar 2020)

The Sustainable City framework (see page 37 for indicators) that Preston will incorporate into its development plan to become an Activity Centre Hub by 2050, contains four outcome dimensions, namely: (1) urban economy, (2) natural environment, (3) climate change mitigation through reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and (4) inclusivity and livability (GPSC, World Bank, 2018), with an aim to create active, vibrant and safe communities. These dimensions have been incorporated into Preston’s 2050 vision and guiding principles.

Rating scale 0 = not achievable to capacity

1 = sufficiently achievable

2 = achievable to full potential

38

Preston 2050: Framework map

Map 20 – Preston 2050: Activity Centre Hub framework map (Chopdekar 2020)

To La Trobe NEIC

Map 20 is the framework plan for Preston 2050 guided by the Sustainable City framework.

39

Cover photo 7 – Triboro Corridor concept design (Only If and One Architecture & Urbanism, 2018)

ACTION PLANS

Sustainable urban mobility Action plans:

Guiding principle P1: Sustainable urban mobility Incorporating a collaborative approach across different stakeholders to provide sustainable urban mobility, focusing on increasing reliability, interconnectivity and affordability of Preston’s multimodal public transport network, and provision of active mobility spaces and infrastructure, in order to facilitate social inclusiveness, reduce car dependency and internalize socio-economic externalities associated with climate change, congestion and traffic safety.

Broad objectives (O):

O1

O2

Enhance Preston’s multimodal transport infrastructure and interconnectivity to increase its reliability and efficiency.

Upgrade Preston’s streetscape to make it safe, inclusive and pedestrian-centric.

Strategies (S):

A1.1 Provide safe and connected cycling network along existing bike lanes in Preston, and add new buffered bike lanes and parking infrastructure along St. Georges Rd., Plenty Rd., Murray Rd. and Bell St., and local roads including Crammer and Gower St.

S1

O1 A1.2 Establish a safe and accessible bike trail through Darebin and Merri Creek and connect them to bike lanes along Chifley Drive and Oakover Rd. respectively.

O1 A1.3 Incorporate Transit-Oriented Development through redevelopment of Preston and Bell station, New Preston Tram Depot and Northland SC. O1

O2

A1.4 Establish dedicated bus lanes (that cannot be used by cars during peak hours) along Bell St., Murray Rd., St. Georges Rd. and Albert St.

S2

O1 A1.5 Add new local tram service from existing Gilbert Rd and Miller St. tram route to Northland SC. O1 A1.6 Provide seating, zebra crossings, tactile paving and adequate lighting along High St. and Plenty Rd. O2

S1. Enhance Preston’s cycling network

A1.7 Restrict car access on High street, and Plenty Rd., thereby prioritizing pedestrian activity and safe access to bus and tram network by limiting car traffic to major traffic roads.

O1 O2

S2. Enhance Preston’s public transport network

S3

A1.8 Remove on-street car parking from High street and Plenty Rd. O2

S3. Influence community behavior towards choosing active mobility and public transport

A1.9 Provide economic incentives for using public transport network through provision of token rewards for Myki usage integrated with local businesses at Preston’s activity centers.

O1

41

Sustainable urban mobility Sustainable urban mobility framework map Action plans A1.1 – A1.9 under sustainable urban mobility have been depicted on map 21, showing precise location of their implementation. These action plans have been categorized according to their strategies (refer page 41). The framework map below shows the plan implementation for Preston 2050, and key projects from each of the three strategic sections will be discussed further in detail with the sub-precincts they will be implemented in.

Map 21 – Sustainable Urban Mobility framework map (Chopdekar 2020)

42

Case study: Sustainable urban mobility in Singapore An island nation in South-East Asia, Singapore has seen rapid population growth and economic development (Diao, 2019, pg. 320) which posed major challenges pertaining travel demand, traffic congestion and greenhouse emissions largely due to insufficient land resource.

When planning for sustainable urban mobility in Preston, despite the differences in geographical features, Singapore is a key case study because the transport issues it faced are similar to Preston’s. Singapore’s transport planning and policies which have served as a precedent guide for Preston’s transport strategies (see pg. 41 for Preston’s strategies and action plans) revolve around three key pillars (Diao, 2019, pg. 323): 1. Reducing car dependency 2. Providing alternative modes of transport 3. Integrating land use and transport planning through Transit-oriented Development (TOD) Within these key pillars, certain action plans that have been implemented with successful outcomes by the nation can be adapted accordingly within Preston. These actions include: Travel Smart Journeys (TSJ): Initiated on February 10, 2020, the Travel Smart Journeys (North-East Line scheme) would reward registered commuters with points/cashback reward for using the Go-Ahead Express Bus Service 43e at specific bus stops during morning peak hours on weekdays (Land Transport Guru 2020).

Currently, Preston’s bus service, though available, is inefficient, subject to traffic congestion and thereby unreliable to Preston’s residents with only 2.4% of its population using it (from page 10). The TSJ strategy can be adapted and integrated into the Myki system for bus stops along major transit corridors with dedicated bus lanes within Preston (see map 21), but only when its reliability and efficiency has improved. Providing incentives for using public transport would reduce car dependency and shift public behavior towards choosing more sustainable mobility options.

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Combining mixed land use to provide entertainment, business, residential and transport facilities, with an integrated transport hub (see fig. 36) and affordable housing in close proximity (Infrastructure Asia 2020), Singapore’s TOD developmental schemes can be incorporated into existing transport hubs in Preston to improve multimodal transport interconnectivity and accessibility.

Fig. 36 – Jurong East MRT and Bus Interchange: TOD focusing on tourism and business (Infrastructure Asia, 2020)

43

Sustainable urban mobility Key projects Within the scope of this report, five action plans from sustainable urban mobility will be described in further detail which would have high priority and high impact on Preston’s transport development.

A1.1 Provide buffered and connected cycling network along Cramer St. Map 21 covers the location of cycling network within all of Preston. The example implementation below provides a development vision for a key cycling link between sub-precincts 7, 1, 5 and 2 that links the major and metropolitan activity centers with surrounding residential and local retail and commercial spaces (on street parking retained for residential spaces – see fig. 38).

Cramer St. CURRENT

Fig. 37 – Current Cramer St. site view (Google maps, 2019)

Cramer St. REDEVELOPED

(Map location of street upgrade)

Fig. 38 – BEFORE and AFTER diagrams of Cramer St. – street lighting along 1 m tree strip (Chopdekar 2020)

A1.2 Establish a safe and accessible bike trail to and within Merri Creek Goodwin St. CURRENT

Merri Creek Fig. 39 – Current Goodwin St. site view - connecting Oakover Rd. to Merri Creek (Google maps, 2019)

Merri Creek

Goodwin St. REDEVELOPED

Merri Creek

(Map location of street upgrade)

Map 21 covers the location of cycling network within all of Preston. This example implementation provides a development vision for a key cycling link in sub-precinct 6 that will connect Merri Creek to the residential buildings situated in close proximity.

Benefits of this action plan include more active residential streets and enhanced recreational active mobility connection to a key environmental and Aboriginal site.

Fig. 40 – BEFORE and AFTER diagrams of Goodwin St. (Chopdekar 2020)

44

A1.3 Incorporate TOD by redeveloping Northland SC bus interchange The example implementation below provides a development vision for a key transport interchange hub in sub-precinct 2 that links the Northland SC (see location on map 21 on pg. 42) with surrounding residential and local retail and commercial spaces. Redevelopment (see fig. 42) of the carpark and bus interchange include new pedestrian walkway with space for bike riding, new green buffer before the bus stop that faces the street, towards dedicated bus lane – pedestrian safety and comfort prioritized.

