Housing as a Process: The Mancunian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm by Mariana.Camacho

The Mancunian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm

ABSTRACT

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancunian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm 13.08.21 Mariana Camacho Gonzalez [19010978] Tutor: Dominic Sagar

Studio B+C

MA Architecture and Urbanism

Contemporary cities face multiple challenges. One of them is the growing population. The development of new housing is still not enough to cover the demand for it. However, in the UK, the biggest issue is that social and council housing projects are the less implemented. While there are not many affordable solutions for people that require them, this people fall into housing insecurity. Multiple associations advocate the need for housing schemes that are more inclusive and that look after vulnerable populations. Fortunately, these community-led initiatives have previously existed Manchester for years and one of them has approached Manchester School of Architecture, The Workhouse Project. It is a community interest group keen on developing minimum affordable units in south-central Manchester. It will be made possible through public funding. For this to happen, they need a project that can be presented to local authorities and potential investors. This is how this academic project was born, through the real need and of community members who want to help build a better city for all.

HOUSING AS A PROCESS The Mancunian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm

1 2 3 table of contents

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm

Studio B

introduction 3

• My trip to Manchester and Studio A • Manifesto: My Aims and Objectives

background 9

• Problem • Homelessness in Manchester • Importance of the Project • Environmental Impact • Social Impact • Location • Immediate Context

site analy 19

• Historical Maps • Hulme • Housing • Community Ana • Community Ove • Walkability • Connectivity • Land Use • Site Plan and Se • Old Birley Fields • Users

ysis

alysis erview

ection s Tree

precedents

project definition

• Case Studies • Social Housing in the UK and The World • Latin America • Material Case Studies • Project Design Strategies

• Project Definition • Design Program • Expansion Process • Modularity • Modularity Process • Future Visions

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm

3 4 5

67 8 9

table of contents

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm

Studio C

project development 57

• Housing as a Process • The Site • Zoning • Orientation • Degrees of Privacy • General Layout • Phased Development • Selection of Materials • Progression

protoshed 69

• Programme and Design Process • Architectural Plans • Perspective Section

housing 81

• Housing • Precedent • Expansion Patterns • Sustainability Through Design • Exploded Axonometric • Type A • Type B • Type C

commu

• Commerce • Community K • Public Space • Electric Hub

unity

Kitchen

conclusions 107

• Final vision • Elevation • Conclusions

bibliography 113

• Bilbiography

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm

10 11 9

Hulme Park, author’s own (2021).

1 introduction

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Introduction

my trip to Manchester

leon

Hi, my name is Mariana and I am an architect from Mexico. I started this course via distance learning. When I arrived in Manchester, I knew I was keen on learning from this city and its people. As an international student, I know that cultural exchange is an important part of the multicultural experience, so I decided to bring to this course my small knowledge and a big interest in social housing and self-production.

As part of our Studio A project, at our A&E group, we worked on a project based in Hulme and Moss Side. By analysing and understanding the area it became evident that these are very interesting parts of the city. Specifically talking about Hulme, it has undergone several major regenerations. There have been several different versions Hulme, which are hard to see in the current one. The landscape, the urban grid, the density, the population have all changed dramatically making it almost unrecognisable of what it once was. However, the one thing it keeps is its essence, lots of charities and community involvement groups. The community spirit which brings people together is still there. Because many of them know what it is like to have been marginalised and in need, and because they keep a bit of social unrest that makes them seek a more equal world.

Studio A

manchester

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Introduction

Self-production of housing happens all over the world, but it is more common in the ‘global south’. In Latin America we don’t have enough decent housing for everybody, however, architects and local authorities have found that a way to solving this issue is learning from the strategies that people use, producing their own homes. Self- production means that they do not have the supervision or advise of any construction specialist, they do it themselves with the help of family or friends.

manifesto: my aims and ojectives

methodol

problem identificati

site analysis

establish design strate

*as requested by NGO interested in the project: the workhouse project

HOUSE proje c RK

· ect roj

-design minumum affordable units as starting modules that can ensure three main areas of daily life: live, work and grow*

project definition

RKHOUSE WO p

-to give solutions from the community for the community to densify

t·

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Introduction

-to provide opportunities of decent and affordable housing for the growing population

-to offer adaptable architecture solutions to users’ needs and lifestyles

design

logy

research of theory and case studies

h egies

Matress outside derelict pub in Hulme, author’s own (2021).

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Introduction

m ion

Hulme Hippodrome, author’s own (2021).

