STUDIO AIR 2017, SEMESTER 1 Marian Fahim
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STUDIO AIR 2017, SEMESTER 1, Manue Muehlbauer Marian Fahim, 756745
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION PART A CONCEPTUALISATION A.1 Designing Futuring A.2 Design Computation A.3 Composition/Generation A.4 Conclusion A.5 Learning Outcome A.6 Algorithmic Sketch
INTRODUCTION
M
y name is Marian Fahim. I am currently in my third year of Bachelor of Environments majoring in architecture. I am very passionate about learning and gaining new skills about design and creative thinking through various experiences. I have always been interested in art and design in general. I remember myself in my early childhood spending most of my school time in art classrooms rather than anywhere else. I used to scribble and draw engineers and architects holding plans and analyzing the site. That’s when my dream of becoming an architect started to arise. I entered few art competitions back then.
I moved to Australia almost 6 years ago and I am originally Egyptian. I have always lived in Cairo, the main city of Egypt but it is totally different from Melbourne city. Coming from a different background helped me a lot in noticing these differences in terms of architectural techniques, conditions, and styles valued by each country. The reasons behind the variation go back to historical and cultural ethics, principles, lifestyle and other reasons. However, growing up in a high density city where high-rise buildings are spreading in no time turning city into a unlikable place to live in is something that have always bothered me. That’s when my interest in architecture grew larger. I started to wonder how the city would have looked if it was designed differently and other aspects are taken into consideration.
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Based on my experience, one of the design ideologies that I became interested in is linking nature with architecture and I do not just mean to design sustainable buildings or have green spaces for humans but also to care for the environment itself and give its value and role in our every day’s life and especially in modern cities because I feel like it is disappearing as the densities of the cities increase. It’s a challenging architectural discipline where new ways and circumstances can be used or discovered using various methods and getting benefits for the technological advantages and programing that our world has reached to.
DDF FINAL PROJECT (FOLDABLE SLEPPING POD)
My first architectural project was in year 12 where I aimed to design for attainable, cost-effective and eco-friendly houses for first home buyers. It was such an excitement using digital programs such as AutoCAD, Sketch-up to help me develop my ideas and plans to physically model them at the end. Through the process I realized how these programs help in the developing of the design and that they were not just visualizing tools Then I got a part time job in graphic design field where I got to work with programs, such as Photoshop, illustrator, InDesign and others through the design process. Nevertheless, through my study at The University of Melbourne, I have been constantly exposed to new computing techniques and programs like rhino and grasshopper. Honestly, I faced difficulties using them but I really appreciate them once I learnt and come to know what these programs and methods can turn my ideas and creativity into.
STUDIO EARTH (FINAL PROJECT ABOUT SECRETS) CONCEPTUALISATION 7
A A
CONCEPTUALISATION
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A.1 DESING FUTURING A
rchitecture has evolved from a form of art focusing on appearance and style to a field where they focus on function and technical aspects. That itself is an amazing progression but it is not what we are trying to achieve. We are looking for a change of design definition where design plays an important role in changing the future. It is already happening as design shapes the perception of the material world (1). However, its design is outdated towards sustainability due to the fast speed of defuturing condition that the world is facing (2). This became the perilous concerns especially in the last decades as we can see the end. An ideal definition of designing for future would be that architecture and architects should use their ability to influence both people and environment by correlating both human ecosystem and nature in a positive way; that’s would be a new ideology of architecture.
According to Fry, moving towards sustainability requires a ‘massive change’ (3) as we need to not only abandon the primary design process and techniques, but also the ideology and the entire mindset. (4) The focus should be based on the redirection of design process that uses theory for critical challenging resolutions. Designer need to have the ability to make links between today’s world and the preferable and better one that needs to be achieved. (5) This is similar to Dunne and Raby writing about design and how we as designers are allowed to dream freely as this impossible dreams can be ‘powerful’ (6) in leading to that imaginary world’ rather than just following a destined path. This would not only try and change our behavior but allow more possibilities and potential including how we perceive, observe and what we experience through design and philosophies.
“CHANGE HAS TO BE BY DESIGN RATHER THAN CHANCE, DESIGN HAS TO BE IN THE FRONT-LINE OF TRANSFORMATIVE
”
ACTION.