Bus interchange

Medical centre Car park

Car park relocated to next building

Mall with relocated medical center and other retail shops/restaurants Car passenger drop off to mall

Northland SC bus interchange CURRENT

Northland SC bus interchange interface CURRENT Fig. 41 – BEFORE images of Northland SC bus interchange. (Google maps 2019)

Northland SC bus interchange REDEVELOPED (Yellow line – car route, blue line – bus route, purple box – sheltered walkway to other shop buildings)

Northland SC bus interchange interface REDEVELOPED to shopping strip (mall) (bus interchange at the rear) Fig. 42 – AFTER images of Northland SC bus interchange. (Chopdekar 2020)

45

Sustainable urban mobility A1.5 Add new local tram service from existing Gilbert Rd and Miller St. tram route to Northland SC. The example implementation below provides a development vision for new tram service that will be local to Preston with a focus on reducing car dependency for travel within Preston boundaries. This service will start from Gilbert Rd. on the same track as the existing tram network, and will continue on Miller St. and Dundas St. to Albert St., connecting sub-precinct 6 and 7 residents to sub-precinct 2 and 3. Albert St. also applies action A1.4 with a dedicated bus lane during peak hours.

Albert St. CURRENT Fig. 43 – Current Albert St. (Google maps, 2019) First stop has only one track – splits into two tracks at this point – new local tram can use same track for coming and going

(Map location of street upgrade)

Albert St. REDEVELOPED

Fig. 44 – BEFORE and AFTER diagrams of Albert St. – tree strip along waiting area, bus lane dedicated during peak hours, tram rail runs both ways on same track (Chopdekar 2020)

A1.6,7 and 8 Provision of pedestrian mobility infrastructure, removal of on-street car parking and restricting car access along High street.

The example implementation below provides a development vision for a more pedestrian focused High Street. As an important retail and commercial corridor in sub-precinct 1 and 4, its socioeconomic activity can be increased with added foot traffic, which requires removal of on street carparking, adding public seating and lighting for the elderly to rest, and over time, with increased efficiency of public transport, removing car access from High Street (see map 21 on pg. 42 for traffic redirection) to reduce congestion and further improve bus frequency.

Fig. 45 – Current High St. (Google maps, 2019)

(Map location of street upgrade)

Fig. 46 – Redevelopment vision for High St. – zebra crossing, sheltered seating for bus stops, ample space on footpath for potential bike lane and pedestrians – prioritizing active mobility (Miami Downtown Development Authority n.d.)

46

Diverse urban environment Action plans:

Guiding principle P2: Diverse urban environment Enhancing the spatial quality of Preston’s public realm to provide a diverse urban environment, focusing on localized planning and policy measures to increase mixed and multifunctional land use, regulate built form designs to celebrate neighborhood Indigenous and cultural heritage character, and provide support for, and interactive open and green spaces, for sub-precinct communities in order to facilitate community bonding, increase perception of safety and a sense of communal identity.

Broad objectives (O): O3

O4

Provide a high quality public realm with diverse land use and activities Protect Preston’s Indigenous, diverse and multicultural heritage and incorporate it into its urban fabric.

Strategies (S):

A2.1 Rezone parts of GRZ2 areas along Gilbert Rd. to C1Z (permit not required for medical, childcare facility) O3 A2.2 Incorporate native flora boulevards along Gilbert Rd., St. Georges St., Albert St., and parts of Bell St. O3 O4 A2.3 Facilitate communal gardens and elderly exercise facilities in parks and reserves for sub-precincts 4,5,7

S1

O3 A2.4 Explore development of new urban gathering squares/parks at level crossing removal sites O3 A2.5 Activate street frontages at High street, Plenty Rd, parts of Gilbert & St. Georges Rd., around Northland SC. O3 A2.6 Expand Preston Market activity to outdoor carpark to hold monthly day/night market O3 A2.7 Collaborate with local street artists, schools relevant site owners to facilitate carpark and laneway revitalization within 500 m of schools, tertiary institutions O3

S2

A2.8 Rezone PDZ area within sub-precinct 1 to ACZ to accommodate for TOD renewal of Preston Station O3 A2.9 Establish new neighborhood centers in subprecincts 4,5 and 6 in charge of communal festivities, events and local heritage awareness programs

O3 O4 S1. Diversify existing public open and green space design and activity

A2.10 Keep consistent building heights for medium density development facades, in and adjacent to heritage sites within PDZ and ensure built form design is complementary to existing heritage character.

O4

S2. Provide opportunities for community interaction

S3

A2.11 Incorporate Aboriginal awareness trails along Darebin and Merri creek with redeveloped waterfront design incorporating native flora O3 O4

S3. Build a community heritage identity

A2.12 Create a localized Heritage Strategy Plan for Preston, specifying local built form guidelines for new developments in and adjacent to heritage sites

O4

47

Diverse urban environment Diverse urban environment framework map Action plans A2.1 to A2.11 under diverse urban environment have been depicted on map 22, showing precise location of their implementation. Action 1.12 requires collaboration with Darebin City Council, local Aboriginal and cultural community groups knowledgeable of Preston’s heritage and cultural sites to work together on producing a consolidated localized report containing specifications of Preston’s existing heritage overlay sites, their architecture styles, embodied energy specifications and historical significance as built form guidelines for new development.

Map 22 – Diverse Urban Environment framework map (Chopdekar 2020)

GRZ2

C1Z

48

Case study: Diverse urban environment in San Francisco This report will look at the following different case studies within San Francisco to understand how inactive public spaces can be revitalized through placemaking, and how existing heritage buildings can be integrated into modern society through land use: Finding a place for heritage: Ghirardelli Square Ghirardelli Square was the “first successful adaptive reuse” (Jamestown 2020) project in United States, that houses a variety of different land use activities including retail, dining, housing shops etc. One of the best examples of planning for leisure through placemaking, it reused the iconic heritage site Ghirardelli Chocolate Co. (built in the late 1800s) and integrated it into San Francisco’s diverse urban fabric by allocating within the site, multicultural restaurants, whose owners work with the local government authorities to ensure a complementary spatial design to the existing heritage character of the site (CBRE, Inc, 2016, pg. 13).

The diversity in visitor experience of the space involve temporary pop-ups and retail installations that allow local businesses to experiment with product sales to meet the Fig. 47 – Ghirardelli Square, San Francisco, CA (Lloyd 2016) changing needs of the community. These also cater to the cultural diversity of the population through hosting different festivals and events (CBRE, Inc, 2016, pg. 13). Preston can utilize similar strategies for its heritage overlay buildings that come under priority development and residential growth zones that risk being demolished for new developments.

Finding a place for community interaction: Mercado Plaza, Mission Community Market Focusing on catering to community needs and interaction, the underused streets of Mission Community Market were brought to life through popup urbanism as an extension of the existing market, to facilitate more pedestrian activity and interaction, thus increasing pedestrian perception of safety and creating a diverse streetscape experience (Gehl, 48 – Mercado Plaza area – Fig. 49 – Mercado Plaza area – 2012-15). This strategy could be utilized in carparks Fig. BEFORE (Gehl 2012-15) reimagined (Gehl 2012-15) and laneways of key shopping centers in Preston.

Finding a place for natural environment: The Yard at Mission Rock Incorporating the use of on-site shipping containers, the Yard contains a range of different temporary land use activities next to the water, including dining and shopping with movable street furniture (Architizer, Inc, 2020).

