Hefei, Anhui - Y. Jiang, W. Zhang

JIANG YUNXIU PSSD ZHANG WEIYU PSSD

Localisation Diagram

Hefei, located in the central part of Anhui Province, is a plain area. Its administrative center includes Hefei railway staion, South Hefei Railway Station, college town etc. with the development in recent years, the old administrative center has been replaced by Binhu new district in the south of the city. And it takes 27 minutes’ ride from old administrative center to the new one. Xinqiao International Airport, agro - ecological base and the historic town are distributed in the outskirts within1 hours’ drive.Chaohu is under the jurisdiction of Hefei. It takes only 40 minutes’ drive from the downtown to the lake shore in Chaohu. The fine Lakes environment effectively regulates the climate of the city.

Hefei

Xinqiao International Airport

Fengle Ecotope Binghu New Town Sanhe Ancient Town

Downtown Hefei South Railway Station

Hefei Railway Station Transpotation Pivot Main Position Downtown Journey Time

50minbycar 29min by bus 32minbybus 27min by car 40min by car 47min by car

20minbycar

Map source: 01: http://ditu.amap.com/ 02: https://zh.wikipedia.org/

Anhui Province

Koppen Climate Classification Cfa Mild temperate Fully humid Hot summer

We overlapped the satellite map and kopeen map to find the location of Hefei city, and what we could see from the map was that Hefei belongs to cfa climate characteristics (warm temperature and fully humid). After checking the data, we concluded that the climate of Hefei city is obvious monsoon climate, which has four distinctive seasons, mild climate, and moderate rainfall. The temperature changes greatly in spring, the sky is clear and the air is crisp in autumn. Rainfall is concentrated in summer. Briefly speaking, Hefei has advantageous climate conditions and rich resources, and it is not only suitable for the growth of wheat, rape, bean curd and other cool-loving crops, but also is conducive to the planting of rice, cotton and other thermophilic crops, which is very favorable for business.

Climate is beneficial to the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in our city.

Hefei

TemperatureFrom the diagram of temperature, it can be seen that the annual average temperature of Hefei is in the range of 14.5 to 17 degree, which belongs to a mild temperature type. Generally, the area of high temperature locates in the south while that of low temperature situates in the north and annual temperature range is wider in the north than that in the south. We can attribute this to the influence to latitude and monsoon. Seasonal temperature are different, but the lowest average winter temperature is not lower than 0 degrees, the highest average summer temperatures is not higher than 27.5 degrees, in general, temperatures in most parts of the Hefei City is still very pleasant.

Annual Precipitation

It could be seen from the chart that the city's annual rainfall is about 1000-1250mm, belonging to area of relatively abundant rainfall. And affected by monsoon, precipitation in south, identical to temperature, is greater than that in the north.

Map source: http://www.ahqx.gov.cn/web/ebook/index.html

Annual Average Relative Humidity

Compare precipitation diagram to humidity diagram, and it can be found that the city's precipitation and humidity are not directly related to teach other. We think this may be concerned to topography, light, evaporation and other factors, resulting in a higher humidity in some part of the central Hefei. But it still follow the basic rule that the humidity in the south is higher than that in the north.

Map source: http://www.ahqx.gov.cn/web/ebook/index.html

Annual Average Wind Speed

Wind speed diagram is very interesting, and the wind speed has little thing to do with whether the location is in the south or north. And combing the additional topographic map, we can find that the place with large wind speed has relatively flat topography, and the place with sudden decrease in wind speed is generally blocked by mountains. Wind speeds is also related to the direction and origin of monsoon and so on.

Annual Sunlight Analysis and Annual Average Evaporation

Combining sunlight chart and evaportation chart, annual average evaporation is closely relative to the sunlight.Northern ’s sunlight is more than the south, as well as the evaporation. Because of hefei’s topography, the northern has the higher terrain with the strong sunshine, and the evaporation is increasing with the sunshine.

Map source: http://www.ahqx.gov.cn/web/ebook/index.html

Annual Average Air Pressure

The annual average air pressure chart shows the east area’s air pressure is higher, may be affected by the Pacific Ocean current and monsoon climate, and east area has high terrain, easy to cause higher air pressure.

