Setting the framework for parking policy P&P Training Event – Bucharest, 5 April 2016 Giuliano Mingardo – Erasmus University Rotterdam
The project • PUSH & PULL is a three-year EU-funded project (2014-2017) • The main aim of the project is to improve urban mobility in EU cities by means of parking management combined with mobility management • The project includes 16 partners (10 EU countries)
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The rationale behind PUSH & PULL Two of the major problems in urban transport are: 1. Overwhelming and steadily increasing use of cars in cities with the related negative impacts (i.e. congestion, pollution, lack of space‌) 2. Lack of (financial) resources to encourage use of sustainable modes of transport
A possible solution: Funding mechanism that makes use of the revenues of parking management (Push) to encourage the use of energyefficient modes of transport (Pull)
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Parking and Urban Mobility: setting the framework
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Objective of this module • The main objective of this module is to understand the framework for parking policy at urban level; • This module will help you to: • Better understand how parking policy develops • Position your city on the development curve of parking policy • Understand what you to do to move forward in parking policy
• Throughout the whole module examples of different cities will be used.
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Basic notions on parking policy
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Elements of parking policy Within parking policy you usually deal with: • • • • •
The number, type and location of parking spaces Parking requirements Parking regulations Marketing Information and communication
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Parking Type and the sector controlling and/or supplying it (Transport Learning, 2013)
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The institutional framework (1) • Parking is usually a local policy, implemented and carried out by the local authority • National authorities can: • Provide guidelines (especially for standards) • Set the legal framework (on/off street, VAT rules, safety rules, possibility to use specific technologies,…)
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The institutional framework (2) At local level parking policy is usually part of the wider transport policy of the city: • Departments that are/might be involved: transport, spatial development, economics • Usually the political figure responsible for parking is the councilor for transport/mobility
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Aims of parking policy • Generally parking policy has four main objectives: 1. To contribute to a better accessibility and mobility of the urban area; 2. To contribute to a better quality of life in the city; 3. To support the local economy; 4. To raise municipal revenue;
• The last aim might not be an explicit one, because local authorities don’t want to associate the idea of paying for a parking space with municipal fund raising
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The development of parking policy
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The development of parking policy
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Example of stage 1: High Bentham, North Yorkshire, England Population: approx. 3,000
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Example: time restrictions in Bree, Belgium
• Blue areas: max 2 hours parking • Orange areas: max 1 hour parking • Green areas: unlimited parking push-pull-parking.eu
The advent of pricing parking
The first parking meters were introduced in Oklahoma City (USA) in 1935
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Example: Paid parking in Amsterdam (2013)
Pricing parking in the city of Amsterdam in 2013 (the different colours indicate different hourly fees) push-pull-parking.eu
Example: Park and Ride in the Netherlands
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Rotterdam
Example: differentiated parking tariffs in Madrid • Since July, 1st 2014 the fee motorists have to pay for onstreet parking in Madrid depends on the engine type and construction year. • Electric vehicles can park for free; hybrids have a 20% reduction while heavy polluting vehicles pay 20% extra
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Example: multiple use of parking facilities in the Netherlands •  The noise barriers along the A12 motorway near the Dutch city of Ede are also used as parking garage
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Example: multiple use of parking facilities in the Copenhagen •  Copenhagen introduced in 2011 a pilot project with flexible onstreet parking: five parking spaces in front of a secondary school are dedicated for bike parking between 7:00am and 5:00pm and for car parking for the remaining period
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Example: Workplace parking levy in Nottingham (UK) • A workplace parking levy (WPL) is a tax on private nonresidential parking provided by employers, off-street, for their staff • The City of Nottingham has introduced such a scheme in 2012 • Employers with more than 10 staff are required to pay the City Council 288GBP (around 350 Euros) per year for each space in use
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Misunderstanding in parking policy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Free parking exists; Parking is a location factor for companies; No parking = No business; P&R facilities increase the accessibility of the city and reduce congestion in the innercity; Parking in residential areas is a problem only in the innercity;
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Dilemma’s in parking pricing policy • Short vs. long parking; • Mobility/Quality of life vs. Financial issue; • (Traffic congestion vs. income;) • Should residents pay for parking? • Parking fee vs. Customers?
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Urban Mobility
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Urban Mobility In Europe there have been three general eras of urban mobility: • 1890s till 1930s: WALKING • 1930s till 1950s: BUS & BICYCLE • 1960s on: CAR
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How did urban mobility change in the last decennia? Two major changes happened: 1. The matrix Origin – Destination (home-work) has changed; 2. The number and type of activities has changed;
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Change 1
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Change 2 HOME
KINDERGARTEN
WORKPLACE
WORKPLACE
HOME FRIENDS
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GYM SUPERMARKET
Cumulative Modal Contribution to Economic Opportunities Mass Production
Economic Opportunities
Industrial Revolution
Telecommunications
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Air
Roads Railways Canal shipping Maritime shipping
Horses 1750
Globalization
1775
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1800
1825
1850
1875
1900
1925
1950
1975
2000
2025
2050
How will mobility change in the coming decennia? • Will more welfare bring more mobility? • Will technology solve the problem? • Are clean vehicles the solution? • Will ICT reduce/replace the need of travel?
• Will culture and education play a role? • Are the new generations different? • Will car still be a status symbol?
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Costs of mobility for the individual Generalized Transportation Costs (GTC): • Monetary costs; • Non monetary costs; How do you think the importance of these costs have changed over time?
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The future of mobility The future of mobility
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At Rotterdam Central Station there is more to get than your train
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Mulțumesc THANKS Giuliano Mingardo mingardo@ese.eur.nl
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http://push-pullparking.eu
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