Namibiese Reg. N-AR 2162 Reg. Nr. L10856, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947
Reg. Nr. L10856, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947 Reg. Nr. L10856, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947
Namibiese Reg. N-AR 2162 Reg. Nr. L10856, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947
Considering the serious business of farming, the question, ‘does farming make you happy?’ may seem silly and perhaps superfluous.
The past few weeks I have been to various agricultural shows, farmers' days and information sessions, and then comes a highlight of the year: we are on our way to NAMPO! NAMPO Harvest Day is one of the biggest agricultural exhibitions under private ownership in the southern hemisphere.
I spoke to young farmers at these days and during farm visits, where I hear so many of them say: "Farming is my passion, farming makes me happy." And again, I realise: If you have a passion for something, you will be successful.
Some farmers tell me: “I do not see myself doing anything else than farming. It became our way of life. I prefer living on the farm with my family, and it is peaceful.
When farming becomes a way of life, then in my opinion life is contented.
I have met hundreds of farmers over the years, and what has stood out is the
ciation for the type and quality of life that farming offers.
According to the Career Explorer, Farmers rate their happiness above average.
As we enter the fifth month of the new year, and some part of the country continues to be hit with stages four, five and six of load-shedding, I am reminded that 2024 is now only 7 months away, and there are many things that government must act on to ensure that 2023, 2024 and the years to come are successful ones for the agriculture sector.
I think more than ever we need to realise that standing together will take everyone much further than constantly working against one another. A little support goes a long way, and I hope that the world soon realises that we can do without private jets, but we cannot do without farmers.
Please contact me to tell me what you would like to read about, and to share your story and your thoughts.
Until next time, stay positive –happiness looks good on you. Enjoy
The S440 Series combine harvester is John Deere's latest addition to its combine line-up. John Deere has announced the launch in the Africa, Middle East market of the S440 Series, which packs an array of innovative technology to boost productivity, efficiency and profitability. Read more on page 2.
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: The only irrigation company in Africa with more than 20 years’
F&R Farming wins with Agrico: LEPA irrigation
Choose Senter360 for local quality
Goat breeds part 2: Milk and mohair breeds
Fruit production part 4: Prickly pears
Herb and spice production part 3: Value and use
African agribusiness companies can still grow Part 5
The latest in agricultural technology from around the world
Africa climate crisis
Farming with nature: Drought mitigation
Beekeeping part 9: Obtaining a beehive
Game ranching part 1:Water for game
Farm management and planning Part 2: Camp sizes
SU researchers explore alternative feed sources for goats and sheep
Be efficient! Maintain your machines and equipment
Producing fibre crops can boost the economy
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Design
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John Deere AME is introducing the S440 combine harvester to the Africa and Middle East Markets. This new addition to the John Deere combine line-up is an excellent choice for farmers looking for a compact, more cost effective but still technologically advanced combine. This machine is a Class 4 combine but is packed with most of the features and technology of the larger John Deere S-Series
combine harvesters and is designed to achieve all the desired qualities: efficiency, reliability, grain sample quality, and harvesting technology.
Compared to the larger John Deere Harvesters in the market, the S440 consists of a smaller framework and engine capacity. Still, there is no doubt about the performance of this machine. It is equipped with the proven John Deere 6-cylinder, 6,8-litre Tier-3 engine,
equipped with an isochronous governor, which assists with maintaining rotation even during peak power demand without the operator's intervention.
With 175 kW rated power and 191 kW peak power, it maintains material processing efficiency during the entire harvest operation to achieve higher performance.
The S440 is a rotor combine equipped with the John Deere-designed TriStream rotor, measuring 61 cm by 313 cm. “This feature ensures the efficient harvest of maize, soya beans, wheat, canola, rice, sorghum, and many other grains while reducing fuel and power consumption and providing effective threshing and grain separation,” says Jacques van den Berg, Tactical Marketer at John Deere AME. “The system features the Dyna Flow Plus cleaning system which ensures even material distribution over the entire length of the sieves by using side hill deflectors.”
The combine's automatic ground adjustment controls, or Active Terrain Adjust™, limit grain loss to a minimum when harvesting on inclines and slopes. The system achieves this by automatically adjusting the fan speed and opening or closing the chaffers and sieves depending on the angle of the combine.
Inside the cabin of the harvester, the work environment is packed with technological advancements
S440 has advanced technology for unmatched performance
“When it comes to quality, John Deere has not compromised in the design of the S440 and included a range of technological features in the standard package,” Jacques explains. “Farmers can expect to benefit from a versatile corner post display, a lateral tilt feeder house, moisture and yield sensors, Active Terrain Adjust™, and in-cab adjustment of all settings.” Additionally, the standard package includes an industry-leading JDLink™ Connectivity subscription.
“For farmers who desire even more advanced technology solutions, John Deere offers factory-installed premium options such as the Starfire™ 7000 Receiver and Gen 4 touchscreen equipped with Auto-Track™ and Row-Sense™ functionalities” he says.
The JDLink™ subscription allows for the secure wireless transfer of harvest data and yield maps (generated by the Receiver and Gen4 Display) directly to the farmer's cell phone and the cloudbased John Deere Operations Centre™ precision farming solution. Furthermore, the 24/7 remote display access and service advisor remote capabilities provide customers an extra edge and greater peace of mind.
Specifications and optional extras:
Customisable features of the S440
John Deere has combined the potent 6,8-litre engine with a 3-speed hydrostatic transmission and a 65-kW feeder house reverser. The S440 Combine also features a 6 500-litre grain tank and a 5,5-metre unloading auger that can unload at a rate of 65 litres per second while harvesting.
Farmers can choose between a stand-
ard or premium dual-speed discharge chopping beater paired with twin spreading discs for residue management. For the farmer looking for more traction and stability, dual front wheels or a powered rear axle for four-wheel drive can be factory installed.
A deluxe cab with ample space provides operators with all the features needed to ensure productive and comfortable hours behind the controls.
An air-suspended operator seat, tiltable steering column, air conditioning, a mini cooler, radio, sun visors, and an instructor seat provide a pleasant working environment.
The S440 has versatile header
The S440 Harvester can accommodate a wide range of front-end equipment options. It can be fitted with six, and eight-row headers for maize harvesting, while the combine can handle rigid and flex platforms up to 25 feet in size for small grains.
During 2022, John Deere extensively tested the S440 harvester in South Africa, harvesting every type of grain over a wide geographical area. The compact combine exceeded expectations with its impressive versatility and performance under various harvesting conditions, delivering excellent grain quality, efficiency, and fuel consumption.
Based on the positive test results, John Deere AME is confident that the S440 Combine will prove to be a capable, affordable, and popular option for grain farmers in the African and Middle East markets.
Come see the S440 at NAMPO 2023.
Article supplied
Valley Irrigation is the only irrigation company in Africa with more than 20 years’ experience in pivot technology, assisting farmers to manage, control and share data analytics between connected devices. With Valley®, farmers have access to the most advanced technology at their fingertips. Valley® solutions provide farmers with greater efficiency, the knowledge to make smarter business decisions, and all devices are built to consider future enhancements in precision irrigation. Valley’s Connected Crop Management gives farmers the ability to turn their pivots into an extensive digital hub for their irrigation operations.
Field Commander
The industry-leading Field Commander is installed on more pivots than all competitive units combined. Compatible with virtually all linear and centre pivots, it is available in multiple configurations that offer a wide range of options.
flow meters, pumps, weather sensors, tank monitors, electric motors and many other features enabled by the easily configured interface.
How does Crop Link work?
Valley Crop Link sends the data it gathers from the equipment to the Valley 365 servers, where it is then merged with other monitor and control solutions’ data for viewing of all inputs on a single, easy-to-read page.
Valley Pump Command®
aspects of crop management, such as irrigation scheduling.
BaseStation3
Total control, anywhere! Valley® BaseStation3 gives growers unprecedented control over their operation. It’s the industry’s best on-premises solution for irrigation management in challenging terrain. Manage and control all irrigation equipment from any smartphone, tablet or desktop computer.
CommanderVP® (for all Valley pre-ICON series control panels)
Valley CommanderVP® provides full remote programming of control panel functions and monitoring of irrigation machines via Valley 365. It mounts inside the panel, is delivered fully activated, and processes commands at industry leading speeds.
ICON ® Link (for all Valley ICON® series control panels)
ICON® Link is built into Valley ICON® smart panels and provides full remote irrigation management from anywhere in the world. Monitor and control your irrigation machines via the Valley 365 connected crop management platform.
Valley Crop Link provides growers with the flexibility to monitor and control many types of equipment on the farm with one simple device. Options include
Valley® offers solutions for large and small farms to automate pumping operations. Save time and resources with wireless remote monitoring, plus control of all of your pumps, and link them to your fleet of pivots or linears. Valley Pump Command® is like an easy button for your pumping – just turn your pivots on, and your pump station takes care of itself. Pump Command® helps your operation pump smarter, not harder.
Aqua Trac Lite
Aqua Trac is a solar-powered device that utilises a soil moisture probe to read the soil moisture percentage, volumetric water content, temperature and salinity of the soil.
Valley Weather Station is an important tool to detect current weather conditions and analyse historical weather patterns. It can also assist with other
For more information on Valley’s® Connected Crop Management solutions, contact:
Valley Sales: +27 79-505-9174
Adam Olivier: +27 71-157-6862
Brandon Glad: +27 79-318-1074
FAW Trucks prides itself on paying attention to what its customers require. “FAW SA is committed to offering vehicles engineered, developed and rigorously tested to meet the harsh operating conditions of Africa,” says Yongjun Li, CEO of FAW Trucks SA.
The company has embarked on a structured launch programme in recent months with the most recent being the introduction of the JH6 33.420FT, the younger brother of the JH6 28.500FT.
The JH6 33.420FT was launched recently to local and export markets with many clients and prospective clients attending the event.
JH6 33.420FT
The newly designed and engineered JH6 33.420FT has a high-roof forward tilt cab with seating for the driver and a passenger. It includes a double sleeper cab with air-conditioning, a radio with USB and an air suspension seat for the driver with multi-dimensional adjustment ability. This completely new cab design has a wind resistance factor of 0,54.
The new and improved look of the interior layout includes a multi-function steering wheel and enhanced dashboard features for better driver control along with central locking and power windows.
The 11 040 cc Euro 2 specification sixcylinder inline engine is water-cooled, turbo-charged and has an intercooler, producing 312 kW at 1 900 r/min and 1 900 Nm of torque from 1 200 r/min.
The Bosch manual injection pump is made specifically for African applications, while the gear shifting booster makes driving feel like handling a car, removing much of the stress, especially on long-haul journeys.
American brand Con-Met wheel hubs
are fitted, allowing 500 000 km of maintenance-free driving.
The 12-speed manual synchromesh gearbox is matched to a set of ratios specifically designed to provide optimum performance and fuel efficiency, irrespective of whether it is operating in rural areas or on the open road.
It features a forged steel I-Section beam front axle coupled to a full floating single reduction rear axle with inter-axle, inter-wheel, and differential locks. Semi-elliptical leaf springs with double-acting shock absorbers comprise the front suspension, while the rear has semi-elliptical leaf springs with auxiliary springs.
Stopping power comes from the dual circuit, full air brakes with ABS.
“All the products we introduce locally are carefully considered with African roads and driving in mind,” explains Li.
“This goes hand-in-hand with ensuring those products will provide the best possible total cost of ownership experience for the operator through the entire life cycle of the truck.”
The JH6 28.500FT is the largest of the truck tractors from FAW Trucks South Africa and has consistently proven that, when it comes to long-hauling, it is virtually unbeatable.
