CATALOGUE / КАТАЛОГ Oxford Brookes University 2017/18
Vol. 1 Oxford Brookes University 2017/2018
Contents Marija
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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POSSIBILITIES OF THE PAST
Investigating the possible ways in which functional spaces and/or objects would be assembled at their time of creation. An 18th century house (Svrzo’s House) built during the reign of the Ottoman Empire drew influence from Islamic architecture, taking from it ideas of spatial arrangements, everyday functioning and symbolism. Stećaks are medieval tombstones that are scattered across Bosnia and Herzegovina and bordering countries. They began appearing in the 12th century, however their ethnic and religious origins remain a mystery to this day. The carvings on these stones depict warriors, animals, celestial bodies and esoteric symbolism.
Akshar Daby
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
01 / 01 THE GARDEN WELL
Sarajevo’s topography is greatly dominated by karst formations due to dissolution of limestone and other soluble rocks. As the soluble rock is washed away, cavelike structures begin to form, allowing for tables of water to collect. The porous texture of the karst rock allows for easy permeation of water absorbed by the ground from rain. This table of water is reached by removing layers of top soil, clay and rocks. The walls of the well are kept apart by wedging the dug up pieces of rock into the sides of the hole, to ensure the pressure from the top layers do not cave in. Layers of clay are removed to be used for pottery. Due to the porous rock, the table of water is not fully contained and over time will seep through the karst. If there is no rain for an extended period of time then the well could dry out.
EXAMPLE OF KARST ROCK
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Fire wood is ignited inside the fire pit to heat up the oven.
Meat and vegetables are placed on the grill.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Dough is prepared and placed into the oven to bake.
A stew can be cooked on the stove top.
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
01 / 02 THE BOSNIAN STOVE
This masonry oven is particularly unique in it’s design as it serves a secondary function as a room heater. The clay ‘pots’ are equally spaced over the exterior of the oven to radiate the heat uniformly around the kitchen. The clay is set in a mould then placed on a potters wheel to be turned, where a finger was mostly likely used to achieve the organic concentric ridges of the pot. The oven itself requires a sequence of steps to be followed by the servants of Svrzo’s House.
CLAY POT SECTION SMOKE EXHAUST
STOVE TOP
CLAY POT
GRILL
FIRE PIT OVEN
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Chestnut wood showing signs of pitting due to weathering. The soft wood is eroded leaving behind hard wood.
Detail is achieved on the impost by use of hand tools (hammer, chisel, etc.) A solid block of wood is clamped onto the workbench and worked with the tools to create intricate markings, each impost carries slight differences in design due to this technique of carving.
Wood studs are cut to size and placed in a belt driven lathe to be turned to produce the balusters for the handrail.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
01 / 03 THE MOON BALCONY
The moon balcony, or ‘kamarija’ in Arabic, can be seen as one of the most significant spaces in Svrzo’s house due to the level of detail and decoration that the builders used. The repetition of form and motifs can be easily replicated using modern technology, however in the late 18th century, these details would have been made by hand tools. The moon is an important symbol in Islam, and therefore the construction of the balcony was given time and painstaking effort to achieve an atmosphere of a space that holds a level of purpose.
Local chestnut wood is sourced from the surrounding forest and is chopped by hand-axe then logged by horse to site. They are then hewed into beams and columns with varying sizes depending on their use.
Large timber beams are cut to form joints that are then secured with nails
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
01 / 04 REPLICA OF ZGOSCA’S
The impost detail in Svrzo’s house (below), we can see the detail of the ‘flower/sun’ symbol is carved into the wood. If we look at the stećak (left), we see the drawings have been carved out of the stone; that is the stone has been chipped away, leaving a protruding drawing, unlike the wooden impost having the design dug into the wood. This demonstrates that the artist of the stećak required a lot more effort and skill to produce the outcome, a level which would prove challenging even with modern tools.
Tools used to carve stone
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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AIR POLLUTION
The aim of the project is to design a structure that reduces air pollution while revealing the multiple identities of the city, which can be experienced only from changing altitudes. My project sees the smog in Sarajevo as an asset rather than a liability. It recognises the potential of smog not only in terms of its physical nature (gaseous) but also its chemical components and uses them to raise awareness.
