Bscience II

CONTENT

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

2

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE 1.2 INTRODUCTION OF SITE

2.0 PRECEDENT STUDY

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2.1 LIGHTING PRECEDENT STUDY 2.2 ACOUSTICS PRECEDENT STUDY

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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3.1 SEQUENCE OF WORK 3.2 LIGHTING DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT 3.3 LIGHTING DATA COLLECTION METHOD 3.4 ACOUSTIC DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT 3.5 ACOUSTIC DATA COLLECTION METHOD

4.0 CASE STUDY AT L45, BANGSAR

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4.1 LIGHTING 4.1.1 Site Study and Zoning 4.1.2 Tabulation & Observation of Data 4.1.3 Sunpath Analysis 4.1.4 Lighting Fixtures and Specifications 4.1.5 Daylight and Artificial Light Contour Analysis 4.1.6 Daylight and Artificial Light Calculation and Analysis Zone 1: Dining and Kitchen Area Zone 2: Lounge Zone 3: Washroom Zone 4: Library Ground Floor Zone 5: Library First Floor Zone 6: Library Second Floor 4.2 ACOUSTICS 4.2.1 Zoning 4.2.2 Tabulation & Observation of Data 4.2.3 Outdoor and Indoor Noise Sources 4.2.4 Acoustic Fixtures and Specifications 4.2.5 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Analysis 4.2.6 Reverberation Time Analysis 4.2.7 Sound Reduction Index Analysis

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5.0 CONCLUSION

128

6.0 SUMMARY OF REPORT(A3)

130

7.0 REFERENCES

133

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ABSTRACT

The intention of the study is to evaluate the lighting and acoustic performance and design, with L45, Bangsar, in house library-residential building, being our case study due to its context and interestingly unconventional design. This project is intended to be completed in a group of 6 students and it is anticipated that the appropriateness of lighting and acoustic installation in this community library’s design will be discovered.

Throughout the research, extensive literature reviews from various sources, interview and surveys were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the lighting and acoustics in this community library to provide user’s overall comfort. Precedent studies on lighting and acoustics were done on Cleo Rogers Memorial Library and Brown Rudnick’s Mayfair Office to investigate its lighting and acoustic properties so to help us proceed with our case study. The data that was collected from L45 will be transferred into empirical formulas in order to perform the evaluation and analysis.

Included in this report are technical data such as formulas, equations and calculations that estimate both luminance levels as well as noise levels respectively for both light and acoustics. The effectiveness of the lighting and acoustic designs can be deduced by the number of lighting available and the illuminance levels as well as reverberation time, sound reduction index and sound pressure level respectively. All orthographic drawings and diagrams were made with data that was collected on site. The analysis diagrams were generated using Autodesk Ecotect – an analysis software. A list of figures, tables, as well as references are provided at the end of the report to ease with navigation. The learning outcome of this study is to learn about proper lighting and acoustical strategies to be implemented in our design processes based on the standards and requirements for lighting and acoustics. An impressive architecture should have lighting and acoustical qualities that speak of the quality of the building itself.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The aim and objectives of this project is as follows:  To understand the daylighting, lighting and acoustical characteristics.  To understand the lighting and acoustic requirements of an intended place.  To determine the characteristics and function of daylighting, artificial lighting, sound and acoustic within the intended space.  To critically report and analyse the space and suggest solutions to improvise the lighting and acoustic qualities within the space.

This project likewise expects to provide a better comprehension on the relationship between the type of materials that are utilised in terms of building materials as well as internal furnishings and finishes as well as their impacts on acoustical and lighting conditions in the building based on the functionality of the building. Understanding the volume and area of each functional space also helps in deciding the lighting requirements based on acoustical or lighting inadequacy which is reflected in the data collection. Acknowledging adjacent spaces is also essential to address acoustic concerns. In terms of lighting, the specifications of luminaries, height of each type of light and existence of fenestrations will assist in understanding the lighting conditions within each space. Backed up with precedent studies, drawing comparison with the site study, our precedent studies will aid in determining the different types of lighting and acoustics throughout this project.

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1.2 INTRODUCTION OF SITE

Figure : Faรงade of the L45 Kurau Community Library, Bangsar

The monolithic structure of the building sits quietly in the corner of Lorong Kurau, and is rather unlikely to go unnoticed. Most people know it as the L45 Kurau Community Library. The name is conceptualized as, L stands for library/lot/lorong while 45 is the unit number itself. The function of L45 is unconventional, to say the least. The Client who wishes to remain anonymous entrusted Tetawowe Atelier with a rough brief to convert this double-storey corner terrace house into a civic space for the local community with communal living space which are actually two programs on polar opposites, one very public whilst the other very private. The architects faces the challenge of integrating community living within the public realm. This is especially challenging as L45 consists of eight loft rooms with ensuite bathrooms, common kitchen, dining area and laundry area in addition to the library. Although there is an insertion of a library in the centre of the building, the house is specifically designed to function on its own, without overlapping between the public and private realms.

The library is constructed mainly of heavy concrete and white blocks which projects a sense of solidity and privacy while the steel brings an overall sense of lightness to the building that portrays the lightness of knowledge. The modernistic look with its clean

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lines on the exterior attracts visitors to enter the domain. The various types of materials in different zones in the building provides one with a sense of tranquillity and intimacy upon entering the domains. Some of the materials used are as such: Library Ceiling Wall Flooring Opening door Furniture Column Beam Stairs

Timber & metal mesh Concrete & metal Concrete & metal mesh Timber Timber Metal Metal Metal

Lounge Ceiling Wall Flooring Opening - window Furniture

Timber Concrete Concrete Glass Timber

Kitchen + Dining Room Ceiling Wall Flooring Opening - Door Furniture

Concrete Concrete Concrete Glass Timber

Study area Ceiling Wall Flooring Column Beam Stairs

Metal mesh Metal + concrete Metal mesh Metal Metal Metal

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Figure 4: Dining area of the L45 library

Figure 5: Brightly lit area in the library

Figure(s) 1,2,3 : Lounge at the L45 Library

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Our reason for choosing this building is due of its egalitarian intention, the most intriguing part of it being a very expensive experiment in the creation of social democracy. Since the nature of a library is of a sensitive design, lighting design is a primary element in the library. Books can only be appreciated fully when the spaces are brightly lit. A successful library is one that has considerable uniformity in comfort levels and efficiency in use of lighting levels. On the other hand, acoustic design is also an important element as libraries require quality acoustics as they are an area of silence for the public to read, learn, work and research in. But since L45 is a fusion of a library and a residential home, it would be interesting to see how the lighting and acoustic properties are designed to make sure that both the visitors of the library and its existing residents are not disturbed. The results will also determine whether the L45 Kurau Community Library is effective in terms of lighting and acoustic performance.

Note: The orthographic plans in the next page were given by the library management

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Figure 6: Ground Floor Plan

Figure 7: 1st Floor Plan

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Figure 8: 1st Mezzanine Level Plan

Figure 9: Section A

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Figure 10: Section B

Figure 11: Section C

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Figure 12: Sectional Perspective

Figure 13: Axonometric Drawing

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2.0 PRECEDENT STUDY 2.1 LIGHTING PRECEDENT STUDY

Introduction to Lightning Design in Library Proper ambiance of a library is generated from good lighting design. Good lighting is very important in a library for users to view reading materials under the best possible lighting conditions. As reading is the main and most important programme in a library, lighting plays a major part is the design process. Imaginative lighting helps users to redefine the relationship of between the environment and themselves. It is divided into natural light and artificial light. The dynamic daylight and the controlled artificial lighting are able to affect not only the productivity of the library users, but also to instigate and provoke different visual experiences and moods. Not all sections of a library utilises the same lighting performances. Considerations must be taken to spaces that preserves old documents as harsh lighting may damage them, and a comfortably lit area must be provide to reading zones to encourage better productivity.

The following are considerations and factors affecting lighting design: a. Purpose of space b. Area of space c. Visual comfort d. Time of usage in spaces e. Minimum illumination levels f. Light distribution for adequate performance g. Choice of illumination h. Amount of permissible/desirable distraction i.

Contrast of lighting equipment and background

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Cleo Rogers Memorial Library

Figure 14: Cleo Rogers Memorial Library

Precedent Study

Cleo Rogers Memorial Library

Project Completion

1969

Function

Library

Location

Columbus, Indiana, US

Architect

I.M. Pei

The Cleo Rogers Memorial Library was designed by architect I. M. Pei. The concept was to harmonise with its neighbours and create a unified civic space rather than just be an isolated architectural jewel in mind. The whole idea is that of a library as an open, integrated, easy and accessible space for all.

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Figure 15: Work Space

Figure 16: Children’s Section

Lower Section The lower section of the library is located at the east side of the building, and is shaded by the adjacent trees. The children’s library, classrooms, meeting rooms and offices are located at the lower Section of the library. It has full panel windows and doors to bring in natural lighting. The illumination of the area is also aided with down lights hidden in the concrete coffered ceiling. The tone of the bare brick adds a warm glow to the area. Since the area is highly lit by natural lighting, a softer down light is used to give a comfortable ambiance.

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Figure 17: Main library shelvings

The Main Hall The main library is situated at the main hall which has a mezzanine level. It takes up the 3 storey space of the building. A skylight is situated at the upper mezzanine level to provide intake of natural sunlight, while the bottom mezzanine level uses 2 storey full panel glass window to bring in natural lighting. Both mezzanine levels utilises down light concealed in coffered ceiling to aid in illuminating and bring ambiance to the space. The bare red brick of the building give the library accent and a sense of warmth.

As this area is the main shelving and reading area, light intensity are softer to have a soothing visual context. A lounge is provide for some light reading or conversation to take place. It is located near the full panel 2 storey windows as to fully utilise the natural lighting.

Glass Gallery The glass gallery is an extension of the main library and where computer work space are located. It is located at the centre of the building, connecting the main hall and children’s section. The glass gallery is high illuminated by natural lighting as it has full panel glass windows and roofs. This is where the workspace are located as lighting is highly appropriate for it. Downlight's are provided during night time.

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Figure 18: Indiana room

Extension This is an extension from the library. The Indiana Room showcases local and Indiana history resources. The lighting here is illuminated by fluorescent lights and minor natural lighting from glass windows and doors. This is due to the historical documents and books stored here.