(6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
-TONY FRY
Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg,2008), pp. 1–16. Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg,2008), pp. 1–16 (p.3). Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg,2008), pp. 1–16 (p.16). Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg,2008), pp. 1–16 (p.3). Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg,2008), pp. 1–16 (p.14). Dunne, Anthony & Raby, Fiona, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013) pp. 1-9, 33-45 (p.1) Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg,2008), pp. 1–16 (p.6). CONCEPTUALISATION 9
CASE STUDY 1: PASONA OFFICES ARCHITECT: KONO DESIGNS YEAR: 2010 LOCATION: TOKYO, JAPAN
(1)
THE EXTERIOR OF THE PASONA HEAD OFFICES SHOWING THE INTRODUCTION OF AGRICULUTURE TO ARCHITECTURE 10
CONCEPTUALISATION
CONCEPTUALISATION 11
K
ono Designs developed this urban or vertical farm for Pasona offices addressing the issue of city life and how the rate of young people imgirating leaving the agriculture life behind. The design dedicated about 20% of the space to green spaces where fresh vegetables are planted. They are encouraging the employees to interact with nature in an indirect way by allowing them to harvest and cultivate their own food. The building is designed to have a very sophisticated climate system which controls humidity, ventilation and temperature of the building to provide comfortable space for both employees and the farm. Kono designs obviously used high technology and new ideology of passive design to define sustainable design differently.
Architecture that focuses on educating people about nature especially in modern cities is one of the approaches that is usually missed so them designing for the nature itself and the eco-systems is an amazing achievement. However, this project has a superb value as it is sending a message to change the way in which architecture is directed. They aim to increase the public awareness about the importance of the environment. They are showing a new shift in the architectural ecofriendly building category. Their main purpose is to not only use natural resources but to actively engage human and nature in one space so people’s interest in the environment and ecosystem will increase. I think Designing futuring should highlight that architecture should have the concept of designing for the nature itself and the eco-systems and not only focus on human. This project proves a first step in the concept of designing futuring as the daily interaction with nature resulting in raising the awareness of nature forces a change in the lifestyle, routine, and the way we interact with the green spaces.
(2) EMPLOYEES’DAILY LIFESTYLE AND BEING EXPOSED TO FRESH VEGETABLE.
This type of project leaves a new insight to architecture coexist with nature. This inspire people to think of the surroundings and introducing nature ecology in harmony with human ecology. They redefined the definition of eco-friendly buildings in a larger- scale and used digital programs and the latest technologies to apply their goal of producing a sustainable design with minimum energy usage but still having the enormous scale. They opened up a new path for architecture which will surely inspire coming thought about future architecture.
(3) PARTICIPATING IN HARVESTING AT WORK. 12
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(4) A VIEW OF JUST PLANTED AREA VERSUS AFTER IMAGE OF FULLY GROWN PLANTS IN THE HALLWAY.
CONCEPTUALISATION 13
CASE STUDY 2: ZOOTOPIA ARCHITECT: DANISH ARCHITECT BIG STATUS: IN PROGRESS LOCATION: GIVSKUD, DENMARK
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(5) A COMPLETED DIGITAL VIEW OF THE ZOOTOPIA CONCEPTUALISATION 15
D
anish architect BIG established designs for a zoo but using different definition and limitations. Their aim is to design a “free possible environment for the animals’ lives and relationship with each other and visitors.” (1) They are not following the typical approach of architecture which is to design for man-made ecology to suit the way our cities are formed and the way we live. They are attempting a unique idea which is to “integrate and hide building” (2) within the landscape to mask their appearance to animals and making it suitable to each individual kind. They are actually going away from the traditional approach of giving human the authority or power to control the space by involving nature and wild life instead of capturing it. They are hoping to go back into the “urban jungle” as this might influence how we currently live or how we will live in the future.
(1)
(6) THE EVOLUTION OF IDEA OF A ZOO AND THE BOUNDRIES BRAKAGE
This project give attention to an important aspect of designing futuring as it highlight that we should not be limited by building and design for a better environment for all creatures and not only us humans. This try transforms human’s selfishness and fear of wildness by letting them interrelate with wildness as we need to maintain and look after ecological diversity to create a balanced future. The idea of connecting animals, nature, humans in one space without cages really breaks the traditional perception of a zoo that makes profit to the government.