“In our experience, customers in this segment of the market seek truck tractors that are functional and reliable, but also affordable to run and maintain. In addition, they need to offer comfortable and well-equipped cabins, must be easy to operate, provide adequate performance to get the job done and be fuel efficient,” says Li.
“The JH6 28.500FT ticks all these
boxes and more, and this translates into increased profits for their owners.”
It is fitted with the manufacturer’s renowned 6DM3 13-litre six-cylinder common-rail turbo-charged and intercooled diesel powerplant. This engine develops 370 kW of power at 1 800 r/ min and 2 300 Nm of peak torque at 1 400 r/min. It has two fuel tanks of 450 litres each.
Mated to the never-say-die engine of the JH6 28.500FT is a ZF 12-speed TraXon AMT transmission, with parabolic spring suspension front and rear to address vehicle weight requirements.
A full air dual circuit WABCO braking system with ABS enhances the JH6 28.500FT safety features.
Befitting its long-hauler status, much focus was placed on ensuring that the cabin of the JH6 28.500FT is as comfortable as possible for the driver and passenger. To this end, it features a full floating extended-roof sleeper cab with an innovative flat floor, which optimises interior space. Standard features such as air-conditioning, a radio with a USB port, and suspension seating eliminate unnecessary driver fatigue.
“The versatility and practicality of the JH6 28.500FT are two of its main selling points and as a result, some of our clients utilise it for very interesting purposes,” explains Li.
“The reason for our continued growth and success in South Africa is that we cater for virtually every need,” explains Li. “With a host of different engine capacities, payload allowances and body options on offer, businesses big and small can rely on our products to get the job done.”
“At FAW Trucks customer service is, and always will be, key. We go the extra mile to look after our customers and to make sure that we offer them the best deals possible,” explains Paul Lastrucci, National Aftersales Manager. “When our trucks leave the showroom floor after a sale, clients can expect long-term, dedicated services and 24/7 support, ensuring their investment gives them the returns expected of modern trucks.”
All FAW Trucks products are covered by a comprehensive warranty at industry standards, ensuring that customers have complete peace of mind.
FAW Trucks has a large parts warehouse at its premises in Spartan, from where it supplies the main regions in the country. In addition, service dealers are fully equipped, with highly trained technicians on hand for complete servicing and repairs required.
ALWAYS THERE, MAKING IT WORK.
BEARINGS
3 LEVEL CONTRIBUTOR ISO 9001 Certified
YOUR AGRI-SMART SOLUTIONS PROVIDER FOR:
Bearings for Combine Harvesters, Planters, Balers, Tractors, Spreaders & Hammer Mills. Chains and Accessories for major Combine Harvester brands such as John Deere, CLAAS, Case, Clayson, Fahr, Laverda, Massey Ferguson and Slattery. Sprockets for most Agricultural Implements. Standard V-Pulleys with Adapter Sleeve Bosses and Axle Couplings.
Gearboxes for Slashers & Cutters, Production Equipment as well as other agricultural implements.
Food Grade Lubrications for Packing Houses.
Power Take-Off (PTO) Shafts.
Electric Motors and Variable Speed Drives (VSDs).
Leading supplier Bearings International (BI) sees Grain SA’s NAMPO Harvest Day from 16 to 19 May as an important platform to interact with customers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and end users from all over South Africa, and to showcase its comprehensive product range for the farming community, according to Segment Development Leader: Agriculture Mike Groenewald.
Apart from OEMs and resellers, BI focuses on the following specific market segments: storage and processing, beef and poultry, irrigation and crop production, fruit and vegetable farming, fishing, tobacco, and packhouses.
BI supplies bearings for agricultural equipment such as combine harvesters, planters, balers, tractors, spreaders, mixers and hammer mills. Chains and accessories are available for major combineharvester brands such as John Deere, Claas, Case, Clayson, Fahr, Laverda, Massey Ferguson, and Slattery.
A range of sprockets is available for most agricultural implements, in addition to standard V-pulleys with adaptor sleeve bosses and axle couplings. Gearboxes can be supplied for slashers and cutters, production equipment, and other agricultural implements. Oils, hydraulic seals, and hoses are also avail-
able, as well as power take-off (PTO) shafts and variable speed drives (VSDs).
Main BI brands on display will include a new range of hub units designed and developed in conjunction with KML.
Adhesives, sealants and surface treatment from Loctite are also represented, as are Alpha single-phase 230 V and three-phase 380 V and ABB motors, Citronol environment-friendly hand cleaners and degreasers, Makita cordless power tools, Rocol lubricants, and Dodge housed bearings and shaftmounted gearboxes.
“We not only have a comprehensive product line-up to meet the requirements of the South African agricultural sector, but also extensive experience and product knowledge to assist farmers to keep their farming equipment fully operational and well maintained. Our leading brands underline our promise of having the right product at
the right price for every application in the agricultural industry,” says Mike Groenewald.
“We do not compromise on quality, as downtime due to component failure is costly. Farmers are always under huge time pressure due to the seasonal constraints of the industry. We believe our customers need a service provider that not only has the right spares available whenever necessary, but which can assist with any technical aspects of our products,” says Mike Groenewald.
BI continues to develop new products specifically for the farming community. At NAMPO 2018 it unveiled the latest design of its agricultural hub bearings, and offered a selection of Harden Tools for farmers.
Visit BI at Stands 45 and 46 at NAMPO 2023.
For more information, contact BI on +27-11-899-0000 or send an e-mail to info@bearings.co.za. You may also visit their website at www. bearings.co.za, or reach them on their 24-hour hotline on 083-2509191. Follow them on social media for the latest news and updates.
The lush green crops beside the main road to the North in South Africa is a truly a feast for the eye. One of the farms to thank for this lovely sight for passersby is F&R Farming, owned by Frans and Reint Dykema, with its irrigation system designed by market leader, Agrico.
The Dykemas are irrigation farmers alongside the Pienaarsrivier in the Warmbad district. Under the name F&R Farming they produce mostly maize, wheat and soya beans with 1 600 hectares under irrigation.
“Our father began farming here forty years ago with nothing. He had no centre pivots or cultivated fields on the farm. There was only bush. My brother, Reint and I took over the reins in 2007. Today we are known as F&R Farming where we manage the crop production together,” Frans says.
“We recently expanded and diversified with blackberries and gooseberries,” Frans adds.
“Without water and efficient irrigation systems, our farming operation cannot thrive. We harvest two crops a year, and if your fertiliser and water are not
applied timely and accurately, you may be in for an unpleasant surprise at the end of the season,” Frans explains.
In 2020 the brothers took hands with Agrico to start a new project on the farm.
“Over the years we have used several pivot companies, but with this project we decided to move to Agrico,” said Frans.
Part of the crops, around 182 hectares, is currently under LEPA irrigation.
“At first, I was sceptical about all these long pipes and innovations, but as the team from Agrico Brits and Nylstroom moved forward with the project, I was pleasantly surprised.
“The first time I entered the new pump station, there was no noise as before. It almost felt unreal.
“The power saving compared to the other pivots is huge. We save 40% power with the LEPA system.”
Frans explains the advantages of LEPA irrigation for their farm:
Most important is lower power consumption. Close on its heels is reduced water consumption due to the large droplets and less evaporation, as well as less maintenance and wear and tear on the pumps due to the low speed and low pressure of the system.
Also, the pivot does not get stuck easily. This means less downtime and more irrigation time. They also apply liquid fertiliser through the new LEPA system.
“Another advantage of Agrico’s irrigation system is the Web Control system connected to the LEPA system,” Frans says.
If one pivot completes its irrigation cycle before another on the same pipeline, then the water is automatically shut off. The speed of the pump motor and pivot can be controlled and regulated from the online control system.
You can also control your water pressure and speed with a simple
programme that you write for the pivot.
“From a management perspective, it makes life so much easier. I can manage and monitor everything from anywhere in the world,” says Tyler Hillbrook, Farm Manager of F&R Farming.
“We have no complaints on the service we get from Agrico. It is great to know that what we need is available and that the representatives are always there to help and support wherever they can.
From day one, the Agrico team was dedicated to help us with the planning, design, and after-sales service.
“You never have to wait. They know that an irrigation farmer does not like to wait, neither can he afford it,” Frans adds.
A LEPA package places the water closer to the soil surface to dramatically reduce evaporation and water loss through wind.
Since LEPA sprinklers work at low pressure, they also save electricity.
Terms and conditions apply
standard control system has comprehensive cell/internet communication abilities
No monthly/ yearly subscription costs (zero!)
KimtraPro 20
A ready-mixed phosphate-salt-trace mineral and protein supplement for ruminants.
• The phosphate source of KimtraPro 20 is Yara Animal Nutrition’s Kynofos 21, a high-quality MDCP.
• Enriched with the most important trace minerals.
• Contains protein to stimulate growth and production of rumen microbes for optimal digestion of grass.
• Contains highly bioavailable magnesium in the form of Magnesium Phosphate.
• Contains molasses by-product to promote palatability and intake.
• Convenient granulated form to minimise dustiness.
• Suitable for cattle, sheep, goats, and ruminant game species.
• Available in 50 kg and 25 kg bags.
Trust KimtraPro 20 for optimal health, production and reproduction.
AtSENTER360 we are proud to not only supply products, but build long-term relations with our clients by delivering a package of high-quality products and excellent service. The SENTER360 centre pivot, manufactured since 1994, is known for its excellent quality and strength above industry standards. We have been part of the irrigation industry for more than 25 years and have interests in South Africa, Africa and in the rest of the world.
We are passionate about our centre pivots. We do not only build a tough, extremely strong structure but also give attention to small details to make a big difference in your everyday life.
SENTER360 tower trusses are manufactured from pipe and not angle iron as is commonly used by other brands. The advantage of the lighter and structurally stronger material enables us to use two more sets of trusses per tower than is possible with angle iron trusses, ensuring an exceptionally strong structure. An added advantage of the pipe truss structure is its aerodynamic superiority above angle iron as a structural material. That is the reason why a SENTER360 machine can withstand a windstorm of 158 km hour (actual field data) without any damage. This claim is borne out by the fact that no SENTER360 was blown over in the recent storms (the only brand not to topple over).
Firstly, the pipe structure, but also the standard long base beams, sturdy tower supports, stabilizing rods, diagonals, and a low centre of gravity, all contribute to the exceptional stability.
The same modular principals used throughout the entire SENTER360 design is also visible in our control panel design. Our entry level control panel is similar in functionality to the top panels of most other brands.
Standard functions include:
• on/ off
• feedback when the machine stops
• direct water application adjustment
• showing the position of the pivot
• low pressure stopping and pressure starting
• part circle and sector adjustment with variable water application per sector
• sector control of the end water cannon
• auto-reverse with variable water application on return
• pre-programmable scheduling options
• and many more!
All new and old** SENTER360 panels can be controlled by your cell phone*, tablet*, computer or base station by adding a simple plug-in communication unit of your choice, such as GPRS/cell network, Wi Fi, or radio unit.
Full pump control, VSD control and feedback are also available on the same system. New panels have full function internet controls, record keeping, and graphs.
*Android, IOS and other **Older panel controls are limited to on/off, direct water adjustment, run
and stop feedback communication.
Last sprinkler solutions
One of the common problems with centre pivot irrigators is the regular blockage of the last nozzle. We have solved this problem in a simple innovative way, constantly keeping the last nozzle clean throughout the irrigation cycle.
SENTER360 centre pivots are equipped as standard with high quality, high performance Komet Twister sprinklers operating at 10 psi (0,7 bar) or optional 6 psi (0,42 bar), mounted on drop pipes. This top-quality product ensures outstanding water distribution, even in trying climatic conditions.
The standard drivetrain of a SENTER360 centre pivot is made up of heavy-duty wheel gearboxes, driven by a 0,56 kW (40:1) motor gearbox combination (30:1 and others are optional.) An optional five-year extended warranty is available (T’s and C’s apply).