Lighting Analysis Lux Measurement

Section

Type

Difficulty of task

Recommended level

ground 1

Lower section

Moderate Difficult

400

ground 2

Main Hall

Simple

150

ground 3

Glass gallery

Moderate

250

ground 4

Extension

Moderate Difficult

400

Table 1: Lux Measurement and Recommendation

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lux

Section

Type

Lux measurement Recommended

Lux difference

Lux level Ground 1

Lower Section

325

400

-75

Ground 2

Main Hall

410

150

260

Ground 3

Glass Gallery

3000

250

2750

Ground 4

Extension

330

400

-70

Table 2: Windowed section

Section

Type

Lux measurement Recommended

Lux difference

Lux level Ground 1

Lower Section

110

400

-290

Ground 2

Main Hall

180

150

30

Ground 4

Extension

250

400

-150

Table 3: un-windowed section

Conclusion

The majority of lighting design in Cleo Rogers Memorial Library is from natural light source, as shown with tall full panel doors and windows, and various skylight placements. With the use of natural and artificial lighting, the library possesses different lighting controls used at different parts of the building, creating ambience and suitable functions to take place. Certain areas requires some lighting adjustments as to better suit the function taken place.

Users activities demand for different kinds of lighting designs to perform various tasks, and various lighting should be adjusted to better suit the difficulty of tasks. The lighting design also affect users during the transition from one space to another, providing a different atmosphere to differentiate sections. Thus, lighting design plays an important role in building in setting the mood, ambience and function.

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2.2 ACOUSTICS PRECEDENT STUDY

Introduction to Acoustics Design in Library

Acoustic design and performance is so important nowadays in the design process so as to provide users with an adequate level of satisfaction and moral health. Indoor noise and outdoor noise are the two main aspects that contribute to acoustical comfort.

The control of these two issues play an important part in any buildings as it can affect the occupants psychologically. Many companies are working to solve the problems better and better each day and as they proceed, they learnt to play with the materials and methods of construction to produce more efficient acoustics in a space. Wooden panels are the most famous solution for acoustics for the noise and sound controls, and there are many different types of the acoustic battens that can be used in the buildings. In this precedent study we are going through the design of a building in London which have renovated the space to control the noise level of the area. Initially, there was a high amount of noise and was causing a lot of distress to its occupants, but now the building is more sustainable and properly developed to handle the many different type of programmes and events while the occupants are working.

Noise can have the following adverse health effects: a. Hearing loss b. Sleep disturbances c. Cardiovascular and psychophysiologic problems d. Performance reflection e. Annoyance in responses f. Adverse social behaviour As such, articulate measures have to be carried out so as to ensure that acoustical discomfort does not exist in spaces where human occupation is kept at prolonged hours

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Brown Rudnick’s Mayfair Office

Figure 19: Interior of the renovated space

Precedent Study

Brown Rudnick’s Mayfair Office

Project Completion

2014

Function

Office

Location

Mayfair, London, United Kingdom

Acoustic Consultant ; Acoustic Panelling Mach Acoustics ; Dalhelm Ribba Panels

By AH

Brady Mallalieu Architects had carried out the phased refurbishment of the offices of London law firm Brown Rudnick’s Mayfair office at the centerpiece, the central atrium space.

The property was once the home of Thomas Walker, Surveyor General of Crown Lands, and housed his extensive collection of paintings including a number by the Dutch and Italian masters. The building had been extended to the rear with a modern office building and the glass roofed atrium connects the two parts at the center of the plan.

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Brown Rudnick uses the space for seminars and larger group meetings as well as for hospitality events and social gatherings. All these programmes were unfortunately compromised by very poor acoustics in the room. The hard, reflective surfaces caused harsh reverberation problems.

Figure 20: the glass roof and the center space from the view of one of the offices

Figure 21: the elevation of the building which shows the important role of the space.

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The noise issue was tackled by panelling the walls with an acoustic timber batten system, to minimize noise transference, where everything was worked out scientifically.

The acoustic panels that were installed was not only aesthetically pleasing and efficient, the wooden panels created amazing atmosphere and space for the center which happens to be the most important part of the building which connects all the offices and rooms together. It also minimizes the sound and noise level that was very awful and disturbing before. Now, the space is more useful due to the scientifically backed renovations that was done to the area.

Figure 22: The wooden acoustic panels all along the walls from ground level until first floor.

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Figure 23: The other views to see how the acoustic panels had been installed.

Figure 24: The Wooden acoustic batten that has been used for this project.

Figure 25: Section of the acoustic panels and how they work.

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Conclusion

The result of the acoustical parameters measured before and after renovation of the office shows that the acoustic performance is marginally improved. The change in acoustic environment of the office was due to the use of suitable surface materials such as the wood panelling. The RT values were decreased to the optimum values by using the wooden acoustic battens. The differences determined between the two distinct conditions of the office in term of acoustic comfort obviously show the importance the interior surface material preferences in architecture. Within this context, the undeniable need for architects to consult acoustic engineers in order to determine the proper interior surface materials to be used for spaces designed by them (especially spaces for which auditory perception is significant), besides other design characteristics such as dimensions, shape, furnishing, should be emphasized.

As a conclusion, acoustic analysis is very important to achieve a better design aesthetically and practically. The control of a noise and high level of sounds are ever more important in libraries, as these spaces are for work, especially for studies and researchers. The science of acoustics and is much more important than the design of the building itself depending on programmes, hence we as architectects have to be sensitive to these issues to encourage better productivity.

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3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 SEQUENCE OF WORK

Literature Reviews Studies on lighting and acoustics performance were done before the visit to our chosen site. This is to ensure that progress along with our data collection was to be done in a smooth manner as L45 is a combination of a residential home and library, nuisance was not be tolerated. The reason was also so that we have sufficient understanding on the factors influencing lighting and acoustics performance, as well as have some insight on the proper methods of acquiring data and analysing the data collected. It would also ensure that we are able to draw an appropriate conclusion on site.

Preparation of Documents Prior to the site visit, documents such permission letters were prepared to ensure that legitimate access was obtained to carry out the research at the library. The plans, sections and elevations were given in pdf format from the library management. We made sure cad the files to be printed out in proper scales for use on site and to have a simply drafted copy of the floor plans with grids of 1.5m x 1.5m as to ease our data collection.

Site Visit Several site visits were done to ensure sufficient information was acquired to produce a better outcome. Before visiting, research was done on the building via interviews and literature reviews in order to be assured that the site chosen was suitable for the project. Visits were organised during different time intervals such as during the library’s peak and non-peak hours and day and night time. This was done to collect data and analyse in a later stage how different times can affect lighting and acoustics performance in the library. All sound and light sources were recorded onto paper sheets, in proper positions. We were permitted to analyse and take recordings of only the library, dining and kitchen area, lounge, and washroom. Other than the stated areas, the rest of the building was restricted to us so as not to bother the residents.

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Photographs and sketches were taken and done on site to show types of lights and materials used as well as the amount of human activities taking place within and around to building to account these evidences.

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3.2 LIGHTING DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT

Equipment Lutron Digital Lux Meter LX-101

Description It is an electronic equipment that measures luminous flux per unit area and illuminance level. This device picks up accurate reading as it is sensitive to illuminance.

Measuring Tape

The measuring tape is used to measure a constant height and distance of the position of the lux meter, which is at 1m and 1.5. The height is taken on one person as reference to obtain an accurate reading.

Digital Single-lens Reflex Camera

The camera is used to record pictures on the lighting condition of the space and its surrounding as well as the lighting appliances. It is also used to document the progress of the group.

Table 4: Lighting Analysis Equipment and Descriptions

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3.3 LIGHTING DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Figure 26: Position of height(s) to take readings

For lighting, data collection was conducted using the Lux Meter. Readings were taken at 1.5m intervals at a sitting position of 1m and 1.5m above ground. The readings were taken at every intersection of grid line in the plan. The procedure is repeated several times to ensure the accuracy of the readings. The readings were taken at peak and non peak hours as well as during the day and night times. The readings were then analysed and compared to the standard comparison tools such as CIBSE, ASHRAE, MS1525 and LEEDS. The materiality of each component of the spaces was also recorded.

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3.4 ACOUSTIC DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT

Equipment Sound Level Meter

Description A sound level meter is used to measure acoustic (sound that travels through air) measurements. It is a hand-held instrument with a microphone. The diaphragm of the microphone responds to changes in air pressure caused by sound waves.

Measuring Tape

The tape is used to measure the height to position the sound level meter, which is at 1.5m above ground.

We also used the measuring tape to measure the 1.5m x 1.5m grid intervals on the floor while taking the readings.

Digital Single-lens Reflex Camera

The camera is used to record the source of noises and sounds and to snap evidences of the group work.

Table 5: Acoustic Analysis Equipment and Descriptions

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3.5 ACOUSTIC DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Figure 27: Position of height to take readings

To obtain higher accuracy in readings, the sound level meter was placed at the same height from the ground which is 1.5m at every grid point interval of 1.5m. This standard is being used as it enables the reading of sound level meter to be more accurate. The person holding the sound level meter will not talk and make any noise during the readings so that the readings will not be affected during data recording. Each recording was done facing the same direction, to synchronize the results. The same recording process is repeated at every point on the grid and was taken during peak and nonpeak hours.

The steps for taking the readings are as below: 1. Identify the grid line of 1.5m x 1.5m within the site’s floor plan for data collecting position.

2. Obtain data with sound level meter (dB), by placing the device at the designated position with the height of 1.5m above ground.

3. Wait until the readings stabilise, and record the data reading on sound level meter.

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4. Specify the variables (noise source) that might affect the readings.

5. Repeat the same steps for peak hour & non-peak hour.

6. Consider the different acoustic conditions and compare them at peak and nonpeak hours.

7. Tabulate and calculate the data collected and then determine the acoustic quality according to Chartered institution of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) standard.

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4.0 CASE STUDY AT L45, BANGSAR 4.1 LIGHTING

4.1.1 Site Study and Zoning As certain parts of the L45 building are restricted to the public(they are residential living quarters), we were allowed to carry out our analysis and research at certain areas only such as the dining area, lounge, library and washroom. The accessible areas are highlighted in the sectional drawing below. Both lighting and acoustical analysis are conducted in these areas as part of the project requirement. Detailed tabulation of data will be analysed and presented in tables as conclusion for both of the categories.

Figure 28: Site Study: Highlighted part to show accessible areas

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Site Study

Figure 29: Location Plan of L45, Bangsar

The L45 Kurau Community Library, highlighted in blue, is located in Lorong Kurau, Kuala Lumpur. The site is in the midst of a residential area highlighted in green, with a nearby commercial area in yellow.

As the site is located on top of the hill, it receives a fair amount of natural light. This quality is further enhanced by the building height being taller than nearby terraces.

The building receives most natural light in the afternoon from the glass roof located in the middle of the library, until the sun sets in the evening at the other side of the hill.

The faรงade of the kitchen area and the lounge area draws in light through its large windows. The front faรงade of the library draws in light into the lounge and the second floor library.

Most of the restricted spaces are hostels for students, where they can freely adjust the amount of natural light through the smaller window openings.