2 background

problem

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

• Provide affordable housing for the growing population near the city centre area. • Implement solutions that can densify and face centralization

why?

home ownersh

England + W (average

Source: Manchester City C

past soluti

Manchester is expected to reach 3M inhabitants by 2030’s

slum clearance source: Macrotrends https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22862/manchester/population

terra + low-

what is affordable housing? according to Manchester City Council:

Wales e)

housing (rent/housing) should cost no more than

median income:

Manchester

£30k per year

Council Housing Strategy (2016-2021)

ions:

aced houses -rise buildings

(from our studio A)

_ 30% < but not everybody is in the same situation

national living wage: +25 years: per hour

that’s

ok!

$$$ that would be:

£1.5k

$$$

$$ $

housing insecurity

per month

‘streets in the sky’

£ £ £££ £ £ £££ £8.72

£2.5k

therefore housing:

of the household income

average housing in Manchester*

and housing:

£750

£600

£450

per month

*considering only: room, studio and one bedroom accomodations

what happens with them?

source: ONS

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

hip:

what’s been done in Manchester? Cornerstone

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

Manchester City Council

their response to homelessness has been to develop a strategy that would tackle the problem in various areas

By the Caritas Diocese of Salford

Recognizing that homelessness is a consequence of several structural and personal factors.

in Denmark Rd.

Safe Haven Night Shelter

“To prevent homelessness we need to address inequalities and create equitable access to skills, education, employment and health, alongside housing.” (Manchester City Council, 2018).

also emergency shelter for those in need

they currently have 30 pods for individual accomodation

provides shelter and services to homeless and vulnerable adults from all backgrounds -life skills -meals -doctors -one to one -barbers support -housing

modular units

Homes for Change

provides homeless people with houses and employment

Bridgewater canal

housing units

jobs

embassy village

started with a homeless shelter in a bus

the idea was originated during the 90s in the Hulme crescents by a group of activists after years, they finally got public funding

£1.5m project

this project keeps some of the community spirit of ‘previous’ Hulmes, as well, as some architectural elements from the crescents

co-operative that combines affordable housing and studio spaces

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

Embassy

importance

environmental

GLOBAL IMPACT

of the project

impact

MANCHESTER

- passive strategies for thermal confort - building units with reduced carbon footprint - adaptability to climate change

itectural typologies arch

reinforce he sense of t

and

n it

io n

co m

ls t o ac

q u i r e a h o u s e , d i ve r s

if i c

o ion

ac tc ity

ho us ing

fo ot pr int

p om c , cri ted a s c is: lo l-lo 2 hou w wel do sing d CO n a r for anyb e wn l lle ody, affordab urb ma s an = spr tion a awl c i f , fig nsi ht po n, de o i verty, dim t a z i inish central

social housing

ne w

e rs ve re

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

HULME

- locally sourced m - building systems th self-build - buildings’ minimum 30 years

social impact

- adaptability for future changes/expansions

$ (Mustard Tree is a local organization with similar aims)

$ $$

- affordable solutions supplied by NGOs, eg.: The Workhouse Project

(or Homes for Change)

- involve community in building replicable and modular units - community co-operation by providing opportunities for involvement

materials hat enable

m life: - include vegetation as part of the architectural design

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

- provide opportunities to escape homlessness

GREATER MANCHESTER

location

MANCHESTER

the site

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

HULME

MOSS SIDE

and other possible sites for future expansion...

WHALLEY RANGE

context

• Around the selected site it can be found several housing buildings, retail and a research centre. • The chosen site is mainly plain land, and there can be found some vegetation.

green space

Phoenix Way

commerce

technology buisiness

housing

Archway

Greenheys Ln. W.

petrol station

high street

housing

Asda Petrol Station Old Birley St.

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Background

immediate

The Site, author’s own (2021).

3 site analysis

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

historical maps

The morphological changes in the urban grid can help understand the density and overcrowding in Hulme over the past centuries. The changes in the urban grid is closely related with the typologies of housing that could be found in the area.

1840s

overcrowded area slums

1890s

back-to-back houses

1900s

1920s

1930s

195

redevelopment plan 5,000 new homes

1970s

1980s

construction of the crescents

1990s

2000s

2021s

demolition of the crescents

now

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

50s

squatters in the crescents

demolitions after WWII

Hulme Over the years, Hulme has undergone several redevelopment projects. The landscape of the neighbourhood has changed dramatically as a result. However, only a few landmarks remain virtually unchanged, such as the Church of St. Mary which has been taken a reference to represent this.

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

Church of St. Mary

1967

1972

2021

area close to the site before the construction of the crescents

the same area after the redevelopment

current view from Rock Street

housing The redevelopment projects have changed the way social housing has been envisioned in Hulme. From highly dense terraced houses, to large “streets in the sky”, and now low-rise buildings and terraced houses.

corner shop

Robert Adam Crescent

William Kent Crescent

1967

1976

2021

highly dense area of terraced houses before clearance

view between two of the Crescents

view from Sam Swire Street

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

Back-to-back houses

mixture between low-rise buildings and terraced houses

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

community analysis

people living alone 16-34 years old

cohabiting couples

35-64 years old

lone parents (one child)

europe

rest of the world

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

community overview

From the previous diagrams it can be generally conlu ded that large part of the population in Hulme:

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

is a young population, mostly from 16-34 years old

live by themselves (without family members or partners)

where born somwhere outside the UK or Europe

socially rented privately rented

live in socially rented homes

walkability

1.5 Km 0.5 Km 1.0 Km

2.0 Km

community garden/ allotment

rail station

library

jobcentre

city hall

park

hospital

tram station (junction)

connectivity

The site can be easily accessed following various routes. As a result, future residents can transport easily from their homes to other areas of the city. existing motorways and roads within 2Km from the site:

A road

motorway

B road

primary route

minor road

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

The area of the project is well-located. It is in walking distance from many public facilities and infrastructure, as well as the city centre. This diagram shows the convenient proximity from the site to these places of interest for future residents.

land use The land uses around the site are varied, residential is the main one.

green or brown space

industry

housing

education

retail

cultural or religious centres, charities

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

offices and public services

As previously pointed out, it is in a very well connected area of the city, and several facilities and services can be found close by.