This strategy could be incorporated in establishing better connectivity between Northland SC and Darebin Creek in Preston.

Fig. 50 – The Yard at Mission Rock- waterfront redesign (Gehl 2012-15)

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Diverse urban environment Key projects Within the scope of this report, five action plans from diverse urban environment will be described in further detail which would have high priority and high impact on Preston’s public realm development.

A2.2 Incorporate native flora boulevard along St. Georges Rd. Map 22 covers the location of new boulevards within all of Preston. The example implementation below provides a development vision for a new boulevard along St. Georges Rd., integrating its linear reserve into the urban fabric and increasing native tree canopy cover, and thus local environmental benefits.

Potential multi uses could include adding activity spots and seating within the reserve and providing ease of pedestrian accessibility to the reserve (see fig. 52).

Fig. 52 – REDEVELOPED VISION of St. Georges Rd. boulevard (Chopdekar 2020)

Fig. 51 – Current St. Georges Rd. site view (Google maps, 2019)

New bike path connected to reserve

Street lighting along green strip buffer on both sides of the road

New boulevard with pedestrian activities and native vegetation (adapted from Sonder Boulevard, Copenhagen case study discussed on page 26)

(Map location of boulevard)

A2.6 Expanding Preston Market activity to carpark to hold monthly day/night market Map 22 shows the precise location of Preston market carpark. As Preston Station undergoes major TOD upgrades, Preston Market will receive more pedestrian activity. When conducting monthly day/night market, part of Preston carpark, that is utilized as temporary market, will be accessible only by pedestrians and cyclers, with public transport access as usual (see map 21).

Fig. 53 – Current Preston market carpark (Google maps 2019) Preston station Part of carpark being revitalized into day/night market Fig. 54 Satellite image of carpark (Google maps 2019)

Pedestrian and cycling network Temporary culinary, market stalls Temporary seating, lighting and bike rack Fig. 55 – REVITALIZED Preston market carpark (Chopdekar 2020) for market visitors

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A2.7 Collaborate with local street artists, school children and relevant site owners to revitalize residential laneway near Preston South Primary School Map 22 covers the location of new boulevards within all of Preston. The example implementation below provides a development vision for a small residential laneway in close proximity of Preston South Primary School and ALACC Health College, Australia. Such revitalization strategies explored in this example can be implemented in other laneways highlighted in map 22. Benefits of revitalization include community collaboration, creative opportunities for children and increased perception of safety and involves providing more lighting and street art.

Fig. 56 – Current unnamed residential laneway site view (Google maps, 2019) ALACC Health College

Preston South Primary School

(Map location of laneway)

New lighting (low power due to residential setting), vertical/hanging garden Children and designers working together to paint street Fig. 57 – REVITALIZED Laneway (Chopdekar 2020)

A2.10 Keep consistent building heights for medium density development facades adjacent to heritage site and ensure built form design is complementary to existing heritage character.

The broad framework plan covers the location of new boulevards within all of Preston. The diagram below provides sample guidelines from Victorian Heritage Council (Heritage Council Victoria, 2007) for new developments adjacent to heritage buildings, which, along with a precedent development from South Fitzroy as case study, can be applicable to Preston’s heritage overlay sites marked on map 22.

Fitzroy House Fig. 58 – Façade heights for new buildings in suburban setting and height considerations for rear end of new developments (Victorian Heritage Council 2007, pg. 3) Fig. 59 – South Fitzroy Heritage Overlay Precinct – harmony between existing Fitzroy House (boot maker’s shop from 1880s) and adjacent new apartments (Mortimer 2019) • Site’s historical context includes buildings from mid-19th century (Mortimer 2019) • Main façade of new developments that is at street level is original historical building’s while the upper levels of the new apartments have been set back from façade to allow visibility • New residential apartments of 7 storeys in harmony with existing heritage character’s architecture style – visible hierarchy with heritage façade highlighted due to setback

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Diverse urban environment A2.11 Incorporate Aboriginal awareness trails along Darebin creek with redeveloped waterfront design incorporating native flora Map 22 shows the extent of the area covered by the new Aboriginal awareness walking trail that will highlight species of native flora, and sites of Aboriginal importance. The design concept vision shown below would facilitate the development of Darebin Creek as a visitor-friendly waterfront area, capitalizing on proximity to Northland SC and new developments in sub-precincts 2 and 3. Since the site falls under Environmental Significance Overlay, development will need to be monitored closely in order to ensure protection of native flora – requires planning permit and intensive application procedures.

Thick layer of trees blocking creek visibility from the commercial areas – Darebin Creek disconnected from Preston’s urban fabric Large 1-2 storey commercial parcels with low foot traffic – environment majorly car dominant, block view to Darebin Creek Darebin Creek Commercial blocks

Darebin Creek

Fig. 60 – Current Darebin Creek connection to commercial parcels within sub-precinct 2 (Google maps 2019)

Fig. 61 – Panorama view of Darebin creek connection to sub-precinct 2 (Nearmaps 2020) (Yellow arrow above shows pedestrian street-creek connection as depicted by yellow arrow in fig. 63)

Fig. 62 – Current Darebin creek connection to commercial strip (Google maps 2020)

Street-creek connection

Bike trail

Fig. 64 – REDEVELOPED vision of Darebin creek connection to sub-precinct 2 (Chopdekar 2020) Fig. 63 – DEVELEOPMENT VISION for street-creek connection (Lalović et. al., 2013, pg. 14)

New restaurant strip connecting street to Darebin creek – increases pedestrian activity near Darebin Creek and provides diversity in land use. Fig. 63 adjacent to this street, providing walkable connectivity to Darebin Creek

52

Sustainable Economic Growth Action plans:

Guiding principle P3: Sustainable economic growth Facilitating long-term socio-economic stability in Preston through sustainable economic growth, focusing on efficient zoning allocation to protect low income residents and provide a diverse range of commercial facilities, on providing new local employment opportunities to reduce travel costs and enhance current land value, and investing in cost and energyefficient environmentally sustainable development strategies in order to enhance the economic capacity of Preston as an Activity Centre Hub.

Broad objectives (O):

O5

O6

Enhance Preston’s local economy through efficient land resource allocation Low capital costs and eco-friendly innovative planning designs for new and re-developmental projects

Strategies (S):

A3.1 Impose affordability restrictions on residential apartment developments in areas that will see a substantial housing demand increase by 2050.

O5 A3.2 Provide public housing facilities in sub-precinct 2 and 7, using A2.10 to guide development on Heritage Overlay site.

S1

O5 A3.3 Incorporate financial support service department for renters of residential property in Preston, in local neighborhood centers established under A2.9.

O5 A3.4 Rezone part of sub-precinct 2 and 3 from IN3Z to C2Z , which will facilitate more mixed land use through development of commercial, employment, retail, entertainment and healthcare facilities while still retaining some warehouse and light industries O5 A3.5 Rezone parts of sub-precinct 2 and 3 from IN1Z to C1Z to provide more opportunities for office developments and entertainment facilities

S2

O5 A3.6 Establish Northland Employment Centre in subprecinct 3, that will partner with La Trobe NEIC to provide a support network for employment, business investment opportunities within and close to Preston.

O5 A3.7 Facilitate mandatory rooftop raingardens as private open space for medium-density commercial and residential redevelopment sites in Preston.