Becky Quintal, BIG Unveils Design For “Zootopia” In Denmark (Denmark, BIG, 2014)
<http://www.archdaily.com/532248/big-unveils-design-for-zootopia-in-denmark > [accessed 1 March, 2017] (2)
Becky Quintal, BIG Unveils Design For “Zootopia” In Denmark (Denmark, BIG, 2014)
<http://www.archdaily.com/532248/big-unveils-design-for-zootopia-in-denmark > [accessed 1 March, 2017] 16
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(6) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANIMALS AND HUMAN CONCEPTUALISATION 17
“NATURAL DESIGN IS MORE THAN IMITATING THE APPEARANCE OF THE ORGANIC. IT IS LEARNING FROM NATURAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN HOW TO PRODUCE FORM IN RESPONSE TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT. THIS IS AN AGE IN WHICH DIGITALLY
”
INFORMED DESIGN CAN ACTUALLY PRODUCE A SECOND NATURE.
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-OXMAN
(2)
A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION D
esign computation in architecture which can be seen through an interactive relationship between digital design software and designs has an undeniable effect in improving the creativity and productivity of design in terms of construction, engineering and materials aspects. It is very important to differentiate between computerization and computation and their effect on the architecture in terms of approach and thinking. Firstly, architects used to use Digital programs as a computerization method which is just manipulating the drawn existing concepts in a refined way which was not as beneficial to design process until computation is developed. Computation achieved a new domain of architecture where ‘science, technology, design culture’ are being combined.
(1) (2)
Computation introduces a better opportunities of creativity and complexity. The complexity of geometries, structure and building forms is widened to much more intricate and efficiency using design parameters instead of traditional thinking. It uses computers to produce and develop an idea critically by building it up but it is not considered as problem solving architects still got a role of choosing design among the options which can accomplish the requirement of the task. It also helps in communicating ideas and invite more people to be involved in the design process.(1) computation keeps on developing and taking a bigger part of design as we try to develop its systems and use them as advantageous tool to assist the designer to design but not forgetting that the designer is the one controlling these computing programs.
Kalay, Yehuda E., Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of ComputerAided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5-25 (p.13). Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds, Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014), pp. 1–10 (p.8).
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CASE STUDY 1: RESEARCH PAVILION 2011 ARCHITECTS: ICD-ITKE UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART YEAR: 2011 LOCATION: STUTTGART, GERMANY
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(7) FULL VIEW OF THE PAVILION CONCEPTUALISATION 21
T
he 2011 pavilion is designed by the stuff and some students at the University of Stuttgart which is based on the biological principles of the sea urchinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plate skeleton. They used computation methods and digital fabrication to come with an efficient way to design and construct the pavilion. This introduced the idea of how robotic techniques can produce a various number of complex dynamic geometries and form which can be assembled using plywood sheets.
This design exposed the importance of computation in producing various shapes that can form a 3D space with high performance and flexibility for people and that is a result of the different geometries. in construction aspect, computation helped in producing an effective joint that can connect all element easily by intersecting three plate edges at one point. This design also opens a new path not only to lightweight construction but also to load bearing shapes which allowed a wide domain of usage in the future. The design clearly shows interlinks between computation, finding and construction. This experiment attests the role of algorithms and computation in developing architectural ideologies and rules.
(8) ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR MAKING THE DESIGN
(9) ASSEMBLING AN ELEMENT OF THE PAVILION.
(10) THE PREFABRICAATION JOINTS 22
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(11) THE COMPLETED PAVILION AND THE DIGITAL VERSION AND THE COMPUTATION PROCESS. CONCEPTUALISATION 23
CASE STUDY 2: SERPENTINE PAVILION OPENS ALONGSIDE
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4 SUMMERHOUSES ARCHITECTS: BJARKE INGLES GROUP, BIG YEAR: 2016 LOCATION: LONDON
(12) A COMPLETERD PAVILION IN REAL LIFE. CONCEPTUALISATION 25
B
IG designed the Serpentine Pavilion which consists of “unzipped wall” where straight line of fiberglass bricks splits into two rolling sides creating an inhabiting space. The pavilion has a complex form but is mainly based on parametic design using simple geometric rules. It is stated that the pavilion is simply based on “a simple manipulation of the archetypal spacedefining garden wall” which is a result of the accuracy and calculation of algorithms. This project mainly depended on digital technologies to come up with sophisticated result as computation allowed them to change materials, dimensions of bricks and component, forms without the need of remodeling from the start each time. The use of algorithms reduced the limitations and increases the ability of producing more complex and unique forms which can be built and constructed in real life.it is very fascinating how parametric design can change and transform the most basic forms to a complex environment space by just using set principles. Looking at the diagrams we can see the progress of the design and how it was transformed to the final modular form. We can see how a typical wall was modified using computation to the Serpentine Pavilion at last. Also, they have a significant use of algorithms to split a single flat wall to the two sides which allowing a special experience through it is space. The idea that we can take from this project is that design computation can turn what we see ordinary into a complex and intriguing ideas which can help us develop more freely from the traditional path of architecture. Overall, computation design indeed strengthens the design process but we also need to our set goals and ideas as a foundation.