The main strategy to reduce heat gain in the L45 library is by utilizing the high thermal mass of the concrete faรงade. Others include using curtains and glazed window. These strategies successfully create a cool interior environment while only having one air conditioning unit.

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Zoning

Ground Floor Plan 1:150 Restricted Area Dining and Kitchen Lounge Library Washroom

First Floor Plan 1:150 Restricted Area Library

Second Floor Plan 1:150 Restricted Area Library

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4.1.2 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data Dining and Kitchen Zone Lux reading (lux) Grid 3.00pm

C2 C3 C4 C5 D2 D3 D4 D5 Average

1m 160 50 45 22 115 35 95 40 70.25

1.5m 90 35 40 21 100 22 100 40 56

3.00pm (artificial light) 1m 1.5m 160 115 190 150 55 50 35 30 200 230 110 120 450 420 75 135 160 156.25

7.00pm (artificial light) 1m 20 150 35 20 80 60 450 45 107.5

1.5m 15 195 30 15 65 60 700 25 138.125

Table 6: Lux Readings at Dining and Kitchen Zone

Lounge Zone Lux reading (lux) Grid 3.00pm

E4 E5 F4 F5 Average

1m 150 80 330 25 146.25

1.5m 135 100 220 195 162.5

3.00pm (artificial light) 1m 1.5m 320 245 230 175 410 315 325 265 321.25 250

7.00pm (artificial light) 1m 80 60 80 60 70

1.5m 105 60 90 75 82.5

Table 7: Lux Readings at Lounge Zone

Washroom Zone Lux reading (lux) Grid 3.00pm

F7

1m 120

1.5m 125

3.00pm (artificial light) 1m 1.5m 220 160

7.00pm (artificial light) 1m 130

1.5m 70

Table 8: Lux Readings at Washroom Zone

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Library Zone (Ground Floor) Lux reading (lux) Grid 3.00pm

B6 C6 D6 E6 F6 Average

1m 75 85 165 120 210 131

1.5m 120 35 200 120 230 141

3.00pm (artificial light) 1m 1.5m 130 125 180 135 400 600 355 266 470 565 307 338.2

7.00pm (artificial light) 1m 60 110 165 340 380 211

1.5m 20 50 680 650 580 396

Table 9: Lux Readings at Ground Floor Library Zone

Library Zone (First Floor) Lux reading (lux) Grid 3.00pm

B6 C6 D6 E6 F6 Average

1m 500 460 710 530 1300 700

1.5m 920 450 820 660 370 644

3.00pm (artificial light) 1m 1.5m 560 1020 460 450 710 820 560 660 1350 370 728 664

7.00pm (artificial light) 1m 140 80 170 100 95 117

1.5m 500 85 180 115 75 191

Table 10: Lux Readings at First Floor Library Zone

Library Zone (Second Floor) Lux reading (lux) Grid 3.00pm

B6 C6 Average

1m 3650 1900 2775

1.5m 3650 1900 2775

3.00pm (artificial light) 1m 1.5m 3650 3650 1900 1900 2775 2775

7.00pm (artificial light) 1m 25 50 15

1.5m 15 10 5

Table 11: Lux Readings at Second Floor Library Zone

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Observations

Based on the lux data collected, some observations were noted along with its relevant discussions.

Observation 1: Lux reading shows that the highest amount of light contributed to the area during the day time comes from the natural daylight.

Discussion 1: The presence of many openings at the areas unrestricted to us allows for natural light to become the main light source to the area during daytime.

Observation 2: The artificial lighting shows an irregular and inconsistent pattern in the readings during the day and night.

Discussion 2: Due to the irregular positioning of the lights at various different angles, some areas become unaffected with the presence of the lights even during the night.

Observation 3: The library zone has a higher lux rating compared to the other zones.

Discussion 3: Even though other zones are located near windows, the library is the brightest because of the presence of the glass roof. It is able to bring in a large amount of natural light that penetrates the ground floor.

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4.1.3 Sunpath Analysis

Figure 30: Sun Path Diagrams

Overall Observation: Orientation of the building possesses frontage towards north-south and east. Party wall parallel to north southern line. Thus western faรงade possesses no openings and thus completely void of western sun.

Building receives pleasant morning sun and is shaded from harsh afternoon sun and evening glare.

Library Zones: Entrance foyer faces towards east. Morning light enters through slit windows on either side of the entrance door and the large windows facing directly east. These windows act as one of the main natural light sources for into the reading areas and entrance foyer, second only to the skylight at the highest level. Greeneries provide some shade but do not block out sun light completely. Materiality of wire meshed floors and

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staircases above ground level allows for further penetration of light into the reading areas and entrance foyer. Skylight at top floor allows unrestricted sun light in throughout the day. Acting as an air-well which illuminates building with natural sunlight, thus becoming the main source of natural light for the library. Distance between skylight and top floor provide buffer zone against afternoon glare into the top floor, minimising direct sunlight unto top floor. Walls act as reflectance for sun light.

Lounge Zone: The lounge is located on the south east of the building. Receives morning light through large window opening which faces directly towards the east. Southern facing windows receive indirect light in the form of reflectance unto east facing wall on the exterior.

Dining and Kitchen Zone: The kitchen-dining area possesses full height operable folding doors, which when opened provide the only source of opening to the kitchen to allow light in. Full height and width opening allows maximum amount of indirect natural light as possible to illuminate the kitchen. However, due to southern facing opening, shaded buffer zone and shade from greenery, natural light is insufficient to provide for a properly lit reading environment into the kitchen and dining area throughout the day.

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4.1.4 Lighting Fixtures and Specifications 1) Compact Fluorescent Light

Figure 31: Compact Fluorescent Light hanging in lounge area

Product name

OSRAM DULUXSTAR MINI TWIST

Size

E27

Wattage

13W

Luminous Flux

800 lm

Colour Temperature

2700 K soft white

Colour Rendering Index

≥80 Ra

Bulb finish

Warm white

Placement

Lounge

Type of fixture

Pendant

Rated ambient temperature

25°C

Table 12: Specification of Compact Fluorescent Light

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2) Track Spotlight

Figure 32: Track Spotlight attached in front of the book shelves

Product name

Rio L45TB521

Size

55 mm diameter

Wattage

33W

Luminous Flux

400 lm

Colour Temperature

3000 K

Colour Rendering Index

100 Ra

Bulb finish

Warm yellow

Placement

Library Zone

Type of fixture

Attached

Rated ambient temperature

25°C

Table 13: Specification of Track Spotlight

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3) Halogen Down Light

Figure 33: Halogen Down Light placed in dining and kitchen area

Product name

HALOSPOT 111

Size

111 mm diameter

Wattage

35 W

Luminous Flux

350 lm

Colour Temperature

3000 K Warm white

Colour Rendering Index

100 Ra

Bulb finish

Soft yellow

Placement

Dining and Kitchen area

Type of fixture

Hanging

Rated ambient temperature

35°C

Table 14: Specification of Halogen Down Light

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4) Oval Bulkhead Light

Figure 34: Oval Bulkhead Light placed in the washroom

Product name

A19 LED Light Bulb

Size

E27

Wattage

60 W

Luminous Flux

800 lm

Colour Temperature

3000 K Warm white

Colour Rendering Index

100 Ra

Bulb finish

Soft white

Placement

Washroom

Type of fixture

Attached

Rated ambient temperature

49°C

Table 15: Specification of Oval Bulkhead Light

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4.1.5 Daylight and Artificial Light Contour Analysis

Daylight Contour Diagram Ground Floor

Figure 35: Daylight Contour Diagram at Ground Floor

First Floor

Figure 36: Daylight Contour Diagram at First Floor

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Second Floor

Figure 37: Daylight Contour Diagram at Second Floor

Analysis

The three contour diagrams above show the digital lighting analysis of the daylighting levels in the library by using the Ecotect software.

The first diagram shows a higher lux value to the southern end of the building but the deeper parts get darker and eventually the lux value drops to zero. Yet, according to our data, there is still minimal daylighting in the library zone, which only comes from the upper floors. The second diagram shows brighter areas at both ends of the space, able to attain more than 1,000 lux. The natural light is able to influence the spaces inside, drawing up the value to around 300 lux. The last diagram shows the second floor, which is the brightest of all the floors overall, scoring more than 700 lux at every point.

Although some of the lux values generated does not appear to match the data that we collected(which could be due to human error), but the pattern of the rise and fall of the overall lux level consistently follows it. As a conclusion, the digital analysis matches the gathered lux value.

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Artificial Light Contour Diagram Ground Floor

Figure 38: Artificial Light Contour Diagram at Ground Floor

First Floor

Figure 39: Artificial Light Contour Diagram at First Floor

45

Second Floor

Figure 40: Artificial Light Contour Diagram at Second Floor

Analysis

The three contour diagrams above show the digital lighting analysis of the artificial lighting levels in the library by using the Ecotect software.

The first diagram shows several areas that are brightened up by the artificial lights.

These brightened spaces are essentially parts unreachable by daylight and are heavily dependent on lighting devices. The library space where the reading area is, is revealed to be brighter than other areas due to the reading activities. In the second diagram, the area to the west is illuminated better than the east side. The last diagram shows a well-lit area to the west.

The digital analysis shows an overall lux level that is supposedly much higher compared to our data. This huge difference can be explained by the fact that direction of the lighting fixtures are not pointing straight down but faces different angles as the user of the space is able to adjust it at will. As result, the data we collected appears to be fluctuating.

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4.1.6 Daylight and Artificial Light Calculation and Analysis Zone 1: Dining and Kitchen

Figure 41: Dining Area in Plan View

Figure 42: Dining Area in Sectional View

The highlighted area of the plan is the dining and kitchen area, with a total space of 14m2. The area near the sliding doors is quite well lit by natural light. The openings were faced to the south, preventing glare from the sun into this space while supplying little amount of light. Artificial lightings were used for the interior, mostly facing the

47

cooking area and dining table. The artificial lights used were the same type, which is halogen down light.

Daylight Factor Calculation Average Lux Reading

3.00pm

7.00pm

1m

70.25

15

1.5m

56

12.5

Average Lux Value

63.13

13.75

Table 16: Average Lux Reading in Dining and Kitchen Zone

Time/Date/Sky

Daylight level in Average

Condition

Malaysia, E₀ (lux)

lux Daylight

reading

DF

E₁ (lux)

DF

=

Factor,

(E₁/E₀)

x

100% 20000

63.13

DF = (63.13/20000)

3pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 0.32%

Sunny 20000

13.75

DF = (13.75/20000)

7pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 0.07%

Sunny Table 17: Daylight Factor Affected by Time

Illuminance

Example

120000 lux

Brightness sunlight

110000 lux

Bright sunlight

20000 lux

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky

1000 – 2000 lux

Typical overcast day, midday

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

< 200 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40 lux

Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise Table 18: Daily intensities in different condition

48

DF, %

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal and glare problem

3-6

Bright

1-3

Average

0-1

Dark Table 19: Daylight Factor, DF

Analysis

As shown in the table, the daylight factors of the dining and kitchen zone at both day and night are below 1% which is considered dark. This is due to insufficient light reaching the deeper part of the area. Therefore, a change in strategy should be made during the day to draw in more natural light to the interior, either by adding more openings or using materials with high reflective value. In the evening however, artificial lighting is the only way to brighten up the space.