A’

road

housing

section A-A’

road

site plan and section

69.0 m 80.0 m 11,063 m2

30.6 m

the site 74.7 m

59.6 m

53.7 m

the site

road

housing

road

cycle track road

housing

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

112.0 m

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

old birley fileds tree

“A Black Poplar, it was known as The Birley Tree because for well over a century it stood in the middle of a green space in the built-up area at the south edge of Manchester city centre. The land the Birley Tree stood on Birley Fields - used to contain the high school, and this tree, the oldest in Hulme, was a landmark feature visible from major roads, which occupied a fond place in the memories of residents who recalled it standing at the school gates.” (Davies, John. 2006).

1960s

1970s

source: http://www.johndavies.org/2006/07/tree-which-is-no-longer-there.html

1980s

in 2013 a community group had the initiative to plant trees in the site where the old tree stood

1990s

1999

1998

2010s

now

110 year-old black poplar

due to plans to build a hotel in that site, the tree was cut down in 1999

in the place were the tree used to be, now there is a cross conmemorating it

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

the plans were never implemented... now there is no hotel and no tree

in 1998 the Birley High School was demolished, the tree remained on site

these are the people... As mentioned before, the term homeless refers to any person who doesn’t have a permanent accomodation. Since some fall under vulnerable situations it is hard to have an exact number of the people in this situation. However, the most critical situation is rough sleeping, for which there are some figures. According to national surveys, the rough sleeping population is made up as shown in the following diagram.

85% men 14% women 1% not known

Leeds

Manchester

Ep OUS rojec H K

ct · oje pr

87% +26 yo 5% 18-25 yo 7% not known

WO R

this project is an initiative from The Workhouse Project

age

Manchester is one of the 4 cities in England with the most homeless people (outside of London).

72% UK 18% EU 5% International 6% not known

RKHOUS WO E

nationality

t·

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

gender

the main causes of homelessness in Manchester are:

Loss of lodgings Household dispute Domestic violence Relationship breakdown Loss of NASS No fixed abode Overcrowding Rough sleeping Prison discharge Leaving hospital Leaving care build a larger and stronger community

Birmingham

London Bristol

Eviction

the original residents could move out, stay and purchase the property, expand it, have flatmates, partners, families, pets....

with time, the community would grow and change.

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

and this is hulme

Housing Typologies in Hulme, author’s own (2021).

4 precedents

case studies

SEGAL METHOD Walter Segal

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

(LONDON, UK)

modular building system

“nucleus”

“nucleus” expansion

“stackable” units ground floor

SOCIAL HOUSING

elemental (MONTERREY, MEXICO)

ELEMENTAL has developed several social housing projects in Latin America. Their most important asset is the 6m possibility for buyers to get “half” a house (includes service areas); the other “half” can be self-produced by them, according to their needs, preferences and budgets.

“nucleus” expansion

1st floor

expansion

2nd floor

self-production

1/2

modularity

step

Urban Splash

(MANCHESTER, UK) These homes are made up by modules that can be arranged in different ways according to the users. They are designed through an online platform where the layout is chosen, then finishes can be selected. Each module is built in a factory and later transported to the site. These ensures significantly less waste than traditional construction on site.

step

modular and prefab

step

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

TOWN HOUSE Segal designed a whole system to get families to build their own council housesdue to a shortage of them in London in late 1970s. He simplified construction processes by using materials easily available in shops. Detailing and calculations were standarized to simplify construction to anyone.

social housing

council housing

in the UK and the world Workhouse

The Addison Act

Tenements

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

Almshouse

12th c.

14th c.

Researching what has been done in other regions of the world to find solutions to these problems, such as Latin America, is essential to learn from their experience and find possible strategies that could be implemented in this project.

1890

1919

The Housing Act

1930

PRC Hulme Crescents

Prefabs Homes Fit For Heroes

1945

´The Housing Question’ (Engels, 1872)

Streets in the sky

John Turner: Barriadas (Lima)

1872

1940s

1950s

Grenfell Tower (2017)

Right to Buy

1951

1950s

1940s

it is important to get to know the origins of social housing in the UK to understand better the problem.