S1. Protect Preston’s low-income residents from gentrification

O6 A3.8 Redevelop cracked stone pavements in flood risk areas with porous paving that allows rainwater to seep into below soil O6

S2. Provide new local employment opportunities

S3. Facilitate Green Infrastructure planning strategies

A3.9 Incorporate infiltration trenches on major activity corridors and along boulevards

O6 A3.10 Establish partnership with local Aboriginal communities, landscape designers, land owners, local council and planners to set up Preston’s landscape profile and maintain natural biodiversity in the urban streetscape O6

53

S3

Sustainable economic growth Sustainable economic growth framework map Action plans A3.1 to A3.9 under sustainable economic growth have been depicted on map 23, showing precise location of their implementation. Action 3.10 calls for partnership between different stakeholders such as Preston’s Aboriginal communities, consultant landscape designers, land owners, local council and planners to contribute collectively to maintaining suggested GI infrastructure and incorporating Aboriginal knowledge towards maintaining and enhancing natural biodiversity in Preston’s urban streetscapes in order to facilitate cost and energy-efficient strategies for environmental sustainability, and consequently economic growth.

Map 23 – Sustainable economic growth framework map (Chopdekar 2020)

Straight route to La Trobe NEIC

54

Case study: Sustainable economic growth through GI planning in San José/Silicon Valley Environmental sustainability is a key component of achieving sustainable economic growth (Canadian International Development Agency, 2008, pg. 2). A successful case study for sustainable economic growth is the city of San José and Silicon Valley in California, USA. A global precedent in ICT and biotech revolutions, San José uses collaborative strategies explored through partnership between the government, businesses, research institutions and local community in a joint venture called Climate Prosperity Council (Nixon and Weiss, n.d., pg. 7).

Their aim to achieve sustainable economic growth focuses on clean and green industries through the following key pillars (Nixon and Weiss, n.d., pg. 8): 1. Renewable Energy 2. Green Infrastructure (GI) 3. Building efficiency 4. Efficient transportation Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) Reducing the need for standard expensive grey infrastructure, GSI reduces stormwater treatment and supply costs and mitigates local flooding and amount of pollutants being discharged into creeks from nearby industries (City of San José 2019, pg. 15).

Aside from economic benefits through provision of low-cost eco-friendly development strategies, it also provides environmental benefits through reduced stormwater flooding, improving local biodiversity and improving air quality, thus contributing to mitigate climate change effects (City of San José 2019, pg. 15).

GSI incorporates strategies such as green roofs, that can insulate buildings and reduce energy use (City of San José 2019, pg. 15). Community benefits include an enhanced public realm experience with opportunities to integrate art, landscape design and green infrastructure to create places of public gathering (See fig. 65). Such infrastructural developments would also require more workforce, thus increasing local employment opportunities (City of San José 2019, pg. 15).

Fig. 65 – Jackie Brookner Stormwater Artwork in Roosevelt Community Center, San José (City of San José 2019, pg. 15).

Key elements of GSI: 1. Bioretention 2. Pervious pavement 3. Infiltration facilities 4. Green roof 5. Rainwater harvesting and use facilities

Preston has facilitated for building and transport efficiency through its suggested action plans under transport (see pages 41-46) and public realm (see pages 47-52). It will, similar to Silicon Valley’s focus pillars, advocate for eco-friendly designs through GI and water-sensitive planning in efforts to achieve environmental sustainability. Further economic growth will be achieved through joint efforts from local council, community, research institutions and businesses to increase jobs and affordable housing for present and future Preston residents.

55

Sustainable economic growth Key projects Within the scope of this report, six action plans from sustainable economic growth will be described in further detail which would have high priority and high impact on Preston’s local economic development.

A3.1 Inclusionary housing through affordability restrictions Map 23 covers the location of potential areas that would see increase in medium-density housing and would require inclusionary housing measures through affordability restrictions.

City of Melbourne’s current affordable housing strategy outlines the challenges with regards to providing affordable housing, including lack of incentives for developers and need for crossgovernment efforts (City of Melbourne 2020, pg. 21-22).

One way of providing rent security to current low-income residents in Preston, owing to increase in land value, is to allow local council to work with homeowners and determine a deed restriction that would require homeowners of public housing and medium-density apartments to notify council before marketing their home, on a maximum price that would be affordable to lower-income households. This is currently implemented in Davidson, North Carolina, USA (Inclusionary housing, 2019).

With increase in land value from new developments over the next 30 years, inclusionary housing measures would protect current lower-income residents from having to move out and thus create more economically diverse and inclusive communities.

Fig. 66 – Potential inclusionary housing strategy (Inclusionary housing 2019)

A3.4, 5 and 6 Redevelopment of sub-precinct 3 for employment and economic growth through rezoning and provision of new Northland employment centre Map 23 covers the extent of zoning changes and location of new Northland employment centre in subprecinct 3. The example implementation below provides a development vision for sub-precinct 3 according to change in job industries from industrial to knowledge-intensive.

New creekcommercial area active frontage (see fig. 68)

Northland Employment Centre New offices and open spaces

Light industries and warehouses

New offices and open spaces

New mixeduse development – offices, healthcare clinic for employees, workspaces

Fig. 67 – Sub-precinct 3 – currently fully industrial under zone IN1Z and IN3Z, with low density warehouses and infill sites (Nearmaps 2020)

Major road network (Bell street providing straight route access across Darebin Creek to La Trobe NEIC from Northland Employment Centre (see map 1)

Fig. 68 – Sub-precinct 3 – New offices, Northland Employment centre and commercial, healthcare facilities with new workspaces – workspace recreation through dining facilities and creek connection (Citycon n.d.)

56

A3.7 Facilitate mandatory rooftop raingardens as private open space for medium-density commercial and residential redevelopment sites in Preston.

Map 23 covers the location of sites that would require rooftop raingardens to be an essential part of redevelopment within Preston. Integrating principles of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) and Green Infrastructure (GI) planning, green roofs not only capture stormwater, improve local biodiversity and provide insulation to the building, but they also create quality communal spaces for interaction (City of Melbourne 2020).

This action calls for extensive (lightweight) green roofs to be retrofit on commercial and residential renewal sites as well as for new developments since these spaces would have frequent visitors and the open space created would be utilized to maximum potential.

Such rooftop gardens are also low-maintenance with low water requirements (City of Melbourne 2020).

Fig. 69 – Green rooftop rain garden (City of Melbourne 2020)

A3.8 Redevelop cracked stone pavements in flood risk areas with porous paving that allows rainwater to seep into below soil Map 23 covers the network of laneways and streets that would require porous paving as they come under flood risk area. Porous/permeable asphalt would allow rainwater to seep through it and enter the soil below, thus replenishing soil moisture and groundwater (City of Melbourne 2020). It also reduces flood risk by redirecting stormwater away from drainage systems.

They are currently being installed within City of Melbourne, and would be a useful implementation in Preston as well (City of Melbourne 2020).

Fig. 70 – Porous paving (City of Melbourne 2020)

A3.9 Incorporate infiltration trenches on major activity corridors and along boulevards Map 23 covers the network of streets that would require infiltration trenches, which would enhance the functionality of green canopy cover on the roads.

Infiltration trenches along boulevards and major activity corridors can reduce waterlogging and improve groundwater level (City of Melbourne 2020), thereby providing safe and accessible spaces for pedestrians and vehicles.

Fig. 71 – Infiltration trench functionality (City of Melbourne 2020)

57

SWOT analysis SWOT analysis of action plans and development of Preston to an Activity Centre Hub The action plans recommended in the Preston 2050: Building an Activity Centre Hub structure plan facilitate localized action on improving Preston’s transport, built and natural environment and its local economy. The SWOT analysis will cover the broad strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to Preston’s development through these action plans.

