MARIANA BEJARANO ARCHITECTURAL THESIS : 2016-2017
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS: Dwelling Within the Lines of Migration
BY MARIANA BEJARANO
ARCHITECTURAL THESIS : 2016_2017
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OLD WESTBURY, NEW YORK
NAOMI FRANGOS, ADVISOR
“I think optimism is whether you are still exhilarated by life, whether you are curious, whether you still believe there is a possibility.�
Ai Weiwei
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Table Of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Glossary of Terms 1.2 Studio Project 1.3 Thesis Abstract
1 3 4 6
2.0 RESEARCH 2.1 Thesis Statement 2.2 Global Migration 2.3 Walls and Fences 2.4 In and Out Flow 2.5 Mexico-United States Migrants Flow
7 9 17 21 25 31
3.0 INSTINCTUAL MIGRATION 3.1 The Monarch Butterfly 3.2 Butterfly Life Cycle 3.3 Butterfly Migration Path 3.4 War Machine and Instinctual Migration 3.5 Urban Scar/ Memory/ Transformation
35 36 37 38 39 41
4.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES 4.1 Grace Farms 4.2 John Hejduk: Berlin Masque (1981)
43 44 49
5.0 SITE ANALYSIS 5.1 Why Site Matters 5.2 Border Crossing Tijuana-San Diego 5.3 The Canal And Memory
55 56 57 59
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
6.0 DIAGRAMMATIC ANALYSIS 6.1 Diagrams Matters 6.2 Externological Analysis 6.2.1 Border 6.2.2 Butterfly and Movement 6.2.3 Land Conditions 6.2.4 Program
6.3 Internological Analysis 6.3.1 Migrants-Program Relationships
7.0 PROPOSAL 7. 1 Proposal 7. 2 Proposal Specifics 7. 3 Proposed Program 7. 4 Actual Conditions/Proposal Concept 7. 5 Cultural Relationships 7. 6 Phased Project 7. 7 Butterfly Extractions: Form/Program 7. 8 Site/Program Relationships 7. 9 Site/Form Relationships 7. 10 Site Marking 7. 11 Intervention 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16
Tropes/Space Program Relationships Moments Model Picture Online Resources Bibliography
Introduction
61 62 63 63 64 66 69 71 71 73 74 75 76 77 79 81 85 87 89 91 93 99 101 109 113 115
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Studio Project 1.2 Thesis Abstract
FRAMING VIEWS By Mariana Bejarano Flying out, searching in, Looking close, then we find. A presence unfolds, a horizon in front, Seeking for more, we find a soul. Following around, the journey began, Textures reveals our paths to restore. Finding the spirit, merging the soul, Bringing us to imagine what it could be done.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
The Allegory Of The Cave: The Light that Brings Freedom By Mariana Bejarano “The Allegory of the Cave” is a story that depict, in a metaphorical way, the stage of the human being when is out of knowledge and what happens when it is found. It is interesting to see how the story develops two types of individuals that defines what it means to leave in darkness or light. People can relate to this allegory -which describes the journey as a transformative process to find freedom- when their instinctual virtues of curiosity and courage awake them from their obscure (dark) dreams to scape to a new reality (light). But sometimes this instinct is not acknowledged and the individual remains in the dark. It is important for all individual to understand that knowledge is the greatest tool to use when looking for any kind of freedom, but first individuals have to allow their internal hunger for growth that is revealed in the stage of ignorance. Plato, a famous Greek philosopher wrote “The Allegory of the Cave” with the intention to start a dialog about the concepts of “reality and knowledge”. He introduces three characters which are prisoners, they live in a cave since their childhood and never been exposed to the outside world, the only source of interaction with it was the shadows produced by a fire coming from the outside of the cave, reflecting figures on the wall that the prisoners were facing. The prisoners interpreted the shadows on their own internal perspective and this awoke their inner-fears, questions, and desire to scape. One prisoner was freed and followed the fire, then he was able to discover the world. For him the journey was solitary and painful, but he appreciated that he was not in darkness anymore and trough this he experienced freedom, a new concept that he did not know before. Here is where the question raised, should he comeback to liberate the other prisoners? would they accept a new reality? certainly, not, the story would say. The nature of reality could be a difficult concept to grasp, this is relative to the different perceptions that human being have of things that they experience in life. One type of individuals would choose to maintain their position in a place as a “comfort zone”. Their approach to life is limited to only what they can perceive without taking any action and so they remain “walking in the dark”. The darkness can provide for them a sense of security and an effortless experience in their journey of life, and although it could be painful they cannot fill it because they never experienced anything different, so for them is normal, and to accept a new reality it is inconceivable.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
On the other hand, there are individuals that put attention to their natural instinct of curiosity and choose to learn not only about what they can see, but what can they do with it. These individuals will find courage in the core of their beings to trespass any obstacle that would bring them to walk in the light, open to any knowledge that they can be exposed, then they learn to discern what is good and what is bad. This approach to life could be painful during the process of acknowledging new realities but once light is uncovered, real freedom is discovered. The problematic of this analysis about individual walking on darkness and the ones walking in light occurs in the disagreement provoked from each of one perceptions. How can someone prevent other one from “walking in the light”? and how can someone obligate another to stop “walking in darkness”? It is difficult to confront these two positions when we want to talk about freedom. Trying to change behaviors, opinions and beliefs can only bring us to grater dilemma, and this is not what Plato intended to achieve when he wrote “The Allegory of the Cave” instead he is inviting the reader to resigned with the idea that some individual will accept the truth as a new reality and others will not open their mains to the light and will remain in darkness. In conclusion, ones can say that both types of individuals have an origin in the darkness, and by natural instinct we are exposed to a certain reality. It is the action of the individual what make the difference to start their journey to wisdom, and recognize that reality is relative to what we know, and then to discover their identity and find freedom. One can say that the ones who chooses the light have the greater challenge, trying to convince the ones in the dark to acquire knowledge, but if the one in the light learned to discern correctly, he would accept and respect the prisoner ignorance. One can ask: So, how can someone freedom others from their ignorance? If you stay in the light this will create a shadow that hopefully can be perceive by the one that is in darkness, and like in The Allegory of the Cave, you would be the fire out of the cave.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
1 . 2 Studio Project Abstract This studio looks at architecture through the lens of memory. When dealing with discarded artifacts or sites, every act of deconstruction and construction has the power to erase, build and retell a story in a new way. Architecture can physically repair broken, interrupted fabric, but also recover and renew identity of place, and heal deeper underlying factors and events that are both cause and effect of its rupture, such as, History, Culture, Society, Politics, Economics, Environment, Ecology, Emotion, etc. This is an urgent issue concerning our attitude as architects towards sustaining continuity of our past, present and future built environment and communities that makes us feel connected to the world we live in. It demands interventions that carefully consider how new connective tissue can stitch together voids in urban fabric in a meaningful way. More specifically, this studio focuses on the investigation, interpretation and integration of culturally and historically significant abandoned places or artifacts within a city or along its fringes. Projects will address revitalization and adaptive re-use of urban voids, vacant sites, derelict infrastructure, toxic landscapes, wastelands, discarded buildings or fragments, etc., that result in positive environmental, social and cultural impact.
