ProAgri Zambia 65 by ProAgri

ProAg Pro Agri ri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a No 65

Free

Improve your biosecurity with Novatek

Reinke pivots run for decades

BH-Tractors:

Tried, tested, tough www.agri4all.com

www.proagri.co.za

ZAMBIAN PIG GENETICS: MEET OUR SALES AND TECHNICAL ADVISOR AND INDEPENDENT VETERINARIAN FRANCISCO KASUBA is ZPG’s Sales and Technical advisor. He provides support for pig farmers in and around Zambia, specifically to those who are involved in artificial insemination (AI) and those who bought breeding animals from Zambian Pig Genetics Ltd. Francisco’s support includes: • AI demonstrations with TN Tempo boar semen • Farm visits • Breeding advice • Free consultancy to ZPG (Topigs Norsvin) clients • Pig production techniques

FRANCISCO KASUBA

Sales and Technical Advisor at the ZPG Topigs Norsvin production unit in Chisamba.

Francisco is excited and optimistic about the newly bred TN70 gilt/sow. He praises the TN70’s excellent mothering abilities, heavy birth weights, and large litter sizes compared to previous TN60 gilts and other breeds on the market. Francisco further mentions that the TN70 gilt shows more prominent signs during pre-heat and post-heat periods, making them easier to breed than other animals. Farmers should consider introducing the TN70 gilt to their herd to maximize their production.

DR. PIOUS SIMFUNKWE is ZPG’s (Topigs Norsvin) independent veterinarian who has been on board since 2018. He assists ZPG farmers across the country with artificial insemination, with an average of 10 to 15 gilts every week. Dr. Simfunkwe is satisfied with the results of introducing the “TN Tempo Boar Semen” to pig herds of different Zambian pig farmers. His clients are impressed with the results of using TN Tempo Boar semen: • Improved uniformity • Excellent growth rate • Increased litter sizes

DR. PIOUS SIMFUNKWE

assisting a Zambian pig farmer with insemination using the TN Tempo Boar semen.

Dr. Simfunkwe encourages pig farmers to introduce TN Tempo Boar semen to their herds for improved production, especially for herds struggling to achieve desired market weights. Contact Dr. Simfunkwe: +26 (0) 97-716-0562

TN TEMPO BOAR

Known for producing uniform, robust and excellent weights in its offspring.

FOR MORE INFORMATION OR TO ORDER WORLD CLASS GENETICS, CONTACT: Johan Wolhuter +609 727 8521 johan@crczambia.com

Francisco Kasuba +260 762 589 884 sales@zpgzambia.com

Mbunji Samazaka +260 964 056 668 office@zpgzambia.com

www.topigsnorsvin.co.za facebook.com/TopigsNorsvin

Letter from the Editor

Cover

irst Agritech, now NAMPO. The largest agricultural show in Southern Africa that saw thousands of visitors flock to the small South African town of Bothaville has once again been thwarted by the pandemic's measures. Suppliers would have ensured that they have enough stock to sell during Nampo, but now there are loads of capital locked up in this stock, without a show to exhibit it. How can they convert this stock back into capital now?

Valtra tractors bring market leading innovation in versatility and reliability to the African continent.

ProAgri and Agri4all.com have the solution! Business enterprises can use ProAgri's platforms to continue conveying their message to prospective customers in the following ways: 1. Place articles and advertisements in our various magazines, which are distributed in 5 countries. 2. Furthermore, these articles and advertisements can be distributed on any of ProAgri's digital platforms, reaching more than 12 million people monthly in 10 African countries. 3. Companies may also upload information about any of their products on Agri4all.com, and see how it is snapped up by buyers. 4. Apart from written articles and advertisements, ProAgri can also help you demonstrate your agricultural implements. We take videos of your demonstration and distribute it by targeting the African countries of your choice. In this way, the farmer can feel as if he is standing next to the field, watching the demonstration, while he sits in the comfort of his armchair.

It is not only prospective buyers who can benefit from Agri4all.com, but also farmers who wish to sell second-hand equipment, livestock, or anything else. We load a short description of your product onto the webpage and millions of prospective buyers will have instant access to it. Farmers who wanted to look at the latest and greatest equipment at Nampo can still do so without leaving their homes. They can still view the same equipment on www.agri4all.com and read insightful, technical articles about the equipment on www.proagri.co.za. Follow us on Facebook to keep abreast of new content on the website. To take advantage of ProAgri and Agri4all.com's excellent marketing opportunities, contact Diane Grobler on 082-555-6866 or send an e-mail to diane@proagri.co.za. Farm smartly! Jaco Cilliers jaco@proagri.co.za

Valtrac has good news for farmers: An old friend with a new face

Reinke pivot remains reliable after almost 40 years

Biosecurity basics in poultry operations: Keep your birds safe

Agrico’s HSD 630 harrow: Prepare perfect fields

13.

TamaTwine+ takes tangles out of baling

15.

AGI EMEA’s state of the art facilities: Providing manufacturing excellence

Content

and leading class equipment 17.

Falcon – ideal solutions for soil cultivation and bedforming

19.

FieldNET and Zimmatic: a winning combination for farmers

21.

The most effective and versatile irrigation system in the export market

23.

Ascites: An economic challenge

25.

Turn your crops into condiments and seasonings Part 7: Add value to your avos by making guacamole

29.

Rotary tillers are simple, yet effective Part 3: What can a rotary tiller do for you?

32.

Composting and composting systems Part 3: Building and maintaining a compost system

ProAgri Zambia 65

ProAgri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a

Nangwenya House No. 7352 Nangwenya Road Rhodespark +26 (0)97-769-9786 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2019. All rights r eserved. No m aterial, text or p hotographs may be r eproduced, copied or in any other way t ransmitted without the written consent of the publisher. O pinions expressed are not n ecessarily those of the publisher or of the e ditor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their r espective o wners. ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri Zambia Editor Jaco Cilliers > +27 71-893-6477 jaco@proagri.co.za Reporters Benine Ackermann > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za Bianca Henning > +27 82-326-2572 bianca@proagri.co.za Specialist Writer Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Senior Production Manager: Zainab Pandor > +26 (0)97-769-9786 zainab@proagri.co.za Client Relations Manager: Carin Swartz > +27 84-233-0123 carin@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Grobler > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 79-524-0934 xander@proagri.co.za Johan Swartz > +27 71-599-9417 johan@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 82-698-3353 tiny@proagri.co.za Anelda Strauss > +27 74-424-0055 anelda@proagri.co.za Erin Fischer > +27 74-424-0055 erin@proagri.co.za Janine Vermaak > +27 71-872-3059 janine@proagri.co.za Creative Director Christiaan Joubert > +27 72-419-3990 christiaan@proagri.co.za Design Michelle Kruger & Lizelle Erasmus Enquiries Engela Botha > +27 12-803-0782 engela@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 12-803-0782 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

VALLEY ICON SERIES ®

TOTAL PIVOT MANAGEMENT AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

THE MOST ADVANCED SMART PANELS IN THE INDUSTRY

Valley ICON10

Valley ICON5

Intuitive user interface | BaseStation3TM compatible | Variable rate irrigation (VRI) capable Cable theft monitoring | Patented Valley cruise control