Strengths • • • • • • • •

Localized development actions Catering to diverse and vulnerable population groups Enhanced usability of existing green spaces Improved walkability and public transport reliability Reduced conflict between heritage and new development Reduced rental stress Mixed land use creating places of destination Added employment opportunities

Weaknesses •

•

S

•

W

O Opportunities • • •

•

Redevelopment sites under planning overlays and rezoning require extensive advocacy and applications, and will be take significant time for approval Potential congestion in activity and residency in sub-precincts 1 and 2 with increased land value and developments.

Decentralization of CBD owing to activity centers and new employment center in Preston Site-specific masterplan development (for e.g. Darebin creek revitalization).

Preston as a precedent for increasing activity and interconnectivity of transport, environment and people, in suburban residential areas.

Increased regional socioeconomic and transit links with Preston.

T • • •

• •

Largely low-density residential dwelling leaves less room for commercial and retail developments in subprecincts 4 and 5

Threats Unprecedented/unexpected events such as health concerns due to pandemic Failure to obtain funding from the council Failure to arrive at a consensus among stakeholders Poor prioritization of action plans leading to unsustainable population and economic growth Competition from surrounding activity centers which may reduce investments in Preston if development does not keep up

58

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

Cover photo 8 – Construction (Dawson 2020)

Implementation schedule Action plan

Location (sub-precinct)

A1.1. Buffered bike lanes A1.2. Bike access to creeks A1.3. New TOD interchange hubs

1-7 2,3,6 1,2,4,6

Broad objectives

Lead stakeholder

Cost

1

Darebin City Council City Development

$$$

1 4

Darebin City Council City Futures

$$$

1 2 3 5

Darebin City Council City Futures

$$$$$

A1.4. New dedicated bus lanes

1-7

1

Darebin City Council Sustainable Transport

A1.5. New local tram track & service

1-7

1

Department of Transport (PTV)

A1.6. New pedestrian infrastructure

1,4,5

2

Darebin City Council City Futures

A1.7. Restrict car access

1,4,5

1 2

A1.8. Remove on-street parking

1,4,5

A1.9. Reward incentive for using PT

1,4,5

$$ $$$$

$$

Darebin City Council Sustainable Transport

$

2 3

Darebin City Council Sustainable Transport

$$

1

Department of Transport (PTV)

3 5

Darebin City Council City Development

2 3 4 6

Darebin City Council Parks and Open Space

$$$

4,5,7

3

Darebin City Council Parks and Open Space

$$$

A2.4. New open spaces

1,6

3

Darebin City Council Parks and Open Space

$$$$

A2.5. Activate street frontages

1-7

2 3

Darebin City Council City Futures

$$

A2.6. New monthly day/night market

1

3 5

Darebin City Council Equity & Wellbeing, shop owners

$$

A2.7. Carpark, laneway revitalization

1,2,4,5,6,7

2 3

Darebin City Council Creative culture & events

2 3 5

Darebin City Council City Development

3 4

Darebin City Council Communications & engagement

1

4

Darebin City Council City Development

2,3,6

1

A2.1. Rezone from GRZ2 to C1Z A2.2. New boulevards A2.3. Parks and reserves activation

6,7 1,2,3,6,7

A2.8. Rezone from PDZ to ACZ

1

A2.9. New neighborhood centers

4,5,6

A2.10. Heritage site built form limits A2.11. New waterfront frontages A2.12. Localized heritage strategy

1-7

plan document

A3.1. Affordability restrictions A3.2. New public housing A3.3. New financial support services

1,2,4,5,6 2,7 4,5,6

3

3 4

Darebin City Council City Futures

$ $$

$ $$ $$$$ $ $$$$$

4

Darebin City Council Arts & Heritage, Darebin Aboriginal Advisory Com.

$

5

Darebin City Council Property&Business Improvement

$

3 5

Darebin City Council City development

5

Darebin City Council Communications & Engagement

$$$ $

A3.4. Rezone from IN3Z to C2Z

2,3

3 5

Darebin City Council City development

$$

A3.5. Rezone from IN1Z to C1Z

2,3

3 5

Darebin City Council City development

$$

A3.6. New Employment Centre

3

5

Darebin City Council City Futures

A3.7. Mandatory rooftop raingarden

1-6

6

Darebin City Council Assets and Capital Delivery

$$

A3.8. New porous paving

1-7

2 6

Darebin City Council Assets and Capital Delivery

$

6

Darebin City Council Assets and Capital Delivery

$

Darebin City Council City Futures

$

A3.9. New infiltration trenches A3.10. Collaborative management

1,2,5,6,7 1-7

of natural biodiversity

Action plans P1. Sustainable urban mobility P2. Diverse urban environment P3. Sustainable economic growth

4 6

Broad objectives

Cost for project (this is only for total cost at the time of execution)

(Refer to corresponding broad objective color and number from page 31)

$ $$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$

Very low cost Low cost Moderate cost High cost Very high cost

$$$$

60

Phase 1 ‘21

Action2025 plan

2030 Location (sub-precinct)

1-7

A1.1. Buffered bike lanes

2,3,6

A1.2. Bike access to creeks

Timeframe

Phase 3

Phase 2

Accounts developmenthubs of all 4 transit interchange 1,2,4,6hubs A1.3. New TODfor interchange

‘50

2045

2040

Broad 2035 objectives

Darebin City Council City Development

$$$

Darebin City Council City Futures

$$$

Darebin City Council City Futures

$$$$$

A1.4. New dedicated bus lanes

1-7

Darebin City Council Sustainable Transport

A1.5. New local tram track & service

1-7

Department of Transport (PTV)

A1.6. New pedestrian infrastructure

1,4,5

Darebin City Council City Futures

$$ $$$$

$$

trial1,4,5

Darebin City Council Sustainable Transport

$

A1.8. Remove on-street parking

1,4,5

Darebin City Council Sustainable Transport

$$

A1.9. Reward incentive for using PT

1,4,5

A1.7. Restrict car access

6,7

A2.1. Rezone from GRZ2 to C1Z A2.2. New boulevards A2.3. Parks and reserves activation A2.4. New open spaces

Seasonal/monthly etc.

Departmentcashbacks of Transport (PTV)

Darebin City Council City Development Darebin City Council Parks and Open Space

$$$

4,5,7

Darebin City Council Parks and Open Space

$$$

1,6

Darebin City Council Parks and Open Space

$$$$

Darebin City Council City Futures

Darebin Citypublic Council Equity & Wellbeing, shop owners Execution will start1 once COVID-19 crowd restrictions are eased and gathering is safe A2.6. New monthly day/night market 1,2,4,5,6,7

A2.8. Rezone from PDZ to ACZ

1

A2.9. New neighborhood centers

4,5,6 1

A2.10. Redevelopment restrictions

Accounts forwaterfront advocacy, development A2.11.

New frontages and activation 2,3,6

A2.12. Localized heritage strategy plan document

$$

1,2,3,6,7

Parallel to TOD development 1-7 A2.5. Activate street frontages

A2.7. Carpark, laneway revitalization

$

1-7

Darebin City Council Creative culture & events Darebin City Council City Development Darebin City Council Communications & engagement Darebin City Council City Development Darebin City Council City Futures Darebin City Council Arts & Heritage, Darebin Aboriginal Advisory Com.

Applicability of new strategy plan will be for all future new and redevelopments

$$ $$ $ $$ $$$$ $ $$$$$ $

City Council Property&Business Improvement Implementation starting from 2021, will be applicable1,2,4,5,6 to all future apartments with progress inDarebin socio-economic and transit development and increase in land value prices $ A3.1.