By “re-stitching” urban fabric in variations of addition, removal, translation, alteration, transformation, preservation, renovation, extension, and/or expansion, projects will aim to infuse the “forgotten architectural body” with new life. While each student is free to choose site and program, each student is asked to develop a critical position on how they choose to “Re-Member” place. Any program, typology, and site are welcome that you feel connected to and desire to re-member. Anywhere between total demolition and pure preservation, you will you take a position to reclaim, restore, remove, replace, reuse, recycle, remediate, renovate, repurpose, reconfigure, revitalize, or reinvent architecture. Whether you choose a vacant site, urban void, derelict infrastructure, abandoned artifact, salvageable building fragment, polluted landform, vacant earthwork, or a structure you wish to tear down and start from scratch, you will imagine forgotten or untold stories, choose what to do with them. You will define an impact statement of your intended intervention considering growth and decay and careful re stitching of connective urban fabric / topography, using variations of addition, removal, preservation, alteration, translation, transformation, extension, and/or expansion.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
MEMORY
Figure 1: Images From the Art of Memory, Frances Yates
WHAT IS AN URBAN SCAR? A physical, visible trace, in a dormant state, that tells a story about the past life of a place. Abandoned, forgotten artifacts, what do we do with them? Do we...remove, replace, reuse, renovate, re-make, recycle, reconfigure, remember (memorial), reserve, reclaim, restore (preserve), recall, recollect, re-vive, revitalize, reinvent, rejoin...them? It is an urgent situation concerning our attitude towards past, present and future artifacts, from pure preservation to total demolition of historical landmarks. It is an ethical question that cultivates our cultural history in the built environment, and also ignites our faculty of memory – collective, individual, personal memory, invented memory – that makes us feel connected to the world we live in. WHAT IS A SECOND SKIN? Interventions that respond critically to a condition of an Urban Scar at various scales by uncovering and renewing identity and memory of place to inspire meaningful ways of giving it a new life. “...like an immobile image of time... there is no collective memory that does not unfold in a spatial framework... [Space] is an enduring reality: each of our impressions banishes the one that came before, nothing remains in our mind, and there would be no way of understanding the past, if it did not in effect preserve itself in the material surroundings.”(Maurice Halbwach, The Collective Memory) 5
The Art of Memory, or, ‘mnemotechnics’, is an art invented by the ancient Greeks, which seeks to memorize through a technique of impressing ‘places’ and ‘images’ on memory. Through images that we order in our minds in particular sequences, we can recall our words, thoughts, places and things. So, what memories are ignited when we experience abandoned places? What is experienced differently through place or through image? How do the two work together? When experiencing forgotten places – how do we conjure up memories? When we dream, and awaken, we only remember bits and pieces, fragments of a story, a space in which we exist but rarely can recall. Mostly, we recall details, dispersed moments, and we try to piece together the missing parts. How is our memory activated? “In the ancient world, devoid of printing, without paper for note-taking or on which to type lectures, the trained memory was of vital importance... the ancient memories were trained by an art which reflected the art and architecture of the ancient world, which could depend on faculties of intense visual memorization which we have lost.” (Yates) The use of mnemotechnics in this studio: • To understand how architecture can conjure up associated memories and use this as a design tool • To link spatial composition to spatial experience by using sequence and spacing of words (poetry) • To practice reciting oral presentation from looking at graphic presentation rather than written out text
Prof. Naomi Frangos
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
1 . 3 Thesis Abstract Throughout history, the movement of people with the intention to settle in another location has created a reaction in counties’ governments to create Boundaries, Borders and Barriers. By nature, the planet earth creates Boundaries through its own movement. The tectonic plates activity forms natural Border and Barriers around the earth. Counties have created political boundaries to delineate their territories, some of them created physical Borders to control the in and out flow of people, others built physical Barriers such walls and fences to secure state security and territory, while preventing immigration, trafficking, and smuggling.
Mexico is one of the countries with the most people migrating into the United States. Migrants are pushed by the need for employment, education, security, and health assistance-pull factors that are attractive in their neighboring country. Tijuana, Mexico, and San Diego, California, are the largest binational region with the busiest land-border crossing in the world. Tijuana has become one of the most transited cities by migrants trying to illegally cross the border of The United States. At the same time, Tijuana receives a great number of deported illegal migrants from its neighboring country.
In 2015, 244 million people moved across the globe looking for a better quality of life. Mexico, India, and, Russia have the largest diaspora. United States, Germany, and Saudi Arabia host the largest number of international migrants, whose strong economy is an attraction for migrants.
The situation created by the border and barrier between these two countries has left a scar that stretches along the landscape. Limitation, separation and segregation are marked along the path. Social disintegration, broken culture, and lost identity, remain within these limits.
Instinctual migration occurs in the animal kingdom. The Monarch butterfly knows no boundaries and travels from Canada, crossing The United States to arrive in the south of Mexico. Their survival instinct is to migrate in community to reproduce and return to their place of origin.
How though architecture can we redefine Boundaries, Borders and Barriers, so that they give power and freedom for the inhabitants and the people in movement? How can migrating population be accommodated and give a space to dwell while they are in transition that connects them back to their identity?
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Chapter 2 RESEARCH 2.1 Thesis Statement 2.2 Global Migration 2.3 Walls and Fences 2.4 In and Out Flow 2.5 Mexico -United States Migrants Flow
In this chapter, the research process is based on the thesis statement, which sets the tone for the investigation at a global scale and understand the influences of migration in the world and how this impact specifically the flow and movement of individuals from Mexico to The United States.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
TRANSFORMATION
FLOW IN
ILLEGAL
FREEDOM
NATURAL INSTINCT
WALLS
FLOW OUT
TRANSITION
POVERTY
LANDSCAPE
HUMAN POLITICAL
MIGRANTS MOVEMENT
NOMADIC LIFE INTERNATIONAL BORDERS
NATURAL BOUNDARIES
TERRITORY
BOUNDARIES
POINT OF ENTRY
INTEGRATION
BORDERS
LIMITATION DENSITY
DWELL
BARRIERS POWER
SEPARATION
PHISICAL BOUNDATRIES
SETTLE
IDENTITY
SEGREGATION FENCE
SOCIAL
COUNTRIES
COMMUNITY
TRESPASSING
DIVISION
STOP
Figure 2: Mind Map
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
2 . 1 Thesis Statement Boundaries, Borders and Barriers: dwelling within the lines of migration Throughout history, mass migration of people has created political, social and cultural issues. Nation states have established borders and physical barriers to maintain legal and cultural control within their territories. As a result, entire communities have become fragmented and displaced. Transient migrant life and often-poor conditions of temporary settlements have left scars not only on the physical landscape, but on the identity of migrant people.
9
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
Thesis Statement
By investigating BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS, this thesis reflects on how these 3 kinds of divisions can be broken down into a no-man’s land, such that migrants and individuals from each side of the border can experience a multidirectional movement facilitated through pro-active communal and cultural programmatic elements. It examines how these inter-dependences can reinforce closer communities, so that power and freedom is given back to the inhabitants and people in transition.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
What Is A Boundaries? A boundary is the dividing line or demarcation between two areas. It is the notional wall that distinguishes “them from us�. Identities are produced and reinforced through boundaries, understood and experienced in psychic as well as physical terms. That is, the boundary as physical and legal artifact finds a way into society as a cultural influence, reproducing itself on many levels.
Figure 3: Physical Boundary
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Figure 4: Geographic Boundaries
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
NORTH AMERICA PLATE
Introduction
EURASIAN PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE NAZCA PLATE
SPLIT DEVLOPIN
SOUTH AMERICA PLATE
INDO-AUSTRALIAN PLATE ANTARCTIC PLATE
Figure 5: Natural Boundaries
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
What Is A Border?
Figure 6: Psychological Borders
Figure 8: Physical Borders 13
A border is the formal delineation on the ground that separates political (id)entities. Thus, it creates an “inside and an outside� as a legal mandate.
Figure 7: Psychological Borders
Figure 9: Physical Borders
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
Figure 10: Political Border Lines
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
What Is A Barrier? A barrier is the physical separation such as wall or a fence that prevents people from moving across a boundary line or border, and sends the message: “you are not allowed here�
Figure 11 : Physical Barrier
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Figure 12 : Physical Barrier
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
United States-Mexico Saudi Arabia-Yamen
India-Pakistan
Countries in study Countries with physical Barrier Countries no physical Barrier Borders with fenced sections: Country:
Completed or under construction
has built barriers
Planned
has not build barriers
Figure 13 : Physical Barriers in the World
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
2 . 2 Global Migration There are more migrants in the world today than ever before. The number of international migrants rose between 1990 and 2015 by over 60% giving a total of 244 million international migrants (united nations, 2015). It is predicted that immigration rates worldwide will continue to increase in the future, with demographic factors, economic disparities and environmental changes continuing to be major drivers of migration.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Global Migration
Figure 14 : International Migrants
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Top Six Population Of Migrants From Country Of Origin To Country Of Destination
India
Origin
Destination
Mexico
United States
United Arab Emirates
2015 2000
9
1
3
Russia
Ukraine
3 4
Ukraine
Russia
3 4
Bangladesh
Russia
3 3
India
Kazakhstan
12
2
Number of migrants (millions) Figure 15 : Population of Migrants Graph
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Global Migration
Countries
RF
UK
United Kingdom
US
8.5
Russia
11.6
DE
United States
RF
Germany
46.6
Russia
12
106
CN China
9.5
MX 12.3
SA
Saudi Arabia
10.2
2015
AE
IN
8.1
15.6
United Arab Emirates
Countries that have the world’s largest diaspora Countries hosting international
India
PK Pakistan
5.9
BD
Bangladesh
7.2
Figure 16 : Countries largest Diaspora/ Hosting
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
2 . 3 Walls and Fences
Since the fall of the Berlin wall, over 40 countries around the world have built fences against more than 60 national or ethnic entities. The majority have cited security concerns and the prevention of illegal migration as justifications. More than 30 of those decisions were made following 9/11, 15 of them last year.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Global Migration
Fig. 17 :Tijuana-San Diego
Fig. 18 :Nogales, Arizona-Nogales, Sonora 22
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Barriers between countries
Why Countries Create Barrier?