Goats that are good for both milk production and mohair production make excellent livestock. They are easy to care for and maintain, and they generate steady income. Mohair from these animals is highly sought after due to its softness and resilience, and their milk is a nutritious and delicious substitute for cow's milk. As an added bonus, they are sociable and simple to care for, making them an excellent addition to any farm.
Both the Saanen and Angora goat breeds are excellent choices for milk and mohair production. They are hardy, easygoing animals that are capable of producing high-quality products. With proper care and management, these breeds can provide a steady supply of milk and mohair for many years to come.
The Saanen goat is a large, white or cream goat that is known for its high milk production. It is one of the most popular dairy goat breeds, especially for its mild-mannered temperament and easy-going nature. Saanen goats are also known for their ability to produce large amounts of milk, with some goats producing up to 15 litres of milk per day.
The Saanen dairy goat can be traced back to Switzerland's Saanen Valley, where they originated. Saanen does are prolific milk producers and typically produce between three and four percent milk fat in their milk. The does weigh about 65 kilogrammes and the buck can
weigh up to 75 kilogrammes, and range in size from medium to large.
There is no prejudice against goats that have spots on their skin. It is acceptable for the hair to have a few streaks of colour, but this is not something to strive for. The hair should be kept short and fine, although it is common to have a fringe that falls over the spine and thighs. The ears should be held in a perceptive and alert position, preferably with a forward tilt, and should be long and floppy. The face can be either straight or dished.
The Saanen goat is a domestic goat breed renowned for its superior grazing prowess. They are hardy animals that can graze on a wide range of vegetation, including grasses, shrubs, and some kinds of trees. They are also capable of consuming a variety of forages, includ-
By Natasha Pansegrouw
ing hay and silage. They are therefore a fantastic option for farmers who need to feed their animals a variety of foods.
Saanen goats are renowned for their capacity to adjust to various climatic conditions. They can endure extremes of heat and cold, and they can even endure high levels of humidity. They are therefore a fantastic option for farmers who need to feed their animals a variety of foods in various climates. The breed is, however, vulnerable to overexposure to sunlight and tends to do better when kept in cooler environments. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to provide shade.
This breed is about the size of a medium sized dog and appears to be ro
bust, active, and alert. The does weigh at least 60 kilogrammes, and the bucks can weigh 90 kilogrammes.
The goat’s hair is either short or medium in length, and it is extremely fine, soft, and lays completely flat. Its colour is consistent all the way from a light fawn to a dark chocolate, and it does not favour any particular shade.
The following is a list of the distinct white markings: white ears with a dark spot in the middle; two white stripes down the face from above each eye to the muzzle; hind legs white from the hocks to the hooves; forelegs white from the knees downward with a dark
The ears are held in an upright and forward position. Lines on the face can be dishy or straight.
When temperatures are lower, Toggenburgs are at their peak performance. They have excellent udder development, which contributes to their high milk production, and their milk has an average fat test percentage of 3,7 percent. In addition to its use in dairy products, goat milk has also found its way into products for the body and skin.
The Toggenburg goat is renowned for its adaptability and hardiness. They can survive in environments with few resources and can withstand cold
temperatures. They are a great option for farmers in a variety of regions due to their adaptability to various climates and environments.
The Toggenburg goat has a reputation for being a superior grazer. They can graze on a range of grasses and forages, such as weeds, alfalfa, and clover. They can also graze in areas with rocky soil and steep terrain. This makes them perfect for mountainous areas where they can graze on the rocky outcroppings and steep slopes.
The Angora goat is a medium-sized goat that is known for its long, silky mohair. Angora goats are one of the oldest breeds of goats and are known for their hardiness and ability to thrive in a variety of climates. Angora goats produce high-quality mohair that is used in a variety of products, including sweaters, hats, and scarves.
The typical goat is sheared twice a year and can shear about 2,5 kilogrammes of mohair per shearing. They generate fibre with a 12 to 15 cm staple length.
The Angora is a very appealing animal with horns on both sexes. The bucks usually have a pronounced spiral to the horn, which comes back and away from the head; the horns of mature bucks sometimes reach two or more feet in length. The female's horn, on the other hand, is considerably shorter, smaller, and only slightly inclined to spiral. The female's horn rarely measures more than nine or ten inches. The ears are heavy and drooping.
When compared to sheep, common goats, or milk goats, the Angora goat is a small animal. There is considerable variation in the size of goats, but mature bucks will usually fall in a weight range of 80 to 102 kilogrammes but do not reach their maximum weight until after five years of age. When fully grown, does will weigh between 32 and 50 kilogrammes.
Because the Angora likes to graze, it has been very useful in some fields of agriculture. Goats are excellent "browse" consumers who frequently stand on their hind legs to eat as high as they can. Goats are adapted to graze in areas where sheep struggle.
On land that is unsuitable for conventional agricultural activities, Angoras have been able to generate a profit.
References
lien (band) below the knee acceptable; a white triangle on either side of the tail; a white spot may be present at the root of the wattles or in that area if there are no wattles present.
It is acceptable to have varying degrees of cream markings rather than pure white, but this is not desirable.
Toggenburg doe with short length hair. (Source: gmsgoats.com)
Goat Farming in South Africa (2022). Available at: https://southafrica.co.za/goat-breeds-in-southafrica.html
Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science (1996). Available at: http://afs.okstate.edu/ breeds/goats
by Maryna Steyn
The cactus- or prickly pear is an interesting kind of vegetation. It is a cactus that is both a vegetable and a fruit because the fleshy pads are considered a vegetable and the parts that develop the seeds are the fruits. On top of that, the plant is increasing in popularity due to its multiple uses and low input costs.
Opuntia ficus-indica is the most common variety that grows in Southern Africa. Originally it was imported from Mexico during the 1700s to create living fences for farms in the Western Cape. A farmer from Graaff-Reinet brought two pads to Cape Town and cultivated cactus pears on his farm. In the 1850s, Sekwati, the Pedi ruler, started using it as livestock fences as well.
However, due to how easily the plant grows, it quickly became a pest and infested many areas. It is estimated that by the 1930’s, over a million hectares of natural veld in the Karoo and Eastern Cape were taken over by this cactus.
Luckily, today, innovative grow-
Depending on the variety you grow, prickly pears or cactus pears can have different colours. The sweet fruit has many seeds embedded into its flesh. (Source: Vecteezy)
ers have found many uses for prickly pears. We eat the fruits when they are in season, but also harvest the oil which has many health benefits. The pads are also used as livestock feed as well as for human consumption. This usually only extends to the young leaf
pads (cladodes) that are picked before they reach 15 cm in length.
The plant has bright flowers ranging from yellow to red. The pears have a thick green skin, which changes colour as the fruit ripens. Depending on the variety you grow, this colour can be orange, red, or purple. When the fruits are peeled, the inner flesh also differs in colour from green to purple. It tastes sweet and has hard seeds in the middle. The fruits are used in jam, jelly, soup, juice, or eaten as is.
The plant reaches up to 5 m in height when it is fully grown, and features a thick, woody trunk. What looks like huge leaves are actually stems. Stems are covered in a thin layer of wax and often found with spines. Varieties that are spineless have been selected to grow commercially as they are easier to harvest and handle.
More than hundred varieties are available, depending on which you are able to obtain in your area.
One of the reasons why prickly pears have become a popular crop is the fact that they fare so well in dry climates. They require well drained soil and can survive on rainwater alone once their roots have been established. As with most drought-tolerant plants, prickly pears’ roots suffer when they are waterlogged. Soil ph should be neutral, ranging from 6,0 to 7,5.
It is important that these plants receive full sun. Warm temperatures are ideal for these cacti, but the good news is that they adapt well to extreme temperatures.
When propagating the prickly pear, you can use seeds, but using pads (cladodes) works best.
Prepare the soil bed by ripping the field. You can lay out rows 5 m apart, and plants can be positioned between 5 to 2 m apart, depending on the density you are looking for. If you are not planning on using tractors or machinery between the rows, you can make the rows narrower.
Plant the specimens during spring and early summer. This ensures that they are well established before winter. Place the pads upright in the soil. Take care if your cultivar has spines, as these can stick into your skin. Use tongs instead of your hands. Make sure to find out if you are legally allowed to propagate the plant in your area. In South Africa, for instance, it is illegal to propagate the prickly pear with spines, but spineless varieties are allowed.
Your plants will start to bear fruit after 18 months. After four years you can expect a full harvest. Harvesting is labour intensive. In the southern parts of Africa, harvesting season ranges from early December to late April.
Once they have been planted, they need to be watered every two or three weeks until their roots have established properly. You do not need to invest in a permanent irrigation system. After a year, the cacti have reached maturity. This means that they can now store water well and thus have an increased frost tolerance.
Cactus pears do not need to be fertilised in the first two years of their life. You can add a bit of manure at the base of every plant. Thereafter, a thorough soil analysis will indicate what fertiliser you need, but it has been noted that prickly pears respond well to nitrogen-rich fertilisers.
In prickly pear orchards, farmers only have weed problems where perennial grasses grow between the cacti. Too much grass makes it difficult to access the plants and long grass can block out sunlight to smaller plants.
Herbicides can assist with controlling the grass, or you can use a hoe. Take care not to damage the shallow roots of the cactus when hoeing.
attract moths. If you do not have access to pesticides, the beetle can be controlled by using a mixture of dish soap and water sprayed onto the cactus.
Cladodes that have been damaged should be cut off. Either destroy them, or feed them to livestock.
There are two insects that are harmful to the prickly pear. Because the plants originated from Mexico, the South African government imported cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), a beetle, in 1913 and cactoblastis (Cactoblastis cactorum), a moth, in 1924 for biological control. This backfired because the insects also attacked cultivated crops.
The cochineal beetle is soft and red, covered by a white wax coating.
The cactus moth lays its eggs on the pads. When the eggs hatch, the larvae bore into the cladodes, feeding off them until the plant eventually dies.
To control these infestations, you will need to take a combined approach by removing some of the bugs by hand if it is a small infestation, or using chemicals. Electric insect traps can be used to
The larvae of the cactus moth feeds on the cladodes. A few can completely destroy your cactus if you are not aware of an infestation. (Source: Maryna Steyn)
9 amazing prickly pear cactus facts! (2019) Balcony Garden Web. Available at https://balconygardenweb.com/prickly-pearcactus-facts/.
Brown, J. (202AD) Why prickly pears are suddenly a hot crop in SA, News24. Available at https:// www.news24.com/news24/biarchive/cactus-pear-farming-insouth-africa-2020-3.
Coleman, A. (2023) Cactus pear: One crop, three profitable markets, Farmer's Weekly. Available at https://www.farmersweekly. co.za/crops/field-crops/cactuspear-one-crop-three-profitablemarkets/.
Gordon, A. (2022) 13 edible prickly pear varieties and taste profile, luv2garden.com. Available at https://luv2garden.com/prickypear-cactus-varieties/.
Grant, B.L. (2021) Growing prickly pear - plants in the home garden, Gardening Know How. Available at https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/ cacti-succulents/prickly-pear/ growing-prickly-pear.htm.
Klein, H. (2014) Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) (Cactaceae), Agricultural Research Council. Available at https://www. arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Pages/Prickly-pear.aspx.
Kriel, G. (2023) Cactus Pear Production in South Africa, South Africa Online. Available at https:// southafrica.co.za/cactus-pearproduction-in-south-africa.html.
Herbs and spices have multiple uses, adding to their value. You may only consider culinary uses, but there are other functions that make herbs and spices valuable. This may include medicinal, beauty, and nutritional functions.