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Artificial Lighting Calculation Dining and Kitchen Room dimension

5m x 2.8m

Floor Area (A)

14m2

Types of lighting fixture

Halogen Down Light

Number of lighting fixture (n)

9

Lumen flux of lighting fixture (F) (lux)

350

Height of work level

0.9m

Height of Luminaire

2.5m

Mounting height (hm)

1.6m

Reflection value (%)

Rough concrete floor: 30% Rough concrete wall: 30% Rough concrete ceiling: 30%

Room index (K)

(L x W) / (L +W) (hm) = (5 x 2.8) / (5 + 2.8) (1.6) = 1.12

Utilisation factor (UF)

0.43

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8

Illuminance level (lux)

[n(F x UF x MF)] / A = [9(350 x 0.43 x 0.8)] / 14 = 77.4

MS1525 Recommendation (E) (lux)

150 (minimum)

Number of lightings required (N)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF) N = (150 x 14) / (350 x 0.43 x 0.8) N = 17

n=9

N-n= 8

8 more halogen down light is required to meet the MS1525

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Zone 2: Lounge

Figure 43: Lounge Zone in Plan View

Figure 44: Lounge Zone in Sectional View

The highlighted area of the plan shows the lounge, with a total space of 6.3m 2. The area is quite well lit as windows are present at the two sides of the wall. The windows draw in natural light from both south and east, brighten up the interior. During the day, the artificial lights (marked in red) were almost unused. The type of lighting used here is compact fluorescent light.

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Daylight Factor Calculation Average Lux Reading

3.00pm

7.00pm

1m

146.25

10.75

1.5m

162.5

8.8

Average Lux Value

154.38

9.78

Table 20: Average Lux Reading in Lounge Zone

Time/Date/Sky

Daylight level in

Average lux

Daylight Factor, DF

Condition

Malaysia, E₀

reading

DF = (E₁/E₀) x 100%

(lux)

E₁ (lux)

20000

154.38

DF = (154.38/20000)

3pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF =

Sunny

0.77.00.3……………3.. % 20000

9.78

DF = (9.78/20000)

7pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 0.05%

Sunny Table 21: Daylight Factor Affected by Time

Illuminance

Example

120000 lux

Brightness sunlight

110000 lux

Bright sunlight

20000 lux

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky

1000 – 2000 lux

Typical overcast day, midday

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

< 200 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40 lux

Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise Table 22: Daily intensities in different condition

52

DF, %

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal and glare problem

3-6

Bright

1-3

Average

0-1

Dark Table 23: Daylight Factor, DF

Analysis

As shown in the table, the daylight factors of the dining area at both day and night are below 1% which is considered dark. Despite that, the daylight factor during the day is at 0.77% which is close to being average brightness, making it still possible for reading activities especially in the morning when the east side receives more light. To further increase the value, the window facing to the east should be made larger and taller to maximize the usage of the morning sun. Artificial lights had to be used at evening as the daylight factor is close to being 0%.

Figure 45: Daylighting Conditions in the Lounge Area

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Artificial Lighting Calculation Lounge Room dimension

2.1m x 3m

Floor Area (A)

6.3m2

Types of lighting fixture

Compact Fluorescent Light

Number of lighting fixture (n)

2

Lumen flux of lighting fixture (F) (lux)

800

Height of work level

0.9m

Height of Luminaire

3m

Mounting height (hm)

2.1m

Reflection value (%)

Rough concrete floor: 30% Rough concrete wall: 30% Timber ceiling: 40%

Room index (K)

(L x W) / (L +W) (hm) = (2.1 x 3) / (2.1 + 3) (2.1) = 0.59

Utilisation factor (UF)

0.3

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8

Illuminance level (lux)

[n(F x UF x MF)] / A = [2(800 x 0.3 x 0.8)] / 6.3 = 61

MS1525 Recommendation (E) (lux)

150

Number of lightings required (N)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF) N = (150 x 6.3) / (800 x 0.3 x 0.8) N=5

n=2

N-n= 3

3 more Compact fluorescent light is required to meet the MS1525

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Zone 3: Washroom

Figure 46: Washroom Zone in Plan View

Figure 47: Washroom Zone in Sectional View

The highlighted area of the plan shows the washroom, with a total space of 1.62m2.

There are no direct natural light coming into this area, which make the area fully dependent on artificial light most of the time. The type of light (marked in red) used is an oval bulkhead light.

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Artificial Light Calculation Washroom Room dimension

0.83m x 1.95m

Floor Area (A)

1.62m2

Types of lighting fixture

Oval Bulkhead Light

Number of lighting fixture (n)

1

Lumen flux of lighting fixture (F) (lux)

800

Height of work level

0.9m

Height of Luminaire

2m

Mounting height (hm)

1.1m

Reflection value (%)

Rough concrete floor: 30% Rough concrete wall: 30% Rough concrete ceiling: 30%

Room index (K)

(L x W) / (L +W) (hm) = (0.83 x 1.95) / (0.83 + 1.95) (1.1) = 0.53

Utilisation factor (UF)

0.3

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8

Illuminance level (lux)

[n(F x UF x MF)] / A = [1(800 x 0.3 x 0.8)] / 1.62 = 118.5

MS1525 Recommendation (E) (lux)

150

Number of lightings required (N)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF) N = (150 x 1.62) / (800 x 0.3 x 0.8) N=1

n=1

N-n= 0

The number of oval buckhead light is enough to meet the MS1525

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Zone 4: Library Ground Floor

Figure 48: Library Ground Floor in Plan View

Figure 49: Library Ground Floor in Sectional View

The highlighted area of the plan shows the library area at the ground floor, with a total space of 13.5m2. This area is mostly lit by indirect natural light coming from the small windows by the door and the open glass roof at the second floor. The light from the glass roof passed through the holes of the metal mesh flooring at the second and third floor, reaching the interior of the library. At the evening, artificial light is a must as the lux value drop to zero. There is only 1 type of lighting device (marked in red) used here which is track spotlight.

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Daylight Factor Calculation Average Lux Reading

3.00pm

7.00pm

1m

131

0

1.5m

141

0

Average Lux Value

136

0

Table 24: Average Lux Reading in Library Ground Floor Zone

Time/Date/Sky

Daylight level in

Average lux

Daylight Factor,

Condition

Malaysia, E₀ (lux)

reading

DF

E₁ (lux)

DF = (E₁/E₀) x 100%

20000

136

DF = (136/20000)

3pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 0.68%

Sunny 20000

0

DF = (0/20000)

7pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 0%

Sunny Table 25: Daylight Factor Affected by Time

Illuminance

Example

120000 lux

Brightness sunlight

110000 lux

Bright sunlight

20000 lux

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky

1000 – 2000 lux

Typical overcast day, midday

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

< 200 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40 lux

Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise Table 26: Daily intensities in different condition

58

DF, %

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal and glare problem

3-6

Bright

1-3

Average

0-1

Dark Table 27: Daylight Factor, DF

Analysis

As shown in the table, the daylight factors of the dining area at both day and night are below 1% which is considered dark. During the evening, artificial light is required as the factor is at 0%. However, some part of the area during the day are quite well lit except for the deeper parts. These darker areas need artificial light to support it or else the metal mesh flooring above it should be change into a more reflective material to bring in more natural light from the glass roof.

Figure 50: Sunlight streams to the ground floor through the grills

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Artificial Light Calculation Library Ground Floor Room dimension

1.8m x 7.5m

Floor Area (A)

13.5m2

Types of lighting fixture

Track Spotlight

Number of lighting fixture (n)

11

Lumen flux of lighting fixture (F) (lux)

400

Height of work level

0.5

Height of Luminaire

2.6m

Mounting height (hm)

2.1m

Reflection value (%)

Rough concrete floor: 30% Steel mesh wall: 60% Steel mesh ceiling: 60%

Room index (K)

(L x W) / (L +W) (hm) = (1.8 x 7.5) / (1.8 + 7.5) (2.1) = 0.69

Utilisation factor (UF)

0.4

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8

Illuminance level (lux)

[n(F x UF x MF)] / A = [11(400 x 0.4 x 0.8)] / 13.5 = 104.3

MS1525 Recommendation (E) (lux)

300 (minimum)

Number of lightings required (N)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF) N = (300 x 13.5) / (400 x 0.4 x 0.8) N = 31

n = 11

N-n= 20

20 more track spotlight is required to meet the MS1525

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Zone 5: Library First Floor

Figure 51: Library First Floor in Plan View

Figure 52: Library First Floor in Sectional View

The highlighted area of the plan shows the library area at the first floor, with a total space of 13.5m2. This area has sufficient amount of natural light due to its closer proximately with the glass roof and a window facing the west. These two elements are enough to brighten up the interior space, making it highly suitable for reading. The window at the west side can be freely close by a curtain depending on the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preference. Despite that, artificial light (marked in red) is still the main source of light during the evening and the type of light used is track spotlight.

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Daylight Factor Calculation Average Lux Reading

3.00pm

7.00pm

1m

700

0

1.5m

644

0

Average Lux Value

672

0

Table 28: Average Lux Reading in Library First Floor Zone

Time/Date/Sky

Daylight level in

Average lux

Daylight Factor,

Condition

Malaysia, E₀

reading

DF

(lux)

E₁ (lux)

DF = (E₁/E₀) x 100%

20000

672

DF = (672/20000)

3pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 3.36%

Sunny 20000

0

DF = (0/20000)

7pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 0%

Sunny Table 29: Daylight Factor Affected by Time

Illuminance

Example

120000 lux

Brightness sunlight

110000 lux

Bright sunlight

20000 lux

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky

1000 – 2000 lux

Typical overcast day, midday

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

< 200 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40 lux

Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise Table 30: Daily intensities in different condition

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DF, %

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal and glare problem

3-6

Bright

1-3

Average

0-1

Dark Table 31: Daylight Factor, DF

Analysis

As shown in the table, the daylight factor during the day is at 3.36%, falling under the bright category. Therefore, the natural lighting at this area is enough to carry out the library activities without the need of artificial light from morning to late afternoon.

However, the value quickly drop to 0% when approaching evening and artificial light must be used.