40
19
16
13
12 3
Stated Reasons Immigration Fig. 19 Barriers Percentage
23
Since the fall of the Berlin wall, over 40 countries around the world have built fences against more than 60 national or ethnic entities. The majority have cited security concerns and the prevention of illegal migration as justifications. More than 30 of those decisions were made following 9/11, 15 of them last year.
Security
Trafficking
Territorial
Smuggling
Other
COUNTRIES CREATING BARRIER
Bulgaria USA Lithuania COUNTRIES CREATING BARRIER BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration Hungary Mexico Latvia Bulgaria USA Austria Brazil Estonia Hungary Mexico COUNTRIES CREATING BARRIER Bulgaria Britain USA Lithuania Jordan Ukraine Austria Brazil COUNTRIES CREATING BARRIER Hungary Sweden Mexico Latvia Turkey South Africa Britain JordanAustria Brazil Estonia Bulgaria Turkey USA Lithuania Morocco Botswana Saudi Arabia Sweden COUNTRIES CREATING BARRIER Britain JordanUSA Ukraine Tunisia Hungary Mexico Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Countries Creating Barriers Namivia Jordan Botswana Saudi Arabia Sweden Turkey South Africa Spain Austria Brazil Estonia Hungary Mexico Latvia Kenya Iran Namivia Jordan COUNTRIES CREATING BARRIER CREATING BARRIER Morocco Oman Bulgaria Britain USACOUNTRIES Lithuania Jordan Ukraine Botswana Saudi Austria Arabia Brazil Estonia Egypt Pakistan IranTunisia Arab HungaryKenya Sweden Mexico LatviaAfrica United Turkey South Namivia Jordan Ukraine Algeria IndiaJordanBritain Egypt Pakistan Spain South Africa Emirates Austria Morocco Brazil USAThailand EstoniaLithuania Bulgaria Bulgaria KenyaTurkey Iran Sweden Lithuania USA Uzbekistan Botswana Saudi Arabia Algeria India OmanMorocco Britain Hungary Tunisia JordanMexico Ukraine COUNTRIES CREATING BARRIER China Hungary EgyptBotswana Latvia Pakistan Latvia Mexico Namivia Myanmar Kazakhstan Jordan Saudi Arabia Thailand Uzbekistan United Arab North Korea SwedenAustria Spain Turkey Brazil South Africa Austria Tunisia AlgeriaNamivia Estonia India Estonia Brazil Turkmenistan Kenya Iran Jordan Myanmar Kazakhstan Malaysia Emirates Morocco Oman Britain Britain Spain Thailand Jordan Ukraine Uzbekistan Ukraine Botswana Saudi Arabia Pakistan Bulgaria USAJordan Egypt Lithuania Kenya Iran Turkmenistan TunisiaArab United ChinaOman Sweden Myanmar South Africa Turkey Kazakhstan Turkey Algeria South Africa Namivia JordanSweden India Hungary Mexico Latvia Egypt Pakistan Korea Arab Spain Morocco North United Emirates Turkmenistan Morocco Kenya Botswana Iran Saudi Uzbekistan Austria Brazil Estonia Arabia India Algeria Botswana Thailand Saudi Arabia Malaysia Oman China Tunisia Emirates Tunisia Egypt Namivia Pakistan Kazakhstan Britain Jordan Ukraine Jordan Namivia Myanmar Uzbekistan JordanThailand North Korea United Arab Spain Spain AlgeriaKenya Turkmenistan India Iran China Sweden Turkey South Africa Kazakhstan Kenya Iran Myanmar Malaysia Emirates North Korea Oman Oman Thailand Uzbekistan Morocco Egypt TurkmenistanPakistan Egypt Pakistan Botswana Saudi Arabia Malaysia China United Arab United Arab Myanmar Kazakhstan Tunisia Algeria India Algeria India Namivia Jordan North Korea Emirates Emirates Turkmenistan Spain Thailand Uzbekistan Thailand Kenya Iran Uzbekistan Malaysia China China Oman Myanmar Kazakhstan Myanmar Kazakhstan Egypt Pakistan North Korea North Korea United Arab Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Algeria India Malaysia Malaysia Emirates Thailand Uzbekistan China Myanmar Kazakhstan North Korea Turkmenistan Malaysia
Walls And Fences
Global Migration Lithuania Latvia Estonia Ukraine South Africa Morocco Tunisia Spain Oman United Arab Emirates China North Korea Malaysia
Figure 20: Israel Concrete Wall
Figure 21: Steel Wall
Figure 19:
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
2 . 4 In and Out Flow
There are more migrants in the world today than ever before. The number of international migrants rose between 1990 and 2015 by over 60% giving a total of 244 million international migrants (united nations, 2015). It is predicted that immigration rates worldwide will continue to increase in the future, with demographic factors, economic disparities and environmental changes continuing to be major drivers of migration.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Global Migration
Figure 22: Global Migration
Figure 23:Migrants Crossing the Desert 26
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Where Do The Transient People Go? United States
Germany
Mexico China India Philippines Vietnam El Salvador
Mexico
India
United States
Figure 24:In and Out Flow 27
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Global Migration
Where Do The Transient Come From? Saudi Arabia
Turkey Pakistan Egypt Yemen Bangladesh Philippines
Turkey Poland Italy Romania Syria Iraq
Figure 22: Flow in
Russia
United Arab Emirates United States United Kingdom Austria Nepal Singapore
Germany Italy Czech Republic Spain
Figure 21: Flow out
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Top three countries hosting the largest International migrants US
DE
Population
321 mill
80.9 mill
31.5 mill
Economy
86%
15.5%
3.2%
Education
15.1%
99%
94.8%
6.2%
5%
5.6%
3.9%
.9%
6.2%
Employment Crime
Figure 25: Top Three Countries Hosting the Largest International Migrants
29
SA
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Global Migration
Top three countries with the largest diaspora
MX
IN
RF
127 mill
1.31 Bill
Economy
53.2%
21.9%
13.4%
Education
4.9%
3.6%
5.1%
Employment
15.7%
3.2%
9.5%
95.55%
72.23%
99.7%
Population
Crime
144 mill
Figure 26: Top Three Countries with the Largest Diaspora
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
2 .5 Mexico-United States Migrants Flow
After the analysis of the global migration, The study of this thesis concentrates in two specific counties: Mexico and United States. Mexico, with the largest movement of migrants attempting to cross the border to The United States, is a country that has been influence by its economy and other factors where individuals are forced to look for new opportunities found in the neighboring country. Migrants travel across the country looking for the “American dream�. During their traveling, they leave a path of hardship and sometimes death. Once the migrants encounter the border that divides the two countries a new journey begins.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Introduction
Figure 27: Overcrowded Train
Figure 28: Reaching the Wall
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
How Many Mexican People Migrate To United Stated And By Which Methods ?
Figure 29: Number of Migrants and Entry Methods
Fig. 30: Arozona-Sonora Border
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Fig. 31: Rio Grande-Laredo Texas
Fig. 32: New Mexico- El Paso Texas
Fig. 33: Tijuana-San Diego
Fig. 28: Beach in Tijuana at the Border
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Global Migration
Push And Pull Factors In the 2015 economically active population of the United States was 143 million people which 5.1% born in Mexico.