Chhavi Mehta
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
02 / 01 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION The drawing shows the sources of air pollution in Sarajevo categorised by pollutant. It depicts the concentration of pollutants from each source and also how they disperse in the air making it less polluted with increase in height above ground level. The major sorces of Air Pollution are Cars and Coal Power plants. Other sources also include burning of wood and waste for heat, coal powered traditional sac ovens and smoking.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
02 / 02 AIR PURIFICATION
This drawing shows how different components can be filtered and how the air can eventually be made less polluted by removing each of these different particles.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
02 / 03 INVERSION LAYER
The inversion layer during the winter (Top) is very dense and traps all the pollutants under it, not allowing them to escape to the earths atmosphere like they naturally should. This is what causes the low visibility and many health problems in valleys with a thermal inversion problem. However, the inversion layer in the summer (Bottom) is higher up and less dense (more permeable). This decreases the concentration of the pollutant particles in the air and some particles can rise up and escape.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
02 / 04 AIR STAGNATION
The drawing shows how the wind direction effects the dispersion of the pollutants. since car exhaust is one of the major sources of air pollution, the roads are themselves treated like objects emitting the smoke. The wind pushes them in a specific direction and the tall buildings act as obstructions and make the air even more stagnant. But maybe this could be used to the buildings advantage if it “collected� the smog.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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REMEMBERING THE PAST
Sarajevo has physically changed since the destruction brought upon the city in 1992. Many of its famous structures remain damaged and not in use. In this chapter, focus is placed upon two structures which hold great historical and revolutionary value. The following drawings look to examine how the Olympic bobsleigh track functioned before its destruction whilst shining light upon the memory of Europe’s first electrical power station.
Ciaran Gallen
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1898
1992
2000
2018
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
03 / 01 MEMORY OF MARIJIN DVOR POWER STATION The former Electrical Power Station at Marijin Dvor in Sarajevo was built in 1894 and is one of the most important industrial achievements of the AustroHungarian period in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since its destruction in 1992 the building has sat derelict and despite plans to develop the site no plans have come to fruition due to the needed cost of refurbishment.
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3 5 6
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Concrete Cover Steel Rod Icing Steel Pipe Woven Mesh Insulation Wall Covering
Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
03 / 02 TRACK REFRIGERATION
Sarajevo Bobsleigh and Luge Track, situated on Trebević mountain was built for the 1984 Winter Olympics Games. Like most modern tracks, it is made of concrete and coated with ice to enable speeds of up to 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph). The drawing reveals how the concrete is sprayed onto a reinforced steel structure containing refrigeration tubes. The concrete is then cooled to -12F and water is sprayed until a 2 inch layer of ice is formed.
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Natural Climate Resulting Microclimate
Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
03 / 03 BOBSLEIGH MICROCLIMATE Before the siege in 1992 the track was used all year round. This meant that despite the climate of the surrounding mountains, the track surface would still need to reach the desired -12F to achieve full capability. This range in temperature leads to a microclimate being formed around the track. Over a period of time this microclimate can affect the flora and fauna of the area, creating a rich and diverse local landscape.
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Fixed Wall
Pendulum Collumn
Expansion Points
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Foundations Bearing Pad Pendulum Column Anchor Bolt Plate & Bolt Rebar
Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pendulum Column
03 / 04 TRACK EXPANSION POINTS The bobsleigh track needs to be able to withstand high speeds which result in vibrations along the structure. Expansion points allow movement to occur as the structure expands and contracts relative to the ground. The drawing shows the bobsleigh track supported on a series of footings which alternate strategically thus enabling movement between points.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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I am a sound. Follow the link to hear: https://youtu.be/94uzxoxiok4
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
04 / 01 ECHO CHAMBER
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
04 / 02 ECHO CHAMBER
The tram track is a grooved steel rail on concrete sleepers into the street surface or on a adjacent pavement. A hidden moment that is only coming to life when the tram passes through. This invisible technological element has transformed itself into a musical instrument that has defined the city of Sarajevo over the years and still does. Its only interruption was during the Bosnian War between 19921996. Sound waves reverberate underground, within the street surface and as the trams travel along the tram lines, the city is brought back in peace.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
04 / 03 SARAJEVO’S CEPENAK
Since the very beginning of urban Sarajevo, stores have been an integral part of the physical structure and urban matrix, a functional constant that synchronously monitors the existence of the city through all its phases, reflecting the plurality of social, economic, political and total cultural processes. The very continuity of the existence of this architectural form, the stoic resurgence of contemporary notions of urbanism, spatial planning and the general effects of the contemporary concept of life, speaks of its essential importance for the integrity and identity of Čaršija and the city of Sarajevo.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