One of the reasons why herb and spice production is such a good avenue to venture down is that the demand for these commodities keep rising with the demand for food worldwide.
Culinary, medicinal, beauty, and health are some of the areas that use herbs and spices the most to benefit humanity. By investing in producing herbs and spices, you also create an opportunity for yourself to later add value to your spice production by producing products from these spices. This may include oils, pre-packaged spice mixes or even sauces. Even a refreshing mix of herbs for herbal tea could be on the list.
Because spices are mainly used to flavour foods, the nutritional value these plants have is often overlooked. The quantities in which these substances are usually added to dishes are so small that the impact that they make on nutrition is minute.
But in spite of this, they remain full of micronutrients that can aid in fighting malnutrition. The silent hunger, as the phenomenon is known, is when people eat food, but don’t consume enough micronutrients to fight malnutrition. Hunger reduces, but malnutrition remains the same if people do not have enough variety in their diets.
Vital vitamins and minerals that are added to meals through herbs and spices are Vitamins A, B1 – 12, and C, as well as calcium, copper, iron, potassium, and magnesium. All of these minerals play a vital role in keeping the body functioning. Potassium, for instance, assists in cell building and regulating blood pressure.
Most commonly, herbs and spices are used to improve the flavour of meals. But beyond making the foods smell and taste delicious, these compounds also assist in preserving foods!
Certain chemicals in the different spices help prevent bad bacteria grow on food. This can be through acting as an antibacterial or antimicrobial substance. Cumin, black pepper, mustard, and ginger are most commonly used for this purpose throughout history, often combining them with salt to cure meat.
Saffron, garlic, coriander, and rosemary can also be used to preserve meat. Oregano, cloves, and cinnamon in particular can be used to prevent raw chicken from getting spoiled by microbial growth. This is by no means a replacement for preserving meats through drying, freezing, and so forth. It just means that you lower the risk of food spoiling.
These same compounds are also used to add flavour to many foodstuffs like soups, sauces, pickling, a variety of dishes, drinks, or wines.
A spice such as sesame can be used to make Tahini, a paste used as a sauce that originates from the Mediterranean. A similar example can be either basil or coriander pesto. The sauce originated in Italy but is used in a variety of dishes.
In some cases, spices such as turmeric can be used as a natural dye.
by Maryna SteynThe most common and well-known medicinal use for herbs and spices may be aroma therapy. Essential oils extracted from these plants are inhaled to calm or ease headaches and nausea. Additionally, the oils are used to make perfumes, deodorant, or room improvers. Some of the oils have healing properties that combat scarification and improve skin textur e.
Some oils have antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties that make it useful for skincare.
When it comes to health care, using natural remedies are called homoeopathy. These remedies can also be used for relieving stomach aches, muscle pain, and arthritis. Some individuals find genuine relief in these compounds and they remain an alternative to
Many people use natural remedies and homoeopathic treatments, derived from herbs and spices for ailments and health benefits,. (Source: Vecteezy)
Herbs and spices have many culinary uses. Apart from flavouring dishes, it can also be used in drinks. Herbal tea or chai lattes are some examples of this. (Source: Anna Pou on Pexels)
doctor’s treatment, diabetics and people suffering from heart disease have used spices as natural ways to regulate their conditions. Herbs and spices also contain antioxidants, which are molecules that search for free radicals in our bodies and neutralise their harmful effects.
Sources
El-Sayed, S.M. and Youssef, A.M. (2019) Potential application of herbs and spices and their effects in functional dairy products, Heliyon. Elsevier. Available at: https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S2405844019356142#:~:tex t=Functional%20role%20of%20 herbs%20and,preservatives%20 and%20for%20medicinal%20purposes.
Essential oils have multiple health benefits and can be used in aromatherapy as well. (Source: Pexels)
western medicine. Some treatments also combat intestinal worm infestations.
A survey conducted by the World Health Organisation indicated that 70 to 80% of the global population uses herbal sources for modern medicine. In addition, up to 60% of the world's population relies on herbal plants for medical benefits. This shows that even today, many people need herbs and spices to maintain their health.
Although it does not replace a
Basil is used as the main ingredient in pesto, an Italian sauce. Coriander leaves can also be used. (Source: Vecteezy)
Healthy spices nutrition facts and the health benefits of spices (2009) Nutrition And You.com. Available at: https://www.nutrition-and-you. com/healthy_spices.html
TA;, J. (2019) Health benefits of culinary herbs and spices, Journal of AOAC International. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/30651162/#:~:text=Spices%20 and%20herbs%20such%20 as,heart%20and%20respiratory%20system%20diseases
Agriculturally Africa still has much potential for growth. A vast amount of land is still underutilised. Its use depends on the climate, the nature of the soil, land topography, availability of capital, availability of farm inputs, an agile labour force, availability and demand of market, and government interventions, support, and programmes. If these elements are in place, it will spur growth of agribusiness.
Kalu, (2019) states that according to the World Bank, Africa is set to create an entirely new development path harnessing the potential of its resources and people. Being home to the world’s largest free trade area and a 1,2 billion-person market certainly comes with quite some perks. Perks like increased opportunities of entrepreneurship, economic growth, and a potential decrease of poverty on the continent as well.
Establishing a sustainable agribusiness is possible as others have done it before. It is a process that requires establishing SMART (specific, measur-
able, achievable, relevant, and timebound) goals, adhering to the plan of execution and making corresponding adjustments where and when required.
Some steps required in building an agribusiness include research, application of innovation, diversifying activities, seeking new distribution channels, specialising, committing to organic products, taking into account the weather, practicing crop rotation and integrated farming, approaching the final consumer, obtaining local support and links, and seeking institutional support.
According to Valizadeh and Bijani (2020) research can be broadly defined as any research activity aimed at improving productivity and quality of crops by their genetic improvement, better plant protection, irrigation, storage methods, farm mechanisation, efficient marketing, and a better management of resources.
This robust and rigorous research process is paramount for the success of an agribusiness. It helps lower costs, ensure efficient and sustainable pro -
duction and service delivery systems, promotes the hiring of qualified personnel and heightens understanding of the interactions and interdependence between production systems, farming communities and the final users of agriproducts and services.
Research ensures that one is familiar with the legal, economic, trade policy, and health protocols in the country or industry of operation. Moreover, the research phase involves the gathering of specific market information which will result in customer oriented products and services. These will not only earn the agribusiness a valuable market share, it builds consumer loyalty as well.
The 21st century has exposed agribusinesses to various new technologies that aid their functionality on a small and large scale, thus it is imperative for agribusinesses to make use of the benefits of innovation. Innovative technologies and approaches can increase productivity and profitability, improve consumption of nutritious food, empower youth and women’s access to information, technology and markets, and ensure that agricultural practices are environmentally sustainable for future generations.
Foldable solar panels, drone technology, mobile applications, robots, artificial intelligence (AI), highly accurate hyperlocal weather forecasting, 3D printing, and augmented reality are some of the
examples of new technology that can be exploited by agribusinesses.
Not only does innovation keep an agribusiness abreast in its area of operation and better satisfy consumer needs, it also helps to ensure longterm viability and reduce the negative environmental impacts of production, such as pollutants and waste.
Most agribusinesses in Africa have diversified products and services.
Diversification is a risk-reduction strategy that involves adding product, services, location, customers and markets to a business’s portfolio. Not only is it an important consideration for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for expanding business internationally, having a diversification strategy will benefit the business’s long-term stability and growth.
Diversification can be done through existing product/service adjustments, product line extension, brand extension, and adjacent market expansion. Benefits of these strategies are improved accessibility to necessary resources, seamless expansion to similar markets, increased consumer reach and potential customer-base, establishment
of a competitive edge, enhancement of brand visibility and consumer interest, offerings of variety which attracts new customers, and it promotes a deeper understanding of core competencies and how to adapt them.
The African business arena is unique. What works in one town, city, country, or region may not work in another. This inconsistency comes with the possibility of creating new products and services to satisfy consumers. The creation of these would need some specialisation. Incubating creative ideas, studying its viability, and reception in the market during specialisation increases the chances of achieving agribusiness objectives.
Establishing a successful agribusiness is not an event, it is long-term process requiring risk taking, tenacity, a customer-centric approach, good marketing, a strong vision, passionate leaders and empowered employees. These internal factors and external influences such as a stable economy, a trustworthy and reputable banking system and legal, economic, and trade policies that promote business growth aid in spurring the success of agribusinesses.
References
Valizadeh, N., Bijani, M. (2020) Agricultural Research: Applications and Future Orientations. Available at: https://link.springer.com/ referenceworkentry/10.1007/9783-319-95675-
6_5#:~:text=Agricultural%20 research%20can%20be%20 broadly,resources%20(Loebenstein%20and%20Thottappilly%20 2007)
Kali, I. (2019) 10 Tips to Build a Sustainable Agribusiness in Africa. Available at: https://www. ignitia.se/post/10-tips-to-build-asustainable-agribusiness-in-africa
The high 5 for transforming Africa. (2016) Feed Africa. Strategy for agricultural transformation in Africa 2016-2025. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/ uploads/afdb/Documents/PolicyDocuments/Feed_Africa-Strategy-En.pdf
Agribusiness for Africa’s Prosperity. (2011) United Nations Industrial Development Organisation Available at: https://www.unido. org/sites/default/files/2011-05/ Agribusiness_for_Africas_ Prosperity_e-book_NEW_0.pdf
FAO’s work on agricultural innovation. (2018) Sowing the seeds of transformation to achieve the SDGs. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/ CA2460EN/ca2460en.pdf
This 6250R is the two millionth tractor produced at John Deere’s Mannheim plant in Germany. Wrapped in portrait photos of more than 300 employees, the most powerful model currently produced at the facility will join the one millionth tractor, a 6400, in the factory museum.
More than 3 000 employees help produce 40 000 tractors a year at Mannheim. The largest John Deere production facility outside North America, it is also the largest tractor production facility in Germany, as two-thirds of all tractors manufactured in Germany are produced in Mannheim.
It is not only a production site, but also a development one for all medium tractors. The main focus for the 250+ engineers is on performance, comfort, and efficiency, but they are also working on alternative concepts, such as the use of biofuels.
Electric drives are also being developed, albeit only for smaller tractors.
The company says that battery capacity for larger machines is not yet sufficient. Looking ahead, John Deere plans to present the first fully autonomous and battery-driven tractor (approximately 75 kW) in 2026.
(Source: profi)
Carbon Robotics™ pioneers the next revolution in agricultural technology: laser weeding.
Weed control is one of farming’s biggest headaches. By leveraging artificial intelligence and laser technology, Carbon Robotics delivers chemical-free, no-till weed control for specialty crops.
Their high-resolution cameras feed imagery in real time to an onboard supercomputer that runs computer vision models to identify crops and weeds. High-powered lasers then kill weeds at the meristem — without harming valuable crops.
Laser weeding works day or night, in
all weather conditions. It is a high-precision solution that improves crop yield and reduces overall costs associated with modern farming. Additionally, laser weeding creates sustainable paths to regenerative and organic farming.
The farming robots: The Autonomous Weeder looks like a large cube on wheels. It kills weeds without harming soil or water sources, and operates autonomously, eliminating the reliance on manual labour.
As it drives itself down rows of crops, its 12 cameras scan the ground. An onboard computer, powered by AI, identifies weeds, and the robot’s carbon dioxide lasers then zap and kill the plants.
The Autonomous Weeder can eliminate more than 100 000 weeds per hour and weed 6 to 10 hectares of crops in one day.
The new LaserWeeder is not autonomous — it must be pulled by a row tractor, meaning someone would need to be available to drive it. However, it has three times the lasers of the autonomous farming robot, and in one
hour, it can cover about one hectare and eliminate 200 000 weeds.