Figure 53: Sunlight streams in from the second floor to the first and finally to the ground floor

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Artificial Light Calculation Library First Floor Room dimension

1.8m x 7.5m

Floor Area (A)

13.5m2

Types of lighting fixture

Track spotlight

Number of lighting fixture (n)

15

Lumen flux of lighting fixture (F) (lux)

400

Height of work level

0.5

Height of Luminaire

2.3m

Mounting height (hm)

1.8m

Reflection value (%)

Steel mesh floor: 60% Steel mesh wall: 60% Timber ceiling: 40%

Room index (K)

(L x W) / (L +W) (hm) = (1.8 x 7.5) / (1.8 + 7.5) (1.8) = 0.8

Utilisation factor (UF)

0.45

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8

Illuminance level (lux)

[n(F x UF x MF)] / A = [15(400 x 0.45 x 0.8)] / 13.5 = 160

MS1525 Recommendation (E) (lux)

300 (minimum)

Number of lightings required (N)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF) N = (300 x 13.5) / (400 x 0.45 x 0.8) N = 28

n = 15

N-n= 13

13 more track spotlight is required to meet the MS1525

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Zone 6: Library Second Floor

Figure 54: Library Second Floor in Plan View

Figure 55: Library Second Floor in Sectional View

The highlighted area of the plan shows the library area at the second floor, with a total space of 3.8m2. This area has the highest amount of lux reading as it is located directly beneath the glass roof, where the natural light travels in without any obstacle. At evening, a small amount of natural light still shines into the space. The artificial light (marked in red) used is track spotlight.

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Daylight Factor Calculation Average Lux Reading

3.00pm

7.00pm

1m

2775

37.5

1.5m

2775

12.5

Average Lux Value

2775

25

Table 32: Average Lux Reading in Library Second Floor Zone

Time/Date/Sky

Daylight level in

Average lux

Daylight Factor,

Condition

Malaysia, E₀

reading

DF

(lux)

E₁ (lux)

DF = (E₁/E₀) x 100%

20000

2775

DF = (2775/20000)

3pm 30th Sept 2016

X 100% DF = 13.9%

Sunny 20000

25

DF = (25/20000)

7pm

X 100%

30th Sept 2016

DF = 0.13%

Sunny Table 33: Daylight Factor Affected by Time

Illuminance

Example

120000 lux

Brightness sunlight

110000 lux

Bright sunlight

20000 lux

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky

1000 – 2000 lux

Typical overcast day, midday

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

< 200 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40 lux

Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise Table 34: Daily intensities in different condition

66

DF, %

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal and glare problem

3-6

Bright

1-3

Average

0-1

Dark Table 35: Daylight Factor, DF

Analysis

As shown in the table, the daylight factor during the day is at 13.9%, falling under the very bright category. Thus, high heat gain caused by the glass roof became a problem, which is why the only air conditioning unit at the library area is located at this area as a solution to it. Glaring is not an issue as the natural light come from the above, which do not affect the reading activity present in that area. However, the value drop drastically to 0.13% in the evening. By then, natural light is replaced by artificial light.

Figure 56: The main source of daylight in the Library Zones

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Artificial Light Calculation Library Second Floor Room dimension

1.8m x 2.1m

Floor Area (A)

3.8m2

Types of lighting fixture

Track spotlight

Number of lighting fixture (n)

8

Lumen flux of lighting fixture (F) (lux)

400

Height of work level

0.5

Height of Luminaire

1.9m

Mounting height (hm)

1.4m

Reflection value (%)

Steel mesh floor: 60% Steel mesh wall: 60% Glass ceiling: 4%

Room index (K)

(L x W) / (L +W) (hm) = (1.8 x 2.1) / (1.8 + 2.1) (1.4) = 0.69

Utilisation factor (UF)

0.33

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8

Illuminance level (lux)

[n(F x UF x MF)] / A = [8(400 x 0.33 x 0.8)] / 3.8 = 222

MS1525 Recommendation (E) (lux)

300 (minimum)

Number of lightings required (N)

N = (E x A) / (F x UF x MF) N = (300 x 3.8) / (400 x 0.33 x 0.8) N = 10

n=8

N-n= 2

2 more track spotlight is required to meet the MS1525

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4.2 ACOUSTICS 4.2.1 Zoning

Ground Floor Plan 1:150 Restricted Area Dining and Kitchen Lounge Library Washroom

First Floor Plan 1:150 Restricted Area Library

Second Floor Plan 1:150 Restricted Area Library

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4.2.2 Tabulation & Observation of Data

Dining and Kitchen Zone Decibel reading (dB) Grid Normal hours C2 43 C3 46 C4 45 C5 45 D2 43 D3 46 D4 45 D5 45

Peak hours 60 63 63 60 55 56 56 55

Table 36: Decibel Readings at Dining and Kitchen Area

Lounge Zone Decibel reading (dB) Grid Normal hours E4 45 E5 45 F4 45 F5 45

Peak hours 52 50 52 50

Table 37: Decibel Readings at Lounge Area

Washroom Zone Decibel reading (dB) Grid Normal hours F7 42

Peak hours 65

Table 38: Decibel Readings at Washroom Area

Library Zone (Ground Floor) Decibel reading (dB) Grid Normal hours B6 39 C6 45 D6 43 E6 43 F6 45

Peak hours 48 52 50 48 49

Table 39: Decibel Readings at Ground Floor Library Zone

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Library Zone (First Floor) Decibel reading (dB) Grid Normal hours B6 45 C6 46 D6 47 E6 46 F6 45

Peak hours 48 48 52 52 55

Table 40: Decibel Readings at First Floor Library Zone

Library Zone (Second Floor) Decibel reading (dB) Grid Normal hours B6 54 C6 52

Peak hours 58 55

Table 41: Decibel Readings at Second Floor Library Zone

Observations Ground Floor Non-peak hour

Figure 57: Decibels at different points of the ground floor during non-peak hours

71

Peak hour

Figure 58: Decibels at different points of the ground floor during peak hours

The two figures above show the decibels at different points of the ground floor areas.

The rise in the overall sound level is obvious when comparing both.

The points at the dining area are seen to have increase 10 or more decibels during peak hour when the kitchen is in use. The south part of the lounge area has a higher decibel due to its closer proximity to the dining area and the sitting space. When the library area is in use, the rise in decibel do not exceed 10 because the activities produces minimal sound.

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First Floor Non-peak hour

Peak hour

Figure 59: Decibels at different points of the first floor during non-peak and peak hours

The two figures above show the decibels at different points of the first floor area. The rise in the overall sound level is little compared to the ground floor.

The increase in the average decibel of the whole library area is only around 5 due to its quieter activities and location, being further away from the noisier zones at the ground floor.

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Second Floor Non-peak hour

Peak hour

Figure 60: Decibels at different points of the second floor during non-peak and peak hours

The two figures above show the decibels at different points of the second floor area.

The rise in the overall sound level is the lowest among the three floors.

The increase in decibel at the top floor library area does not exceed 4 decibels. This may be due to the already not so quiet environment caused by nearby electronical devices, so that the rise is not very significant when the area is in use.

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4.2.3 Outdoor and Indoor Noise Sources

Outdoor Noise Sources

Figure 61: Location of the site is highlighted in blue

Located in the midst of a residential area, the noise level is rather low as there are no major human activities going on nearby.

Figure 62: Vehicles using the road on a normal day

The exterior noises mostly come from vehicles passing by to the commercial area which is highlighted in yellow. Occasionally, sounds from the neighborhood pets and birds chirping at the trees nearby could be heard. The average decibel at the exterior

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does not exceed 50db during normal to peak hours as no traffic jams occur in front of the library.

Figure 63: Trees that line up outside the building

Apart from providing shade, the trees located around the library also help in absorbing some of the noises.

76

Indoor Noise Sources Overall Interior Space Planning The thick concrete wall is able to minimize the amount of exterior noise from coming into the library with concrete being an average insulator. By placing the library area(reading zones) at the center of the building, the surrounding spaces act as a buffer zone to further neutralize the noise from outside. This creates a silent area with minimal disturbance at the middle of the library, where students and visitors can fully enjoy and focus on their reading.

In each zone, there will be a certain device that causes noise disturbance to the occupants.

Zone 1: Dining and Kitchen The dining area is connected to the kitchen area, where most of the noises are generated. The noises from the kitchen occurs when someone is cooking or using the microwave. These noises are amplified when dishes are being washed in the sink, caused by the clashing of pots and pans. However, when there are no activities happening in the kitchen, the area became rather quiet.

Figure 64: Source of noise at the Dining-Kitchen Zone

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Human activity The human activities present in the dining area are mostly silent with the exception of eating. Some of the guest prefer to use this area to watch movies or films through their personal laptops, which produces minimal noise from the keyboard.

Sliding door

Figure 65: Source of noise at the Dining-Kitchen Area

The sliding door facing to the south brings in external noise but it is very rarely opened due to the library being cooled by the air condition unit from the top level, which made it independent from relying on natural wind. Through our observation, the only time it was opened is because of the maintenance work on the external air condition unit located above the exterior of the sliding door.

Toaster Oven

Figure 66: Toaster Oven placed in the kitchen

78

Electric Kettle

Figure 67: Electric Kettle placed in the kitchen

Toast Oven

Figure 68: Toast oven placed in the kitchen

Microwave Oven

Figure 69: Microwave oven placed in the kitchen

79

Ceiling Fan

Figure 70: Ceiling fan located at dining area

Auto Fan

Figure 71: Auto fan placed at the dining area

Zone 2: Lounge The lounge area is located right beside the dining area, with minimal noise sources coming from the window openings. Most of the noise come from the ceiling fan and the minimal human activity in the area. The noise here is inconsistent as it is not as much used as the other areas by the visitors except for the librarian.

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Figure 72: Source of noise at the Lounge Zone

Human activity The librarian uses this area as a place to set up his/her laptop to surf the net. The area provides view of the approaching visitors through the windows directed at the main entrance. Briefing was done in this area for new visitors which produces little noise as to not disturb the users of the library.

Ceiling Fan

Figure 73: Ceiling fan located at the lounge.

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Zone 3: Washroom The only washroom available for the public, it was not used frequently because of the short open visit hours. Except for the human activities, the washroom also produces adequate internal noise coming from the sink and the flushing of the toilet bowl.

Figure 74: Source of noise at the Washroom Zone

Sink

Figure 75: Concrete sink in the washroom

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Toilet Bowl

Figure 76: Toilet bowl in the washroom

Zone 4: Library Ground Floor The library at the ground level has several internal noise sources. The first is from the door facing to the east, which serves as the main entry for the library. The second noise comes from the use of the mac computer located behind the stair leading to the first mezzanine level. The final noise source comes from the human activity throughout the library.