Figure 34: Number of Migrants and Entry Methods 34
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Chapter
3
INSTINCTUAL MIGRATION 3.1 The Monarch Butterfly 3.2 Butterfly Life Cycle 3.3 Butterfly Migration Path 3.4 Instinctual Migration
This thesis looks at the monarch butterfly as a mouthpart of individuals naturally traveling with no boundaries. Also, the metaphor of the butterfly’s metamorphosis it is overlooked to inspired the mind as a designer, holding the concept of transformation as an important element during the design process.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Instinctual Migration
3 . 1 The Monarch Butterfly Knows No Boundaries One of the most surprising phenomena of the nature is the migration. It is surprising how so small individuals can realize these amazing processes. But if of size it talks each other, one of the most amazing migrations is that of the monarch butterfly. Being the personification of the fragility, it is unheard-of that these insects could travel between 2,000 and 4,500 kilometers of going and some of theirs of return. Even more surprising it is that those who never return to the hibernation places earlier were there. They are its (dads of the great-great-grandfathers) those who previously did the intrepid trip from the Southeast of Canada and this one of The United States up to the center of Mexico.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
3 . 2 The Monarch Butterfly
BUTTERFLY LIFE CYCLE Pupa (chrysalis)
Adult (butterfly)
Larva (caterpillar)
2nd Generation North
3rd Generation
South
4th Generation Fall Breading
Sep
Dec
South
Jun
v o N
Breeding Season bigging 1st Generation
Breeding Season
Children of monarch from Mexico born in south migrate to North to lay eggs
r
Jul
Oct 37
Ap
A u g
Figure 35: Butterfly Life Cycle
Mar
y Ma
Egg
Ja n
Feb
Grandchildren born in north lay eggs in north Great-great grandchildren born in north migrate to Mexico
Great-great-grandchildren born in north lay eggs in north
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Instinctual Migration
3 . 3 The Monarch Butterfly
Figure 37: Settle/Static State
Figure 36: Butterfly Migration Path
Figure 38: Nomadic/Dynamic State
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Figure 39: Metamorphosis/ Transformation/ Freedom (Video Stills)
A Thousand Plateaus Capitalism And Schizophrenia
In Deleuze and Guattari’s “A Thousand Plateaus” (1980) “the war machine” and “the state apparatus” interact in opposition to each other. The war machine is the “nomad”, moving from place to place. It is exterior to the state apparatus, and always resistant to state oppression. The state apparatus rules the platform where they both coexist, using its power to overwrite the nomads’ political doctrines and philosophies. They (war machine and state apparatus) function as a pair in alternation, as they express a division of the one or constitute in themselves a sobering unity. From these concepts -the state apparatus, the war machine- picture three stages, where different performances occur. The global aspect of acknowledging boundaries as a free path for the natural instinct of movement, the reality confronting borders imposed by power, and the specific journey of trespassing barriers that separate communities. These three stages act as filters for the understanding of their (apparatus-war machine) function. Mobility, fluidity, and integrity are actions that emerge naturally from the human condition, stand in juxtaposition to power, war machine, and the state apparatus.
Figure 40: War Machine and Instinctual Migrat 39
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling with the lines of migration
Instinctual Migration
tion 40
Re-creating the Past: Note on Neurology of Memory Susan Schwartzenberg “How do individuals create meaningful existences around them? How do we construct a psychology of place for those spaces in which we live?” “…Memory is a re-constructive process and that no perception exists in any particular place -as it would in a file cabinet- but rather that impressions are constantly re-stimulated and re-combined” “…, Our inner existence (mind) is incredibly entangled with the exterior worldin the things we make and in the phenomenological world in which we live”. In the reading, Schwartzenberg, inspire the attitude to take when designing a space for transient and settle people that are exposed to limitation, separation, and segregation. How do we...? ...Design spaces with transparent boundaries that integrated in the context of society, allowing the flow of persons or bodies to move in unexpected directions and acknowledging natural freedom,--- and when the return journey occurs, how can a new healed reality be uncovered? ...Create places that allow borders framing horizontal views where the spectator experiences a moment of reflection -in the interior of the space- and then observes thorough a framed view, and when the tension is released, a new relationship within the inside and the outside will be found? ...Redefine barriers that promote an atmosphere of contained space that provoke dialog between the past and the present to experience memories that will not be distort, and when the opening appears a new path of transformation could be discovered
Figure 41: Urban Scar / Memory /Transformation 41
42
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
JOHN HEJDUK : BERLIN MASQUE (1981)
Chapter
4
PRECEDENT STUDIES 4.1 Grace Farms 4.2 John Hejduk : Berlin Marque(1981)
This thesis looks at the monarch butterfly as a metaphor of individuals naturaly traveling with no boundaries. Also, the metaphor of the butterfly’s metamorphosis it is overlooked to inspired the mind as a designer, holding the concept of transformation as an important element during the design process.
43
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Precedent Studies
4 . 1 Grace Farms Architects: Sanaa Location: 365 Lukes Wood Rd, New Canaan, Connecticut Area: 83,000 Sf2 Project Year: 2015 Grace farms is a community center that is dedicated for the exploration of faith, nature, art, community and social justice. The building blends with the natural environment and follows the landscape where the visitors are invited to experience nature though all five senses and to enjoy the journey trough public amenities and program. The transparency of the building creates a natural indoor and outdoor connection infusing both spaces into one.
44
INDOOR /OUTDOOR INDOOR /OUTDOOR INDOOR /OUTDOOR PROGRAM TRANSPARENCY GRACE FARMS TRANSPARENCY TRANSPARENCY INDOOR /OUTDOOR LIBRARY CONNECTION
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
LIBRARY
TRANSPARENCY
LIBRARY
LIBRARY EXTENDS/ OUTDOO THEABOUN AS CON OUTD
Program Connection
AS A
SANCTUARY RESTAURANT
RESTAURANT
RESTAURANTINDOOR /OUTDOOR RESTAURANT
TRANSPARENCY
RESTAURANT
LOUNGE
Indoor/Outdoor Landscape Transparency
INDOOR /OUTDOOR LOUNGE LANDSCAPE TRANSPARENCY INDOOR /OUTDOOR LANDSCAPE TRANSPARENCY
Figure 42: Grace Farms Program Diagram 45
LOUNGE
EXTENDS/OPEN THE BOUNDARIES
SANCTUARY
EXTENDS/OPEN THE BOUNDARIES
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Precedent Studies
INDOOR /OUTDOOR PROGRAM PROGRAM PROGRAM CONNECTION /OPEN TRANSPARENCY Extends/Open LIBRARY CONNECTION ONNECTION NDARIES The Boundaries BOUNDLESS TRANSPAREN EXTENDS/OPEN EXTENDS/OPEN OUTDOOR TRANSITION SANCTUARY THE BOUNDARIES AS A CONNECTION THE BOUNDARIES OUTDOOR TRANSITION PROGRAM CON AS A CONNECTION O INDOOR /OUTDOORRESTAURANT PROGRAM CONNECTION Transition BOUNDLE TRANSPARENCY Outdoor SANCTUARY LIBRARY BOUNDLESS TRANSPARENCY As A Connection SANCTUARY LIBRARY
LIBRARY
OUTDOOR TRANSITION OUTDOOR TRANSITION AS A CONNECTION
INDOOR /OUTDOOR DOOR /OUTDOOR TRANSPARENCY
AS A CONNECTION LIBRARY
ANSPARENCY
LIBRARY
GYMNASIUM RESTAURANT
OUTDOOR TRANSITION AS A CONNECTION GYMNASIUM
OUTDOOR TRANSITION OUTDOOR TRANSITION AS A CONNECTION
RESTAURANT
Program Emerges FromLOUNGE The Earth
INDOOR /OUTDOOR GYMNASIUM LANDSCAPE TRANSPARENCY
AS A CONNECTION
RESTAURANT
GYMNASIUM RESTAURANT
GYMNASIUM 46
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Bounder-Less Transparency
PROGRAM CONNECTION OGRAM CONNECTION CONNECTION
OUTDOOR/ INDOOR CONNECTION OUTDOOR/ OUTDOOR/ OUTDOOR/ OUTDOOR/ INDOOR INDOOR CONNECTION CONNECTION OUTDOOR/ INDOOR INDOORINDOOR BUILDING CONNECTION BUILDING CONNECTION BUILDING CONNECTION BOUNDLESS TRANSPARENCY
DLESS OUNDLESS TRANSPARENCY TRANSPARENCY
Figure 43: Grace Farms Bounderless Connections
47
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
PROGRAM CONNECTION
OUTDOOR/ INDOOR CONNECTION
BOUNDLESS TRANSPARENCY
BOUNDARY BUILDING PATH
INDOOR /OUTDOOR LANDSCAPE TRANSPARENCY
Precedent Studies
OUTDOOR/ INDOOR BUILDING CONNECTION
INDOOR /OUTDOOR LANDSCAPE TRANSPARENCY
Figure 44: Grace Farms Boundary Building Path
48
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
4 . 2 John Hedjuk
An architect and professor, developed the technique of “masques”, structural interventions in architectural space. These interventions are characters that embody structures. They are autonomous agents, alive in a sense, with characteristics that may be described as human-like. They have relationships to a space and in that way modify or interact with the space, much as one has, for example a relationship to one’s home. For me , what is particularly is that he makes a political statement through these masques. “Victims,” one of his projects, deploys graphical figures in a notional space where each has a function: a watchtower, a visitor’s castle, and a chapel, among others. So the watchtower observes who enters the space. The castle provides shelter for the nomads or visitors. Hejduk’s approach has encouraged me to think of a way of reconnecting two cities in two different countries using different characters that represent specific elements of cultural experience.