Paul Mikesell, Carbon Robotics’ CEO and founder, says: “We have proven the effectiveness of our laser weeding technology and the immense benefits it offers farmers, including healthier crops and soil, decreased herbicide use, and reduced chemical and labour costs.”
“To best serve farmers’ needs, we’ve adapted the design of our product, but will still leverage our proven laser weeding technology,” he continued.
The Autonomous Weeders are now serving as demo units, but the LaserWeeder is commercially available.
“The LaserWeeder automates one of the most demanding, costly, and timeintensive tasks on the farm: weeding,” said Josh Roberts, President and GM of Triangle Farms in Salinas, California.
“The implement design is familiar and easy to integrate into daily operations while streamlining weed maintenance, providing consistency that farmers value and rely on to support the growth of our businesses,” he continued. These are some of the AI and laser features incorporated in the design:
• Powered by Nvidia GPUs
• High-resolution cameras targeting weeds
• Deep-learning based computer vision models
• Independent weeding modules
• 150 W CO2 lasers with millimetre accuracy
• Ready to fire every 50 milliseconds
• Bedtop lighting effective in all conditions
(Source: Freethink and Carbon Robotics)
A tenacious plant breeder has developed more than a dozen new lines of naturally pest-resistant tomatoes — foreshadowing a future in which farmers will not need to rely on pesticides to protect their crops.
More than thirty years ago, Martha Mutschler-Chu, a plant breeder and geneticist at Cornell University, set out to develop a tomato that would be naturally pest-resistant, minimising or even eliminating the need for pesticide sprays.
She is now only a couple of months away from wrapping up the project and giving seed companies access to twenty elite lines of naturally pestresistant tomatoes.
Insects can damage tomatoes directly by their eating leaves and fruit, but if the insect is carrying a virus, it can also infect the plant with a virus, causing even worse damage. However, a variety of tomato native to Peru, Solanum pennellii, does not have this problem.
The Peruvian variety excretes droplets of sugar compounds, called “acyl sugars,” from tiny hairs on its surface. When insects land on the plant, the acyl sugars cause them to start grooming themselves excessively and quickly fly away rather than feeding.
S. pennellii is not tasty, though, so
Martha and her colleagues set out to find the genes responsible for the production of acyl sugars in the wild plant and breed them into a type of tomato people like to eat.
The lines she is now preparing to make accessible to seed companies contain only 2,5% of the wild tomatoes’ DNA, so they do not have its undesirable flavour and other negative traits, such as small fruit and too many branches. They do, however, ward off a variety of insect species.
Once seed companies have access to Martha's elite lines, they will need to crossbreed the plants with their own varieties of tomatoes — that process could take up to five years, so we shall only be able to get hold of the seed in a few years’ time.
However, because Mutschler-Chu used traditional breeding techniques to create the pest-resistant tomatoes, rather than modifying them with genes from other species, they will not need to go through the lengthy regulatory approval process for GMOs, and, when the fruits do hit the produce aisle, they could be more quickly accepted by consumers.
(Source: Freethink, Photo: Jason Koski / Cornell University)
Landini shows its first 223,7 kW (300 hp) tractor
Landini, the Italian tractor manufacturer, showed its first 223,7 kW tractor at the recently held Polish Agrotech farm machinery show. The 8 Series will be offered in two V-Shift models: the 8-270 (203,6 kW) and 8-310 (233,4 kW).
For some time, Landini dealers and customers have asked for a tractor with more power than the 7-230, especially since the McCormick X8,
which is from the same Argo Tractors stable, has been in production for a few years.
Many of the specifications are still under wraps, but journalists at the Agrotech show say the Landini 8 flagship clearly shares its exterior looks with the X8. It is also powered by the same 6,7 litre six-cylinder Stage V FPT engine. This is equipped with an electronically controlled turbocharger eVGT and SCR exhaust aftertreatment system. The V-Shift CVT in the Landini 8 reaches 40 km/h at a quiet running 1 300 rpm or 50 km/h at 1 600 rpm.
The four-pillar cab has semi-active hydraulic suspension, and the airsuspended operator’s seat provides automatic height adjustment and a backrest with heating and ventilation.
The main controls and multifunction joystick are located on the right armrest. The 8 Series can also be equipped with Landini’s fleet management and remote diagnostics system.
The wheelbase is up to 3 m, the standard hydraulic system supplies up to 157 ℓ/min (or optional 212 ℓ/min), and the rear lift capacity is 12 tonnes. (Source: profitechnika.pl, Pictures: Artur Jakubek)
by Tapuwa Mashangwa
The Greek philosopher, Heraclitus, said: “Change is the only constant.” From time immemorial, the world’s climate has been changing. The global surface temperature first began being monitored in 1880 through a network of ground- and ocean-based sites. The data shows clear evidence that over the last century, the average surface temperature of the earth has increased by about 17 oC. The eleven warmest years all occurred after 1980, with 1995 as the hottest recorded.
Also, in the last century, global mean sea level has risen by 25 centimetres. Melting glaciers have contributed to this increase, and soil that was once frozen in the arctic is thawing too. This is all due to climate change. Melting ice caps and tundra warming is causing additional rot of organic matter and the discharge of trapped carbon and methane, thus contributing to an increase of greenhouse gases.
In this same period, Africa has been subjected to inconsistent rainfall patterns that have led to flooding in some
The acute effects of climate change lead to inconsistent rainfall patterns in Africa, causing severe floods in one area and serious droughts in others (Source: Pixapay)
countries rely on technology developed in first-world countries. Sadly, the technology and developments applied from the developed countries are not always the best for Africa, and Africa therefore lags second or third on a global scale. Africa only receives four percent of investment in agricultural research from all sources, including donors or internal government budgets. An increased investment in research would aid countries to comprehend Africa’s climate and the impact of climate change.
Intra-African integration should be encouraged. A problem shared is a problem halved. When African countries and organisations can objectively and proactively map a progressive way forward to provide broad and sustained support for food security, it will also extend to improve health care, with emphasis on the most vulnerable, and Africa will move forward, handle conflict better, and deliver more disaster relief where required.
areas, and droughts in others. This negatively impacts on agriculture by lowering production and intensifying food insecurity. This has caused food prices to skyrocket, simultaneously forcing poverty-stricken rural inhabitants to move to ill-equipped urban areas, or to migrate to other nations, including those outside Africa.
Some local markets have already destabilised, and food insecurity has seen some African governments collaborate with other neighbouring and regional countries to boost their importation of grains, where in other countries, economic growth is stunted. This all speaks of a worsening status quo and continuing threat to agricultural investment.
The gross domestic product of sub-Saharan Africa is expected to be reduced by up to 3% by 2050 due to climate change. How African countries will navigate away from this impeding disaster is paramount, especially considering that one in every three Africans live below the global poverty line. This means over 400 million people are living on less than USD1,90 per day.
According to Worldometer, the current population of Africa is 1,4 billion. In 2050, Africa’s total population could reach 2 billion, almost double what it is now. That is why African governments need to employ robust measures and policies to help prevent the impending agricultural disaster in both the private and public sectors.
Last year, the rural population of sub-Saharan Africa stood at 667 million according to Macrotrends, which represents approximately 4,8% of the continent’s population. Though such a percentage seems small, this population is most vulnerable when it
comes to climate change. Thus, more investment must be made to improve relevant agricultural project uptake, access to information, funding, markets and expertise to stimulate growth in these areas.
City and town planning must keep the effects of climate change in mind, and local governments should focus on geographical planning that consider weather driven migration and space allocation that promotes and stimulates urban farming to meet the needs of the growing population. Sustainable agricultural growth should also be encouraged in rural areas.
The past decade has seen an increased development of precision farming which governments should still support. More farming should use clean energy such as solar power, and microirrigation that reduces water wastage. Improved access to technology and the internet promote the growth of precision farming or precision agriculture (PA), which is a method of farm management that utilises information technology (IT) to ensure that crops and soil receive exactly what they need for optimum health and productivity. PA is also known as satellite agriculture and site-specific crop management (SSCM).
Access to weather and climate information, especially for women who make up a large percentage of the agricultural workforce and are the most vulnerable, is necessary. Information aids to boost production in agriculture through more knowledgeable decision-making.
Funding by most African governments towards research and development when it comes to agriculture, is still quite low in most of sub-Saharan Africa. Few inventions utilised in Africa are developed in Africa, therefore most of the
African Centre for Economic Transformation (ACET) (2022) Climate and Agriculture. Available at: https:// acetforafrica.org/our-work/our-issues/ climate-agriculture/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw_ r6hBhDdARIsAMIDhV807OS1kCdDwRYCmHB9vmEYx9BiO7xTU63jCWN1K0mblpjarjxlGTwaAo82EALw_wcB
World Meteorological Organization (2022) State of Climate in Africa highlights water stress and hazards. Available at: https:// public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/ state-of-climate-africa-highlights-waterstress-and-hazards#:~:text=%E2%80%9 CAfrica's %20climate%20has%20warmed %20more,salinity%20in%2 low%2Dlying %20cities.
African Development Bank Group. (2022) Climate Change in Africa. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/en/cop25/climatechange-africa
World Meteorological Organization (2020) Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa. Available at: https://unfccc.int/ news/climate-change-is-an-increasingthreat-to-africa
United Nations. (2022) WMO: Climate change in Africa can destabilize ‘countries and entire regions’. Available at: https:// news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126221
Lakhani, N. (2022) Climate crisis will have huge impact on Africa’s economies, study says. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/09/climatecrisis-huge-impact-africa-economiesstudy-says
Africa Population. (2022) Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/worldpopulation/africa-population/
Sub-saharan Africa Rural Population. (2022) Available at: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SSF/sub-saharanafrica-/rural-population
In the face of an extreme drought that has devastated large parts of the Karoo, including the Klein Karoo, it is important for farmers to learn how to mitigate the extreme conditions exacerbated by climate change, and to save their natural pasture.
A workshop where these mitigating principles were discussed, was presented by Sarah Cromhout of the Herding Academy, in conjunction with Dr Chavoux Luyt of the Cape Leopard Trust on 8 March.
Seven participants, including com-
mercial farmer, Herman van der Walt, conservationist, Louis Jordaan, Tembelihle Mjamba from CapeNature, Jan Jordaan of the National Wool Growers Association (NWGA), and smallholders Bridget Lloyd, Sally Adams, and Sue Harris, attended the workshop at Bella de Karoo guest house between Oudtshoorn and Calitzdorp.
The Herding Academy is a holistic learning centre where the ancient skill of herding animals is applied within a
by Tisha Steynholistic decision-making framework to regenerate the landscape and bridge the socio-economic and cultural barriers between humans and wildlife throughout Southern Africa.
The Academy, which is based in Graaff Reinet in the Eastern Cape, endeavours to revive the skills of herding livestock to mimic the effect of migratory wild herds of antelope that once roamed the land, to the benefit of the ecosystem.
The CATHSETA-accredited courses are presented by trained professionals and herders who provide practical
holistic insight to landowners and student employees and provide practical herding training to rural and communal stock farmers through short courses.
The course outline usually focuses on teaching both theory and practice to address the ever-changing environmental and social challenges.
The course is based on the approach of Allan Savory, the father of regenerative farming that states: “No individual parts exist in nature, but only wholes, and these form and shape each other”.
Holism includes four aspects: a holistic approach, the brittleness of the landscape, the predator-prey connection, and time. All the parts of the farming system and nature are closely related and every decision that is made has an influence on something else.
Ecosystems, which include farming systems, are rated on a scale of brittle to average or normal. When the ecosystem is brittle, it is subjected to erratic rainfall and an unpredictable climate. When it is normal, there is little variation between the years and seasons, high biodiversity, and predictable climate.