Marius Tolken

+27 79 506 3400

marius.tolken@valmont .com

André van Wyk

+260 978 772 550

andre@irritechzm.co.zm

ProAgri Zambia 65

Valtra has good news for farmers: An old friend with a new face A

farmer’s needs are the first consideration when a Valtra factory redesigns a tractor. The aim is always to provide farmers with practical solutions for their farm. The Valtra team in Brazil has done just that with the fourth generation of BH tractors that are built on the legacy of the previous generation. The BH140 and BH180 models were popular across the Southern Hemisphere for their good working ability, simple design and reliability. TractorZam is now excited to announce the good news that the BH-series Valtra tractors are back in Southern Africa, with a brand-new facelift and exciting features. There are five new models available in the BH series that are mainly distinguished by their engine size. BH stands for Brazilian High Power while the numbers that follow, indicate the model’s horsepower. The BH154 is the smallest of the series and produces 154 horsepower or 114 kW. In addition, there are also the BH174 (129 kW), BH194 (139 kW), BH214 (147 kW) and BH224 (155 kW) available. Beyond its beautiful, modern appearance, Valtra also made quite a few practical improvements to the BH models. Better turning ability is made possible by the shape of their weight frames. The inter-cooler is installed

above the cooler, ensuring proper airflow through the radiator to cool the engine effectively. The section below the radiators is completely sealed and there are seals on the sides of the bonnet to prevent dust and other debris from clogging the radiators. The components inside the AGCO Power engine are exactly the same as those of the Valtra tractors imported from Finland. Farmers can therefore rest assured that there are more than enough spare parts in stock. This engine complies with the exhaust gas legislation for the African agricultural market and is classified as a level 3 engine. BH-series tractors have 210-litre fuel tanks, with the option to increase it to 400 litres. The working capability of the BHseries hydraulic oil pump is 170 litres per minute, ensuring that implements relying on the tractor's hydraulic operation always function perfectly. The hydraulic system is simple, practical, and designed to be connected easily. Its hydraulic oil is also completely independent of its gearbox oil. The hydraulic rate of this system can be controlled from the cab by turning to the rear and adjusting the leavers through the rear window. All pumps are easily accessible under the cab, which makes servicing of the

Valtra introduces the new Valtra-BH Hi-Tech tractors. These tractors fit excellently into the African agricultural industry. ProAgri Zambia 65

by Jaco Cilliers

The Valtra BH High-Tec series offers good looks, great performance, durability and reliability all at an affordable price. tractor easier. There are three valves and a backflow valve, with the option to add more valves depending on the farmer's needs. All three valves have flow control. The lift and power outlet are exactly the same as that of the Finnish 3-series tractors - technology that has already been proven to be effective. The new models have six-speed gearboxes with larger, stronger gears. They also have three-speed shuttles which means they effectively have 18 gears forward and backwards. There is a forward and reverse shuttle lever next to the steering wheel that enables the driver to change direction comfortably. The tractors have very good weight distribution and weigh about 10 tonnes each, making them perfect for dragging heavy implements. Inside the cab are all the necessary controls that are placed in easily accessible locations around the driver. The hand throttle control is adjusted by rotating a button. There is also an automatic, adjustable speed control. The hydraulic levers kick back automatically when the lift arms are raised or lowered to the desired height. The BH194h and BH224h can easily adapt to any GPS system and can be supplied with a Top-Con system. All the electronics of the tractor are ready to fit any control system.

To order your brand new Valtra BH tractor today contact Tractorzam Ltd. Contact details: Ken Wilson: +26(0)977-999-006 / wilsonk@zamnet.zm Vincent Kalenda: +26(0)977-999102 / tractorzamstores@zamnet.zm Rory Park: +26(0)979-516-115 / roryp@zamnet.zm / parkrory21@ gmail.com Hannes Kellerman: +26(0)977-999028 / mazworkshop@zamnet.zm

Make smarter irrigation decisions from anywhere. Patrick Ellis

031 350 4525

patrickellis@reinke.com

www.reinke.com 4

ProAgri Zambia 65

Reinke pivot remains reliable after almost 40 years

by Jaco Cilliers

oney is something that cannot be squandered left and right. Every penny a farmer spends on equipment has to work for him – preferably for years and years and years and years. After all, a farmer works hard for his money, so it is reasonable to expect his money to work hard for him as well. One such wise farmer who makes his money work thoroughly for him is Mike Willment of Struan-farm near Underberg in South Africa. Mike tells of how his previous partner bought a secondhand Reinke centre pivot from another farmer in the early eighties. "Graham Robertson bought this pivot from another farm, and we set it up here to plant feed for the dairy cows. Here it is still working today,” said Mike. For the past almost 40 years this Reinke pivot has been working reliably, every day and without any problems. "In the meantime, we've set up other pivots as well, but this one is still working faithfully, without ever letting me down," Mike says. Mike admits that he has had to replace some spare parts over the years. Some of the gearboxes had to be replaced and some of the electronics had already been redone. "These parts that had to be replaced are acceptable. Many newer centre pivots, which did not work continuously for nearly forty years, have had to get similar repairs." This centre pivot has four towers and irrigates 21 hectares so that Mike's cows can enjoy proper feed and produce abundant, healthy milk. It still boasts some of his original tyres, gearboxes and electric motors. "It is easy to see which of the electric motors are still original. These are the ones that stand upright between the

drive shafts. The new ones are all flat and in a straight line with the gearboxes," Mike explains. Reinke is known for its solid structure and low centre of gravity with a strong pivot design that uses much less steel than the competitors in the market. When comparing this pivot's design to the newer Reinke pivots, it is clear that very little has been changed to the original design. After all, one does not change something that works perfectly. The distinctive low profile of the Reinke design is undeniable. The durability of a Reinke pivot can be attributed to more than the clever design that has been proven over many decades. The quality of the steel and the thoroughness of the galvanising process also play a major role in the durability of the pivot. Each part of the steel frame is first treated to remove all impurities from the surface. After that, it is immersed in a galvanising tub to ensure that the galvanising is distributed evenly throughout the structure. As the technology has evolved over the years, this process has become more efficient, but the principles still remain the same. Good steel and proper manufacturing mean more years of service for the farmer to enjoy from his irrigation system. The maintenance work Mike had to perform on the centre pivot over the years includes keeping an eye on the tyres' air pressure, keeping the gearboxes full of oil, and regularly lubricating the necessary parts with grease. Furthermore, he also replaced spray packages when needed. In exchange for this small effort, Mike's Reinke ensures that the money invested in it offers a lasting return for years and years and years.

Mike Willment of Struan farm near Underberg, South Africa has been irrigated his pastures since the eighties of the last century with the same Reinke pivot.

The original electric motors of the Reinke pivot have been working for the past 40 years. They stand upright between the drive shafts and are not horizontally aligned with the gearboxes like the newer models.

To find out more about the pivot that lasts for decades and make your money work for you, contact Patrick Ellis at +27-(0)31350-4525, or send an email to patrickellis@reinke.com.

Reinke's unique design is undeniable and here it can clearly be seen that the design has not changed much over the past four decades. If something works, do not fix it. ProAgri Zambia 65

ProAgri Zambia 65

Biosecurity basics in poultry operations: Keep your birds safe

by Marné Visagie

everal outbreaks of animal diseases have highlighted the importance of having an in-depth biosecurity programme implemented and enforced in poultry and livestock feed production. After more than a year of Covid-19 regulations, most people are familiar with the preventative measures to reduce the spread of a virus. The question is: Are the Zambian farmers implementing the necessary steps to improve the biosecurity on their farms? Poultry farmers have been ahead of biosecurity for many years to prevent the spread of highly contagious diseases among farms. Although it is costly and difficult to implement these biosecurity measures, it is, however, particularly important that farmers realise the risk of not following biosecurity protocols. Currently, there is an outbreak of avian influenza in South Africa, and even some farms with the strictest biosecurity protocols are being affected by this deadly disease. Zambian farmers should take note of the risk that this disease can hold for the entire poultry industry and act fast by turning up the notch for biosecurity.