04 / 04 REMAINS OF THE POWER STATION The electric power station, built by Austro-Hungary in 1895, it was the first power station in Sarajevo. This provided the city with electric street lighting and the provincial government building with power. It was the scene of fighting in WWII. The station continued in service till the Bosnian War, when within the first few days of the war in 1992, the station was hit and burnt. Suffering the direct effect of the war, which has considerably damaged its structure, the building has been neglected and is in risk of collapse with many of its elements stripped out.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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WATERS OF SARAJEVO
The details in this chapter address aspects of water in Sarajevo, focusing particularly on the Miljacka River, the main river flowing through the city.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
05 / 01 MILJACKA RIVER
Sarajevo lies in a valley, at the bottom of which is the Miljacka River. As it flows from its starting point in the mountains east of Sarajevo, the river undergoes several changes of character. These sections show how the river channel evolves over its course, from a steep-sided mountain ravine, to a walled shallow channel in the centre of the city, to becoming more natural again as it flows west. Since the Austro-Hungarians took control of Sarajevo, successive governments have progressively engineered and contained the river into the route that it takes today. The detail also shows the relative elevations of the river along its length.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
05 / 02 BENTBASA DAM
The point at which the Miljacka River flows into the city of Sarajevo is known as Bentbasa. In Ottoman times a wooden dam existed here, giving the area its name (‘Bent’ - dam and ‘Basi’ - main). In 1958 the current steel dam was constructed. This detail highlights the different elements of the Bentbasa dam, particularly focusing on connections and fixings between elements. It shows how the dam is made up of several different components, not just the weir itself.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
05 / 04 RIVER POLLUTION
The waters of the Miljacka River are blighted by pollution. Sewage leaks into the river through gaps in the ageing sewer system, and plastic bottles and other waste collects in the weirs. This detail highlights the different types of pollution, which range in size from bacteria and metallic particles, to large pieces of solid waste.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
05 / 04 PRECIPITATION
This drawing shows data about the amount of precipitation (rain and snow) that falls in Sarajevo around the year. The average level of precipitation in millimetres is represented graphically, as well as the average number of rainy and snowy days in each month. The most rain tends to fall in May/June, and it was this which caused record floods in 2014. November-March is the snowiest time of year, and parts of the river often freeze over.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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MOSSCAPE [ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES]
Insert short chapter description here, approx 70 words
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Moss Cells Under Microscope Plan View
Dehydrated Elevation View
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hydrated
TEXTURE OF MOSS
Moss, as a vascular plant, always group together in order to storage water and get nutrition as much as it can. The first detail illustrates the soft texture and mix types of moss. Hydration is one of the most important factor for plants, including moss. Water is the reson makes moss soft and fluffy. The second detail shows the cells of moss under microscope level, and how do they react to moisture. As the drawing shows, all cells including the water storage space, which will expend and shirk depend on the weather condition.v
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Spore
Concrete surface
Rhizoid
Rhizoid
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
MOSS AND SURFACE
This Detail shows how moss anchor themselves on artificial surface, such as brick and concrete. Moss will release a certain kind of acid to erode the surface , and vtransfer the surface material into soil. However, this process will not damage the building material. Due to the fact that moss will only erode 1 to 1.5 times depth maximum of the plant itself.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
NATURE RECLAIMS ARTIFICIAL
This detail shows the existing abandoned building, which has been taking over by nature. Throughout the reclaiming process, firstly, moss, fungus as pathbreaker species will breakdown the concrete into peices and keep it moisture. Secondly, ivy, bushes, start growing, which will give trees a perfect environment to grow. Finally, trees will grow and bring back the nature environment.
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Air Quality and Human Activities Perspective
Air Quality and Human Activities Section
Traffic Polluted Air- Car Park Traffic Polluted Air Fresh Air Moisture Air Human Activities Air
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
ACTIVITIES AND AIR QUALITY
This Detail shows the activities and air quality in Sarajevo city center. The particles show varieties of the air and the relationship between human, nature and the city. Sarajevo city center is currently suffering from serious air pollutoin. According to the research, most of the pollution caused by traffic, and the valley shaped terrain which trapped the polluted air enhance this situation.
Weekday Evening Very Busy Busy Normal Traffic Intensity in Sarajevo- Urban Scale
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
To unearth the fragments of nostalgia, one needs a dual archaeology of memory and of place, a dual history of illusions and of actual practices. - Svetland Boym, 2001 (Future of Nostalgia)
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ARCHIVING YUGONOSTALGIA
Skenderija Culture and Sports Complex (SKC Skenderija) is the physical embodiment of the Yugoslavian socialist ideals. It is the place which shaped Sarajevo’s youth, encouraged their cultural development, affection for sports and transformed the city’s public hub. With the disintegration of the Socialist Republic and the consequences it brought with it, the society left behind the once cherished values. The departure point of the project concept is rooted in the nostalgia for the Yugoslavian period. The Yugoslavian state has often been perceived as a failed political system which only existed in people’s nostalgic yearning for the era of peace and opportunity. The detailed drawings explore the temporary elements of the structures within Skenderija Complex; stage sets, fair furniture and collapsed roof structure. A mutual component of these elements is their non - existence. The drawings represent the best version of these structures that may have existed during their life, some which were intended as temporary and others which have disappeared due to other factors. This makes reference to nostalgia which filters the memories and creates an illusion of the no-longer-existant aspects of life.