It is crucial to understand the brittle -
ness scale of land, which indicates the way it responds to different influences, such as the annual humidity, or the lack thereof, throughout the year. A dry landscape is more brittle or fragile and may deteriorate far quicker than a resilient landscape where the annual rainfall is higher, and the veld responds quicker.
In brittle systems, the duration of grazing and the mowing effect thereof is more important than the number of animals grazing it. This must be managed to prevent overgrazing.
Plants and animals evolve together, and it is necessary to understand the predator-prey connection to the health of the land in brittle environments. In more brittle environments pack-hunting predators result in large herbivores moving in herds.
Prey-predator interaction has an important influence on naturally brittle systems, and the interaction can be used to mimic the mowing (grazing) and trampling (hoof action) effect of a herd.
Time, and not the number of animals in the landscape, governs the health of the rangeland. Plants need time to recover once they have been disturbed by grazing and the hoof action of the animals grazing it.
“Eco-processes form part of ecoliteracy, which is how we read the landscape,” says Sarah. “These are also linked to each other and cannot be looked at individually.”
Four eco-processes are fundamental to all ecosystems: the water cycle, mineral cycle, community dynamics, and energy flow.
• The water or hydrological cycle refers to the movement of water from the atmosphere to the soil or oceans and through plant and animal life before it returns to the atmosphere.
• The mineral cycle refers to the movement of minerals from the soil to the plants growing in it, to the animals that eat the plants, and back into the soil again.
• Community dynamics, or succession, is the constant state of flux within a biological community. This includes the ever-changing composition of a landscape, the elements in the micro-environment, and the interplay of plant and animal species.
• Energy flow refers to the sun’s energy that allows green plants to grow through photosynthesis into the food that fuels all life.
The context should include these four processes and how the farmer wants these processes to look on his land.
“Good management means we base our decisions on the context. The tools available to us depend on human creativity, money, and labour,” says Sarah. A context description is fundamental to managing complexity as it shapes and informs decision-making toward a preferred future outcome. All conflict has a common origin, which includes that which is being managed, the people involved, the aim of the action, what we need to understand to
Management tools for effective impact on the veld include:
• technology,
• resting of the veld,
• biodiversity, namely the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem,
• a grazing plan for the pruning effect and hoof action of a herd, and
• fire with controlled burns and a fire plan.
The main principles of drought management include:
For grazing, it is important to know the critical dates such as the changes of seasons so as to know when the veld is ready to be utilised.
It is crucial to adjust the stocking rate to the carrying capacity, even if it involves reducing herds to breeding animals during a lengthy drought.
It is equally important to use longer rest periods for the veld to allow it to recover completely. Rather combine herds to reduce the grazing period of a veld, especially if the veld is more brittle due to drought.
Plan, and replan cash flow, as well as stock flow. It is essential to estimate in advance whether feed will be available, and plan destocking in time. “Never, ever drought feed,” she says.
It is important to plan long-term water availability to take care of the land to the best of your ability. Also, ensure that your farming includes vari-
ous income streams compatible with risk. “One must manage for a healthy, diverse, and perennial pasture.”
Bridget Lloyd farms Meatmaster sheep on a smallholding of 18 ha at Noll’s Halt about 30 km from Uniondale.
“Everything revolves around grazing for the sheep,” says Bridget. “I have been trying to do it regeneratively with no artificial fertilisers, pesticides, using mixed cover crops rather than monocrops. I use minimal tillage and restore the veld – no-till planters are costly, and I can’t afford them. But I am already seeing a difference!”
According to Bridget, she has been following the Herding Academy ‘from afar’, but their executive land management courses were too expensive to attend. “I booked as soon as I saw the workshop advertisement. I have heard some of the information presented by following the Academy, reading articles, watching videos and documentaries, and YouTube clips. But I will most definitely benefit from the workshop as it makes the information more tangible having it explained with concrete examples.
“Being on a smallholding does make it more challenging than on a large farm, but I have already been walking around, looking at what I can apply and use and adapt for my circumstances.”
She will be interested in joining future workshops. “I took two friends along and they are also interested. I would also take Aubrey, the guy who works part-time on my farm as I think he would also benefit.”
In the previous eight chapters, we provided a wealth of information on various aspects of beekeeping. But to keep bees, you will need a hive. There are various ways to get one.
Beehives are usually made of wood and will last a long time if you take good care of them. A sturdy, wellmaintained beehive will provide a safe home for the bee queen to lay thousands of eggs, which will be nursed by a team of female bees until they too become adult bees that can go out foraging for nectar and pollen.
In South Africa, the Langstroth hive is preferred. The key innovation responsible for the hive's design was the discovery of bee space, which refers to a gap size of about 9 mm in which bees would not build a comb or fill it with propolis.
This bee space makes it possible for the modern beekeeper to examine his bees in their hive without destroying combs or baby bee larvae and eggs. Another advantage of this type of hive is that it can be extended by adding more super boxes on top to produce more honey. A disadvantage is that the boxes can be very heavy and difficult to move around.
A hive consists of several parts, each with its own function. It has a brood chamber, which is a deep box on a base and is fitted with either eight or ten vertical wooden frames. Each frame needs a sheet of wax foundation or at least starter strips of foundation that are covered with wax to assist the bees to start building the cells.
One or more super chambers can be added on top of the brood chamber. The super chamber, which is shallower than the brood chamber, also includes eight or ten frames. You can add more
super chambers on top. The cells on these frames will be filled with honey. Once the full cells are capped with wax, the honey is mature and can be harvested.
To keep the queen bee from laying eggs in the supers, a plastic or metal queen excluder can be placed between the brood chamber and super chambers. The worker bees, which are smaller than the queen, can move easily through the grids.
Pollen traps are sometimes used at the entrance of a hive to trap the pollen brought back to the hive after foraging. The pollen, which should be collected every day, can be frozen to be used as supplementary feed for the queen during lean times.
Remember that the pollen traps reduce the swarm’s pollen and as a result, they should not be left in a hive permanently or during lean times.
The hive is usually made of local pine wood, which is well-priced, readily available, and easy to work with. The hive must be treated inside and out to make the wood water-resistant as it will be placed outside where the elements and the sun will take their toll.
A hive should be put on a stand to keep it out of reach of badgers, rodents, and crawling insects. To prevent ants from robbing the hive, the stand can be painted with old motor oil. Hives should be placed in a partially shaded spot.
There are different options for getting a hive. You can buy a used one, buy and assemble a kit, buy the wood and build your own hive, or buy a new one.
You can either beg or buy a used hive from another beekeeper. This will prob -
The Langstroth hive is the preferred type of hive used in South Africa.
(Source: Pixabay)
ably be the cheapest option, as you can negotiate a price and get some valuable tips from an existing beekeeper who has learned from his mistakes.
Be careful, though, a used beehive may introduce diseases to your new colony. It is vital to sterilise a used hive before attempting to introduce
your swarm. The hive components can be treated with corrosive chemicals such as hypochlorite and acetic acid, torched or irradiated. In South Africa, all hives may be irradiated or dipped in very hot Waksol or paraffin wax to protect the wood.
If you know how to follow instructions and assemble something, and you have basic woodworking tools and skills, you can buy a kit and build your own hive. Full instructions and or a video showing you how to do the assembling will be included in the kit. Prices vary, but usually, an imported kit, which you can find on Amazon, will be more expensive than a locally sourced one.
You can also buy the wood and assemble your own hive, but for this, you need proper woodworking equipment and advanced skills, as the measurements must be exact, or the joints won’t seal tightly. It must also conform to the bee space mentioned above. Using the right type of wood, good-quality materials, appropriate tools, and accurate measurements will give you a strong, durable, and high-quality hive.
The measurements for a Langstroth hive are available on the internet. Check the source below. Langstroth hives are made of local pine wood, but marine plywood, which is more durable than normal plywood, is also used.
If you are not up to assembling a kit or building your own hive from scratch you can just buy a new one.
Concrete beehives and composite plastic hives are alternative options as they are very durable, but they could be quite expensive. Hives moulded from recycled plastic are a green option.
The bee space between the frames in the super can be clearly seen in this photo.
(Source: Pixabay)
There are several beekeeping stores where you can purchase your hive and other equipment online. New hives are expensive, but with good maintenance, they can last a long time.
You can find new and used hives and other equipment for sale on Google, but once again, make sure you rather find a local supplier. Several South African bee companies and agricultural suppliers provide the equipment you need.
You can join a beekeeping group on Facebook where you will find not only hives for sale but also interesting information on beekeeping. Facebook beefriends are usually keen to share their knowledge, but it is better to check the facts with another source – you do not want to repeat a well-meaning neighbour’s mistake or spread a myth.
Google is a wonderful source of information, but it generally refers to European bees which are less aggressive, use larger cells in their combs and need to survive in a totally different climate.
In Part 10 we will discuss the harvesting, bottling, and marketing of honey, as well as the formal structures and legislation for beekeeping in South Africa.
Anderson, R.H., Buys, B., Johannsmeier, M.F. (2014). Byeboerdery in Suid-Afrika. Department van Landbou-tegniese Dienste Bulletin no. 394, 1978. Hersiene uitgawe. Detailed Look at the Langstroth Beehive (2023). PerfectBee https://www.perfectbee.com/yourbeehive/beehives-and-accessories/langstroth-beehive-in-detail
Holly (2021) Parts of a Beehive and Langstroth Beehive Measurements. Complete Beehives http://completebeehives.com/ langstroth-beehive-measurements/
How to build a Langstroth beehive. (2023) BeekeepClub. https://beekeepclub.com/how-tobuild-a-langstroth-beehive/
Louw, M. (2023) Beehives for New Bee Farmers. SouthAfrica.co.za https://southafrica.co.za/beehives-for-new-bee-farmers.html
Suitable land and sufficient water are prerequisites for a game farmer to be successful.
“If a game rancher takes care of his veld, he takes care of the water resources,” says Ken Coetzee of Conservation Management Services in George in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
Ken provides guidelines for ethical, sustainable and ecologically friendly ways to supply water for game in his book, Practical Techniques for Habitat and Wildlife Management.
“Water sources depend on the condition of the veld: the better the veld is taken care of, the more water will be available. Replenishment of groundwater levels starts with the repair and protection of the soil surface.”
He believes overgrazing is one of the most significant causes of overexploitation of groundwater sources. “Overgrazing destroys the protective layer of vegetation on the surface. When the exposed earth is hardened by the hot sun, rainwater cannot penetrate and runs off. Also, when dams are built in natural flow of a stream it robs the ecosystem downstream of surface water, but also of groundwater, because it cannot be replenished, he claims.
Game cannot live and multiply without good quality drinking water. Water
contains organic and inorganic matter which can provide valuable minerals to game, but high concentrations or imbalances can cause irreparable damage to your game’s health and reproduction, and may even lead to poisoning or death.
Game will not drink bad-tasting water. It is easy to determine what the water tastes like, but it is not always immediately clear what causes the bad taste, and if the water is toxic, the health of the game will deteriorate over time.
Water of poor quality will influence game species in different ways. It will influence their feeding, which in turn will influence their general health, growth and productivity.
If the mineral content of the water makes it toxic, the physical development of the animal will be stunted, and it may even lead to death. Heavy metals accumulate in the muscular tissue over time, and you will notice it only after a while. This can, in time lead to poor feed intake, internal parasites, low fertility and reproduction, or impaired sustainability of offspring, growth tempo and resistance against diseases.
The concentration of minerals in the water can be influenced by various factors, and the effect on the game will differ from farm to farm. The concentration, and therefore toxicity, will also differ from season to season.
Different species of game have different drinking habits and prefer different types of watering points.
(Source: Pixabay)
A risk assessment should be undertaken to determine the quality of water and if it is suitable for your game species. Water samples need to be analysed to determine the toxicity. This can be expensive, but it will still be cheaper than losing a prized animal due to bad water.