Here are a few tips to improve the biosecurity on your poultry farm: Implement designated entry points for each site on the farm All employees and visitors must shower before entering the farm site. The shower unit must have a “dirty” and “clean” side. Ensure that the person entering the site leaves any items of clothing worn off-site on the one side

of the shower and ensure that a clean set of overalls and gumboots are provided after the visitor or employee has taken a shower. The uniform must be removed before the person leaves the farm and it must be thoroughly cleaned before it can be used again. Ensure that uniforms are not mixed between different sites. An easy way to manage this is by allocating a specific colour uniform to each site. Always have a footbath at the entry of each poultry house to kill any possible diseases. Limit movement on the farm Reduce the number of visitors to the farm to the bare minimum. Only allow the veterinarians and consultants onto the site if it is necessary. Also, ensure that the visitor has not been exposed to other poultry farms for at least three days. It is also best to ensure that, if you are moving from one site to another, you start with the youngest birds first and then the older groups. This will prevent the spread of diseases from older birds to immune-compromised younger birds. Follow a strict cleaning programme After the birds have been removed from the site to get slaughtered, start with the cleaning programme as soon as possible. Ensure that the process is quick and effective. A poultry site is only considered clean once the final cleaning has occurred. It is important to have the maximum days of rest on the farm to reduce the bacterial load on the site.

Without proper biosecurity measures, disaster can strike at any moment on a layer farm such as this. Photo: Artem Beliaiken, Pexels. ProAgri Zambia 65

Microscopic photograph of a virus. Photo: CDC, Pexels. Ensure that the disinfectants used are effective, mixed according to the correct concentration solution, and that it is working effectively to clean the poultry house properly. Limit bird movement Wild birds are often carriers of diseases that can be fatal to domestic poultry. It is thus important to limit bird movement around the poultry house. The easiest way to do this is by keeping the grass short around the site. Keeping a clean site with proper pest control and minimised feed wastage around the site will help to prevent other birds from being attracted to the site by not offering them a source of food. These are just a few tips and guidelines for biosecurity measures to implement from Novatek. One might think that it is a costly and unnecessary procedure to follow, but the cost of lowered production on the farm, or in the worst-case scenario having to cull an entire site due to infectious disease, can be detrimental to the poultry industry. Novatek Animal Feeds is committed to helping farmers develop and sustain their businesses. For more information on biosecurity and how Novatek can assist you, contact Robert Kanyembo at +26-097125-2522, or salesmanager@ novatek.co.zm. Visit their website www.novatek.co.zm. 7

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Agrico’s HSD 630 harrow:

by Annemarie Bremner

Prepare perfect fields The sturdy South African HSD 630 high-speed disc harrow works up to 160 mm deep with its 630 mm scalloped discs, made of special 6 mm thick steel.

buying a new tractor or a new implement. He decided to keep the tractors running for a while and instead make his life easier with an implement that could do all the work and increase its productivity. Ertjies has been Ertjies Kleinhans from Stoffberg in South Africa farming with his father says the Agrico HSD 630 fits perfectly into their for five years after he farming operation and cultivates the soil without first went to pay his difficulty. school fees at a large agricultural company oil tillage on Doornwacht will never be "on another guy's account". the same again since Agrico's HSD With this background he knows exactly 630 made its appearance on the farm. what is available on the market and "I even tamed new soil, where the could therefore make the right and tambookie-grass stood head-high, with best-informed decision for Doornwacht the harrow," says Ertjies Kleinhans, who about what would work best on their 300 farms with his father, Dries, between hectares of maize and soya bean fields. Stofberg and Belfast on the Highveld of He was looking for a smart, strong South Africa. "I went through the field implement that could do the job without twice with the implement, whereafter I any hassles. was able to plant in a well prepared, “You can clearly see that the HSD is even seedbed." designed and developed by South Ertjies purchased the 3,2-metre wide Africans. Agrico makes use of advanced materials and the best workmanship. Agrico HSD (High-Speed Disc) to suit his existing tractor’s power. The HSD The implement is robust and simple to requires 25 kW of traction per metre. He set up and use.” used a 74 kW and 110 kW tractor before After the livestock have been through purchasing the disc, both able to do the the land, the disc harrow is used to cut and work material into the soil to break work, although the smaller tractor struggled to raise the implement with down the organic material. Just before the three-point lift. planting, the HSD is used again to He says he had to choose between prepare the seedbed.

Five models are available: Model

Number of discs

Working width (mm)

Power requirement (kW)

1.25

1 250

2.5

2 500

3.2

3 200

4.0

4 000

100

5.0

5 000

125

ProAgri Zambia 65

The working depth is easily adjusted with pins on the roller at the back. Ertjies says if you set up the harrow and keep it hitched to the tractor, it will remain set to continue working the next day. Another advantage is that the discs and bearings are protected by rubber reset mechanisms. The maintenance-free, double-row ball bearings have cassette seals to protect them from dust. The harrow works even better at higher speeds, because that is what it is designed for. Ertjies says he compared Agrico's HSD to other local and imported implements and, unlike the others, “if you can’t work in a particular configuration at 16 km per hour but only 10 km per hour, then the implement still does the work that it’s supposed to do”. This is thanks to the optimised disc configuration that Agrico achieved perfectly. On parts of the farm, there is up to 43% clay soil and they had no problem with soil compaction or with shear plane formation. "The root development of the plants look good," he says. Ertjies also appreciates that he can work with Agrico's staff personally. Bertie van der Westhuizen from Nigel is his Agrico go-to person and he is just as excited as Ertjies about the performance of the HSD. Ertjies plans to not only purchase another HSD, but also an air pressure seeding unit for the harrow, to establish his winter pastures with. "I am very satisfied with the highspeed harrow and I have already invited quite a few farmers in the area to come and see how well it works," says Ertjies. Harrow your lands problem free with Agrico’s support. Contact Alfred Andrag at +27-(0)82824-1214, +27-(0)21-950-4111 or alfred.andrag@agrico.co.za. 9

ProAgri Zambia 65

For more information contact: sales@rototankzambia.co.zm 0960 567 058 / 0971 926 953 www.facebook.com/RototankZambia

Septic tanks – let’s go plastic! “

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ProAgri Zambia 65

”

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K-Obiol K-Obiol K-Obiol K-Obiol

insecticide insecticide insecticide insecticide Product Product Product Information Information Information

Product Information Active Active Active Ingredient Ingredient Ingredient

Active

Deltamethrin Deltamethrin Deltamethrin 2%2%2% Ingredient

Deltamethrin 2%

Secure Secure Secure your your your sweat sweat sweat with with with thethe best the best best grain grain grain Secure your sweat with protectant protectant protectant “K-Obiol “K-Obiol “K-Obiol it”.it”. it”. the best grain

Mode Mode Mode of of of Action Action Action

protectant “K-Obiol it”. Application Application Application Rate Rate Rate

Remarks Remarks Remarks

Mode of Application Remarks Post Post harvest Post harvest harvest Contact Contact Contact and and stomach and stomach stomach 50g 50g per 50g per 100kg per 100kg 100kg Action Rate treatment treatment treatment powder powder powder to to to Post harvest action action action of maize of maize of maize grain grain grain control control control LGB/ LGB/ LGB/ maize maize maize Contact and stomach 50g per 100kg treatment powder weevils weevils weevils and and maize and maize maizeto action of maize grain control LGB/ maize grain grain grain moth moth moth weevils and maize grain moth