1960s

1972

1970s

1979 1980

1990s

2000s

social housing: UK

Manual Autoconstr CEMEX (M

Walter Segal

PREVI (Lima)

Homes For Change

Cooperativa Palo Alto (CDMX)

1965 1972

1979

2010

1987

TECHO (Chile)

Quinta Monroy (Chile)

CO-OP Spreefeld (Berlin) Monterrey (Mex)

1997 2003 2011 2020 2013

self-production and social housing industrial revolution

WWI

WWII

world history

latin america fire

demand supply *31MM deficit (in Mexico vs. 126MM inhabitants)

l de rucción Mex)

overcrowding + not decent + not basic services *40m2 min. (in Mexico)

60% houses are self-produced *in Mexico

assimilate

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

ELEMENTAL combined: “established”+users’ solutions

materials case studies what can it be made of?

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

The materials proposed for this project play a role as important as the architectural design. The criteria for choosing them is that they should be as sustainable as possible.

One important aspect of it is that they must be accessible for the users to manipulate and find them. Another aspect is that they should have a small CO2 footprint as possible to integrate with the existing and neglected greenery in the site.

Sphagnum moss is a variety which can hold up to 26 times its weight in water. It contains sphagnol, a chemical that inhibits the growth of bacteria. This properties make it possible for it to naturally filter water. It is easily found in the UK and in Greater Manchester it can be found in Crompton Moor.

sphagnum moss

it is an option of the vegetation that can be used on walls or on the exterior

vegetation

responsibly sourced

structure + exterior walls

CLT faster dry construction systems

This type of timber is one of the most sustainable types because it is produced with responsibly sourced materials. It can be used as structure and as finishings.

The material pyramid shows the total emissions of CO2/m3 that are generated by the production of them.

unfired clay bricks

This type of material can be used as exterior finishings and can easily adapt to multiple designs. cladding

Biodegradable materials have a smaller ecological impact, they can be reused or discarded when they are no longer needed. If these materials allow the community to manipulate and replicate them, their CO2 footprint can be lowered.

+ material pyramid

s ion iss m3 em 2 / O

paper wool

Insultation is a key element in places such as Manchester. It allows comfort inside the dwelling and it can lower the energy consuption.

hemp wool

insulation

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

These types of bricks are similar to cob and adobe bricks. One of their advantages is that producing them pollutes less than regular clay bricks and they can be hand-made and produced by community members.

project design strategies After analysing the site, different theoretical concepts will shape the design process.

incorporate nature

old problems (urgently) require new solutions

object

unfinished replicable incremental involvement

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

housing as a process

process

not enough affordable housing community identifies problems

community gives solutions

John F.C. Turner

stronger community

microclimate

growing community

‘self-management’ (autogestión) answer

comfortable living spaces

provide a barrier between traffic and users and help capture CO2

originally called naturhus and designed by swedish architect Bengt Warne incorporates nature and architecture.

integrate the existing context and the project

public green space

safe space for everybody regeneration of existing green space to provide an inclusive space for the community to come together

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Precedents

Bengt Warne

Homes For Change, author’s own (2021).

5 project definition

project definition identifying the problem

reality

objectives

decent and affordable housing

Minimum livable units that ensure quality of life as a short-term initiative.

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

growing population in Manchester

There are not enough options accessible to everybody’s budget..

More people needs more housing.

? what happens then?

$$$

Those who cannot have access to permanent housing fall under vulnerability

$$$

not enough affordable housing

$$$

Allow the community to participate and acknowledge that there is something they can do to help solve a real problem.

$$$

live work grow

community involvement

self-production

they become homeless housing insecurity

co-op

Enable architeture to change and evolve alongisde the user’s changing needs and lifestyle. adaptability

Giving the community the p age their own solutions to powers them and builds a all.

relevance

how will it be done?

reinforce sense of community

Developing a project from within community interested organizations, such as The Workhouse Project. The community working for the community.

new models to acquire a house

Hulme

modularity

Modular structure makes construction easier and faster. It allows inner configurations flexible and adaptable according to users’ needs.

tackle housing insecurity

well-located housing

Selecting materials that can be easily found, afforded and transformed by the community allows the project to be sutainable.

possibility to self-mancurrent problems emsafer environment for

sustainable materials

Greater Manchester

denser cities = less CO2

World

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

approach

design programme

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

From the first stage of the project mixed-use units will be implemented. Different types of units for different types of users and that can serve as an initial stage to develop a larger project in this site and expand to other ones. The target users will be homeless people, as detailed in chapter 3.

move-on 1-2 years homeless

live+work 6months-1year creative projects

caretaker +3 years full-time

commercial

communal

green

shelving outdoor work

indoor: multifunctional+utility room outdoor: garden, social, bike lockers

planter gardens green walls+balconies

expansion process

years

short-term (2yrs) medium-term (8yrs) long-term (20yrs)

1st. stage

2nd. stage

3rd. stage

5 initial modules “ready to move”+ greenery

expansion of 5 initial modules

expansion to other potential sites

(different tennants, families, shared ownership,etc)

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

The different uses will integrate within the context and amongst themselves. Because of the self-production nature of the project it is expected to grow and morph thorughout the time, and eventually expanding to other sites.

modularity

Modules built with sustainable materials.