Affordability restrictions

A3.2. New public housing Parallel to A2.9services A3.3. New financial support

2,7 4,5,6

Darebin City Council City development Darebin City Council Communications & Engagement

$$$ $

A3.4. Rezone from IN3Z to C2Z

2,3

Darebin City Council City development

$$

A3.5. Rezone from IN1Z to C1Z

2,3

Darebin City Council City development

$$

A3.6. New Employment Centre

3

A3.7. Mandatory rooftop raingarden A3.8. New porous paving A3.9. New infiltration trenches A3.10. Collaborative management

$$$$

Green roof 1-6retrofit for new developments will be ongoing as per development progress

$$

1-7

$

1,2,5,6,7

$

Applicability1-7 of new collaborative team established will be ongoing

$

of natural biodiversity

Timeframe key (State of Victoria, 2014, pg. 10) Short term (0-5 years) Medium term (6-10 years) Long term (11-25 years) Ongoing

Table 6 – Implementation schedule (Chopdekar 2020)

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Phase 1 development Phase 1 development map Phase 1 of the implementation schedule (as per timeframe) covers implementation of actions from 2021-2025. (see map 24). Current uncertainty in public space gathering and work environments due to impact of COVID-19 facilitates the start of public space revitalization, active mobility and rezoning for more mixed land use in order to increase accessibility to essential facilities.

Map 24 – Phase 1 implementation map (Chopdekar 2020)

PRESTON

BELL

Bus route, stop

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Phase 2 development Phase 2 development map Phase 2 of the implementation schedule (as per timeframe) covers implementation of actions from 2026-2030. (see map 25). Impact of development from phase 1 would result in increase in population and thereby, the number of car users. With more commercial, retail and transit facilities being provided within Preston through TOD, actions to restrict and reduce car dependency can be initiated.

Map 25 – Phase 2 implementation map (Chopdekar 2020)

PRESTON

BELL

(Bus frequency and reliability improved due to A1.4)

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Phase 3 development Phase 3 development map Phase 3 of the implementation schedule (as per timeframe) covers implementation of actions from 2031-2035. (see map 26). Major renewal projects such as TOD interchange hubs, would be completed by the end of this stage. At this stage all action plans would have been implemented and completed, with some policy changes having ongoing implications till 2050.

Together, these phased developments will guide Preston’s transformation to an Activity Centre Hub by 2050 (see page 39 for complete 2050 framework map).

Map 26 – Phase 3 implementation map (Chopdekar 2020)

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Conclusion Keeping in mind Melbourne’s focus on “living locally” (State of Victoria 2017, pg. 10) by creating 20-min neighborhoods, and its development of regional links, Preston 2020-2050 Structure plan for building an Activity Centre Hub aims to bring new opportunities not only for Preston’s residents, but also for those from surrounding suburbs. Its action plans divided into three phases, following Plan Melbourne’s 5-year implementation strategy, would allow for Preston to grow locally parallel to development in other parts of Melbourne, thereby increasing its ability to contribute regionally to Melbourne’s development. The SWOT analysis conducted at the end also highlights potential opportunities and threats to Preston’s development strategy which can be prepared for in advance to face unprecedented situations which could potentially deter Preston’s development.

Key planning issues related to housing, employment and safety in public spaces due to inactivity and lack of eyes on the street (Jacobs, 2016), have been addressed through strategies such as placemaking and transit-oriented development. Its sustainability is ensured through strategies to promote active participation from community, active mobility and localized plans to protect Preston’s diverse heritage and natural environment. While most of the proposed action plans will need to take effect from 2021, it needs to be acknowledged that due to the health concerns brought upon by the COVID-19 pandemic, key planning tasks such as community engagement sessions may not be conducted as before until gathering restrictions are eased. This report acknowledges such limitations and has proposed the timeframe for the action plans accordingly.

Altogether, this report aims to provide a broad framework to guide Preston’s development to align with Plan Melbourne 2017-2050. It can be used to create sub-precinct and action specific framework plan reports for key projects such as T.W. Blake park renewal and Northland Employment centre development. The report aims within the next 30 years, to develop Preston as a precedent for sustainable socio-economic development within regional residential suburbs with efficient links to its surrounding suburbs and the CBD.

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Fig. 31 Simon Pawley. (2016). Example of use of native vegetation in suburban lawn [photograph]. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/go-native-why-we-need-wildlifeallotments-to-bring-species-back-to-the-burbs-69631 Fig. 32 Google maps. (2019). Preston Station, facing Preston Market [Google street view].

Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 33 Google maps. (2019). –Preston Market Carpark, Cramer St. – opportunity for activation through placemaking tactics [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 34 HousingFirst. (n.d.). – Tiuna Grove, Elwood, Port Phillip – social housing [photograph].

Retrieved from https://housingfirst.org.au/portfolio/developments/104-completedprojects/172-tiuna-gve-elwood Fig. 35 Google maps. (2019). Current development next to Darebin Creek [Google street view].

Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 36 Infrastructure Asia. (2020). Jurong East MRT and Bus Interchange: TOD focusing on tourism and business [photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.infrastructureasia.org/en/Insights/Transit-Oriented-Development Fig. 37 Google maps. (2019). Current Cramer St. site view [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 38 Chopdekar, M. (2020). BEFORE and AFTER diagrams of Cramer St. – street lighting along 1 m tree strip [diagram]. Made using Streetmix.

Fig. 39 Google maps. (2019). Current Goodwin St. site view - connecting Oakover Rd. to Merri Creek [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 40 Chopdekar, M. (2020). BEFORE and AFTER diagrams of Goodwin St [diagram]. Made using Streetmix.

Fig. 41 Google maps. (2019). BEFORE images of Northland SC bus interchange [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 42 Chopdekar, M. (2020). AFTER images of Northland SC bus interchange [photoshopped image]. Made using Photoshop CC. Fig. 43 Google maps. (2019). Current Albert St. [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 44 Chopdekar, M. (2020). BEFORE and AFTER diagrams of Albert St. [diagram]. Made using Streetmix.

Fig. 45 Google maps. (2019). Current High St. [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 46 Miami Downtown Development Authority. (n.d.). Redevelopment vision [rendered image]. Retrieved from https://www.miamidda.com/flagler-rising/mana-zyscovich-enhanceddesign Fig. 47 Lloyd, D. (2016). Ghirardelli Square, San Francisco, CA [photograph]. The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved from https://tclf.org/landscapes/ghirardelli-square Fig. 48 Gehl. (2012-15). Mercado Plaza area – BEFORE [photograph]. Retrieved from https://gehlpeople.com/projects/san-franciscos-mission-district/ Fig. 49 Gehl. (2012-15). Mercado Plaza area – reimagined [rendered image]. Retrieved from https://gehlpeople.com/projects/san-franciscos-mission-district/ Fig. 50 Gehl. (2012-15). – The Yard at Mission Rock- waterfront redesign [rendered image].

Retrieved from https://gehlpeople.com/projects/mission-rock-neighbourhood-revitalized/ Fig. 51 Google maps. (2019). Current St. Georges Rd. site view [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 52 Chopdekar, M. (2020). REDEVELOPED VISION of St. Georges Rd. boulevard [photoshopped image]. Made using Photoshop CC. Fig. 53 Google maps. (2019). Current Preston market carpark [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 54 Google maps. (2019). Satellite image of carpark [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 55 Chopdekar, M. (2020). REVITALIZED Preston market carpark [photoshopped image].