49
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Precedent Studies
“VICTIMS” A Growing. Incremental Place- Incremental Time Figure 45: John Hedjuk : “Victims” 50
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
“A CONTEMPORARY MARQUE” WITH STRUCTURES
JOHN HEJDUK NEW YORK Figure 46: John Hedjuk : “Marque”
Figure 47: John Hedjuk : “The Tropes” 51
ARCHITECT BERLIN
R ER
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Precedent Studies
CONDITION
CONTROL
1 WIND TOWER 4 CLOCK TOWER
2 WATCH TOWE 3 BELL TOWER
IMPOSED
CHARACTERS CONDITION
CONTROL
STRUCTURES
1 WIND TOWER 4 CLOCK TOWER
2 WATCH TOWER 3 BELL TOWER
27 WALL HUNG UNITS 28 HEDGE GATE 15 MARQUE
IMPOSED
19 LOTTERY WOMAN 21 CARETAKER HOUSE
NOT IMPOSED
20 WAITING HOUSE CHARACTERS
CONDITION
CONTROL
BASIC NEEDS
19 LOTTERY WOM 21 CARETAKER H
PUBLIC/PR
NOT IMPOS
5 WATER TOWER OBSERVATO 206 WAITING HOU TOWER 12 SILO PASSAGE 22 HOUSE FOR 8 PANTOMIME THEDYNAMIC ELDESTELEMENTS THEATER STATIC ELEMENTS 9 READING TH 23 NEIGHBORHOOD 11 CROSS OVER PHYSICIAN
CHARACTERS
JUST PUB
10 PUBLIC THE CONDITION STRUCTURES BASIC NEEDS STRUCTURESCONTROLBASIC NEEDS PUBLIC/PRIVATE COMMERCIA
7 GUEST TOWE 2 WATCH TOWER 1 WIND27TOWER 27 WALL HUNG UNITS 5 WATER TOWER 2 WATCH TOWER 1718 SHOPPING WALL HUNG UNITS 5 WATER TOWER 6 OBSERVATORY DYNAMIC ELEMENTS PUBLIC FAC6 4 CLOCK 3 BELLSTATIC TOWER BOOTHS TOWER 12 SILO PASSAGE ELEMENTS 28 HEDGE GATE 28 TOWER HEDGE GATE3 BELL TOWER 12 SILO PASSAGE JUST PRIV 15 MARQUE 8 PANTOMIME22 HOUSE1326 15 MARQUE FOR 22 HOUSE FOR BOOK IMPOSED IMPOSED UNIT MARK A & B8 THE ELDEST THE ELDEST 19 LOTTERY WOMAN THEATER 19 LOTTERY WOMAN CONDITION CONTROL STRUCTURES BA 21 CARETAKER HOUSE 21 CARETAKER HOUSE 9 9 READING THEATER 23 NEIGHBORHOOD 23 NEIGHBORHOOD 2 WATCH TOWER 1 WIND TOWER 27 WALL HUNG UNITS 5 W 1 11 CROSS OVER BRIDGE NOT IMPOSED PHYSICIAN NOT IMPOSED PHYSICIAN 4 CLOCK TOWER 3 BELL TOWER 28 HEDGE GATE 12 S 20 WAITING HOUSE 20 WAITING HOUSE JUST15PUBLIC MARQUE 22 H CHARACTERS IMPOSED 10 PUBLIC 1 THEATER T7 19 LOTTERY WOMAN 7 GUEST TOWERS CONDITION CONTROL STRUCTURES BASIC NEEDS PUBLIC/PRIVATE 21 CARETAKER HOUSE DYNAMIC ELEMENTS DYNAMIC ELEMENTS 1 18 PUBLIC FACILITY 2 WATCH TOWER 1 WIND TOWER 5 WATER TOWER 6 OBSERVATORY 23 N STATIC ELEMENTS 27 WALL HUNG UNITS STATIC ELEMENTS NOT12 IMPOSED P 4 CLOCK TOWER 3 BELL TOWER TOWER JUST PRIVATE 28 HEDGE GATE SILO PASSAGE CHARACTERS 20 WAITING HOUSE 2 26 UNIT A & B 15 MARQUE 22 HOUSE FOR 8 PANTOMIME IMPOSED CONTROL STRUCTURES 19 LOTTERYBASIC NEEDS PUBLIC/PRIVATE COMMERCIAL THEATER THE ELDEST WOMAN 2 WATCH TOWER 27 WALL HUNG UNITS 5 WATER TOWER 6 OBSERVATORY23 NEIGHBORHOOD 17 SHOPPING 21 CARETAKER HOUSE 9 READING THEATER DYNAMIC ELEMENTS 48: John Hedjuk : “The Site” 3 BELLFigure TOWER TOWER BOOTHS 28 HEDGE GATE NOT 12 SILO PASSAGE 11 CROSS OVER BRIDGE IMPOSED STATIC ELEMENTS PHYSICIAN 15 MARQUE 22 HOUSE FOR 8 PANTOMIME 13 BOOK MARKET 20 WAITING HOUSE IMPOSED JUST PUBLIC THE ELDEST THEATER 19 LOTTERY WOMAN 10 PUBLIC THEATER 21 CARETAKER HOUSE 9 READING THEATER 7 GUEST TOWERS 23 NEIGHBORHOOD 52 11 CROSS OVER BRIDGE 18 PUBLIC FACILITY NOT IMPOSED DYNAMIC ELEMENTS PHYSICIAN 1 WIND TOWER 4 CLOCK TOWER
CHARACTERS
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Figure 49: John Hedjuk : Disconnection
53
Figure 50: John Hedjuk : Site Connection
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
NOMADIC/ DYNAMIC ELEMENTS
Figure 51: John Hedjuk : Nomadic/ Dynamic Elements
Precedent Studies
SETTLE/ STATIC ELEMENTS
Figure 52: John Hedjuk : Settle/ Static Elements
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Chapter
5
SITE ANALYSIS 5.1 Why Site Matters 5.2 Border Crossing : Tijuana-San Diego 5.3 The Canal and Memory The border, a physical boundary separating two countries, two regions, two cultures, in this case, San Diego, California, United States and Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. The first fence between them was up almost seven decades ago, and has been modified through the years, not only by American legislation which added a couple of layers of fences to reinforce their land security, but also by the immigrants that have left their memories and hopes impressed on these chain link fences. One can see “The Border” as a scar running through no-man’s land, full of nostalgia, elusive memories, and broken hopes. Others see over the border, economic investment, and opportunities for pleasure. How then can architecture redefine the idea of a border as a way to unify rather than separate community and identity, and move beyond decriminalization of its crossing or as a psychological barrier from a forced gesture, towards a renewal of hope? THE CANAL The River of Tijuana goes across the city, ending in the Pacific Ocean after touching American land. In the 1970’s a project for the channeling of the river was initiated which began with removal of the illegal settlement known as “Cardboarland” where people lived in shelters made of cardboard and galvanized steel sheets, giving a denigrating image to the city. The scar left by “Cardboarland” was forgotten after the construction of The Canal of Tijuana. Nevertheless, it did not take too long for the wound to reopen. The canal is flanked by two highways, and various bridges that run perpendicular across the canal connecting both sides of the city. Hundreds of deported migrants seek shelter under the bridges and inside the sewage tunnels of the canal, living in precarious circumstances. What is the lure of the canal and how can changing the face of the architecture in the nearby area by building affordable housing enable the people living there to assimilate into society and lose the stigma associated with that region?
55
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Site Analysis
5 .1 Why Site Matters Carol J Burns and Andrea Kahn
In the book “Site Matters,” the authors claim: “For the most part, we do not first see and then define; we define first and then see.” It is imperative as the first step to define vocabulary that is most relevant to understanding the site. “The work of unpacking received terms and parsing out their different meaning forms a crucial part of a broader endeavor to nuance the conceptual foundations of design.” I If we are able to associate words to situations of non-physical dimensions, we can expand the terminology to include political, cultural, social issues. For sites dealing with issues of human migration, terms that need to be distilled are displacement, placement and settlement. By understanding the difference between these conditions and how they affect community development, I found three ways to categorize and relate characteristics representing issues of separation and union: Boundaries, Borders and Barriers. “In design terms, site definition is process driven. It involves detailing physical particulars…It also demands specifying spatial locations.” By examining critical factors of push and pull on the way people encounter various barriers, and how they can be mapped over time, we can identify traces as scars on the physical landscape as a result of transitional movements.