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

Designing with modules can save time during construction and can make it easier for community members to replicate them.

different main modules

grow

subdivision of main modules

Modules can be combined to create different configurations.

work can be stacked in different configurations

live

for interior configuarations:

materials that can be easily and locally found

services

Interior spaces can be subdivided and exterior expnasions can be added Building first the parts of the units as needed that require the most skills will allow flexibility for future installations changes. in a service nucleus

modularity process step

footprint

Structural elements are also the most expensive ones, meaning that the budget must be optimized. Modularity enables less waste of time and resources.

By not establishing an end it can grow into a larger strategy to end homelessness. It can even involve other communities

Empower the community by giving them the basic tools and let them shape their environment . progressive growth and adaptability step

repeat as needed

step

main structure

Having the more technical parts of the units built first will mean that future residents will face less challenges later on, as well as providint ready to move in units.

step

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

The concept of process is crucial to understand that the development of the project is progressive and unfinished. The stages can be reproduced as required.

future visions

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

Hulme Hippodrome

past (1967) area close to the site before the construction of the crescents

curre v

present

(2021) ent state of the vacant site

commercial

communal + greenery

Hulme Hippodrome

future future visions of the project on site

modular+self-produced housing + greenery

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

Hulme Hippodrome

54 HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project definition

Aerial view of the site, Google Earth (2021).

6 project development

project development

HOUSING AS A interconn ec

ted

con

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

c u tiv

ild bu

progressive phases e

HULME FAMILIES

The Birley Fields, formerly held the Birley High School in Chichester Road, has seen multiple transformations. Since the demolition of the school, parts of it have been developed into technology companies and an university campus. However, a portion of it was once home to a tree that survived the two WW. The old tree was later cut down due to development plans that fell through. Since then, it has been left unused, turning it into a green waste land in the middle of Hulme.

110 year old black poplar

STUDENTS COMMUNITY CYCLISTS

SITE VULNERABL PEOPLE

SOUTH-CEN

inception

a ll

step

experimentation

step

tesselation

step

E OUS projec KH

t· RKHOUS WO E

WO R

LE POPULATION E +26 yo

dwelling

step

WHP WANTS YOU

broadening CYCLISTS

NTRAL MANCHESTER

TO COME AND JOIN US!

step

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

sp os sib

attain an end f

d ed a

ct · oje pr

rdable h o ffo

ing us

Housing as a Process means that building the project will be taken throughout progressive phases (interconnected and consecutive).

desire lines high street

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

The site is adjacent to Hulme High Street and this project seeks to incorporate it and extend it whilst supporting local businesses. As the image shows, pedestians use the site as a shortcut to head to Old Birley Street or Archway.

continue high street

the site

Hulme Community Garden green space

Hulme Hippodrome

technology related buisiness

Xiao’s project protoshed

communal areas

housing

public space

high street

housing

Jiaqi’s project

commerce Yan’s project

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

zoning

orientation

degrees of privacy

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

north-facing services

semi-private west and high street commerce and communal areas

south-facing public space

east and less transited street housing

public

private

general layout

housing

experimentation + dwelling+broadening

protoshed

phase

inception

transmission of skills and production of housing

phase

community

tesselation+broadening

phase

2-3-5

community kitchen, commerce, public space

2-4-5

self-produced units prepared for expansions

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

The project will hold multiple uses on site. All of them forming part of different developmnet phases.

phases

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

inception

protoshed

community involvement: learning

experimentation

short-term

protosite

community involvement: testing

high street

tesselation community involvement: networking

dwelling community involvement: building + inhabiting

broadening

community involvement: growing

medium-term

Everything starts by building the protoshed where the units will be self-produced

long-term

Use the site (and other sites) to test housing units with the community as 1:1 models. Bring the community together around food with a community kitchen

The commerce will connect the project with the rest of the high street and will support local businesses and provide a public space

housing

Provide affordable housing for vulnerable population through self-produced strategies and set precedents for future housing projects

expansions

Growth of housing units according to users’ needs and building new units on site and on other sites. Repurpose the adjacent petrol station

phased development

The main vision is to grow the project gradually according to the users’ needs and the financial possibilities of the community. At a later stage, the project can expand to other possible sites throughout the city under the same principle of self-production of housing. phase

phase

MANCHESTER

phase

HULME

phase

3 phase

phase

5 phase

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

GREATER MANCHESTER

diu

t -te rm

dwelli n phase

g -t

5 erm

ning

lo n

4 m -te r m

m -te r m

broad e phase

diu

tion

tessel a phase

tion nta

t -te rm

er exp ime phase

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

now

incept i phase

selection of materials

buildings protoshed + spaces for the community + housing structure:

CLT

natural lighting:

walls:

polycarbonate

plywood

insulation:

cladding:

community involvement + skill training =

self-production materials that can be locally transformed in the protoshed

cellulose insulation

dry building methods = less waste = more sustainable

unfired bricks

public space pathways:

reclaimed cobblestone

metal grid

reclaimed railway sleepers

mulch

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

glulam

through passive design strategies for indoor thermal comfort and solar thermal energy for tubular solar panels for water heating

energy ar

can be used to build in the protoshed by community members

harnes s so l

progression housing prototype

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

protoshed

privacy through landscape design (slopes)

housing

5 initial housing units

community kitchen

public space commerce

add more housing

housing

multi-family dwellings add more multi-family dwellings

(current petrol station)

electric hub 10

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Project Development

housing

View from the site to Archway, author’s own (2021).