Target Target Target Pests Pests Pests

Crops Crops Crops

Large Large Large grain grain grain borer borer borer Pests and and weevils and weevils weevils

Maize Maize Maize grain grain grain

Target

Large grain borer and weevils

Crops

Maize grain

Withdrawal Withdrawal Withdrawal Time Time Time & Duration & Duration & Duration of of Effectiveness of Effectiveness Effectiveness

Withdrawal Time & Duration

EatEat after Eat after 2after weeks, 2 weeks, 2 weeks, lasts lasts upto lasts upto 6 upto 6 6 of Effectiveness months months months

Eat after 2 weeks, lasts upto 6 months

Bayer Bayer Bayer Zambia Zambia Zambia LtdLtdLtd Plot Plot No Plot No 10103, No 10103, 10103, Mumbwa Mumbwa Mumbwa Road Road Road

Bayer Zambia Ltd

12P.OP.O Box P.O Box 37131, Box 37131, 37131, Lusaka Lusaka Lusaka - Zambia - Zambia - Zambia

Plot No 10103, Mumbwa Road

+260 +260 +260 963 963 604 963 604 694 604 694 694

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TamaTwine+ takes tangles out of baling D

isaster lurks where baling is attempted without proper twine for the task. On the other hand, reliable twine underpins successful baling operations. One Gloucestershire farmer/contractor, Brian Brazington, knows all too well that choosing the right bale twine cuts down-time, speeds up outputs, and avoids damaged or deformed bales, with an eye on environmental sustainability, and all at the right cost per metre. Brian runs a successful baling contractor business alongside his own sheep and grass enterprise at Farmington in the heart of the Cotswolds near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. He says: “The right twine for the job enables us to deliver neat, firm, valuable bales to our customers.” Three balers produce over 8 000 bales a year, with a four-string 80 x 90 Case/New Holland 332 and a six-string 90 x 120 Fendt being particularly well suited to the work. Around 60% of the baling is forage and 40% straw, the latter including spring barley, especially tough to bale when picked up right behind the combine on a bright sunny day. Having tried various twines, Brian settled on TamaTwine+ a few years ago. “It was popular locally, available through the farm co-op, and the fact that leading baler manufacturers market it with their own branding gave me the confidence to use the product,” he says. The option of purchasing XL spools clinched the switch. “I prefer larger spools. I would say 95% of baling string problems occur with spool changes. Even if you make every effort to join the ends with a small knot with short tails it can still become undone. Or the knotter can tie on top of the joint, with the same result – the string fails. Nobody wants to be crawling under a baler getting a shirt-full of barley awns, so we definitely prefer longer spools. They cut downtime.” Tama Assist Understanding the best twines to use in different situations made a big difference. Tama’s Warren Tatton helped a lot, drawing on Tama Assist’s knowledge base, which includes a twine selection tool, an on-line guide to pre-season baler set-up and baler-specific trouble-shooting tips, backed by a team of in-field experts. “It gives me real confidence that they are always there should I ever have a problem.” For hay, Brian uses LSB Long, a

twine that goes a long way in lower density forage baling, with 3 000 m in a twin-pack. For most other baling, he uses LSB Power twine, ideally suited to high-density baling of all crops and balers. It comes in 2 800 m twin-spool packs, or larger XL spools holding 1 650 m each. For tougher conditions, he uses HD Extra twine, designed for more demanding situations, including difficult crops. In barley straw, especially in harsh conditions, it goes on the outside knotters. It comes in 2 600 m twin-spool packs or larger XL spools holding 1 450 m each. “It means we can produce straw bales weighing 450 to 500 kg.”

“I have also noticed how little set-up the balers need with Tama twine, they’re just ready from the start of the season.” That is not so surprising, given the company’s close co-operation with baler manufacturers throughout the development of new baling equipment. Indeed, switching from twine to twine during the season has proven easy too, with no need to adjust baler settings or knotters. “It is important. It makes it easier for us to use the right twine for the job, which is good for customers.”

For more information on Tama twine products and how your twine choice can drive your business success, contact EF Thompson at 083-286-4147 or ernest@eft. za.net. Visit their website at http://www.eftproducts.co.za/ for more.

Baling in Africa? WE’VE GOT YOU COVERED

We know that the last thing you need is yet another issue to worry about. So when that window for baling opens, you need products that perform well with no hassles and no questions asked. That's what you get with Tama+ products. •

Reliable, trouble-free baling

•

Perfect bales every time

•

Compatibility with all balers

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12 Faure Street, Malmesbury, 7300, South Africa Phone: +27 22 482 2788 Email: efthompson@telkomsa.net

ProAgri Zambia 65

AGI IS A GLOBAL LEADER IN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF GRAIN STORAGE AND HANDLING EQUIPMENT. STORAGE | CONVEYORS | BUCKET ELEVATORS STRUCTURES | CLEANERS | DRYERS TEMPERATURE SENSING TO LEARN MORE, CONTACT

africasales@aggrowth.com +27 (0)71 633 5365

aggrowth.com | @AgGrowthIntl

ProAgri Zambia 65

Article supplied

AGI EMEA’s State of the art facilities: Providing manufacturing excellence and leading class equipment

ustomer experience (CX) is an enterprise-wide priority at AGI. This is demonstrated by AGI EMEA, which now has three new state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities to serve our customers, spanning Europe, Middle East and Africa. These new facilities are located in the Bologna region of Italy, where AGI EMEA is headquartered. They’ve enabled us to increase our manufacturing capabilities, produce high quality equipment and continue our commitment to providing exceptional customer service. AGI EMEA set the objective of providing a top tier experience by serving customers faster, with lower costs and unparalleled engineering support. We knew that achieving this goal would require the significant investment of building new state-of-the-art facilities, capable of serving our expanding global demand better and faster. These facilities include new product lines and increased manufacturing and engineering capabilities which further enhance AGI EMEA’s reputation as a leading global player in grain storage and handling solutions. The facility in Fiesso D’Artico was specifically designed to further enhance the capabilities of AGI FRAME, one of the most respected engineering companies in Europe. AGI FRAME manufactures high quality storage silos and ancillary equipment, including round hoppers, sweep and discharge augers, cleaning, drying and other equipment associated with both commercial and cereal storage sys-

tems. With the Fiesso D’Artico facility, AGI FRAME now includes three new lines for roof, stiffeners and wall sheet capabilities, in addition to commissioning innovative robotic welding cells that will automate welding activities. In this new facility, AGI FRAME has an unmatched ability to provide costeffective, high quality, technically advanced, environmentally friendly solutions to meet customers’ individual storage requirements in the fastest timeframe. The AGI facility in Este is the center of the well-known brand AGI PTM, a top-tier manufacturer of handling equipment for grain storage and processing. The AGI PTM product range includes bucket elevators, chain conveyors and belt conveyors. The handling capacity ranges from 20 to 2000 t/h. AGI PTM delivers solutions across a range of applications and industries including, storage and mechanization of port installations to serving industry grain traders, millers,

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feed-mills, pelletizers, bio-fuel processing plants, engineering companies and contractors around the world. The new facility in Este benefited from not only new laser cutting and press break machines but also an automatic lathe cell and milling machine station that will manage the majority of the components for mechanical handing. With this innovation, we provide competitive cost and delivery time solutions while maintaining our ongoing commitment to producing industry leading systems. AGI EMEA saw the value in investing in a top-of-the-line facility to better support the work our engineers perform. The facility in Ozzano was doubled in size to provide additional space for engineering and project management departments to keep up with AGI EMEA’s growth. As a company that prioritizes innovation and providing industry leading CX, AGI EMEA is truly excited for the future. We are thrilled by our potential to continue moving the dial forward on effective grain storage and handling solutions. Our new facilities play a significant role in raising the bar on what the agriculture technology industry can offer.