56
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
5 . 2 Border Crossing: Tijuana-San Diego 1 PORTS OF ENTRY
San Isidro, San Diego El Chaparral, Tijuana
2
3
Otay Mesa Ca. Mesa de Otay Tijuana
Otay Mesa East, Ca Mesa de Otay Tijuana
14,435252
Under construction
7,502,114
Vehicles 7,056,022
Under construction
2,478,409
Pedestrians 770,000
0
Under construction
Trucks
1
Tijuana -San Diego Population Growth 1,600
1,200
San Diego
800
1,381,100
400
Tijuana 1,386,100
2014
0k 1950
1965
1980
1995
Figure 49: Border Crossing/ Tijuana-San Diego Diagram 57
2010
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Site Analysis
SAN DIEGO------TIJUANA WORLD’S BUSIEST BORDER CROSSING IS THE LARGEST BI-NATIONAL CONURBATION SHARED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. OVER 40,000,000 PEOPLE CROSS THE BORDER EACH YEAR GIVING THE REGION THE BUSIEST LAND-BORDER CROSSING IN THE WORLD.
TIJUANA’S MAYOR ZONES 2
3
Industrial Zone
Downtown Zone
River Zone
LEADING INDUSTRIES IN SAN DIEGO-TIJUANA ARE: TRADE, SERVICES, ELECTRONICS,TOURISM, LIFE SCIENCE, HIGH-TECH AND DEFENSE SECTORS WHIT A GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT OF 136.3 BILLION DOLLARS
58
5 . 1 The Canal and Memory The River Tijuana is an intermittent river 120 miles long near of the Pacific coast of northeastern Baja California state in northwestern Mexico and southern California in the western United States
CARDBOARD-LAND In the 1970’S settlements of migrants formed a community on the edges of the river. Their houses were made of cardboard and sheet metal and lived in poverty
Cardboard Shelters Others
40.9% 6.7%
Holes
18.0%
EL BORDO In Tijuana’s case deported people has support from civil organizations which offer shelters, however migrants that over pass the limited time of temporal residency, or they did not have access to the services offered , they have stay for years in “El Bordo” of the canal of Tijuana’s River.
59
Slopes and dams
2.2%
Bridges
13.0% 19.2%
Sewers
People Living In El Bordo In Different Types Of Shelter
Years Of Residency In The United States
22.2 19.8 14.9 12.4
11.8
37.98
8.9
21.07
21.6
6.0
12.76
2.0
6.53
2.0 6-15
16-25
26-35
26-35
20 13
20 12
20 11
20 10
20 05 -2 00 9
20 00 -2 00 4
19 95 -19 99
19 90 -19 94
19 80 -19 89
0-5
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Chapter
6
DIAGRAMMATIC ANALYSIS 6.1 Diagrams Matter 6.2 Externological Analysis 6.2.1 Border 6.2.2 Butterfly and Movement 6.2.3 Land Conditions 6.2.4 Program
6.3 Internological Analysis 6.3.1 Migrants-Program Relationships It is important that when translating ideas in to graphics assemblage, not only relationships between activity and form, organizing the structure and distribution of functions are convey, communicating the relationships between matter and information must be channeled whit the expectations that: “flow of information... will never be smooth and faultless.” Another aspect to consider when understanding the diagram as a media is the input that the architect delivers on what he can see beyond the established, and the diagram appears Allen wrote: “…locates itself between the actual and the virtual, and foreground architecture’s transactional character”. Using the diagram as a design tool gives the opportunity and ability to manipulate what wants to be capture in a graphic form.
61
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Diagrammatic Analysis
6 . 1 Diagrams Matter Allen, Stan In the readings of “Diagrams Matter” by Stan Allen, the settle concept of the term “diagram” it is not found, rather the author provides a guideline to understand it as a technique that “does not represent already exiting objects or systems but anticipate new organizations and specify yet to be realized relationships”. The diagrammatic actions is to conceive an abstract thinking that wants to be organize. When a relationship between elements it is to be made, a language is use to represent the relationship the closest possible. “In a discourse network… transposition necessarily takes the place of translation”. The number of elements that are used in a representation of a relationship can change, it is not a real translation, and the rules of association can change. Diagram architecture have the ability to reproduce itself, giving as a result multiple effects and scenarios, through its relationship the function problem is revealed. “Mining is located on the surface of the things and in the materiality of discourse. What is lost in depth is gained in immediacy. Diagrams architecture looks for effects on the surface, but by layering surface on surface, a new kind of depth-effect is created.”
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
6 . 2 Externological Analysis 6.2.1 Border
EMPTINESS
RESTRICTION
POROSITY
INTEGRATION
63
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Diagrammatic Analysis
6.2.2 Butterfly and Movement Study of Transformative Processes of Butterfly Sections
Study of Transformation Movement
STUDY OFOF TRANS-FORMATIVE PROCESSES OFOF BUTTERFLY STUDY TRANS-FORMATIVE PROCESSES BUTTERFLY SECTIONS SECTIONS STUDY OF TRANS-FORMATIVE PROCESSES OF BUTTERFLY STUDY OF TRANS-FORMATIVE PROCESSES OF BUTTERFLY SECTIONS SECTIONS STUDY OF TRANS-FORMATIVE PROCESSES OF BUTTERFLY SECTIONS
Movement Development
MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT
STUDY OFOF TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT STUDY TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT
STUDY OF TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT STUDY OF TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT STUDY OF TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT
64
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
6.2.3 Land Conditions
RESIDENTIAL COMERCIAL
LAND USE
INDUSTRIAL
LANDSCAPE
GREEN/OPEN SPACE
RESIDENTIAL COMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL
GREEN/OPEN SPACE
BORDER
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORDER AND LAND USE
65
BORDER
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORDER AND LANDSCAPE
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Diagrammatic Analysis
MAIN ROADS SECUNDARY ROADS
SCHOLLS CHURCHES
CONTROLED ROADS
HOSPITALS
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
INSTITUTION
TRANSPORTATION
MAIN ROADS SCHOLLS
CONTROLED ROADS
HOSPITALS
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
BORDER
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORDER AND INSTITUTION
SECUNDARY ROADS
CHURCHES
BORDER
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORDER AND CONNECTIVITY
66
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
NON-COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
CONCENTRATION OF MIGRANTS
BORDER IN CONSTRUCTION
AUTHORIZED POINTS OF ENTRY
DENSITY
NON-COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORDER AND DENSITY
67
RESIDENTIAL CONCENTRATION OF MIGRANTS
COMMERCIAL
BORDER
LEGAL POINTS OF ENTRY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POINTS OF ENTRY AND IN AND OUT FLOW
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
EMPTY LAND BETWEEN BORDERS
TRANSFUSED TERRITORY
Diagrammatic Analysis
ITERATIONS FROM TRANSFUSED TERRITORIES
ECOLOGY
COMERCE
INDUSTRIAL
RECREATIONAL
TRAVELERS/COMMUTERS
JOB OPORTUNITIES
CLOSED TO OCEAN
CONSERNTRATION OF MIGRANTS
OPEN SPACE FOR HOUSING AND RECREATION
INTERACTION OF MAYOR POINTS
68
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
6.2.4 Program
BORDER VOIDS
CONNECTIVITY
IN AND OUT
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
VERTICALE TRANSPORTATION
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Diagrammatic Analysis
CHARACTER-PROGRAM
PROGRAM
70
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
6 . 3 Internological Analysis 6.3.1 Migrants-Program Relationships
71
MIGRANT/HOSPITAL MIGRANT/HOSPITAL
MIGRANT/HOUSE MIGRANT/HOUSE
MIGRANT/BEACH-PAR MIGRANT/BEACH-PAR
COMMUNITY/HOSPITAL COMMUNITY/HOSPITAL
COMMUNITY/HOUSE COMMUNITY/HOUSE
COMMUNITY/BEACHCOMMUNITY/BEACH-
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Diagrammatic Analysis
RK RK
MIGRANT/SPIRITUAL MIGRANT/SPIRITUAL
MIGRANT/AMPHITHEATER MIGRANT/AMPHITHEATER
-PARK -PARK
COMMUNITY/SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY/SPIRITUAL
COMMUNITY/AMPHITHEATER COMMUNITY/AMPHITHEATER
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Chapter
7
FINAL PROJECT 7. 1 Proposal 7. 2 Proposal Specifics 7. 3 Proposed Program 7. 4 Actual Conditions/Proposal Concept 7. 5 Cultural Relationships 7. 6 Phased Project 7. 7 Butterfly Extractions: Form/Program 7. 8 Site/Program Relationships 7. 9 Site/Form Relationships 7. 10 Site Marking 7. 11 Intervention 7. 12 Tropes/Space Program Relationships
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
7 . 1 PROPOSAL As a response to the situation of segregation, deportation, and loss of identity, I am proposing a thickened border condition along the US/Mexico border : a non-walled area that functions as a “free zone� accessible to Mexican migrants and deported individuals in need of a temporary home. This area also serves to reunite Mexican citizens separated from their families residing in the United States. Access to this zone would be via temporary passports to all migrants / deported and US/MEX residents in exchange for participating in service contribution to the overall community through volunteering in different activities.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 2 PROPOSAL SPECIFICS To support a “new city” and creating a connection between the communities in question. More specifically, this proposal addresses this thesis inquiry in 4 areas: 1) The limits between inside and outside The thickness of the original physical border opens up to create intimate and communal spaces that become a city in and of itself - for transient people and the communities that have been separated. Communities from both US and Mexico are able to enter to the new city by acquiring a specific passport without the legal status of their origin country being revised. When they want to return to their “legal homeland” they would provide this passport. 2) A welcome destination By entering into the new city, transient people will discover the spiritual space offering a transparent, fresh, open area where they find a welcoming sanctuary. Bridges paths serve as surfaces to create transparent boundaries where people and other programmatic spaces are easily visible for orientation. 3) Multidirectional pathways as opposed to gateway border crossing The vertical condition of the actual border crossing will be modified by adding new horizontal paths where individuals from the north and the south will have access to the entrance and exit of new city. Inside the new city, the inhabitant will experience multidirectional pathways that will guide them to localize different spaces with different functions. The different paths function as bridge connections in which the inhabitants will experience free borders crossing and decision making on which path they want to follow to lead to various programmed spaces. 4) Transient space becomes a dwelling space By changing and adding to the dynamics of how a bridge functions, that is, whether on top or underneath a roof, or perched along the canal, these spaces will serve as an horizontal enclosures for programmatic spaces.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
7 . 3 PROPOSED PROGRAM Inspired by John Hejduk’s “Victims” project, I have investigated program through various “tropes” that speak about healing and renewed life: As such, this zone would include: Sanctuary [for spiritual space] Housing [for shelter] Healing space [for medical care] Craftsman Hub [for education] Market [both food and arts and craft] Performance space [an amphitheater with visual connections] Memorial space[transformative spaces throughout the zone [memorial / celebration / exhibition etc.]