7 protoshed

protoshed

build and test 1:1 g r a nts a n d

par

pro

tners hi p

incorporate vegetation

l skills a n o i s s e f pro skills technical

incept i phase

self-production

funding opportunities

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

The name of this facility comes from the main purpose of it, being a place where the modular housing units can be built. To attain this, the community will be invited to participate. Besides producing the housing units, it is intended to serve as a place where community members exchange skills and experiences that will help them in them with possible professional carreers.

t-te rm

connect with the high street

l skills a n o i s s e f pro

ing

vo l

community involvement

e e rin g

otoshed protosite

The skills that can be transfered and shared amongst community members can be technical, such as woodwork, or professional, such as languages or arts, and workspaces. The technical work is carried out in the ground flar and in the centre of the building. Whilst the areas for professional skills can be found in the sides, the learning in the north side and the working spaces towards the south side.

community

skilled individuals

technical training

housing prototypes

affordable housing test in protosite and other sites

production of housing modules

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

trai n

programme and design process

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

To carry out the different activities proposed, the building has been divided into four main parts where the different activities have been grouped: wood wokshop, learning space, workspace, and green space.

1. Adjacent location to high st. and 2. Wood workshop in the ground close to other community projects floor.

3. Work space in three different levels.

4. Learning space in three levels op- 5. Locate terrace close to existing posite to work spaces. greenery.

6. Encourage natural light.

workshop (wood + blacksmith) technical skills

computer labs + workspace + counselling professional skills

library + classrooms education + professional skills

terrace leisure 7. Windows in the upper part.

8. Accesses connecting to high street and other spaces on site.

9. Protoshed starts producing.

architectural plans PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

terrace

toilet

a' wood workshop

ground floor

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ground floor

1:150

0.5 0.5

2 1

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The design of the Protoshed consists of four levels where the different activities are distributed. On the ground floor there can be found the building and wood workshop facilities, toilets and a terrace that connects the Protoshed to the existing greenery. The accesses connect with the high street, the community kitchen and the housing. Learning and working spaces can be found in the following levels.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

first floor classroom

a a'

workspace

first floor

1:150

0 0.5

0.5

1 5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

a a'

collaborative workspace

second floor

1:150

second floor 0 0.5

0.5

1 5

study space

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

third floor PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

classroom

a a'

workspace

third floor

1:150

0 0.5

0.5

1 5

a a'

1:150

0 0.5

0.5 1

roof plan

2 5 HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

roof plan PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

perspective section a-a’

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Protoshed

View from the site to Greenheys Lane, author’s own (2021).

8 housing

housing

precedent

Housing units will be located in the north-eastern area of the site. Starting with 5 units as defined in the design programme. Allowing later additions of collective housing.

Progressive housing and incrementality in Latin America by ELEMENTAL in Chile.

diu

g -t

tio

erm

m -te r m

ning

broad e phase

outc om

dwelli n phase

s e l f - p ro d u c t i o expected

t-te rm

s elf- p

ro d

incre me ality nt

tion nta

er exp ime phase

lon

precedent: QUINTA MONROY elemental Iquique, Chile (2001-2004)

ing context ist x e

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

The location responds to allocating them further from the busier roads and the public areas on site, as well as strategically close to the Protoshed.

incrementality

expansion patterns Different possibilities for expansion and growth.

as w gro

cour tya

growth rd

around a void

courtyard growth

core

exploration process

compact cluster

wth gro

layout

core growth

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

different patterns of growth

d de e ne

sustainability through design

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

The initial designs will contemplate green areas and sustainable design. To comply with the different users’ needs, the housing units will be designed in three different types. The houses will be designed through a modular grid of 9 square modules of 2.7m by side.

services and installations concentrated in one column

vertical circulation modules

harnessing sunlight

interior flexibility

privacy through height differences

storage and greenery

structural preparation for expansions

polycarbonate for thermal comfort and greenhouse

exploded axonometric

The following diagram shows the materials selected and the timber structure.