Figure 77: Source of noise at the Library Ground Floor Zone

83

Human Activity The human activities on the ground level is the same as the levels above with a slight difference being different in location. People sit on the beanie bags provided in the corners while reading books selected from the cases made of steel mesh. Activities like flipping and choosing the books produces noises that had miniscule effect on our decibel reading device. Other activities that contribute more significant rise in volume are people having conversations or just reading the book out softly.

Steel Door The main entrance uses a steel door with noticeable narrow openings at the side which lights penetrates through, letting in little external sound to the library area close to it.

This door is used frequently as there are no other entrances to the library.

Figure 78: Position of the steel door

84

Computer and Keyboard

Figure 79: Position of the keyboard in the library ground floor area

Zone 5: Library First Floor The library at the first level only have two internal noise sources: human activity and auto fan. The human activity here is identical to the other floors but located near the east side of the library due to the natural light brought in by the large window. The auto fan is located at the middle of the library, ventilating the space evenly but at the same time produce little noise that does not really affect the library activities.

Figure 80: Source of noise at the Library First Floor Zone

85

Auto Fan

Figure 81: Auto fan placed at the first floor of the library

Zone 6: Library Second Floor The library at the second level is the noisiest when compared to the other levels due to its location being close to the air conditioner and a ventilation fan. Despite that, the noises produced are not loud enough to disrupt the reading activity at the area.

During rainy days, the glass roof amplifies the sound of the rain drops into the area, which than channels throughout the library.

Figure 82: Source of noise at the Library First Floor Zone

86

Air Conditioner

Figure 83: AC that is placed at the second floor

Ventilation Fan

Figure 84: Ventilation fan placed at top floor

87

4.2.4 Acoustic Fixtures and Specifications 1) Ceiling Fan

Figure 85: Ceiling Fan located at lounge area.

Model

K15V0

Type

Ceiling fan

Power

85 W

Noise

<62 dB

Weight

5.31 kg

Table 42: Specification of Ceiling Fan

88

2) Auto Fan

Figure 86: Auto fan placed at the dining and kitchen area

Model

KQ409

Type

Wall mount (auto)

Power

25.2-54.8 W

Noise level

<60 dB

Weight

3.9 kg

Table 43: Specification of KDK Auto Fan

89

3) Air-Conditioning

Figure 87: Air Conditioner that is placed on the second floor

Model

CS-PV24SKH-1

Horse power

2.5

Cooling capacity

6.85 kW

Noise level

(Hi/Lo) 47/42 dB-A Indoor (Hi) 57 dB-A Outdoor 12 kg

Weight

Table 44: Specification of Panasonic AC

90

4) Ventilation Fan

Figure 88: Ventilation Fan placed at second floor

Model

25AQM7

Type

Wall mount propeller

Power

240 V

Cooling capacity

530

Noise level

39 dB

Weight

2.6 kg

Table 45: Specification of KDK Ventilation Fan

91

5) Toaster Oven

Figure 89: Toaster Oven placed at kitchen

Model

TEFAL TT3561

Power consumption(W)

850 W

Noise level

80 dB-A

Dimension ( W x H x D, cm)

16x18x27

Weight:

1.4 kg

Table 46: Specification of Tefal Toaster

92

6) Electric Kettle

Figure 90: Electric Kettle placed at kitchen

Model:

NC-SK1

Power consumption(W)

1850 W

Noise level

82 dB-A

Dimensions (H X W X D)

24.9 X 21.7 X 15.8 cm

Weight:

1.2 kg

Table 47: Specification of Panasonic Electric Kettle

93

7) Toast Oven

Figure 91: Toast Oven placed at kitchen

Model:

EOT-4550

Power consumption(W)

1300 W

Noise level

58 dB-A

Dimensions (L X W X H)

40 X 40 X 30 cm

Weight:

4.8 kg

Table : Specification of Electrolux Toast Oven

94

8) Microwave Oven

Figure 92: Microwave Oven placed at kitchen

Model:

MS2043DB

Power consumption(W)

700 W

Noise level

62 dB-A

Dimensions (W X H X D)

45 X 25 X 32 cm

Weight:

11 kg

Table : Specification of LG Microwave

95

9) Computer and Keyboard

Figure 93: Computer and Keyboard placed at the Ground Floor

Power consumption(W)

0.5 W

Noise level

45 dB-A

Table : Specification of Computer and Keyboard

96

4.2.5 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Analysis

Sound Pressure Level is the average sound level, given a medium or place

Zone 1: Dining and Kitchen Non-peak hours Highest reading

=

46

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

46

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

46

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.6

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.6

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.98 x 10⁴)

I

=

3.98 x 10⁻⁸

Lowest reading

=

43

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

43

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

43

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.3

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.3

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (2 x 10⁴)

I

=

2 x 10⁻⁸

Total Intensities

=

(3.98 x 10⁻⁸) + (2 x 10⁻⁸)

=

5.98 x 10⁻⁸

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(5.98 x 10⁻⁸) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

47.8

Total SPL during normal hours at this zone is 47.8 dB

97

Zone 1: Dining and Kitchen Peak hours Highest reading

=

63

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

63

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

63

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

6.3

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 6.3

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (2 x 10⁶)

I

=

2 x 10⁻⁶

Lowest reading

=

55

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

55

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

55

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁵)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁷

Total Intensities

=

(2 x 10⁻⁶) + (3.16 x 10⁻⁷)

=

2.316 x 10⁻⁶

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(2.316 x 10⁻⁶) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

63.6

Total SPL during peak hours at this zone is 63.6 dB

98

Zone 2: Lounge Non-peak hours Highest reading

=

45

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁴)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁸

Lowest reading

=

45

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁴)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁸

Total Intensities

=

(3.16 x 10⁻⁸) + (3.16 x 10⁻⁸)

=

6.32 x 10⁻⁸

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(6.32 x 10⁻⁸) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

48

Total SPL during normal hours at this zone is 48 dB

99

Zone 2: Lounge Peak hours Highest reading

=

52

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

52

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

52

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.2

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.2

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (1.58 x 10⁵)

I

=

1.58 x 10⁻⁷

Lowest reading

=

50

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

50

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

50

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (1 x 10⁵)

I

=

1 x 10⁻⁷

Total Intensities

=

(1.58 x 10⁻⁷) + (1 x 10⁻⁷)

=

2.58 x 10⁻⁷

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(2.58 x 10⁻⁷) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

54.1

Total SPL during peak hours at this zone is 54.1 dB

100

Zone 3: Washroom Non-peak hours Reading

=

42

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

42

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

42

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.2

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.2

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (1.58 x 10⁴)

I

=

1.58 x 10⁻⁸

Total Intensities

=

1.58 x 10⁻⁸

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(1.58 x 10⁻⁸) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

42

Total SPL during normal hours at this zone is 42 dB

Zone 3: Washroom Peak hours Highest reading

=

65

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

65

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

65

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

6.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 6.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁶)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁶

Total Intensities

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁶

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(3.16 x 10⁻⁶) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

65

Total SPL during peak hours at this zone is 65 dB

101

Zone 4: Library Ground Floor Non-peak hours Highest reading

=

45

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁴)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁸

Lowest reading

=

39

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

39

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

39

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

3.9

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 3.9

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (7.94 x 10³)

I

=

7.94 x 10⁻⁹

Total Intensities

=

(3.16 x 10⁻⁸) + (7.94 x 10⁻⁹)

=

3.954 x 10⁻⁸

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(3.954 x 10⁻⁸) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

46

Total SPL during normal hours at this zone is 46 dB

102

Zone 4: Library Ground Floor Peak hours Highest reading

=

52

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

52

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

52

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.2

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.2

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (1.58 x 10⁵)

I

=

1.58 x 10⁻⁷

Lowest reading

=

48

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

48

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

48

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.8

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.8

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (6.3 x 10⁴)

I

=

6.3 x 10⁻⁸

Total Intensities

=

(1.58 x 10⁻⁷) + (6.3 x 10⁻⁸)

=

2.21 x 10⁻⁷

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(2.21 x 10⁻⁷) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

53.4

Total SPL during peak hours at this zone is 53.4 dB

103

Zone 5 : Library First Floor Non-peak hours Highest reading

=

47

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

47

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

47

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.7

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.7

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (5 x 10⁴)

I

=

5 x 10⁻⁸

Lowest reading

=

45

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

45

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁴)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁸

Total Intensities

=

(5 x 10⁻⁸) + (3.16 x 10⁻⁹)

=

8.16 x 10⁻⁸

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(8.16 x 10⁻⁸) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

49

Total SPL during normal hours at this zone is 49 dB

104

Zone 5 : Library First Floor Peak hours Highest reading

=

55

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

55

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

55

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁵)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁷

Lowest reading

=

48

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

48

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

48

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

4.8

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 4.8

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (6.3 x 10⁴)

I

=

6.3 x 10⁻⁸

Total Intensities

=

(3.16 x 10⁻⁷) + (6.3 x 10⁻⁸)

=

3.79 x 10⁻⁷

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(3.79 x 10⁻⁷) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

55.8

Total SPL during peak hours at this zone is 55.8 dB

105

Zone 6: Library Second Floor Non-peak hours Highest reading

=

54

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

54

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

54

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.4

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.4

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (2.51 x 10⁵)

I

=

2.51 x 10⁻⁷

Lowest reading

=

52

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

52

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

52

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.2

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.2

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (1.58 x 10⁵)

I

=

1.58 x 10⁻⁷

Total Intensities

=

(2.51 x 10⁻⁷) + (1.58 x 10⁻⁷)

=

4.09 x 10⁻⁷

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(4.09 x 10⁻⁷) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

56.1

Total SPL during normal hours at this zone is 56.1 dB

106

Zone 6: Library Second Floor Peak hours Highest reading

=

58

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

58

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

58

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.8

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.8

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (6.3 x 10⁵)

I

=

6.3 x 10⁻⁷

Lowest reading

=

55

L

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

55

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/I₀)

55

=

10 Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

5.5

=

Log₁₀ (I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

Antilog 5.5

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²)

I

=

(I/1 x 10⁻¹²) (3.16 x 10⁵)

I

=

3.16 x 10⁻⁷

Total Intensities

=

(6.3 x 10⁻⁷) + (3.16 x 10⁻⁷)

=

9.47 x 10⁻⁷

Combined SPL

= =

10 Log₁₀ [(9.47 x 10⁻⁷) / (1 x 10⁻¹²)]

59.8

Total SPL during peak hours at this zone is 59.8 dB

107

Analysis of SPL

Zone Dining area Lounge area Washroom area Library ground floor area Library first floor area Library second floor area

SPL during normal hours (dB) 47.8 48 42 46 49 56.1

SPL during peak hours (dB) 63.6 54.1 65 53.4 55.8 59.8

The table shows that the washroom area produces the highest amount of sound pressure when used during peak hours, which may disturb the reading activities at the library beside it. The second highest is the dining area, which also effects the library area. Sound pressure level at the library far exceeds the recommended 40 dB, with an average of 50.4 dB during normal hours and 56.3 dB during peak hours.