76
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 4 Actual Conditions/ Proposal Concept
77
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
78
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 5 Cultural Relationships During the analysis of the Mexican and American cultures, specific cultural elements were found. When the frontier meet, both cities and communities blend together and culture integrate in societies where roots are embedded on the land
CELEBRATION CELEBRATION
RELIGIOUSTRADITIONS TRADITIONS RELIGIOUS
SOLIDARITY SOLIDARITY FOOD FOOD
FAMILY FAMILY CREATIVITY CREATIVITY
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
CULTURAL ELEMENTS “TROPES”
CULTURAL ELEMENTS “TROPES” PERFORMANCE SPACE
SANCTUARY
TRANSFORMATION
INTEGRATION
SANCTUARY
GOD’S HOUSE
CELEBRATION
PERFORMANCE SPACE
HOUSING HOUSING
GREEN MARKET
TRANSITION
BRIDGE VILLAGE
COLLABORATION
THE ROOF
THE MARKET
ARTISAN HUB
GREEN MARKET
THE CRAFTSMAN HUB
HEALING SPACE
CREATION
HEALING SPACE
THE CRAFTSMAN
SUPPORT
THE FRIENDLY GAME
MEMORY RIBBON
80
PROPOSAL SYSTEM CONCEPT ARRIVAL
FROM THE NORTH
FROM THE SOUTH
IMMEDIATE SEMI-TEMPORAL TEMPORAL AID AID AID
DEPORTED
TRANSIENT MIGRANTS
VISITORS AND AID PROVIDERS
LEGAL SERVICES
LEGAL SERVICES
FOOD AND CLOTHING
FOOD AND CLOTHING
MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
SHELTER EDUCATION
LEGAL MEDICAL SERVICES ASSISTANCE
EDUCATION PROVIDERS
PRODUCTION ASSISTANCE
SHELTER EDUCATION
HOUSING PROGRAM 1 to 3 DAYS
3 to 6 WEEKS
3 to 6 MONTHS
WOMAN AND CHILDREN
FAMILIES KITCHEN BATHROOMS LOBBY ROOM 4 PEOPLE STUDIO
Private Area
2 PEOPLE STUDIO
Private Area Public Area
81
KITCHEN BATHROOMS LOBBY ROOM
KITCHEN BATHROOMS LOBBY ROOM 1 PERSON STUDIO
Private Area Public Area
Public Area
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
7 . 6 Phased Project The Proposed concept has the possibility to readapt and become applicable in different zones close to the most important areas of the boundary between The United States and Mexico. The program would be specific for each zone, depending of the current urban communities and their needs.
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BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
COMMUNITY BEACH/PARK AMPHITHEATER 50%
30%
MIGRANT HOUSE
REFLEXION AREA
20%AMPHITHEATER COMMUNITY BEACH/PARK MARKET PLACE 50% 10% RESTING SPACE SPIRITUAL SPACE 20%MIGRANT HOUSE REFLEXION AREA
20% 10% RESTING SPACE SPIRITUAL SPACE 20% COMMUNITY BEACH/PARK AMPHITHEATER 50%
30%
40%
MARKET PLACE SPIRITUAL SPACE
Pacific Ocean
83
MIGRANT HOUSE
20% 10% 20%
RESTING SPACE
MIGRANT HOUSE
HOSPITAL COMMUNITY PARK
30% 40%
MARKET PLACE
REFLEXION AREA
HOSPITAL
SPIRITUAL SPACE MIGRANT HOUSE
COMMUNITY PARK
30% 30% 40%
HOSPITAL SPIRITUAL SPACE MIGRANT HOUSE COMMUNITY PARK
30%
SPIRITUAL SPACE
30% 40% 30% 20% 10% 40%
20% 10% 30%
SPIRITUAL SPACE
50%
MIGRANT WO
20% MIGRANT TRAININ MIGRANT WOR 50% 10% RESTING SPACE 10% 10% BINATIONAL LIBRA 20% MIGRANT TRAININ MARKET PLACE 10% RESTING SPACE COMMUNITY /PARK 10% SPIRITUAL SPACE 10% BINATIONAL MIGRANTLIBRA WO AMPHITHEATER 50% MIGRANT HOUSE SPIRITUAL SPACE
MARKET PLACE COMMUNITY /PARK AMPHITHEATER MIGRANT HOUSE
40%
MIGRANT HOUSE
20% 10%
MARKET PLACE COMMUNITY /PARK AMPHITHEATER
Border Crossing
20% 10% 10% 10%
MIGRANT TRAININ RESTING SPACE
BINATIONAL LIBR
ORK SPACE 40%
RK SPACE30% 40% 20% ARY 10% NG CENTER 30%
NG CENTER
20% ORK ARY SPACE 10% 40%
NG CENTER
RARY
Final Project
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
30% 20% 10%
MIGRANT HOUSE 55%
MIGRANT TRAINING CENTER BINATIONAL LIBRARY 20% CAMPING AREA 40%
30%
20% MIGRANT HOUSE 50% MIGRANT HOUSE 40% MIGRANT WORK SPACE 10% 20% CAMPING AREA MIGRANT TRAINING CENTER BINATIONAL LIBRARY MIGRANT HOUSE 55% MIGRANT HOUSE 30% 20% 40% HOSPITAL 20% MIGRANT TRAINING CENTER 20% REFLEXION AREA 20% PLACE RESTING SPACE REFLEXION AREA 15% 10% 10%40% 20% MARKET 50%HOSPITAL MIGRANT WORK SPACE 20% MIGRANT HOUSE MIGRANT HOUSE MARKET PLACE 10% MIGRANT HOUSE 20% HOSPITAL 20% MIGRANT TRAINING CENTER 20% REFLEXION AREA 20% CAMPING AREA TRAINING CENTER MARKET BINATIONAL LIBRARY 20% HOSPITAL PLACE RESTING SPACE MIGRANT HOUSE 15% 55% MIGRANT REFLEXION AREA 20% 10% 30% 10% 40%
MARKET PLACE
MARKET PLACE HOSPITAL REFLEXION AREA
10% 20% 15% Border Crossing
MIGRANT WORK SPACE
20%
MIGRANT HOUSE
20%
RESTING SPACE
20%
MIGRANT HOUSE
50%
MIGRANT HOUSE
40%
MIGRANT TRAINING CENTER MARKET PLACE
20% 10%
REFLEXION AREA HOSPITAL
20% 10%
Border Crossing under Construction
84
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 7 Butterfly Extracts : Form/Program
85
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
86
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 8 Site/Program Relationships
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INSTITUTION CANAL VACANT LAND LANDSCAPE PARKING LOTS ROADS MEXICAN CUSTOMS AMERICAN CUSTOMS INDUSTRIAL
EXTINCTING LAND USE DIAGRAM
87
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
Program/ Site Marking Connections
Program/ Site Marking Relationships
88
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 9 Site/Form Relationships
89
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
90
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 10 Site Marking SITE MARKING
91
PHYSICAL BARRIER INTERSECTIONS CANAL
PHYSICAL BARRIER FRAMED CENTER INTERSECTION CANAL
CANAL CANAL CANAL NO BARRIER NO BARRIER NOZONE BARRIER ZONEZONE
INTERSECTIONS INTERSECTIONS INTERSECTIONS CANAL CANAL CANAL CROSS CROSS NOCROSS BARRIER NO BARRIER NOZONE BARRIER ZONEZONE FREEFREE ZONEFREE ZONEZONE
PHYSICAL BARRIER INTERSECTIONS CANAL FRAMED CENTER INTERSECTION CENTER INTERSECTION
FRAMED FRAMED CENTER FRAMED CENTER INTERSECTION CENTER INTERSECTION INTERSECTION INVISIBLE INVISIBLE INVISIBLE BOUNDARIES BOUNDARIES BOUNDARIES CANAL CANAL CANAL CONNECTION/INTERSECTION CONNECTION/INTERSECTION CONNECTION/INTERSECTION
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
7 . 11 Intervention
92
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Site Plan 1/80”=1’-0” 93
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
Level 1 Call Out Entrance 1/64”=1’-0”
Level 1 1/64”=1’-0” 94
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Level 4 Call Out Spiritual Space 1/16”=1’-0”
Level 3 1/64”=1’-0” 95
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
Level 3 Call Out Spiritual Space 1/16”=1’-0”
Level 3 1/64”=1’-0” 96