3 External cladding (timber-proposed) Skylights (double glazing) Polycarbonate Weather protection or SIPS Insulation (cellulose) panels Plywood Roof/floor slab (CLT) Battens and counter battens (timber) Beams and columns (glulam timber) Windows (double glazing) Front door Garden courtyard

4 5 7 8 9

7 4

8 7

8 12

8 11

10 4

5 6

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

type A

This type of house is intended to accomodate a formerly homeless person for 1-2 years. After this time it would seek to accomodate first-time buyers or vulnerable population looking for permanent housing. The former tenant can also be elegible for this.

wfh

living garden

phase

formerly homeless

ground floor

first floor

section a-a'

section b-b'

medium stay 1-2 years phase

4 permanent housing in the long run

living area services work space circulation expansion

ESK STUDENT VERSION

for w ho

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

It will provide living areas, basic services and small working space. The void will serve as green space in an initial stage and to allow expansion in later stages. Two units of this type will be built during phase 2. services

PRODUCED BY AN AUTOD

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

architectural plans

[move-on]

proposed expansion

DESK STUDENT VERSION a'

The following diagram shows an example for expanding the initial layout of PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION the house, only as an option since the changes may vary according to the users’ needs.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

option

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

First floor: large bedroom PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

first f l

option

1:100

0.5 0.5

2 1

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

oor

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

front elevation

groun

loor df

roof plan

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Ground floor: living space and a small bedroom

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO

section a-a'

section b-b'

ESK STUDENT VERSION

architectural visuals

VISIONS

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

type A

Type A-Axonometric exterior view

Type A-Axonome

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

etric interior view Type A-Axonometric views for proposed expansion HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

front elevation

type B

architectural plans

[live+work]

services

living garden

phase

wfh

for w ho people working in temporary creative projects

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

It will provide large working areas, living space and basic services. The large empty space around it will serve as greenery in an initial stage and to allow expansion in later stages. Two units of this type will be built during phase 2.

ground floor

first floor

section a-a'

section b-b'

short stay 6-12 months phase

4 permanent housing in the long run

living area services work space circulation expansion

ESK STUDENT VERSION

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

This type of house is designed for individuals who are working in temporary project, such as creative ones, from 6-12 months. After this time, it can be inhabited by people seeking long-term accomodation.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTOD

proposed expansion

DESK STUDENT VERSION a'

First floor: double bedroom and turn previous one into large living space.

first f l

option

1:100

0.5 0.5

2 1

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

option

oor

front elevation

groun

loor df

roof plan

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Ground floor: living space, a small patio and double-height workspace

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO

section a-a'

section b-b'

ESK STUDENT VERSION

architectural visuals

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

type B

Type B-Axonometric exterior view

Type B-Axonomet

tric interior view Type B-Axonometric views for proposed expansion HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

front elevation

type C

architectural plans

[caretaker]

This type of house is designed for the caretaker of the complex. It can be for them and their family or for a single individual and rent spare rooms. It is intended to be someone living there permanently.

garden living

phase

caretaker and their family or houseshare

ground floor

first floor

section a-a'

section b-b'

long stay +3 years phase

4 permanent housing and expansion as needed

living area services circulation expansion

ESK STUDENT VERSION

for w ho

services

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

It will provide large living space, three bedrooms and basic services. The greenery will be located in the front of the house and will serve as greenery in an initial stage and to allow expansion in later stages. One unit of this type will be built during phase 2.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTOD

proposed expansion

DESK STUDENT VERSION a'

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

first f l

First floor: double bedroom and balcony.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

option

1:100

0.5 0.5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

oor

front elevation

option

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

roof plan

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

groun

loor df

Ground floor: larger living space and a small patio.

2 1

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO

section a-a'

section b-b'

ESK STUDENT VERSION

architectural visuals

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

type C

Type C-Axonometric exterior view

Type C-Axonomet

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

tric interior view Type C-Axonometric views for proposed expansion HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Housing

front elevation

Hulme Market, author’s own (2021).

9 community

community The communal areas on site have been located towards the south and next to the busier roads. The followig diagram shows the location on site of the different proposed areas.

tion nta

t-te rm

erm

tessel a phase

diu

ning

g -t

broad e phase

electric hub

m -te r m

tion

public space

h st

er exp ime phase

lon

100

commerce

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Community

community kitchen

PRODUCED BY

commerce

commerce x3 units

public space

high treet

more commerce (future) Axonometric exterior and interiorview

ground floor

roof plan

1:75

0.5 0.5

2 1

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Community

esses sin

local b u

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

More space adjacent to the high street has been contemplated for hosting more commercial modules in the future

ENT VERSION

During the phase 3, three commercial units will be incorporated. Seeking to support local business owners and entrepreneurs, this are will connect the site to the high street. They will be surrounded by proposed public space.

101

UCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

architectural plans and programme

A space where people can get together through food. This facility will be implemented in the phase 2.

Whether it is growing it, preparing or sharing, community members can collaborate and get to know themselves through these activities. Historically, food sharing has always been an activity that brings people together.