(13) THE DESIGN COMPONENETS AND THE ASSEMBLING TECHNIQUE.
(15) ASPECTS OF INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR SPACE. 26
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(14) THE TRANFORMATION OF A SIMPLE IDEA TO A COMPLEX ONE USING COMPUTATION
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“WHEN
ARCHITECTS HAVE A SUFFICIENT UNDERSTANDING OF
ALGORITHMIC CONCEPTS, WHEN WE NO LONGER NEED TO DISCUSS THE DIGITAL AS SOMETHING DIFFERENT, THEN COMPUTATION CAN BECOME A TRUE METHOD OF DESIGN FOR ARCHITECTURE.
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- BRADY PETERS
”
(4)
A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION C
omputational methods are undergoing a shift in the design approach from composition to generation using the development of technology. This shift enhances the designer’s abilities to comprehend not only the complexity of project’s construction steps and stages but also the assembly of parameters that are involved in its formation. Digital software passed the stage of only representation and modeling to new era where architects not use software but ‘they create software.’(1) They are now able to come up with design outcomes through the design process as the computer generate and analyses performance, construction systems, materials usage and other detailed analysis to get a critical comparison between solutions before building them in real life(2). This development increases the rate of accuracy, effectiveness and succession of design in Complex situations.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Algorithm thinking is introduced to generative design and that is a method for ordering computers to do a certain action (3) that can perform according the limitation of rules and generates infinite variations.in other word, it is one of the most effective form finding process that results in creative ideas that is based on a series of algorithms. The process strarts by scripting the computer to follow a condition based on specific behaviour, feature that is run by a simple rule to create different options following the analysis and information provided. The design outcome would usually bring about ideal designs in various aspects such as efficiency and performance in the specified setting, space, and materials.
Peters, Brady, ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, (2013) pp. 08-15 (p.10). Peters, Brady, ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, (2013) pp. 08-15 (p.13). Peters, Brady, ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, (2013) pp. 08-15 (p.10). Peters, Brady, ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, (2013) pp. 08-15 (p.12).
CONCEPTUALISATION 29
CASE STUDY 1: REN PEOPLE'S TOWER ARCHITECTS: BJARKE INGLES GROUP, BIG YEAR: 2010 LOCATION: SHANGHAI, CHINA
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(16) THE VIEW OF THE PROJECT WITHIN THE CONTEXT CONCEPTUALISATION 31
T
he REN building is a competition proposal for a hotel, conference center for the Word Expo 2010 and it is characterized by merging two building into one. The form of the building is eye-catching but looking through the idea and the methods, the building provide a new vision of architecture that reinforced by parametric design and generation. The tower shows how patterns and shapes have evolved in the design process using a series of algorithms to produced such an outcome. We can that computation not only helped in producing an appealing aesthethic but also modified the form to provide a systemic building in terms of construction and spacing.
The project is another example where computation challenges the traditional architecture that has been leading the world by trying to introduce new ways of adapting intelligently with the environment through unique forms. The use of parametric concepts also allows a precise exploration of material use, construction and building systems which provide new choices and option to architecture. I see this is an interesting example of how towers can be designed in the future to allow a better life in the city rather than just placing huge blocks of buildings next to each other and I believe that computation design still have a bigger role in the architecture in the future.
(17) THE FOUNDATION OF THE IDEA
(18) A DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SPACING PLAN
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(19) DIGITIALLY MADE VIEW OF THE TOWER TO SHOW THE COMPLEX FORM CONCEPTUALISATION 33
CASE STUDY 2: RESEARCH PAVILION 2013-14
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ARCHITECTS: ICD-ITKE UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART YEAR: 2013-2014 LOCATION: STUTTGART, GERMANY
(20) THE COMPLETED PAVILION CONCEPTUALISATION 35
T
his pavilion designed by the ICD (the Institute for Computational Design) and ITKE ( the Institute of Building Structure and Structural Design) of the university of Stuttgart is one of the successful design that shows creative design, fabrication methods in architecture. The pavilion is based on beetles and in particular the Elytron, a rough protective shell covering its wings and abdomen. Through analytical research, it was proven that it would have the best performance. The most interesting thing in this project is how potentials of digital design and fabrication helped in developing and assembling the pavilion.