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Level 3 1/64”=1’-0”
Level 3 1/64”=1’-0”
97
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
Level 3 1/64”=1’-0”
98
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
7 . 12 Tropes/Space Program/Relationships
PERFORMANCE SPACE
MEMORY SPACE
HEALING SPACE
7 . 11 Tropes/Space Program/Relationships 99
BOUNDARIES, BORDERS AND BARRIERS : dwelling within the lines of migration
Final Project
HOUSING SANCTUARY
Final Project
CRAFTSMAN HUB
GREEN MARKET
$
$
$
100
101
The Canal and Green Lands 102
Healing Space 103
Sanctuary 104
105
106
107
The Roof
108
7 . 14 Model Pictures
109
110
111
112
7 . 15 Online Resources
https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/ -Memory http://postmagazine.org/proof-of-memory-lies-in-architecture/ https://prezi.com/yewslbyuetrq/the-musai-muses/ -Articles http://articles.philly.com/2014-04-07/news/48912095_1_viaduct-center-city-district-high-line http://philly.curbed.com/archives/2014/04/07/phillycom-says-the-rail-park-is-firming-up.php http://www.uwishunu.com/2012/04/behold-the-first-official-renderings-of-the-proposed-reading-viaductelevated-park-philadelphias-planned-park-in-the-sky/ http://postmagazine. org/proof-of-memory-lies-in-architecture/ -Abandoned Places http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2016/01/abandoned-elevated-railways-el-train-stations-disused/ http://www.bbc.com/ news/magazine-34575019 https://www.pinterest.com/ddarmstrong/abandoned-infrastructure/ -Berlin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv59tu2-dqM http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/11/the-berlin-wall-25-years-afterthe-fall/100845/ http://www.historytoday.com/frederick-taylor/berlin-wall-secret-history
113
-NYC http://abandonednycbook.com/ http://untappedcities.com/tag/abandoned-nyc/ http://www.archdaily.com/339133/landfill-reclamation-fresh-kills-park-develops-as-a-natural-coastal-bufferand-parkland-for-staten-island -Film Student Films from past studio on Urban Scars https://vimeo.com/user7065208/videos Film Narrative Documentary / Collage (stills from film) http://www.grahamfoundation.org/grantees/5455-paper-cities Film Panorama Technique (stills from film) http://www.grahamfoundation.org/grantees/245-xyt-film-technique 5D Conference: Narrating Space Parts 1-5 https://vimeo.com/5585842 Film narratives http://shellysilver.com/5-lessons-9-questions http://shellysilver.com/touch-video Narrative Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqeyrp3FuqQ (@ 24:30 - 27:00, @ 44:40 - 47:15) https://vimeo. com/13566629 https://vimeo.com/13566439 https://vimeo.com/116807756 https://vimeo.com/8102937 -Article http://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2016/bruised-borders/index.html BOOK https://blog.longreads.com/2014/10/15/the-art-of-arrival/
114
Bibliography -Research Mapping the Material Surplus along the US-Mexico Border Zong, Jie and Batalov, Jeanne. Migration Policy Institute. March 8, 2017. http://www.migrationpolicy.org Migration Policy Institute. Maps of Immigrants and Emigrants Around the World. Interactive Map. http://www.migrationpolicy.org Faith on the Move – The Religious Affiliation of International Migrants. Demographic Study. http://www.pewforum.org Guy J. Abel*, Nikola Sander. Quantifying Global International Migration Flows International Migrant Stock 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15. shtml Judith Torrea. Borderwall as Architecture (Ronald Rael and Virginia San Fratello). https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/mexico Padilla Corona, Antonio. La presa Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Modelo de Ingeniería Hidráulica. www.tijuana.gob.mx Acosta Anasella, La Arquitectura, Un ‘Salvavidas’ para los Migrantes. Tomlinson Simon. World of walls: How 65 ountries Have Erected Fences on Their borders. http://www.dailymail.co.uk Max Roser and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2017) – ‘Global Extreme Poverty’. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. C. Archibold Randal. As Mexican Border Town Tries to Move On, Some Are Stuck in Limbo. Nov. 27, 20--14 Benedicto Ruiz Vargas. Patricia Aceves Calderón. Pobreza Y Desigualdad Social En Tijuana. Historia de las inundaciones en Tijuana. Redacción / El Mexicano. Zamudio Geovanni. Tijuana, entre el Cemento y el Río. -Articles Schwartzenberg Susan. Re-creating the Past: Note on Neurology of Memory Carol J Burns and Andrea Kahn. Why SIte Matters. Esri Education APHG GeoInquiries . A geoinquiry map for Borders, Boundaries, and Barriers. GotLost Eric, Mexican Immigration. June 25, 2015. -Statistics Offices of International Statistics. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. -Philosophy Evans, Robert. Figures, Doors and Passages. Foucault, Michel. Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias. A Thousand Plateaus:Capitalism And Schizophrenia 115
-Memory Blias-C. Criticality in Phenomenal Memory. Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Harper & Row Yates, Frances. The Art of Memory. Routledge and Kegan Paul 1966 Hedjuk Jonh, Such Places as Memory -Tectonics Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Felix. 1440: The Striated and the Smooth, in Mille Studies in Tectonic Culture Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Eyes of the Skin -Liminal Space Bunschoten, Raoul. Two Theses on Architecture: Cutting the Horizon. Grosz, E.A. Becomings: Explorations in Time, Memory, and Futures. Ithaca, Cornell UP, 1999. Thommasen, Bjorn, Liminality and the Modern: Living through the In-Between -Design Concept / Info Graphics Allen, Stan. Diagrams Matter. ANY: Architecture New York, No. 23, Diagram Work: Ata Mechanics For A Topological Age. 1998 pp. 16-19. -Hejduk t-john-hejduk-1984/ tp://socks-studio.com/2015/11/01/a-growing-incremental-place-incremental-time-victims-a-project-by John Hejduk and Kim Shkapich. John Hejduk: Mask of Medusa - Works 1947-1983. Sep 15, 1989. “Sketches for the Victims exhibition� 1986 Descriptions: Architectural Association Archives -Monarch Butterfly http://fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/migration/index.shtml Eduardo Leon Salinas, Carlos Galindo Leal.Danaidas: Las Maravillosas Mariposas Monarca Narrative Cities http://socks-studio.com/2013/06/22/narrative-cities-by-tn-architecture/ Mass Context.Boundary, Issue 17 Spring 13 116