Ne UC st W Be r

o Kuma & Asso ow Keng cia Grey + tes e el k

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

community kitchen

provide a space for community to get together around food sharing

food growing

sustainable design

training of skills useful for the everyday life of community members and help them improve their health

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VE 102

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Community

provide a barrier between traffic and users and help capture CO2

orchar

growing PRODUCED BY AN AUTODES

ground floor

“Public cookshops date back to the city states of the ancient Near East. As well as acting as urban food hubs, Egyptian and Mesopotamian temples often had public bakeries too” (Steel, 2013).

roof plan

1:100

0.5

architectural visuals kitchen preparing

g SK STUDENT VERSION

Axonometric exterior view

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.5

sharing

2 1

Axonometric interior view

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Community

indoor and outdoor dining area

103

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Community

public space

104

The area in the centre of the site will be developed into public space. It will provide a place appropriate for leisure and greenery for multigenerational community members.

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Community

electric hub (current petrol station)

During phase 5, the current petrol station next to the site will be repurposed into an electric hub. This space will enable the rental of traditional bicycles as well as electric ones. It will also have charging stations for electric cars

105

Hulme Community Garden, author’s own (2021).

10 Conclusions

107

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Conclusions

final vision

108

109

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Conclusions

elevation

conclusions The housing crisis in Manchester and the COVID-19 pandemic have made more evident the disparity of opportunities for everybody. It is important to consider the most vulnerable members of our society and treating their problem as important. Understanding that the current social housing scheme of “one size fits all” is not ideal as it doesn’t help improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. Imposing outdated housing schemes has not solved the ever-growing demand for affordable housing, that is why new models of housing should be explored alongside new models of homeownership and property development.

After having studied past and present social housing in the UK and the rest of the world, the design strategies have been established. The project should: be undertaken as a process, incorporate material with low ecological impact and provide safe spaces for the community. The next stage will explore the architectural design of these modules in detail and how they interact with their built and social context when they are inserted in the site, and what environmental and ecological advantages they can provide. Having these modular houses producing resources more than the ones they would consume.

Hulme District Office, author’s own (2021).

11 bbibliography

113

bibliography

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

books and magazines

114

Boughton, J. (2018). Municipal Dreams : The Rise and Fall of Council Housing. Verso.

Casanova, M. (2019). Social Strategies Building the City : a Re-conceptualization of Social Housing in Latin America (dissertation). LIT.

Steel, C. (2013). Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives. Vintage Digital.

Turner, F.C., & Fitcher, R. (1972). Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process. Macmillan.

Broome, J. (1986). Special Issue: The Segal Method. The Architects’ Journal. Retrieved from:

https://jonbroome.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/AJ-SegalSpecial-Issue-The-Segal-Method-05Nov-1986-reduced.pdf

blogs and websites

government publications and statistics

• Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. (2021, February 25). Rough sleeping snapshot in England: autumn 2020. GOV.UK. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/rough-sleeping-snapshot-in-england-autumn-2020/ rough-sleeping-snapshot-in-england-autumn-2020 • Manchester City Council (2018). Manchester Homelessness Strategy. Manchester, UK: Manchester City Council. Retrieved from https://www.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/download/5665/homelessness_strategy

news articles • Kale, S. (2019, March 27). ‘It’s going to be our little paradise’: can co-ops solve the housing crisis?. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/ • Malkin, E. (2017, June 13). Palo Alto, la comunidad mexicana que se resiste a los corporativos. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/es/ • O’Hare, R. (2016, January 28). Now that’s a GREEN-house! Swedish family surround their home with glass to keep in the heat, lower their bills and grow veg. Daily Mail. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/

maps • Digimap. (n.d.) [Historical Maps of The Site]. Retrieved February 24, 2021,from https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic • Digimap. (n.d.) [Demographic Maps of The Site]. Retrieved February 24, 2021,from https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/society • Google Maps. (n.d.) [Aerial View of The Site]. Retrieved February 24, 2021,from https://www.google.com/maps/place/Old+Birley+Street+Open+Field/@53.4634618,-2.2473227,18.57z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x487bb160b976f6a9:0x78dd4b1329d729e5! 8m2!3d53.4636468!4d-2.247666

HOUSING AS A PROCESS: The Mancuanian Perspective to the Latin American Paradigm | Site Analysis

• The Bartlett Development Planning Unit Blog. (2017, March 23). Towards an Autonomy of Housing – The Legacy of John F C Turner in Latin America and Beyond: Event Review. [Blog Post]. Retrieved from https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/dpublog/tag/john-f-c-turner/ • Coop Housing at River Spreefeld / Carpaneto Architekten + Fatkoehl Architekten + BARarchitekten. (2015, January 17). ArchDaily. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/587590/coop-housing-project-at-the-river-spreefeld-carpaneto-architekten-fatkoehl-architekten-bararchitekten • ELEMENTAL. (n.d.). Descarga Aquí 4 Proyectos de Vivienda Incremental. Retrieved from http://www.elementalchile.cl/ • House by Urban Splash. (n.d.). Configure Your House. Retrieved from https://www.housebyurbansplash.co.uk/ • Embassy Village. (n.d.). The Project. Retrieved from https://embassyvillage.co.uk/ • Cornerstone. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved from https://cornerstonecds.org.uk/

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