The requirements of the game species –not only the volume they drink, but also the placement of the watering points –must be kept in mind when planning the layout of your watering points.
Watering points not only regulate the behaviour of game species, but also play a significant role in ecosystems. Most conflict between species occurs when sufficient water, watering points and access to water is limited.
The drier the material the game species ingest, the more water they need to drink. When the veld is lush and green, they will need less water, or even stop drinking water altogether when the moisture content of the feed is sufficient. As the protein content and
Lions rest in the shade at midday, giving other game species a window of opportunity to quench their thirst at midday.(Source: Pixabay)
salinity of the grazing increases, they need more water. There are indications that pregnant females drink more water during the final stages of gestation.
Different game species need different types and placement of watering points. Where different game species are kept, it is best to provide different types of watering points to suit the needs of all species.
Plains game, such as blue wildebeest, prefer to have a good view of the environment when drinking, while bushbuck prefer a more secluded, sheltered spot.
Elephants, rhinos and warthogs prefer cement troughs, probably because the cool, clean water helps them to regulate their body temperature.
Ostriches, springbok, impala, kudu, blue wildebeest, zebra and buffalo prefer natural watering holes.
Game species have different ways to avoid predators. Ungulates (hoofed animals) approach the watering point up-wind, while giraffes and sable antelope first observe the environment before approaching the water. Most plains game prefer open watering points where there is little cover for predators.
Smaller game species like impala and warthogs move away as soon as they have had their fill. Springbok and ostriches drink during the middle of the day, while larger predators are usually resting in the shade.
Smaller animals need an adjustment to regular typical farm watering points. Troughs with steep sides that are suitable for bigger game species do not make provision for smaller game species such as tortoises, birds, snakes, rabbits and rodents to drink from.
A ramp of stones built on the outside of a trough will provide animals with short legs to safely drink water without falling in. A layer of stones just beneath the surface will also allow birds a safe point from where to quench their thirst. Stones that just stick out above
the surface also allow bees and butterflies to drink safely.
Diseases like anthrax are spread by animals that come to drink, or vultures
that like to bathe after eating a diseased carcass.
High salinity can lead to chronic kidney problems, while a high fluoride content in boreholes can cause brittle bones in young buffalo.
Natural pans of water in the veld after rains, are important to elephant, buffalo and warthogs to cool down in summer and to cover their skins with mud to ward off the sun and pesky insects. These pans relieve the pressure on permanent watering points during the rainy season.
The watering system must be designed to stop animals like baboons from tampering with it, and to protect it from destruction by buffalo, rhino or elephants. Black plastic pipes must be buried at least half a metre below the surface.
Contact Ken Coetzee at 076-227-5056 or consken@ mweb.co.za, or visit the website at www.conservationmanagement services.co.za for more information or to obtain a copy of the book.
References
Gouws, A. (2021) Water vir wild: gehalte is net so belangrik soos beskikbaarheid. Agri Orbit/ Veeplaas https://agriorbit.com/ water-vir-wild-gehalte-is-net-sobelangrik-as-beskikbaarheid/
of the farm. It can be calculated as follows:
Herd size x grazing capacity
Camp size = Number of camps per herd
Size of farm
Number of camps =
Shape of camps
Size of camps
The ideal shape will be a square. Where homogeneous veld types prevail and water could be distributed without any troubles, square camps would be an easy option. The fact is that veld types are usually not homogeneous, roads and railway lines are present and even the shape of the farm could hamper the construction of square camps.
In the previous article on farm management and planning we focused on optimal resource utilisation and farm planning. When planning for the provision of a sufficient number of camps, the ultimate question is how many camps are needed for each herd?
With camps, it will be possible to maintain the condition of the veld and even improve it, provided that animal numbers are kept within reasonable limits. With six camps or more per herd, it is much easier to comply to the requirements of short grazing and long resting periods.
On most farms there are small herds or rams, bulls, dairy cows and calves, sick animals, animals for slaughtering, horses, and donkeys. Make special provision for these different herds to continuously practice good veld management. A few smaller camps will provide the solution. It is crucial that no camp, not even the so-called house camp, should ever be subjected to overgrazing.
When a farm is divided into camps, the sizes of camps should be considered. The sizes of camps should be limited in order to graze the camps as evenly as possible. The accessibility of the terrain also has an influence on the size of a camp. The more inaccessible the terrain, the smaller the camps to prevent unnecessary stress on the livestock. The required sizes of camps can be
determined by using the following formula:
Herd size x grazing capacity
Camp size = Number of camps per herd
From this formula it is quite clear that an increase in the number of camps per herd will result in smaller camps and vice versa. On farms in the extent of 10 000 hectares or more, there may be exceptions, but for the purpose of sound veld management it is recommended that camp sizes should not exceed 250 hectares.
Although it is very difficult to determine the carrying capacity in practice, camps should be divided in such a way that the carrying capacity of the different camps are more or less equal. If there are basically no real differences in carrying capacity, the camps should theoretically be equal in size, in which case it will be much easier to regroup the camps in different grazing systems.
The management of livestock and the availability of labourers also have an influence in determining the sizes of camps. It is common knowledge that large camps have an adverse effect on the pregnancy rate of animals. To save on labour expenses and to ensure a good pregnancy rate, it will pay off to use smaller camps.
The maximum number of camps depends on the size of the herd, the size of the farm and the grazing capacity
Where multi-camp systems are introduced and also to save on the cost of the distribution of water, it is commonly found that the water is supplied at a central point. A watering camp with only one drinking trough for the whole system seems to be a good practice. With good management it was found that this practice leads to less trampling than in the case where each camp around the central point was supplied with its own drinking trough.
The cost of implementing a complete farm plan is very high. The terrain, the size of the camps as well as the number of wire strands in a fence will determine the eventual cost.
It is not a given that a well-planned farm will produce a higher revenue, but there are many examples proving better results if farm planning goes hand in hand with sound veld and stock management.
Short term financial gains are not guaranteed after implementing the farm planning operation, but even so proper planning will ensure that natural resources are retained and it will secure long term sustainable production. The emphasis must stay on sound veld and stock management practices.
As farm planning is a costly undertaking, the farmer must try and finance it out of his profits. Commercial banks are eager to provide the necessary funding, but as this is a long-term project, it will be more appropriate to secure funding developed for farming.
Every farmer must have an obligation onto himself, his successors, and his country to utilise the natural resources effectively. Farm planning is a valuable asset to accomplish that. The farmer must take the different veld types in account as well as the different herds and the type of veld management that he intends to administer before he actually plans his farm. Without sound management, farm planning might be dangerous!
Farm planning is not a goal in itself but a way to implement sound veld and stock management practices. In doing so, the soil and vegetation will be utilised in such a way that it will be retained and even improved, to eventually obtain higher production.
will not be successful when it is assumed that more camps mean more herds and even more animals. In reality, farm planning implies that the grazing could be utilised more discreetly and that a higher production can be obtained with the same number of or even less animals. When a farm is planned, it demands that the manager should have a sound knowledge of the
principles of veld management to utilise his veld management facilities correctly.
The carrying capacity of a farm does not improve immediately after the camp are constructed. After a long period of sound management, it may be possible that the carrying capacity improves by a few large stock units. Because most farms are already stocked to capacity and even more, there is no justification for an increase in stock numbers. The discreet farmer will continuously attempt to reduce rather than increase his stock numbers. Surplus grazing within a season does not justify the increase of stock numbers and must rather be perceived as a reserve which can make a contribution to maintaining stability.
Grazing capacity gives an indication of the number of hectares needed to support one large stock unit for a period of one year without doing harm to the veld.
Carrying capacity of a farm is the number of large stock units that can be kept at a certain grazing capacity without damaging the veld.
Stocking rate is the number of large stock units that is kept at a specific time on a certain area without taking into account the grazing capacity or carrying capacity.
Dr Uushona studied how easily digestible black wattle leaf meal was for the animals, whether they could absorb nutrients contained in it and what impact this alternative ingredient in their finishing diets had on meat production and quality.
Her study showed that adding up to 100 g/kg dry matter of black wattle leaf meal to the finishing diets enhanced nutrient digestibility, animal growth, and carcass attributes without affecting meat quality.
Three researchers focusing on alternative feed sources for goats and lambs received their PhD degrees in animal sciences from Stellenbosch University (SU) in South Africa. They investigated how plant by-products can enhance animal health and growth performance, the health value, and shelf life of meat produced from those animals fed these by-products.
Their research is part of ongoing efforts in SU’s Department of Animal Sciences to explore affordable, locally available, and easily accessible alternative feed sources that can sustainably enhance animal production and meat quality.
Prof Cletos Mapiye, an Associate Professor in Meat Science in the Department of Animal Science, supervised all three researchers. The researchers involved graduated in December 2022.
Dr Tulimo Uushona’s dissertation, titled Feeding value and bio-preservative potential of Acacia mearnsii leaf meal for lamb meat production and quality improvement, focused on using alternative feed resources in local feedlot mixes.
In South Africa, leaf meal from invasive black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) is considered a promising alternative source of slowly fermentable energy (that is, fibre) in animal feed. Leaf meal is made from dried, grounded leaves and twigs used as livestock feed.
Wheat bran (Triticum aestivum) is currently one of the main fibre sources in the diets of feedlot animals.
Dr Uushona’s main objective for her PhD was to evaluate whether there is value in substituting black wattle leaf meal for wheat bran in the finishing diets of lambs.
Black wattle trees have invaded approximately 10 million hectares and were planted on 110 000 hectares of land for timber and bark tannin production in South Africa. Finding new uses for black wattle plant material, including by-products from tree leaves as alternative animal feed, is receiving research attention.
The findings also show that adding black wattle leaf meal up to 200 g/ kg dry matter in lamb finishing diets improves meat fatty acid composition and tenderness. In addition, it extends the shelf life of lamb meat.
Black wattle leaf meal harvested in the hot and dry season (summer) had the most desirable nutritional and antioxidant profiles of the samples tested, making it a potentially suitable nutraceutical and preservative for ruminant production and meat preservation. Nutraceuticals for animals refer to feed or part of feed that provides health
benefits, including the prevention and treatment of a disease.
Dr Uushona, who comes from Namibia, says black wattle leaf meal should gain more value as a ruminant fibre source for meat production, and a preservative to enhance the shelf-life of meat products.
She considers black wattle leaf meal a promising cheaper source of fibre and bioactive compounds that can serve as meat preservatives. Dr Uushona says this plant by-product offers new
commercial opportunities to the black wattle, feed and meat industries.
In his study, Dr Leo Mahachi considered the beneficiation of Sericea lespedeza or ‘poor man’s lucerne’ for intestinal worm control and the production and preservation of lamb meat.
Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) is a drought-tolerant legume which grows well in low-quality soils and water-scarce regions.
Dr Mahachi, who hails from Zimbabwe, investigated the effects of feeding incremental levels of this legume instead of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.).
His results show this legume could be used as a cheaper, locally adaptable source of nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals instead of lucerne, a commonly used fibre source in feedlot diets. These phytochemicals are the chemical compounds produced by plants.
Dr Mahachi recommends substituting this legume for lucerne up to 187,5 g/kg dry matter in lamb feedlot diets to improve growth performance and meat quality.
This legume can suppress helminths (intestinal worms) and enhance animal growth.
Sericea lespedeza occurs mainly in Asia, North America, Oceania, and Southern Africa and is native to Australia, China, India, Japan, and Taiwan. In South Africa, it grows in pastures on commercial farms. It also occurs along roadsides in the Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.
Dr Farouk Semwogerere, from Uganda, evaluated the nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals of industrial hemp by-products as potential feed ingredients and meat preservatives in chevon (goat) feedlot production systems.