Made using Photoshop CC. Fig. 56 Google maps. (2019). Current unnamed residential laneway site view [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 57 Chopdekar, M. (2020). REVITALIZED Laneway [photoshopped image]. Made using Photoshop CC. Fig. 58 Victorian Heritage Council. (2007). Façade heights for new buildings in suburban setting and height considerations for rear end of new developments [diagram]. The Heritage Overlay Guidelines: New Buildings in an Area Heritage Overlay. Retrieved from https://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/55545/New-buildings-in-anarea-Heritage-Overlay.pdf Fig. 59 Mortimer, N. (2019). South Fitzroy Heritage Overlay Precinct [photograph]. Australian Design Review. Retrieved from https://www.australiandesignreview.com/architecture/heckerguthrie-jackson-clements-burrows-pay-homage-local-heritage-new-apartment-design/ Fig. 60 Google maps. (2019). Current Darebin Creek connection to commercial parcels within sub-precinct 2 [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 61 Nearmaps. (2020). Panorama view of Darebin creek connection to sub-precinct 2 [Screenshot]. Nearmap. Retrieved from http://maps.au.nearmap.com/x.

Fig. 62 Google maps. (2019). Current Darebin creek connection to commercial strip [Google street view]. Retrieved from Google maps.

Fig. 63 Lalović et. al. (2013). DEVELEOPMENT VISION for street-creek connection [diagram].

Knowledge Dissemination on Urban Mobility at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade.

Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327390335_Knowledge_Dissemination_on_Urban_ Mobility_at_the_Faculty_of_Architecture_in_Belgrade Fig. 64 Chopdekar, M. (2020). REDEVELOPED vision of Darebin creek connection to subprecinct 2 [photoshopped image]. Made using Photoshop CC. Fig. 65 City of San José. (2019). Jackie Brookner Stormwater Artwork in Roosevelt Community Centre, San José [photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.sanjoseca.gov/home/showdocument?id=39152 Fig. 66 Inclusionary housing. (2019). Potential inclusionary housing strategy [diagram].

Retrieved from https://inclusionaryhousing.org/ Fig. 67 Nearmaps. (2020). – Sub-precinct 3 – currently fully industrial under zone IN1Z and IN3Z, with low density warehouses and infill sites [Screenshot]. Nearmap. Retrieved from http://maps.au.nearmap.com/x.

Fig. 68 Citycon. (n.d.). Vision for sub-precinct 3 [rendered image]. Retrieved from https://www.citycon.com/citycon-management-blog-strategy-and-insights/mixed-usedevelopment-is-the-new-norm-by-densifying-urban-space-retail-spaces-are-becoming-morevibrant-and-mixed Fig. 69 City of Melbourne. (2020). Green rooftop rain garden [diagram]. Urban Water.

Retrieved from http://urbanwater.melbourne.vic.gov.au/melbournes-water-story/watersensitive-urban-design-wsud/ Fig. 70 City of Melbourne. (2020). Porous paving [diagram]. Urban Water. Retrieved from http://urbanwater.melbourne.vic.gov.au/melbournes-water-story/water-sensitive-urbandesign-wsud/ Fig. 71 City of Melbourne. (2020). Infiltration trench functionality [diagram]. Urban Water.

Retrieved from http://urbanwater.melbourne.vic.gov.au/melbournes-water-story/watersensitive-urban-design-wsud/

68

MAP REFERENCES Map 1: 3DConsultants. (2020).”Preston 2020 regional context map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Infrastructure. (2002). Melbourne 2030 planning for sustainable growth: Implementation plan 4 Activity Centers October 2002 draft, pg. 31-34. https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/100694/Activity-Centres.pdf, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set].

Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State of Victoria.

(2020). Suburban Rail Loop: Connecting our suburbs and creating opportunities in great places [map diagram]. Retrieved from https://suburbanrailloop.vic.gov.au/en ,from Australian Government.

(2020). VIC Local Government Areas - PSMA Administrative boundaries [data set]. Retrieved from https://data.gov.au/dataset/ds-dga-bdf92691-c6fe-42b9-a0e2-a4cd716fa811/details Map 2: Chopdekar, M. (2020).”Preston 2020 local context map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport,from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State Government of Victoria. (2020). Strategic Cycling Corridor- Vic Roads [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/strategic-cycling-corridor ,from City of Darebin (2018). Level Crossings [map diagram]. Retrieved from https://levelcrossings.vic.gov.au/projects/bell-streetpreston, from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps, from Google maps. (2019). Key landmarks.

Retrieved from Google maps, from .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts [interactive map]. Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/darebin Map 3: Chopdekar, M. (2020).” Preston 2020 sub-precinct division” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts. Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/darebin , from .idcommunity (2019). Community Profile: Preston. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/darebin/about?WebID=270 Map 4: 3DConsultants. (2020).”Preston 2020: current land use map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1 Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas, July 2016 [land use data set]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocumen t&fbclid=IwAR3UYvcy1sY0TVeDhlQXNHjaAfGtkskZOnjHxt4aW-BuIH7gkXmQF2JdXbQ, from Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/roadnetwork-vicmap-transport. [building typology maps have been made using Nearmap satellite imagery and overlaying it with land use using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.]

Map 5: 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston 2020 current zoning map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Photoshop [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Zones. Retrieved from https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/darebin Map 6: Chopdekar, M. (2020). ”Preston 2020 current heritage overlay map ” [map]. Scale on the map.

Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from 3DConsultants. (2020).”Heritage Overlay map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using: Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020, from .idcommunity (2019).

Community Profile: Preston. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/darebin/about?WebID=270 Map 7 (a): Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Preston 2020 transport issues map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from City of Darebin (2020).

Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocumen t, from .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts [interactive map].

Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/darebin, from Google Maps. (2019). Preston - Traffic Congestion Monday peak hour. Retrieved from Google Maps, from Google Maps. (2019). Preston health clinics. Retrieved from Google Maps, from Google Maps. (2019). Preston - car parks [satellite image]. Retrieved from Google Maps.

Map 7 (b): Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Cycling issues” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Darebin City Council. (201318). Darebin Cycling Strategy 2013-2018, pg. 39-40. Retrieved from http://www.yoursaydarebin.com.au/climateaction/documents/45710/download.

Map 10: “Preston 2020: Socio-economic issues map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Overlays.

Retrieved from https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/darebin, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Substantial Change Zone [map diagram]. Retrieved from https:// www.yoursaydarebin.com.au/33420/documents/95403, from City of Darebin (2018).

Map 11: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Preston 2020: Development areas map” [map]. Scale on the map.

Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Nearmaps (2020). Area calculated using the area tool.

Map 12: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Preston 2020-2050: Forecast development map ” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from forecast calculations using .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts. Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/Darebin, .idcommunity (2019). Community Profile: Preston. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/darebin/about?WebID=270 Map 13: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Preston 2020: Darebin planning schemes overlays map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston Planning Overlays Map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Overlays.

Retrieved from https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/darebin\ Map 14: 3DConsultants. (2020). “Environmental development opportunities in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Native vegetation - Modelled 1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/native-vegetation-modelled-1750ecological-vegetation-classes Map 15: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Transport development opportunities in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps, from the State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from City of Darebin (2020).

Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocumen t, from Darebin City Council. (2013-18). Darebin Cycling Strategy 2013-2018, p. 39-40. Retrieved from http://www.yoursaydarebin.com.au/climateaction/documents/45710/download, from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Planning Zones. Retrieved from https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/darebin, from .idcommunity. (2016). Welcome to the City of Darebin population forecasts [interactive map]. Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/darebin, from VPA (Victoria Planning Authority). (2017). La Trobe National Employment and Innovation Cluster: Draft Framework Plan March 2017, p. 5. Retrieved from https://vpa-web.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/La-Trobe-National-Employmentand-Innovation-Cluster-Draft-Framework-Plan-VPA-1.pdf Map 16: 3DConsultants. (2020). “Socio-economic development opportunities in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Public Transport Victoria. (2020). Public Transport - a collection of PTV datasets [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/public-transport-a-collection-ofptv-datasets?fbclid=IwAR0DUMhYEubMp2uc3qsdPg1F_ZFmxDtkLYhNNYr7pfSvGnK9RtjLsiMd99c from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2020). Features of Interest- Vicmap [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/vicmap-features-of-interest, from the State Government of Victoria (2020). Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocumen t, from Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020).

Map 17: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Key features of scenario 1 development in Preston” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from planning schemes and reports referenced from City of Darebin, Darebin City Council, City of Melbourne under reference list.

Map 18: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Key features of scenario 2 development in Preston ” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 19: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Key features of scenario 3 development in Preston ” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 20: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Preston 2050: Activity Centre Hub framework map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 8: 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston 2020 walkability map ” [amp]. Scale on map. Using: ArcGIS [GIS Software]. Version 10.6. Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from State Government of Victoria. (2012). Rail Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/rail-network-vicmap-transport, from the State Government of Victoria. (2020). Road Network - Vicmap Transport [data set]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport, from State Government of Victoria. (2020). Features of Interest- Vicmap [dataset]. Retrieved from https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/vicmap-features-of-interest, from the State Government of Victoria (2020). Victoria Mesh Blocks [dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1270.0.55.001July%202016?OpenDocumen t, from Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020).

Map 21: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Sustainable Urban Mobility framework map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 9: 3DConsultants. (2020). “Preston 2020 green space analytical map” [map]. Scale on the map.

Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020. Data adapted from Google Maps. (2019). Parks and Reserves. Retrieved from Google Maps.

Map 25: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Phase 2 implementation map ” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 22: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Diverse Urban Environment framework map ” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 23: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Sustainable economic growth framework map” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 24: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Phase 1 implementation map ” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

Map 26: Chopdekar, M. (2020). “Phase 3 implementation map ” [map]. Scale on the map. Using Illustrator [Adobe CC Software]. Melbourne. University of Melbourne, 2020.

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References TABLE REFERENCES Table 1: Chopdekar, M. (2020).”Preston 2020-2050 Planning methodology” Adapted from “Public participation in sustainable urban planning” by Amado, M., Vitorino, C., Moura, E. & Silva, V. (2010).

International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 5, p. 104. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266389138_Public_participation_in_sustainable_urban_pl anning. Copyright 2010 by Miguel Amado.

Table 2: Chopdekar, M. (2020).” Forecast additional floor space requirements for offices and retail jobs based on average unit value” Adapted from forecast number of jobs for each sub-precinct calculation from map 12, from City of Melbourne. (2018). Census of Land Use and Employment (CLUE) 2018 Summary Report. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/clue-2018summary-report.pdf, Schlesinger, L. (2013). International retailers keep Sydney and Melbourne in top 10 most expensive global retail property markets. SmartCompany. Retrieved from https://www.smartcompany.com.au/finance/economy/international-retailers-keep-sydney-andmelbourne-in-top-10-most-expensive-global-retail-property-markets/ Table 3: Chopdekar, M. (2020).”Schools and hospitals service capacity in Preston 2020” Adapted from Lorina. (2016). Educator to Child Ratios In Early Childhood Services. Aussie Childcare Network.

Retrieved from https://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/articles/childcare-articles/new-educator-tochild-ratiosin-early-childhood-services, from Goss, P. (2016). Should you worry about a schools shortage? It really depends on where you live. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/should-you-worry-about-a-schoolsshortage-it-really-depends-on-whereyou-live-53296, from Campbell, D. (2019). One in 10 GPs see twice as many patients as safe limit, survey finds. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/08/gpsdoctors-seeing-twice-as-many-patients-as-safe-limit-study, from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Hospital resources 2017–18: Australian hospital statistics. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/hospitals/hospital-resources-2017-18-ahs/contents/hospitals-andaverage-available-beds, Royal Freemasons. (2020). Cosmopolitan retirement living. Retrieved from https://www.royalfreemasons.org.au/retirement/apartments/ Table 4: Chopdekar, M. (2020).” Stakeholder analysis table” Adapted from Australian National University. (2020). Stakeholder participation: IAP2 public participation spectrum. Retrieved from https://i2s.anu.edu.au/resources/stakeholder-participation-iap2-public-participation-spectrum/ , from Victorian State Government. (2020). Governance. Retrieved from https://transport.vic.gov.au/about/governance, from City of Darebin. (2017). Older and Active in Darebin: Directory 2017-2019. Retrieved from http://www.darebin.vic.gov.au//media/cityofdarebin/Files/DarebinLiving/CommunitySupport/AgedCare/DarebinOlderandActiveDirectory201719.ashx?la=en , from Health direct. (2020). Homelessness PRESTON, VIC 3072. Retrieved from https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services/results/preston-3072/tihcs-aht11427/homelessness?pageIndex=2&tab=SITE_VISIT Table 5: Chopdekar, M. (2020).”Scenario evaluation table” Adapted from Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A., Pinto-Seppä, I. & Airaksinen, M. (2017). What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities, 60 (A), 234-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.009 , from Vernon, B., & Tiwari, R. (2009). Place-Making through Water Sensitive Urban Design. Sustainability 1: 789-814. doi:10.3390/su1040789 Table 6: Chopdekar, M. (2020).” Implementation schedule” Adapted from State of Victoria. (2014).

Plan Melbourne 2014. Melbourne, VIC.: The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. Retrieved from https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/104182/Plan-Melbourne-2014-PT1.pdf, from The Trustee for the Dargan Financial Discretionary Trust. (2020). What are the benefits of rezoning property? Home Loan Experts. Retrieved from https://www.homeloanexperts.com.au/homeloan-articles/rezoning-property/, from State Government of Victoria. (2020). Level Crossing Removal Project: Preston. Retrieved from https://engage.vic.gov.au/lxrppreston, Everplant. (n.d.) How long does it take to install my green roof? Retrieved from http://www.everplant.com.hk/English/FAQ__Green_Roof.html#:~:text=How%20long%20does%20it%20take,to%20generally%20larger%20roof%2 0sizes., from City of Victoria. (2020). Rezoning Information and Application. Retrieved from https://www.victoria.ca/assets/Departments/Planning~Development/Development~Services/Applicati ons/Rezoning%20Application.pdf , from City of Darebin. (2020). Organization structure. Retrieved from http://www.darebin.vic.gov.au//media/cityofdarebin/Files/YourCouncil/HowCouncilWorks/CouncilandOrganisation/OrganisationStruc ture/2020_OrgStructure27OCT_EXTERNAL.ashx?la=en

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Appendix List of jobs within industrial, retail and office job categories:

Broad job category

Industrial

Retail

Office

Included jobs within the category Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services Construction Transport, Postal and Warehousing

Retail Trade Accommodation and Food Services Wholesale Trade

Information Media and Telecommunications Financial and Insurance Services Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Administrative and Support Services Public Administration and Safety Education and Training Health Care and Social Assistance Arts and Recreation Services Other Services (category details obtained from .idcommunity 2016 referenced under reference list)

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