THE FALCON ROTAVATOR AND BEDFORMER Uniquely manufactured in South Africa, making the process of forming beds easier, quicker and more precise. The standard bedformer with two furrow formers.

We developed the new bedformer with an additional central furrow former which allows the farmer to create two seedbeds in a single pass.

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Falcon – ideal solutions for soil cultivation and bedforming T

ough. Reliable. Durable. These are but a few of the characteristics attributed to Falcon’s range of tillage and seedbed preparation equipment. Taking centre stage are Falcon’s Rotavator and Bedformer. Both the Rotavator and Bedformer are designed and manufactured with the demanding conditions of the African continent in mind and offer spot-on solutions to various soil preparation challenges. These challenges include impacted earth, root bound by weeds, or dense, heavy soils. By combining soil cultivation with bedforming not only saves time and reduce fuel consumption but also improves operational efficiency.

Article supplied

Falcon Rotavator The Falcon Rotavator is the ideal implement for cash crop farmers who need to bury and incorporate crop residues quickly, between crops. The rotor turns at the optimum speed for all cultivation operations and the required tilth can be obtained by adjusting the forward speed and the setting of the rear deflector. Blades can be mounted in a three-bladed configuration for a fine tilth or in a two-bladed configuration for a coarser finish. The applications of this versatile implement include seedbed preparation – from coarse to fine, on uncultivated, ripped or ploughed soil, green manuring, fertiliser incorporation, weeding, stubble mulching, planting kikuyu grass, preparing playing fields, landscaping and soil stabilisation for roads. The range is suited to tractors rated from 35 to 60 kW and offers working widths from 1,25 to 2 m and a maximum working depth of ±300 mm. All rotavators are supplied with a PTO shaft and torque limiting slip clutch, central and offset mounting points, depth control skids, parking stand and a complete set of blades. Falcon Bedformer The Bedformer’s adjustable forming elements, mounted on the frame of the rotavator, creates a bed at the width required for a particular crop and the rear flap leaves a perfect level bed so that planting can commence immediately. The F175 and F200 rotavators also have as an option, a bedformer with an additional central former which allows you to create two, narrower seedbeds in a single pass. This bedformer was specifically developed to assist vegetable farmers who requires additional row spacing. ProAgri Zambia 65

For more information visit www.falconequipment.co.za

LOCALLY PRODUCED, INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNISED EXPERIENCE OUR DEDICATION TO YOUR FARM IN EVERY ZIMMATIC PIVOT’S QUALITY AND DURABILITY. TERMS & CONDITIONS APPLY. CONTACT US FOR THE BEST LEAD TIMES IN THE INDUSTRY!

Contact Henning Crous for more information: +27 71 673 9718 | henning.crous@lindsayafrica.co.za www.zimmatic.co.za 18

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FieldNET and Zimmatic:

Article provided

a winning combination for Namibian farmer Gerhard Spangenberg farms with maize and wheat in Namibia. Two years ago, he purchased his first two Zimmatic pivots and a FieldNET subscription after hearing a lot about these products from other producers. We met Gerhard to get a better idea about exactly how his farming business benefitted from the Zimmatic and FieldNET combination he uses in his fields.

ater is one of the most important factors on any crop farm. We recently spoke to a wheat and maize farmer in Namibia who explained the main reasons why he only uses Zimmatic centre pivots on his farm. Gerhard Spangenberg is a relatively new Zimmatic farmer. Two years ago, he bought two Zimmatic hubs after hearing from co-producers that these products offer much better water application than other brands. "For the past two years that we have been using Zimmatic centre pivots on our farm, we have not had a single problem with them. I know for a fact that there’s no other pivots that have the long-life expectancy that Zimmatic has to offer," Gerhard said. He added that Zimmatic centre pivots are also known for their strength and durability. As a farmer, he must ensure that he invests in equipment that lasts. "In addition to their robust build form, Zimmatic parts are very easy to find. It makes maintenance a breeze if you have to replace something on your pivot," he adds enthusiastically. In Namibia, farmers have to overcome the challenges of farming in a very dry climate. In fact, for most of 2020, the

country was still struggling through a devastating drought that led to food shortages. Due to these conditions, proper irrigation during production is essential to ensure good harvests. For this purpose, Gerhard relies on FieldNET to help him stay abreast of what is happening in his fields during the season. "We use FieldNET on our Zimmatic centre pivots. With the app we can see exactly how much water is being applied and what the progress is on the irrigation cycle. The best thing, however, is that FieldNET allows me to switch my pivots on and off remotely, even when I'm on holiday, so my farming operation never has to stop," Gerhard explained. Namibia is a drought-stricken country, water is a scarce and valuable resource. For Gerhard, FieldNET ensures that no water is wasted whenever the Zimmatic pivot encounters a fault or error while running. "If there is a problem at the pivot point, FieldNET automatically switches it off, cuts off the water supply and notifies me immediately on my cellphone. This way we can fix the problem right away, which saves us a lot of production time. Even more important is that we do not lose a drop of water due to the proactivity of FieldNET,” he added. "I can honestly say that since we started using the Zimmatic centre pivots and FieldNET on our farm, it has greatly facilitated our farming operations. The most striking difference, of course, is that we are now getting better yields, which is mainly due to the very accurate water application that the pivot points provide in our fields,'' he said about the practical impact that the pivot points had on his farm.

The Zimmatic pivot on Gerhard Spangenberg's farm in Namibia. His Zimmatic pivot, along with FieldNET, allows him to make precise irrigation management decisions.

According to Gerhard, his local Zimmatic dealer, Aqualand Irrigation, is true experts in FieldNET and Zimmatic. He says they advised him in a very professional way about the products he

ProAgri Zambia 65

Maize crops on Gerhard Spangenberg's farm. Gerhard reaps the rewards of Irrigating with Zimmatic centre pivots and FieldNET on his farm.

Satisfied with the increased maize crops on the farm. needed, with the unique characteristics of his farm in mind. Furthermore, he says their after-sales service is simply brilliant. "FieldNET and Zimmatic are working hand in glove. It is a winning combination - I can testify to that," he said.

For more information on Zimmatic and FieldNET products in Namibia visit their website at www.lindsay.com.

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The most effective and versatile irrigation system in the export market R

otrix Africa Rainmaker travelling irrigation units are the most versatile compact mobile irrigation systems on the market for export. The Rainmaker systems are ideally suited for small-scale and commercial farming enterprises. The units are packed and strapped onto pallets in pre-assembled kits ready for easy and simple transport to any destination via road or air transport. Once the units are delivered, the farmer only has to follow the simple assembly instructions and within a couple of hours your new Rainmaker system is ready to be wheeled out to your fields to start irrigating your crops effectively and efficiently. Backed by more than 40 years of irrigation experience and the manufacturing of the Rainmaker Irrigation systems, Rotrix Africa is able to offer their clients unbeatable service with the product designed and built to meet the harsh conditions of operating in Africa. The design is low tech but effective, easily maintained and serviced with the most basic tool and mechanical knowledge. Parts lists, service instructions and service spares are available

All the components are neatly packed and clearly labelled before export to ensure that the client will be able to assemble them without any issues.