Marija Milosevic
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1971 Skenderija main hall - officers military award ceremony, marching band and military personnel present on stage and standing in front of it. Tito present. Stage construction - wood, softwood and plywood. Flags of United States, France, Germany, Yugoslavia and Soviet Union decorated the vertical stage props. Speculation - military awards ceremony recognising allies and promoting unity with aforementioned nations.
1972 Skenderija main hall - officers military award ceremony, marching band and military personnel present on stage and standing in front of it. Tito present. Stage construction - wood, softwood and plywood. Flags of United States, Romania, Yugoslavia and Soviet Union decorated the backdrop behind the stage. Speculation - military awards ceremony recognising allies and promoting unity with aforementioned nations.
1975 Skenderija main hall - officers award ceremony, choir and pianist. Stage set construction - card decorations ( star ), plywood stage, planting boxes lining the ramp and set on the either side of the stage. Ceremony celebrating 30 years of freedom on 6 April 1975. (Valter was murdered on the Day of Liberation at the end of WW II and this day also celebrates his sacrifice and courage)
1977 Skenderija main hall - opera concert with small orchestra. Stage construction - backdrop: plywood lined with fabric, stage: plywood. Ramp and front stage line lined with planting. A map of Yugoslavia (located on the right hand side of the stage suggests a celebration of a national holiday)
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
00 / 01 PLANES AND PLY
The drawings celebrate the grand stage structures built for national events held at Skenderija’s main hall. The accent is on the assembly of the planes used to create these stages - vast structures intended for a temporary lifespan. The drawings were reconstructed using archive photographs as memories in order to provide an approximate image of the structures that once stood for prosperity, grandeur and accomplishment of the nation. The drawings are abstracted from their nostalgic underlying, evoked by photographs therefore showing solely the form and allows the viewer to analyse the planes - expressive of their design process, quick and temporary erection of a grand-looking object. Furthermore, this attitude is reflected within the political and military events held at the hall - many decisions made by the dictator of the time were prompt, temporary and awe-inspiring but impermanent.
Archive images of Skenderija’s main hall, today, Mirza Delibasic Dvorana, courtesy of SKC Skenderija.
1978 Skenderija main hall - orchestra, folklore choir, music band, choir. Stage set construction - silver and copper colour painted plywood. Approximately 25-30m stage length. Concert celebrating National Youth Day 10 November.
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Wine booth at Beverage Fair in 1970s
Fair furniture used at Beverage Fair in 1970s
Human sized structures used at Beverage Fair in 1970s 68
Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
00 / 02 PROPS AND FAIRS
Elaborate fair structures differ significantly from today’s furniture and props found in such events. Simple yet different and effective wooden structures were used in this event - the National Beverage Fair. The drawings accentuate their architectural qualities through the axonometric projections. The futuristic and modern appearances of these portrays the society of the 1970s as forward looking while the entire set ups of the fairs suggest an age of prosperity for entrepreneurs. There was hence little room for nostalgia in this era as the present and the future seemed golden.
K67 Sasa Machtig’s plug in modular unit was massively produced and used around Yugoslavia and later Poland, Japan, New Zealand and former Soviet Union. The beauty of this structure lies in endless possibilities of use they were been assigned to, in various locations and climates. The drawings below are reminiscent of the
K67 kiosk and the modules have been used extensibility in exhibitions and fairs at Skenderija during 1970s and 80s. The popularity of these fibreglass plug in structures is further demonstrated though the use in events held inside buildings, house and street furniture and many variations people have created to cater for certain scenarios.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
00 / 03 ICE SCENE
The exploded axonometric drawing of the Ice Hall aims to unveil the building elements, many of which are no longer present. The drawing aims to address the importance of non existent elements of this structure while also reflecting the layers of building function that have disappeared with the roof. The importance, as well as the beauty, of the snow scene is visually exaggerated with the top, ‘Arctic’ scene. It is believed the roof collapse was cause by a high snow load in winter of 2012. The landscape of the building was hence changed and remained over the past six years. These structural and no longer existent elements are representative of nostalgia - of the building’s role in the city that has ceased to perform.
Photographs of the Ice Hall roof after the collapse and clearance.
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Speculated detail of the previously existant Ice Hall roof, along with heavy snow. Approximately 1200-1800mm of snow fell that year.
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Design Studio 4 - On the Borders
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
00 / 04 ICE ROOF
The detail of the Ice Hall roof aims to illustrate the scale of the structure in relation to the snowfall. The main beams and thick snow create a visual tension regardless of the lack of context. The importance of the role snow played in the staging of the collapse is further exaggerated with its strong presence in the detail.
Photographs of the collapse of structural elements during 2012 winter in Ice Hall. 73
ds4oxarch@gmail.com www.ds4.co.uk Cover by Jama Abdukayumov ©