They used the computation and digital technologies to solve the main problem of fabricating each element and connecting them as it has a very complex form and geometries. They analyzed data and information collected to allow a further exploration to more concepts through computation techniques to come up with a finalized idea using algorithms. Then fabrication process started to take place using winding technique caused by robotics following the digital scripts. Even though, the main concept was analyze, the result is fixed as it is produced and modified through the design process which allows a variety of options and findings which can be improved by changing parameters and algorithms. The computation process also helped in reducing the formwork and limitation to the geometrics forms. The project is an ideal example to show the importance and benefits of parametric design and computation in our design thinking now and in the future and how can computation change the future of architecture.
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(21) DIGRAMING THE FORM PROCESS OF DIGITAL FABRICATION.`
(22) THE ROBORTICS STAGE
(23) THE STAGES OF DESIGN
CONCEPTUALISATION 37
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A.4 CONCLUSION: T
hrough Part A, we got to explore new aspects of design process and the emergence of the computational methods and their effects on the design behavior. The readings helped us in developing analytical views about sustainability and the technological advances we are as designers should benefit from them. The main idea that was explained in part A is the evolution of computation in architecture. There is no doubt that computational advances have great influences on the design field in several aspects. We are all aware that computerization, which increased the precision and accuracy of visual documents that were shown to other people as a tool of communication, is different from computation. Computation has developed the productivity and the creativity of design methods such generative design method, algorithmic design and the mindset of design in general. Digital methods has become a instrument that we can use to analysis and generate data and formulas to come up with a complex design within the set environment that can be built easily and perform as expected in real life. The developments of the parametric design have surpassed the conventional problem solving system and reduce the limitations that have restricted design. It has strengthen the design process and helped the designer in making an effective decision towards a better problem solving concept to produce a well designed project.
It is evident through looking at precedence projects, we can how it is already been used successfully in the architectural field to bring out creative, deliberate and up-to-date design ideas into the real world. All this computational progresses developed new pathways in the production of solutions for complex situation which address the sustainability and defuturing issue. The ideas that might have been just thoughts in the past are transforming into real projects with the help of algorithms and parametric design. This proves that computation is evolving to become a key method that can be used to challenge global environmental problems. I plan to take a different approach compared to my previous projects where I will allow the computational methods to scheme and formulate abstract ideas, structures, and forms based on the data I will set as a foundation. As I mentioned before about my interest in sustainability and environmental design, I would like to include these concepts and rules to my design as I think they are important goals in our todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture. I would also like to embrace the environment itself to the design and give its importance rather than just focusing on human ecology. I believe that we as designer should try to break the barriers because it is better to achieve a connection between human ecology and nature for a better future. Therefore, I will base my design on these basics idea and do further research to collect to be used in my parametric design later to achieve a desirable result and also meet the brief. CONCEPTUALISATION 39
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A.5 LEARNING OUTCOMES: I
have been inspired from the theories and precedence research and especially the Designing Futuring reading since I already have interest in the sustainable design issue and its approaches. I liked how they raised the idea that human should be concern about the environment as much as they are concerned about their lives because they are all related and that defuturing is mostly a result of our decisions we take thinking that we are following the normal. The strong idea of a need to change in the design thinking and process was one of the points that I strongly agree with as we need to be brave and break the traditional ways in order to develop and improve to the better. It was also interesting to see how computation is already allowing designers to develop a completely new ideology and design thinking. Seeing the influential developments of computation in design and how they allowed a more complex and innovative form to design using simple techniques and scripts in algorithms and parametric methods. It is very important to understand how the system of algorithms. Looking at algorithms made me develop an interest in the complex form that can be created through digital programs such as Rhino. Therefore, I have challenged myself to experience a various techniques to develop my skills. Personally, I have struggled using scripts as it looked a bit complicated but as I start to study each one and explore in more detail, I have come to see what these technology can offer me to help my design process. It is indeed will help me in my final project and also in future to generate more flexible, creative, and complex design ideas.
My understanding of basic computing methods and parameters this semester has enlarged my perspective about how these techniques and skills could have been used to develop my previous projects in terms of showing the complexities of the design idea better as I have felt physical modeling did not show the strong point of ideas. Also, I could have used the technologies to analysis the data provided to the assigned site and adapt or create a enhanced design based on my foundation of ideas that I set for myself. Overall, through my experience with parametric design and algorithms, I believe that parametric design is indeed not just a digital tool but a critical exploration in design analysis and problem solving that creates new paths and increases possibilities. It also makes it easier to fabricate and build design. Therefore, it allows designers to produce aesthetically satisfying but also efficient designs.