The irrigation systems are exported from South Africa to the rest of the SADC-countries by road or air transport. with each unit they export with backup from your nearest agent or direct from the head office in South Africa. Rotrix Africa has been involved in exporting their mobile self-driven irrigation machines into Africa for many years and the growth opportunities are endless. Rotrix Africa offers a wide range of different models to suit all types of farming operations from the smallscale ½ to 1 Ha plots up to 100 Ha commercial farming enterprises. The irrigation units are self-propelled using the water supply from the pump to operate the simple, hassle-free drive system, allowing effective water application to a wide range of crops. The units are easily transported for export purposes, cost-effective with a high return on investment to the farmer. It is ideal for new land preparation, expansion projects, and quick-return cash crops. There are also mobile irrigation setups with

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diesel pump sets available that require very little installation. DIY installation is a key advantage of the Rotrix irrigation systems. The pipes used to supply the system with water can be buried or simply rolled out above ground. The drive system is a simple but highly efficient open Pelton wheel type drive, driven by water jets which in turn drive the gearbox, sprocket and chain which then winds in the cable pulling the machine forward. Rotrix Africa has well-established distribution networks throughout all of the SADC countries and partners to assist with your irrigation requirements. These countries include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Tanzania, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Zambia. The versatile nature of Rotrix irrigation systems allows for effective application on various crops. Rotrix irrigation systems have been used with great success on maize, wheat, barley, soya beans, vegetables, pastures, sugar cane, tobacco and more.

Invest in your farming profits with a Rotrix Rainmaker Irrigation unit to suit your requirements. Contact Jasper Hewitt on +27-(0)82-7737544 or jasper@rotrixafrica.co.za for more information. Visit their website at www.rotrixafrica.co.za. 21

Meet the nutrient requirements of new-born calves

Supplying energy

our calves require energy for normal body functions such as digestion, respiration, heat production and growth. The energy available to the calf is directly proportionate to the supply of milk or milk replacer during the first three weeks. So, which source of energy is best? Although milk replacers only contain 14% to 20% fat, compared with whole milk at 30% to 32% fat, the lactose content in milk also provides energy. In total, the proportion of energy supplied by the fat and lactose is similar for whole milk, skim or whey-based milk replacers – over 72%, so all can provide valuable energy to the calf. See Figure 1. By supplying more lactose and less fat compared to whole milk, calf milk Table 1: Daily energy intake and the effect of feeding a low versus high oil milk replacer or feeding different volumes or concentrations.

Figure 1: Relative proportion of energy supplied by different components in milk or milk replacer. replacers typically stimulate an earlier intake of solid feed, which encourages earlier rumen development. The fat in whole milk is highly digestible, and well-formulated milk replacers contain a blend of fat sources designed to be well digested by the calf and provide energy and nutrients to help maintain good health and growth. The processing of the fats in milk replacers, for example by homogenisation, also has a significant impact on the energy delivered to the calf. There are occasions where the calf’s energy requirements are higher, for example when targeting higher growth rates, or in periods of cold weather when the calf needs more energy to maintain growth. Energy intake can be improved in various ways, but

as shown in Table 1, increasing the oil content of the milk replacer from 16% to 20% has a negligible effect compared with simply feeding more of the same. The ash content of a milk replacer contributes nothing to the energy supply, so the ideal ash content is similar to that found in cow’s milk at approximately 6,5%. In next month's issue we shall look at the importance of supplying proteins to new-born calves. Visit www.nutribase.co.za for more information, or contact Jaco Faasen, Product Manager, on (+27)82-607-6601 or send an e-mail to jaco@nutribase.co.za.

Volac’s Lifeguard range of milk replacers all contain Imunopro®, our unique concentrated milk protein, which enables better development of the early life immune system and stimulates the young calf’s digestive system, crucial for fast, healthy and sustainable growth. feedforgrowth.com

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Ascites: An economic challenge by Given Hamnungu

scites is not a disease, but a multifactorial syndrome caused by the interaction of genetics, physiological and environmental conditions, and managerial factors. It is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increased workload of the cardiopulmonary system (hypoxaemia), an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, hypertrophy of the right ventricles and a flaccid heart, all of which often lead to death. It has become a major concern to the poultry industry around the world. This condition is extremely common at high altitudes, especially during winter and cooler seasons. Ascites develops gradually and the birds suffer for an extended period before they die. The underlying factor to the development of these symptoms is an insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues of a rapidly growing broiler. Environmental factors associated with poor managerial practices are the main contributors to the development of the syndrome. Broilers that are susceptible to ascites showed reduced functionality of their tissue mitochondria. Environmental factors that increase the demand for oxygen, such as low brooding temperatures, or that impair oxygen supply to the blood, such as high altitudes, are known to increase the incidence of ascites. Causes of ascites Today´s broilers grow much faster while consuming less feed. The growth rate of the heart and lungs has not increased proportionally to the growth rate of muscle and increase in body weight. The rapid growth of the bird increases its oxygen demand, placing a bigger strain on its underdeveloped heart and lungs. Anything that limits oxygen uptake from the lungs is going to cause the heart to work harder. Therefore, poor ventilation in poultry sheds is the main cause of ascites, because it results in: • The presence of ammonia in poultry sheds. Birds are unable to inhale enough oxygen, due to ammoniapolluted air, resulting in inadequate blood-oxygen levels. • A higher concentration of dust particles in the air of poultry sheds. Birds inhale dust particles that settle in their air sacs, specifically their thoracic air sacs, causing breathing difficulties and a deficiency of oxygen. • High levels of carbon dioxide and low concentrations of oxygen in the air which causes insufficient oxygen absorption.

Poor ventilation can be caused by overcrowding, a lack of ventilation or proper exhaust fans, or by blocking fresh and cold air with curtains during winter. High altitudes have a lower concentration of oxygen and have also been known to cause heart failure and ascites.

Management

Nutrient-dense rations and high feed intake is necessary for a bird to grow faster, and cannot be ignored. Therefore, if managerial practices are not done correctly, they can have a devastating effect on birds by causing ascites syndrome.

Closed curtains increase toxic air and reduce oxygen levels. Environmental factors

Low temperatures

Cold exposure is the second most common cause of ascites syndrome, especially among broilers raised in open-sided and non-insulated poultry pens. When the ambient temperature is relatively lower than the bird’s body temperature, there is a sharp increase in oxygen consumption. Exposure to cold periods places birds outside of their thermo-neutral zones, increasing their demand for oxygen as they generate more energy to keep warm.

Brooding temperature

Low brooding temperatures during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks increase ascites’ mortality rate at 6 weeks of age in comparison with higher brooding temperatures.

Signs of ascites: • A high rate of panting is often observed in ascitic birds even in the absence of apparent heat stress. • Gurgling sounds often accompany their panting. • Birds which are ascitic may show sign of Cyanosis (blue discolouration of the skin), especially near the comb and wattles. • Ascitic birds tire easily and often die on their bellies. • Most deaths occur at approximately 3 weeks of age. • If their belly is opened, a cup or more of fluid or jellied material will pour out. • The lungs of ascitic birds may often appear pale or greyish. Lungs are extremely congested and oedematous. • Liver enlargement is often seen.