He explored this feeding alternative in his study titled Nutrients and phytochemicals in hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) cake: bio-availability and bio-efficacy for chevon production and quality enhancement.
In water-scarce countries such as South Africa, the availability of protein feed resources is a major limiting factor in small ruminant nutrition. The most common protein feed ingredient for feedlot goat production is soya bean meal.
Research into new or underused sources of feed that improve meat production and the shelf life of meat products is essential to ensure the
sustainability of the ruminant industry, he points out. Among these options are hemp by-products (that is seed, oil, oilseed cake, hulls and leaves).
The legalisation of hemp production and demand for hemp products are anticipated to increase the global production of hemp and its by-products.
Hempseed cake, in particular, holds potential as a source of animal feed because it is high in crude protein and energy. In addition, it also contains bioactive phytochemicals that could be beneficial to the animals.
In his study, Dr Semwogerere fed Kalahari Red goats diets containing different ratios of hempseed cake and soya bean meal. Kalahari Red is one of the country’s most prominent indigenous commercial chevon breeds. Castrated goats (aged four to five months) received one of five dietary treatments as part of this study. After a 42-day feeding trial, the animals were slaughtered and assessed for meat quality.
Dr Semwogerere evaluated the ef-
fects of feeding increasing levels of hempseed cake as a substitute for soya bean meal in the goats’ finishing diets on nutrient intake and digestibility, meat production and quality.
The findings indicate that hempseed cake can be included in goat finisher diets up to 100 g/kg dry matter to enhance the nutrient digestibility, growth performance, health value, volatile flavour profile and shelf life of chevon without influencing meat colour.
He recommends that producers use hempseed cake as an alternative protein and bioactive source to enhance chevon production, health value, desirable volatile flavour compound profile and protein shelf life.
The findings suggest that hempseed cake could replace up to 100% of soya bean meal in local goat finishing diets without negatively affecting chevon production and quality.
The marketing of chevon from goats raised on hempseed cakes could develop into a particular niche market, Dr Semwogerere points out.
For more information contact Prof Cletos Mapiy at the Department of Animal Science, Stellenbosch University on (+27)21-808-2640.
Agricultural equipment suppliers know that more income is made from the maintenance of agricultural machinery and accessories than from the actual sale of the vehicles, equipment, and accessories.
Financial models for mechanical parts have moved over the years from being about making something that lasts forever, needing minimal maintenance and reparation, to making technology that gives healthy balance sheets to the suppliers whilst simultaneously satisfying farmers’ need to advance technologically.
This strategy by agricultural firms stems out of the need for rapid Returns On Investments (ROI) for their shareholders, and also out of the inevitable redundancy brought on by technological advancements.
What may seem like a lifetime changing invention in today’s rapidly changing world ceases to be so after less than half a decade, therefore focussing on profits within the shortest period of time makes sense. Thus, maintenance and repair strategies must also be technological savvy and dynamic.
Maintenance procedures can be categorised into reactive/unplanned and proactive/planned actions. These can be broken down further:
ployed before any breakdown or failure occurs. Its aim is to reduce the probability of breakdown or degradation of a piece of equipment, component, or spare part. In order to implement such maintenance, the part’s history has to be known and its historical failures. This maintenance type permits technicians to foretell when a piece of equipment might break down.
With constant interval maintenance equipment functionality is optimised by regularly applying maintenance and reparation procedures regardless if the equipment or system is functioning well. The application of this preventive replacement strategy at constant time intervals reduces total down-time and keeps the agricultural setup fluidly progressing without snags.
Age-based maintenance is a form of condition-based maintenance (CbM). Some equipment needs consistent maintenance regardless of their age.
Imperfect maintenance can be identified as maintenance that makes a piece of equipment not “as good as new” but younger. After an imperfect maintenance action, the equipment and its corresponding system lies in a state somewhere between brand new and its pre-maintenance condition.
Preventative maintenance is em-
Predictive maintenance allows technicians to anticipate breakdowns. Through the application of this type of maintenance the technical team would know when a piece of equipment might break down and therefore proceed to administer maintenance operations. Predictive maintenance can be easier using a Computerised Maintenance
Management Information System (CMMS) which is a software package that maintains a computer database of information about an organisation's maintenance operations.
Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) is a process that ensures maintenance tasks are performed in an efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and safe manner. RCM applies an all-round approach documenting the entire process throughout the system, equipment, or component life cycle for every piece of equipment in the agricultural facility.
Condition-based maintenance is a rigorous procedure to implement. It aims to prevent failures and requires
regular check-ups of the state, the efficiency as well as other indicators of the system. The information for the efficient and effective use of this system needs to be collected manually or automatically always ensuring that everything is continually supervised. Reasons to undertake maintenance are mainly to improve and maintain productivity and profitability through updating the vehicles, machinery, and equipment, and collecting information relating to the equipment to predict potential breakdowns. This enables agricultural setups to be efficient, and effective, and have in place well-organised mediations.
Successful farming staff. (2022). Available at: https://www.agriculture.com/machinery/repair-maintenance/farm-equipment-repair-andmaintenance
FAO elearning Academy. (2022) Operation and maintenance of agricultural equipment for hire service businesses. Available at: https:// elearning.fao.org/course/view. php?id=780
Iboaya, J. I. (1985) Agricultural machinery maintenance in developing countries. Available at: https://core. ac.uk/download/pdf/33364169.pdf
Holt AG Solutions. (2014) Guide to farm equipment maintenance. Available at: https://www.holtags.com/ guide-to-farm-equipment-maintenance
Health and Safety Executive. (2022) Maintenance – Vehicles and machinery. Available at: https://www.hse. gov.uk/agriculture/topics/maintenance.htm
Noria Corporation. (2022) Proactively Maintaining Your Agricultural Equipment. Available at: https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/32190/ proactively-maintaining-your-agricultural-equipment
An important industry that is often overlooked in the agricultural sector is the production of fibre crops. Processing fibre crops leads to products such as clothes, cordage, and filling (stuffing upholstery and mattresses). Examples of fibre crops are cotton, jute, kenaf, industrial hemp, sun hemp, and flax.
The textile sector is in the top five of sectors that provides employment globally. Key competitors in the ever-growing market, are China, the European Union, the United States, and India. According to a report by Mordor Intelligence, China is the world's leading producer and exporter of both raw textiles and garments.
The United States is the leading producer and exporter of raw cotton, while also being the top importer of raw textiles and garments. The textile industry of the European Union comprises Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and Portugal at the forefront with a value of more than 1/5th of the global textile industry. India is the third-largest textile manufacturing industry and is responsible for more than 6% of the total textile production, globally.
Textile fibres can be classified into natural and man-made fibres. Among the natural fibres are those that are animal, vegetable, and mineral based. Animal fibre can be from hair (wool, alpaca, and camel) and secretion based, like silk.
Vegetable based are from seeds (cotton and kapok), bast (flax, hemp, jute, and ramie), leaves (abaca, sisal, and manial hemp), fruit based (coir), and mineral based (asbestos). Man-made fibres can be from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and those from refractory materials.
Under natural polymers are regenerated cellulose, regenerated proteins, and cellulose esters. Synthetic polymers constitute of polyamice, polyester, polyurethanes, poly-hydrocarbons, poly-vinyl, and refractor y materials including metals and glass.
The most dominant material when
it comes to textiles in Africa is cotton. The top cotton producing countries in order of production levels are Tanzania, Uganda, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Senegal.
Not all sub-Saharan countries are sticking to cotton. South Africa now produces technical textiles such as hemp to aeronautics companies for their products. Ethiopia has invested more in textile mills, a welcome economic move for providing employment to its citizens.
Companies like H&M, operating mills in Africa, can make a difference to the economic woes of African countries, characterised by low wages and high unemployment.
With the emphasis nowadays on a ‘greener environment’ the fibre production industry has also seen the emergence of so-called ‘preferred fibres’. A preferred fibre or material is one whose production and use results in improved environmental and social sustainability compared to other fibres and conventional production methods.
Preferred fibres still only represent less than one fifth of the global fibre market. According to a report from Textile Exchange in 2022, global fibre production had almost doubled in the last 20 years, increasing from 58 million tonnes in 2000 to 109 million tonnes in 2020, and was expected to increase by
another 34 percent in the next 10 years.
For Africa, the lack of investment in research and development (R&D) and the slow rate of industrialisation continue to hinder the growth of manmade fibre production. The low income earning level populace would be the major market for man-made textiles, the same population that would be employed by the industry.
Other primary challenges faced by the Sub-Saharan textile industry include: the unstructured state of law and order within the textile industry; price fluctuations; inadequate training. The agro based industry is also exposed to the vagaries of nature and the absence of government subsidies.
Secondary challenges faced by the industry include energy shortages; gas load reduction; inadequate contemporary equipment; competition from synthetic fibres which are cheaper and easy to maintain, old and obsolete machinery, and outdated technology of production.
It is the hope of textile industry participants that most of these challenges will be proactively addressed to foster growth both regionally and locally. The global textile market size was valued at USD 993,6 billion in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4% from 2022 to 2030 and our failure to optimally
participate is leaving us behind. As part of the developing Sub-Saharan African region we could be benefiting from higher Gross Domestic Products (GDP) for Low Income Countries (LIC).
Companies at the helm of the industry are not in Africa and the top ten textile companies in descending order in terms of their market value are TJX Companies, Framingham, MA, USA; Lululemon Athletica,Vancouver, Canada; V.F. Corporation, Denver, CO, USA; Shenzhou International Group Holdings, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Zalando SE, Berlin, Germany; Prada, Milan, Italy; Toray Industries, Chuo City, Tokyo, Japan; Under Armour, Baltimore, MD, USA; Ralph Lauren Corporation, New York, NY, USA and PVH Corporation, New York, NY, USA.
References:
FIBRE2FASHION. (2022) Sub-Saharan Africa: Potential and Challenges in Textiles & Apparel Industry. Available at: https://www.fibre2fashion. com/industry-article/9406/sub-saharan-africa-potential-and-challenges-in-textiles-apparel-industry
Rooyen, A. F. V., Bjornlund, V., Bjornlund, H. (2020) Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world – a historical perspective. Available at: https://www. tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07 900627.2020.1739512
Ton, P. (2003) Organic cotton production and trade in sub trade in sub-Saharan Africa: The need for scaling-up. World Cotton Research Conference-3. Cape Town - South Africa. Available at: https://icac. org/Content/EventDocuments/ PdfFiles22ca3e07_bf2d_4184_ be64_44da283d287c/Organic%20 cotton%20production%20and%20 trade%20in%20sub-Saharan%20 Africa.pdf
Frederick, K. Textile Production and Trade The History of African Development. Available at: https:// www.aehnetwork.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/12/Frederick_textile_trade.pdf
Sub-Saharan African Textile and Apparel Inputs: Potential for Competitive Production. (2009) United States International Trade Commission. Investigation No. 332-502 USITC. Publication 4078 May 2009. Available at: https://www.usitc. gov/publications/332/pub4078.pdf
Watson, M. M. (2022). African Clothing and Textile Market. Available at: https://study.com/learn/ lesson/african-textiles-overviewmarket-analysis-industry.html
Austin, G., Frankema, E., Jerven, M. (2017) Patterns of Manufacturing Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Colonization to the Present. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/book/7358/chapter/152157269
Textile Market Size & Share Analysis. (2022) Available at: https:// www.mordorintelligence.com/ industry-reports/global-textileindustry---growth-trends-and-forecast-2019---2024
Preferred Fiber & Materials Market Report 2020. Available at: https:// textileexchange.org/app/uploads/2021/03/Textile-Exchange_ Preferred-Fiber-Material-MarketReport_2020.pdf
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