CONCEPTUALISATION 41
A.6 APPENDIX:
SETUP LOOP
2D GEOMETRIC FORMULAS T
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MATHS SURFACES ALGORITHMS
COCOON STRUCTURE
VORONOI STRUCTURE
TO FORM VARIETY OF ROSES.
CONCEPTUALISATION 43
BILBIOGRAPHY: - Dunne, Anthony & Raby, Fiona, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013) pp. 1-9, 33-45 - Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg,2008), pp. 1–16 (p.). - Kalay, Yehuda E., Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5-25 - Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds, Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014), pp. 1–10 - Peters, Brady, ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, (2013) pp. 08-15
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CONCEPTUALISATION 45
IMAGES REFERENCES:
(1)
Architizer, Pasona H.Q. Tokyo (Tokyo: Kono Designs LLC, 2011)
< http://architizer.com/projects/pasona-hq-tokyo/> [accessed 1 March, 2017] (2)
Architizer, Pasona H.Q. Tokyo (Tokyo: Kono Designs LLC, 2011)
< http://architizer.com/projects/pasona-hq-tokyo/> [accessed 1 March, 2017] (3)
Architizer, Pasona H.Q. Tokyo (Tokyo: Kono Designs LLC, 2011)
< http://architizer.com/projects/pasona-hq-tokyo/> [accessed 1 March, 2017] (4)
Architizer, Pasona H.Q. Tokyo (Tokyo: Kono Designs LLC, 2011)
< http://architizer.com/projects/pasona-hq-tokyo/> [accessed 1 March, 2017] (5)
Becky Quintal, BIG Unveils Design For “Zootopia” In Denmark (Denmark, BIG, 2014)
<http://www.archdaily.com/532248/big-unveils-design-for-zootopia-in-denmark > [accessed1 March, 2017] (6)
Becky Quintal, BIG Unveils Design For “Zootopia” In Denmark (Denmark, BIG, 2014)
<http://www.archdaily.com/532248/big-unveils-design-for-zootopia-in-denmark > [accessed 1 March, 2017] (7)
Becky Quintal, BIG Unveils Design For “Zootopia” In Denmark (Denmark, BIG, 2014)
<http://www.archdaily.com/532248/big-unveils-design-for-zootopia-in-denmark > [accessed 1 March, 2017] (8) ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 / ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart (Germany, ICD_ITKE University, 2011) < http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke-research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart > [accessed 13 March, 2017] (9)
ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 / ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart (Germany, ICD_ITKE University, 2011)
< http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke-research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart > [accessed 13 March, 2017] (10)
ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 / ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart (Germany, ICD_ITKE University, 2011)
< http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke-research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart > [accessed 13 March, 2017] (11)
ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 / ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart (Germany, ICD_ITKE University, 2011)
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Rory Stott, BIG’s 2016 Serpentine Pavilion Opens Alongside 4 Summerhouses (London, BIG, 2016)
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Bjarke Ingels Group,Serpentine Pavilion 2016 (London, BIG, 2016),
< http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-pavilion-and-summer-houses-2016 > [accessed 10 March, 2017] (14)
Bjarke Ingels Group,Serpentine Pavilion 2016 (London, BIG, 2016),
< http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-pavilion-and-summer-houses-2016 > [accessed 10 March, 2017] (15)
Rory Stott, BIG’s 2016 Serpentine Pavilion Opens Alongside 4 Summerhouses (London, BIG, 2016)
<http://www.archdaily.com/789018/bigs-2016-serpentine-pavilion-opens-alongside-4-summerhouses > [accessed 10 March, 2017] (16)
Tylene Levesque, The REN Building Takes the Form of a Sloping Chinese Character (china, BIG, 2011)
< http://inhabitat.com/the-%E4%BA%BA-ren-building/ > [accessed 13 March, 2017] (17)
Tylene Levesque, The REN Building Takes the Form of a Sloping Chinese Character (china, BIG, 2011)
< http://inhabitat.com/the-%E4%BA%BA-ren-building/ > [accessed 13 March, 2017] (18)
Tylene Levesque, The REN Building Takes the Form of a Sloping Chinese Character (china, BIG, 2011)
< http://inhabitat.com/the-%E4%BA%BA-ren-building/ > [accessed 13 March, 2017]
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(19)
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This is the last printable page in your book and will print on the left side. CONCEPTUALISATION 47