Genetic factor

Broiler chickens have been selected for their rapid growth rate which requires more oxygen to sustain. The time required for a broiler chicken to reach 1,5 kg live weight has been reduced from 120 days in 1925 to only 30 days in 2005. Broilers’ lungs grow at a slower rate than the rest of their body, resulting in an inadequate lung capacity that cannot absorb enough oxygen for their rapid growth.

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For more information, please contact Given Hamnungu, Livestock Technical Advisor on +26(0)-975403-834.

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Turn your crops into condiments and seasonings Part 7:

Add value to your avos by making guacamole T

he principle of any farming business is to grow or cultivate natural products in order to supply a demand set by the market. Many farmers do this with great success, but narrow profit margins have forced farmers to either produce higher volumes, or process their own produce, thereby adding value to their product. Guacamole is an excellent example of adding value to a variety of fresh products. Guacamole is a dish of mashed avocados, mixed with chopped onions, tomatoes, chilli peppers and seasoning. Follow these steps to produce your own brand of guacamole and boost your profit. Harvesting Harvesting is the manual or mechanical removal of a food product from its natural source or parent plant. The fruit is harvested when the dry matter content of the fruit is 25% and the oil content is approximately 13%. Separation Separation involves the removal of freely assorting materials, discrimination by size, shape, weight, composition, and texture. The fruits are spread on flat tables, where the sticks, stones, and any other foreign objects are removed. Cleaning and washing Cleaning removes undesirable elements, impurities, damaged and shrunken or broken fruit, and also involves the removal of material

"Guacamole is a dish of mashed avocados mixed with chopped onions, tomatoes, chilli peppers and seasoning."

adhering to the surface of the fruit. The product is washed in water baths (large containers filled with potable water that must be regularly changed to minimise the chance of any contamination from spreading) or by immersion in agitated potable water baths. Sorting and inspection Sorting is done to select the best suitable raw materials for manufacturing the value-added end product. Inspection is employed to ensure that the products in-line adhere to the minimum predetermined quality attributes required for further processing and eventual end user. Inspection of the products is the most labourintensive practice.

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Any damaged or immature fruit must be removed. The quality of the product and adherence to pre-set quality standards (colour, shape, and size) must be controlled by careful inspection. Ripening The fruits are ripened to meet the demand for ripened fruit. The fruit is first cooled to 5 °C and then heated to 20 to 24 °C. Ethylene is added to the ripening rooms to start the ripening process for 2 to 6 days. The ethylene is then replaced with air, the ripening rooms are closed and temperature and air circulation are controlled and maintained until the required degree of ripeness is achieved. The fruit is once again cooled to 5 °C. 25

PROTECT THE SOIL SO THAT WE CAN STILL REAP GREAT HARVESTS TOMORROW.

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perforated cylinder fitted with rubber paddles on the inside. The pulp and peel are pumped into the cylinder and the brushes push the pulp through the cylinder. The pulp can also be taken from the peel manually.

The skins of the avocados will change from green to black. The ripening room should have sufficient air circulation to heat or cool the fruit according to requirements. The humidity in the ripening room must be between 79 and 95%. Washing Washing is the removal of soil, dirt, plant rests and any other unwanted deposits in food products using water. Prior to further processing, the fruits are washed with water containing 200 ppm hypochlorite just before entering the processing area. The processing area must be kept at a temperature of 12 to 14°C. Cutting/chopping The fruit is cut manually or by rotary blades in slices of 2 to 2,5 cm. Removal of seeds and peels The seeds are removed and discarded. The pulp can be passed through a pulper-finisher which separates the peel from the pulp. The finisher consists of a horizontally mounted

The blending of additional ingredients The pulp is mixed with other ingredients to achieve guacamole of uniform flavour. A ribbon blender consists of two or more thin narrow metal blades that form a helix that counter rotates in a trough. Filling and sealing The avocado puree is filled into suitable containers by injection fillers. A headspace (space between the product and the seal) is necessary. A vacuum may be applied or nitrogen flushing used to remove oxygen that would otherwise cause discolouring of the product. The containers are then sealed. Freezing Freezing is the removal of heat to bring the temperature down to the temperature of storage or below. Heat transfer takes place through mechanical refrigeration. The temperature during storage and transport must be kept at -18 °C (0°F). The frozen product is edible in its entirety. Rapid freezing ensures a good quality product. The packaged puree is passed through a blast freezer operating at -29 °C to rapidly freeze the product. The frozen product is stored at -18 °C.

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Storage The storage life of frozen products is greater at lower storage temperatures. Recommended is -22 °C. Temperature fluctuations reduce the storage life due to a rapid build-up of water on the internal surface of the package, an accelerated growth of ice crystals in the product, and colour degradation. Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www.arc.agric.za for more information.

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ProAgri Zambia 65

Rotary tillers are simple, yet effective Part 3:

What can a rotary tiller do for you? T

he application of all rotary tillers is basically the same, and the only difference between the models is the working width. Rotary tillers are being used to: • shred stalks and mix them with soil (see Figure 1). • replace the plough, disc, and harrow (see Figure 2). • cultivate row crops (see Figure 3). • renovate pastures (see Figure 4). • reclaim wasteland. • till orchards and vineyards (see Figure 5); and • strip-till while planting.

the beginning of summer to chop and mix maize stalks, or other crop residue, with the soil. After large amounts of trash have been mixed into the soil, additional applications of nitrogen fertilizer are usually required to maintain fertility and speedy decomposition.

Figure 5: A tractor-drawn rotary tiller cultivating the soil in a vineyard.

Figure 3: Row crop cultivation can be done with a rotary tiller. Figure 1: The rotary tiller shreds stalks and mixes them into the soil.

Figure 4: Pastures can be renovated by using a rotary tiller.

Figure 2: The rotary tiller can replace the disc and harrow. Before using a rotary tiller, it is important to break up all compacted layers and factors that can influence root penetration. This can be done with deep cultivation implements such as rippers or other tine implements. Several configurations have been developed over the years, but this article will discuss only the horizontal axis type, which is the most commonly used. Rotary tillers are good for chopping and mixing trash into the soil, but they do not cover trash as completely as mouldboard ploughs. Many farmers make one pass with a rotary tiller in ProAgri Zambia 65

If spring weeds are a problem, the field may be rotary tilled 10 to 14 days prior to planting and weed seeds allowed to germinate. At planting time, a second pass with the rotary tiller, at a reduced depth and higher rotor speed, kills early weeds and prepares a final seedbed (see Figure 6). To reduce operations even further, many rotary tillers can be equipped with toolbar-mounted unit planters, or a hitch for towing a planter. Tillage and planting can thus be done in one operation. By re-arranging blade flanges on the rotor shaft, most rotary tillers may be used for strip tillage in a seedbed. Sprayer booms may also be mounted on the tractor, or rotary cultivator, and many of these tillers are equipped with a stub power shaft on the gearbox for driving a chemical or fertilizer pump. The spray tank may be mounted on the frame of the rotary cultivator. Plant shields, attached to the front and rear of the tiller’s frame, may be used to protect small plants from thrown soil. Figure 6: The rotary tiller is extremely effective for killing weeds. The working depth can be controlled to prevent damage to tree or vine roots. 29

The 5E 4 -Cylinder PowerTechTM engine. John Deere designed and manifactured for excellent torque, fuel efﬁciency and durability. The PowerTechTM engine helps maintain consistent power in uneven or tough conditions.