The difference in the overall sound pressure between two different hours is quite significant for a library, with a rise of 10 dB in average.

The reason of the high sound pressure levels can be attributed to the wrong use of building materials in the library. The library is mainly built using reinforced concrete, steel mesh floorings and steel mesh bookcases, which is weak in sound absorption.

The other reason that cause this problem is the spatial planning, where the library area is surrounded by the dining, kitchen, lounge and washroom. These areas transmit sound at the same time into the center of the library through vibrations via both air and dense solid building materials.

In conclusion, the sound level pressure can be reduced by introducing soft and more sound absorbent materials like curtains and wood based furniture. Despite that, these efforts may not lower the sound pressure to the recommended level of 40 dB as the spatial planning and the material of the building is fixed, which could not be resolved without the deconstruction of the library.

108

4.2.6 Reverberation Time Analysis

Zone 1: Dining and Kitchen Space volume = 42m3 500hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Concrete -Concrete -Glass -Timber -Concrete -Timber -Timber --

1 1

1.45 m2 8.4 m2

0.05 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.07 0.5

1 1 1 1 1 7 1 --

14 m2 14 m2 9 m2 1.82 m2 1.82 m2 0.86 m2 7.25 m2 42m3 (Volume)

0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.007

0.7 0.7 0.9 0.27 0.09 0.9 1.09 0.29

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Cupboard Air Total (A)

5.51

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 42) / 5.51 = 1.22s

2000hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Concrete -Concrete -Glass -Timber -Concrete -Timber -Timber --

1 1

1.45 m2 8.4 m2

0.05 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.07 0.34

1 1 1 1 1 7 1 --

14 m2 14 m2 9 m2 1.82 m2 1.82 m2 0.86 m2 7.25 m2 42m3 (Volume)

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.18 0.05 0.18 0.18 0.007

0.7 0.7 0.45 0.33 0.09 1.08 1.31 0.29

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Cupboard Air Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

5.36

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 42) / 5.36 = 1.25s

109

500hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Concrete -Concrete -Glass -Timber -Concrete -Timber -Timber --

1 1

1.45 m2 8.4 m2

0.05 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.07 0.5

1 1 1 1 1 7 1 --

0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.007

0.7 0.7 0.9 0.27 0.09 0.9 1.09 0.29

--

2

14 m2 14 m2 9 m2 1.82 m2 1.82 m2 0.86 m2 7.25 m2 42m3 (Volume) --

0.46

0.92 6.43

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Cupboard Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 42) / 6.43 = 1.05s

2000hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Concrete -Concrete -Glass -Timber -Concrete -Timber -Timber --

1 1

1.45 m2 8.4 m2

0.05 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.07 0.34

1 1 1 1 1 7 1 --

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.18 0.05 0.18 0.18 0.007

0.7 0.7 0.45 0.33 0.09 1.08 1.31 0.29

--

2

14 m2 14 m2 9 m2 1.82 m2 1.82 m2 0.86 m2 7.25 m2 42m3 (Volume) --

0.46

0.92 6.28

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Cupboard Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 42) / 6.28 = 1.07s

110

Zone 2: Lounge Space volume = 31.5m3 500hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Timber -Concrete -Glass (Big) -Glass (Small) -Timber -Timber -Concrete --

1 1

10.5 m2 17.6 m2

0.05 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.53 1.06

1 1 1 1

6.3 m2 6.3 m2 11.2 m2 0.81 m2

0.2 0.05 0.1 0.1

1.26 0.32 1.12 0.08

1 4 1 --

1.17 m2 0.86 m2 1.5 m2 31.5m3 (Volume)

0.15 0.15 0.05 0.007

0.18 0.52 0.08 0.22

Ceiling Floor Window

Table Chair Air Total (A)

5.37

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.5) / 5.37 = 0.94s

2000hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Timber -Concrete -Glass (Big) -Glass (Small) -Timber -Timber -Concrete --

1 1

10.5 m2 17.6 m2

0.05 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.53 0.7

1 1 1 1

6.3 m2 6.3 m2 11.2 m2 0.81 m2

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.32 0.32 0.56 0.04

1 4 1 --

1.17 m2 0.86 m2 1.5 m2 31.5m3 (Volume)

0.18 0.18 0.05 0.007

0.21 0.62 0.08 0.22

Ceiling Floor Window

Table Chair Air Total (A)

3.6

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.5) / 3.6 = 1.4s

111

500hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Timber -Concrete -Glass (Big) -Glass (Small) -Timber -Timber -Concrete --

1 1

10.5 m2 17.6 m2

0.05 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.53 1.06

1 1 1 1

6.3 m2 6.3 m2 11.2 m2 0.81 m2

0.2 0.05 0.1 0.1

1.26 0.32 1.12 0.08

1 4 1 --

0.15 0.15 0.05 0.007

0.18 0.52 0.08 0.22

--

2

1.17 m2 0.86 m2 1.5 m2 31.5m3 (Volume) --

0.46

0.92 6.29

Ceiling Floor Window

Table Chair Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.5) / 6.29 = 0.8s

2000hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Steel mesh -Timber -Concrete -Glass (Big) -Glass (Small) -Timber -Timber -Concrete --

1 1

10.5 m2 17.6 m2

0.05 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.53 0.7

1 1 1 1

6.3 m2 6.3 m2 11.2 m2 0.81 m2

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.32 0.32 0.56 0.04

1 4 1 --

0.18 0.18 0.05 0.007

0.21 0.62 0.08 0.22

--

2

1.17 m2 0.86 m2 1.5 m2 31.5m3 (Volume) --

0.46

0.92 4.52

Ceiling Floor Window

Table Chair Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.5) / 4.52 = 1.12s

112

Zone 3: Washroom area Space volume = 3.4m3 500hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Glass --

1 1 1 1 1 --

4.1 m2 1.74 m2 6.3 m2 1.62 m2 3.2 m2 3.4m3 (Volume)

Ceiling Floor Door Air

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.007

Total (A)

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.21 0.09 0.32 0.08 0.32 0.02 1.04

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 3.4) / 1.04 = 0.52s

2000hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Glass --

1 1 1 1 1 --

4.1 m2 1.74 m2 6.3 m2 1.62 m2 3.2 m2 3.4m3 (Volume)

Ceiling Floor Door Air

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.007

Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.21 0.09 0.32 0.08 0.16 0.02 0.88

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 3.4) / 0.88 = 0.62s

113

500hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Glass --

1 1 1 1 1 --

--

1

4.1 m2 1.74 m2 6.3 m2 1.62 m2 3.2 m2 3.4m3 (Volume) --

Ceiling Floor Door Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.007 0.46

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.21 0.09 0.32 0.08 0.32 0.02 0.46 1.5

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 3.4) / 1.5 = 0.36s

2000hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Concrete -Glass --

1 1 1 1 1 --

--

1

4.1 m2 1.74 m2 6.3 m2 1.62 m2 3.2 m2 3.4m3 (Volume) --

Ceiling Floor Door Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.007 0.46

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.21 0.09 0.32 0.08 0.16 0.02 0.46 0.88

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 3.4) / 1.34 = 0.41s

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Zone 4: Library Ground Floor Space volume = 33.75m3 500hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Steel -Plastic -Plastic --

2 1

18.75 m2 3.78 m2

0.06 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 2.25 0.23

1

13.5 m2

0.06

0.81

1 1 1 1 --

13.5 m2 3.75 m2 0.3 m2 0.86 m2 33.75m3 (Volume)

0.05 0.06 0.14 0.14 0.007

0.68 0.23 0.04 0.12 0.24

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Air Total (A)

4.6

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 33.75) / 4.6 = 1.17s

2000hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Steel -Plastic -Plastic --

2 1

18.75 m2 3.78 m2

0.04 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 1.5 0.15

1

13.5 m2

0.04

0.54

1 1 1 1 --

13.5 m2 3.75 m2 0.3 m2 0.86 m2 33.75m3 (Volume)

0.05 0.04 0.14 0.14 0.007

0.68 0.15 0.04 0.12 0.24

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Air Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

3.42

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 33.75) / 3.42 = 1.58s

115

500hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Steel -Plastic -Plastic --

2 1

18.75 m2 3.78 m2

0.06 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 2.25 0.23

1

13.5 m2

0.06

0.81

1 1 1 1 --

0.05 0.06 0.14 0.14 0.007

0.68 0.23 0.04 0.12 0.24

--

3

13.5 m2 3.75 m2 0.3 m2 0.86 m22 33.75m3 (Volume) --

0.46

1.38 5.98

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 33.75) / 5.98 = 0.92s

2000hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Steel -Plastic -Plastic --

2 1

18.75 m2 3.78 m2

0.04 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 1.5 0.15

1

13.5 m2

0.04

0.54

1 1 1 1 --

0.05 0.04 0.14 0.14 0.007

0.68 0.15 0.04 0.12 0.24

--

3

13.5 m2 3.75 m2 0.3 m2 0.86 m2 33.75m3 (Volume) --

0.46

1.38 4.8

Ceiling Floor Door Table Chair Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 33.75) / 4.8 = 1.13s

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Zone 5: Library First Floor Space volume = 31.05m3 500hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Timber -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass --

2 1

17.25 m2 3.78 m2

0.06 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 2.07 0.23

1 1 1

4.14 m2 5.04 m2 4.32 m2

0.05 0.05 0.06

0.21 0.25 0.26

1

13.5 m2

0.06

0.81

1 --

2.25 m2 31.05m3 (Volume)

0.1 0.007

0.23 0.22

Ceiling

Floor Window Air Total (A)

4.28

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.05) / 4.28 = 1.16s

2000hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Timber -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass --

2 1

17.25 m2 3.78 m2

0.04 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 1.38 0.15

1 1 1

4.14 m2 5.04 m2 4.32 m2

0.05 0.2 0.04

0.21 1.01 0.17

1

13.5 m2

0.04

0.4

1 --

2.25 m2 31.05m3 (Volume)

0.05 0.007

0.11 0.22

Ceiling

Floor Window Air Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

3.65

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.05) / 3.65 = 1.36s

117

500hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Timber -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass --

2 1

17.25 m2 3.78 m2

0.06 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 2.07 0.23

1 1 1

4.14 m2 5.04 m2 4.32 m2

0.05 0.05 0.06

0.21 0.25 0.26

1

13.5 m2

0.06

0.81

1 --

0.1 0.007

0.23 0.22

--

4

2.25 m2 31.05m3 (Volume) --

0.46

1.84 6.12

Ceiling

Floor Window Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.05) / 6.12 = 0.81s