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ProAgri Zambia 65

Figure 7: The offset permits the rotary tiller to work under trees without injuring low branches. Rotary tillers can be used in vineyards, citrus groves, and orchards because it is easy to control the operating depth to prevent damage to tree or vine roots. These tillers also provide a surface mulch, which conserves moisture during dry seasons in non-irrigated areas. Some rotary tillers are built for offset operations. The offset permits working under trees without injuring low branches (see Figure 7). Rotary tillers can also be used in wet rice fields. The rotating blades push the tractor forward and reduce wheel slippage where it would be nearly impossible to gain sufficient traction for pulling heavy draft implements such as ploughs and disc harrows (see Figure 8). Heavy rice straw is chopped and mixed with the soil to improve fertility and soil structure. Special blades are used when working in rice fields. Care must be taken that the rotary tiller is not used during very dry conditions, as the soil will be powdered, and the soil structure destroyed. Wear and tear will also be high under such conditions. Although this tiller was called a rotary plough in the past, it is not a plough as far as the working depth is concerned. It can work to a depth of 200 mm, although it is not recommended to work at that depth because power requirements are then unnecessarily high, and no advantage will be obtained. The recommended depth for rotary tillage is approximately 8 to 10 cm. At these depths there will be less wear and tear on the bearings, and the most important factor is the moisture content of the soil. If the soil moisture is correct, it is highly improbable that soil structure damage will occur, and it is advisable to use a rotary tiller at the same moisture level as with a mouldboard plough. When rotary tilling at the correct moisture level, an average of 100 hectares can be done with one set of

Figure 8: The rotating blades of the rotary tiller push the tractor forward and reduce wheel slippage.

Figure 9: A crank handle is used to raise and lower the rear shield. blades at a working width of 2 metres. Under exceptionally dry conditions, in sandy soil, 20 hectares per set of blades is not unusual. It is difficult to achieve a coarse crumb texture on fine sandy soils, but with a slow rotor speed and the rear shield lifted; it is possible if the soil is moist. On soils with a high clay content, the adjustments are not of primary importance and a coarse finish can nearly always be achieved. The higher the rear shield is lifted, the coarser the finish will be. If the rear shield is lifted completely, fewer plant residues will mix with the soil and the blades will tend to place the plant residues on top of the soil. If the shield is lowered completely, most of the plant remains will be covered by soil (see Figures 9, 10 and 11). The rotary tiller is probably the implement with which weeds and organic material can be worked into the soil with the most ease. Maize stalks that are 2,5 to 3 m high are easily worked into the soil. The forward speed of the tractor must, however, be reduced sufficiently. Weed control is equally easy, and if there is decayed organic material in the soil, the wear and tear of the blades will also be lower.

ProAgri Zambia 65

Figure 10: A chain is used to raise and lower the rear shield.

Figure 11: The rear shield in the raised position.

Next month we shall look at the adjustment of the rotary tiller. We thank the ARC Agricultural Engineering in South Africa who made the information on rotary tillers available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia. For more information, visit their website at www.arc.agric.za.

Composting and composting systems Part 3:

Building and maintaining a compost system A

compost system can be compared to a living organism that requires the essentials of all living things: air, food, and water in a balanced combination.

heap. It will also encourage earthworms to penetrate the heap and help the decomposing process.

Choosing the ideal location The compost system should be based on a surface with sufficient area for drainage. It is also important to take into consideration a location that can use the nutrients that leak from the compost heap, so that the soil organisms can reach the heap easily. Water should be close by so that you can wet the compost heap when needed.

Layer of twigs and coarse materials At first, place a layer of twigs and coarse materials approximately 5 to 10 cm thick. This will allow air circulation at the base of the heap that ensures better aeration in the heap.

Wet the ground underneath the heap If you wet the ground underneath the heap, it will prevent the soil from absorbing the moisture out of the

Layering in your compost system

"Brown" and "green" layers Green and brown materials with favourable proportions of carbon and nitrogen offer microorganisms a “complete meal”. This helps the breakdown of the compost. Try to maintain a 50/50 ratio between "greens" and "browns" for the

correct balance of nutrients. When the heap is turned for the first time, the "browns" and "greens" will mix with each other. Top layer It is normally a good idea to add a thin layer (2 cm) of garden soil as a top layer. This introduces microbes to the heap so that decomposition can start as soon as possible. Cover the heap It's a good policy to cover the heap to keep in moisture and to keep out rain. A black plastic bag is ideal.

Monitoring the compost heap

Heating up: The compost heap should be heating up in a few hours’ time. The tempera-

If the nitrogen content is too low, add high nitrogen materials such as fresh grass clippings or fruit and vegetable peels. 32

ProAgri Zambia 65

ture can be tested by sticking your arm into the heap. Be careful as it could burn you if the heap is working effectively. If the heap does not heat up, you most probably don't have enough nitrogen or "greens" in the compost. Maintaining moisture: The moisture content must be maintained at 45 to 50%. The compost should feel like a wrung-out sponge and should contain enough water to almost drip when you squeeze a handful. Turning the compost heap: By turning your compost heap regularly, you will decrease your composting time considerably; aeration increases, and all the material get exposed to the hot centre. The heap should be turned when the temperature inside starts to decrease. The season has no effect on the compost heap because it is the heaps' centre temperature that is the crucial factor.

Select a spot with a good balance between sun and shade on the heap so that it doesn't get too dry or remain too wet. (Image: Pixabay.com) the heap is too small, the heat also escapes without having any effect on the compost. If the nitrogen content is too low, add high nitrogen materials such as fresh grass clippings or fruit and vegetable peels. Pests in the compost heap If flies, dogs, cats, rats, and other pests are attracted to the compost heap, make sure that there are no meat, bones, dairy products, or fatty food in the heap. Bury kitchen scraps deep into the compost heap to prevent fly infestation. Composting process takes too long Sometimes the materials are not shredded enough and should be cut smaller. To speed up the composting, add livestock manure or mix in some topsoil.

Snip the materials as much as possible so that it can decompose easier. (Image: Pixabay.com) When is the compost ready? The compost is ready for use as soon as the compost heap fails to heat up once more after being turned. The original ingredients of the compost heap should be hard to recognise, except for materials like straw that will not be fully decomposed. Finished compost has a dark colour with a soil structure and the smell of humus on a forest floor. The volume of the finished compost heap will be 25 to 40% of the original compost heap. The time taken for compost to be ready depends on how often you turned the heap if sufficient wetting occurred and if the right materials were used to build the heap.

Trouble shooting

Bad odours in the compost heap When the compost heap has a bad odour, it contains sulphur or ammonia or both. Sulphur smells of rotten eggs and indicates that the compost heap is too wet. Ammonia odour occurs when there is too much nitrogen or "greens" in the compost heap. Both these problems can be solved by turning the heap whilst adding more dry "browns" like twigs and dry leaves to the compost heap. Compost heap does not heat up Either the compost heap lacks moisture or there is a nitrogen or "greens" shortage in the heap. Sometimes when

ProAgri Zambia 65

Compost heap is too wet It can cause problems if your compost heap received too much water due to poor drainage, too much rain or a lack of aeration. This problem can be solved by adding more dry "browns" and moving the compost heap to a place where drainage is sufficient. The heap can also be turned to improve aeration.

Next month we shall look at the use of compost. Stay tuned for more, happy composting! We thank the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) of South Africa for the material they provided for the readers of ProAgri BNZ. For more information, visit their website www. arc.agric.za. 33

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