2000hz peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Concrete -Timber -Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass --

2 1

17.25 m2 3.78 m2

0.04 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 1.38 0.15

1 1 1

4.14 m2 5.04 m2 4.32 m2

0.05 0.2 0.04

0.21 1.01 0.17

1

13.5 m2

0.04

0.4

1 --

0.05 0.007

0.11 0.22

--

3

2.25 m2 31.05m3 (Volume) --

0.46

1.84 5.49

Ceiling

Floor Window Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 31.05) / 5.49 = 0.9s

118

Zone 6: Library Second Floor Space volume = 13.5m3 500hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass -Steel mesh --

2 1

4.8 m2 3.6 m2

0.06 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.58 0.22

1 1

4.5 m2 2.52 m2

0.1 0.06

0.45 0.15

--

13.5m3 (Volume)

0.007

0.09

Ceiling Floor Air Total (A)

1.49

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 13.5) / 1.49 = 1.45s

2000hz Non-peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass -Steel mesh --

2 1

4.8 m2 3.6 m2

0.04 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.38 0.14

1 1

4.5 m2 2.52 m2

0.05 0.04

0.23 0.1

--

13.5m3 (Volume)

0.007

0.09

Ceiling Floor Air Total (A)

0.94

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 13.5) / 0.94 = 2.3s

119

500hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass -Steel mesh --

2 1

4.8 m2 3.6 m2

0.06 0.06

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.58 0.22

1 1

4.5 m2 2.52 m2

0.1 0.06

0.45 0.15

--

0.007

0.09

--

2

13.5m3 (Volume) --

0.46

0.92 2.41

Ceiling Floor Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 13.5) / 2.41 = 0.9s

2000hz Peak hour Compone nts

Material

Quantity

Surface Area Absorption (S) coefficient (a)

Wall

-Steel mesh -Steel mesh -Glass -Steel mesh --

2 1

4.8 m2 3.6 m2

0.04 0.04

Sound absorption (Sa) 0.38 0.14

1 1

4.5 m2 2.52 m2

0.05 0.04

0.23 0.1

--

0.007

0.09

--

2

13.5m3 (Volume) --

0.46

0.92 1.86

Ceiling Floor Air Human Total (A)

Reverberation time (RT)

= (0.16 x Volume) / A = (0.16 x 13.5) / 1.86s = 1.16s

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Analysis of reverberation time

Zone

RT 500hz (normal hour) Dining 1.22s Lounge 0.94s Washroom 0.52s Library ground 1.17 floor Library first 1.16s floor Library second 1.45s floor

RT 2000hz (normal hour) 1.25s 1.4s 0.62s 1.58s

RT 500hz (peak hour) 1.05s 0.8s 0.36s 0.73s

RT 2000hz (peak hour) 1.07s 1.12s 0.41s 0.81s

1.36s

0.92s

1.13s

2.3s

0.9s

1.16s

The table above shows the reverberation time of each zones under different conditions.

The dining area has an overall reverberation time that exceeds 1 second, causing the sound from the kitchen activity to decay slower therefore creating a noisier space.

This may affect nearby spaces especially the library reading area since there are no real solid walls separating the areas.

The lounge area has a significant lower reverberation time when the noise is around 500hz, which is 30% lower than those at 2000hz. This is due to the introduction of timber ceiling and glass windows, that only have half its absorption coefficient value at 2000hz. The washroom area has the lowest reverberation time of all the zones, with each lower than 0.62 seconds.

The library area has high reverberation time at each level, exceeding 1.1 seconds, which is considered bad as the reading activities favour quiet spaces with shorter reverberations. The choice of building materials like concrete and steel mesh are a huge factor to this problem as most of it have a fairly low absorption coefficient.

Fortunately, the reverberation time shortens significantly during the peak hours with the presence of people, lowering it to more acceptable levels especially in the library area. The introduction of wooden or high absorption value furniture can further help with this problem. Not only that, the overall reverberation time of the library can also be reduced by installing curtains at the windows and glass sliding door.

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4.2.7 Sound Reduction Index Analysis

Zone 1: Dining and Kitchen

Figure 94: SRI at Dining and Kitchen Zone

Wall

Material

East

Reinforced 8.7 concrete wall Glass Sliding 9 door

South

Surface Area (m2)

East wall total SRI (R)

= 45dB

South wall total SRI (R)

= 10dB

SRI (dB)

45

Energy T x Area transmission coefficient (T) 3.16 x 10⁻⁵ 2.75 x 10⁻⁴

10

0.1

0.9

Analysis The calculation only factors in 2 walls as the west leads to the kitchen area and the wall to the north is made of steel mesh with lots of openings. The table shows that the east wall has a significant higher sound reduction index compared to the south wall due to the difference in building material.

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Zone 2: Lounge

Figure 95: SRI at Lounge Zone

Wall

Material

Surface Area (m2)

SRI (dB)

East

Reinforced concrete wall Window Reinforced concrete wall Glass window

9.69 0.81

45 10

Energy T x Area transmission coefficient (T) 3.16 x 10⁻⁵ 3.06 x 10⁻⁴ 0.1 0.08

3 11.21

45 10

3.16 x 10⁻⁵ 0.1

South

East wall total SRI (R)

South wall total SRI (R) T

T

= [(T₁ x A₁) + (T₂ x A₂)] / (A₁ + A₂) = 7.65 x 10⁻³

R

= 10log₁₀ (1/T)

9.48 x 10⁻⁵ 1.12

= [(T₁ x A₁) + (T₂ x A₂)] / (A₁ + A₂) = 0.08

R

= 10log₁₀ (1/T) = 11dB

= 21dB Analysis The calculation only factors in 2 walls as the west leads to the dining area and the wall to the north is made of steel mesh with lots of openings. The table shows that the east wall has almost twice the amount of sound reduction index comparing to the south wall. This situation is caused by the presence of a large glass window, which made up around 70% of the south wall.

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Zone 3: Washroom

Figure 96: SRI at Washroom Zone

Wall

Material

Surface Area (m2)

SRI (dB)

East

Reinforced concrete wall Reinforced concrete wall Glass sliding door Reinforced concrete wall Reinforced concrete wall

1.74

45

Energy T x Area transmission coefficient (T) 3.16 x 10⁻⁵ 5.49 x 10⁻⁵

0.9 3.2

45 10

3.16 x 10⁻⁵ 0.1

2.84 x 10⁻⁵ 0.32

1.74

45

3.16 x 10⁻⁵

5.49 x 10⁻⁵

4.1

45

3.16 x 10⁻⁵

1.29 x 10⁻⁴

South

West North

East wall total SRI (R)

= 45dB

West wall total SRI (R)

= 45dB

North wall total SRI (R)

= 45dB

South wall total SRI (R)

T

= [(T₁ x A₁) + (T₂ x A₂)] / (A₁ + A₂) = 0.08

R

= 10log₁₀ (1/T) = 11dB

Analysis The east, west and north wall has the same sound reduction index of 45dB due to the use of reinforced concrete and plain rough surface. The wall to the south only have a quarter of the SRI value of its surrounding walls as a huge part of it is a glass sliding door. The sliding door should be replaced with materials with higher SRI value as it is directly connected to the library area.

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Zone 4: Library Ground Floor

Figure 97: SRI at Library Ground Floor Zone

Wall

Material

Surface Area (m2)

SRI (dB)

East

Steel door

3.75

38

East wall total SRI (R)

Energy T x Area transmission coefficient (T) 1.58 x 10⁻⁴ 5.93 x 10⁻⁴

= 38dB

Analysis The only real wall in this area is the east wall, which is made of a huge steel door with a SRI value of 38dB. Despite the door’s position - facing to the street, the SRI value is high enough to keep out exterior noise due to the normally quiet neighborhood. The other walls are made of steel mesh.

125

Zone 5: Library First Floor

Figure 98: SRI at Library First Floor Zone

Wall

Material

Surface Area (m2)

SRI (dB)

East

Glass window

2.25

10

East wall total SRI (R)

Energy T x Area transmission coefficient (T) 0.1 0.23

= 10dB

Analysis Same like the library at the lower floor, the east wall is the only real wall at this zone, which is made of a huge glass window with an SRI value of 10. This may be a problem as the window is facing to the street and any exterior noise can be directed into the library space causing loud noises even if the neighborhood is generally quiet.

126

Zone 6: Library Second Floor

Figure 99: SRI at Library Second Floor Zone

Analysis All of the walls at this area is made up of steel mesh. Noises from any direction can just penetrate easily.

127

5.0 CONCLUSION

Lighting Performance in L45 The daylighting in the library is sufficient for its activities in areas near openings like the windows at the lounge, the glass sliding doors at the dining area and the glass roof at the top floor. However, daylight is unable to reach the deeper parts of the building causing the overall daylight factor of these zones to drop. The calculations using the Lumen Method also shows that there is lack of artificial lightings in all zones except for the washroom. This happens because of the choice of lightings and the direction they face which is inconsistent and irregular due to the adjustability.

Suggestions for Improvement To see a significant improvement in daylighting, more openings should be constructed along with the introduction of a more reflective materials in the library rather than the rough and dark surfaces of the concrete. The change of higher lux value artificial lightings especially in the library areas will help raising the illuminance level to meet the requirements according to MS1525. In addition, more lightings can be installed with fixed directions.

Acoustics Performance in L45 A standard library has a standard reverberation time of less than 1 second for it to be speech intelligible. However, the acoustics in the building is generally high for a library.

The factors of the problem are: spatial planning, activities in the kitchen, choice of building materials and the use of electronic devices. The library area is located in the middle of the building, surrounded by different spaces which means that any noises produced in other areas will be transmitted to the center, affecting the sound level of the library area. The rise in decibel is especially significant when the kitchen is in use as the two zones are only separated by steel mesh walls with multiple openings. The choice of steel mesh for the top floors and staircases also contributed to the noise produced when traveling on it. Lastly, electronic devices like air

128

conditioner, ventilation fan and kitchen appliances are the main source of noise in the building Suggestions for Improvement To reduce the sound level traveling into the library area, solid concrete walls should be used in place of the steel meshes, since it increases the sound reduction index of that area. The reverberation time of all the zones can be reduced by using furniture with high absorption coefficient value.

Conclusion The L45 library could use a lot more improvement in order to produce a better environment for the users within the library area. Even though there are rooms which much better lightings and acoustics, they are only available to those who rented them.

Proper maintenance should be done to the devices to reduce the noise coming from them. Adjustable windows are also not suitable for a library in such a quaint space as it is the source of noise leakage. In the end, a library as a whole should at least meet the minimum recommended level standards so that the activities are not disrupted, increases productivity, and encourages improved psychology to its visitors.

129

6.0 SUMMARY OF REPORT(A3)

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