Map source: http://www.ahqx.gov.cn/web/ebook/index.html

Temperature & Precipitation Data

Climate Data:

It can be seen from the climate chart, the highest average temperature of Hefei in July up to 32 ℃, the lowest average temperature is -1 ℃ in January. The hottest three months is June,July and August, the coldest three months is Decenber,January and February.

The second chart shows precipitation in Hefei mainly occurs in summer. rainfall in July up to 162mm, rainfall in Decenber is 24mm at least. Spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively, accounted for 25%, 44%, 20%, 11%of total precipitation of annual precipitation . precipitation in summer is four times over winter, and precipitation in spring is slightly more than autumn .This reflect the distribution of precipitation in a year is not uniform, this unevenness may cause floods and droughts.

Humidity:

As the hygrogram shows, the highest humidity falls in June, July and August, the annual mean maximum humidity reaches 80. humidity in spring and winter is relatively low, with the average minimum humidity value of 8.

Data source: 01: http://www.bitcongress.com/WCUH2011/images/qh.jpg 02: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E8%82%A5%E5%B8%82

Wind Speed & Direction

As the hygrogram shows, the highest humidity falls in June, July and August, the annual mean maximum humidity reaches 80. humidity in spring and winter is relatively low, with the average minimum humidity value of 8.

Environmental Policies

“Transformation of production mode” “pollution sources and emission reduction” “burden alleviation on the rivers flowing into the lake”

“Estuarine wetland purification” “water dispatching”

“Lake area lake drainage and expansion”

Effects

Water quality in Chaohu Lake area turns from V class to IV class, from mild pollution to moderate pollution, and part of the river water quality has improved.Air qualified ratio goes steadily up.

1

M A M

A S O

Whole Year 20 29 25 10 18

Hefei

China has 11 hardiness zones, the hardi-ness zones are from “below -45.5” to “40 and above”. Hefei which is my group-mate’s howntown,its hardiness zone belong to the b8 zone(low-est-12.2~-6.7,highest 10~20).

http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-china-plant-hardi-ness-zone-map-celsius.php

Typical

Daily Psychrometric Chart

(September 22th, 2016, Hefei.)

The Highest Dry Bulb Temperature:27℃

The Relative Humidity Ratio:85%

The Highest Dew Point:24.5

The Highest Wet Bulb Temperature:24.98℃

The Lowest Dry Bulb Temperature:19℃

The Relative Humidity Ratio:80%

The Lowest Dew Point:15.5

-TASK 03 | Psychometric Chart

The Lowest Wet Bulb Temperature:17,4℃

The Highest Dry Bulb Temperature

The Lowest Dry Bulb Temperature

The Relative Humidity Ratio

The Lowest Dew Point Wet Bulb Temperature

Data source:

Annual Psychrometric Chart

This is an annual psychometric chart of Hefei,Anhui province.It shows the comfort indoors plot hourly of 12 months during all year.

It gives an indication of percentage of comfortable hours by green dots.According to this chart,the comfortable hours are 413 hours out of 8760 hours,4.7%.

1 Innovation Field 创意工场

2 Angry Birds Square 愤怒的小鸟广场

6 Tongji Architechural Design College 同济大学建筑设计院

p p p

Sources of Water Pollution

Through the study of Tongji University D & I College and the surrounding areas, we found that this area has a more integrated water system, sewage system, drainage system.The rainwater drainage system is more developed than the sewage system, which causes the D & I around the rain is not easy to water, but the sewage capacity is insufficient.The main sources of pollution are: parking lots, construction sites, illegal garbage dumps, and catering sewage.Especially in the Union Square, catering is more developed, more serious pollution.The Fuxin Road area of garbage and exposed sewer is also a more serious source of pollution. Source Point Non-source Point

Fire Pump Construction Site

Fire Fighting Well Water Hole

Bilge Well Cover Rain Cover Grid Cover Board Cover Garbage Water Channel

Parking Lot Waste Water of Restaurant Rain Rill Upstream Downstream

p Pipe Weep

Toilet

for Winds & Passive Cooling

Location of The Target Building

We are located in Baohe district,Hefei city.The building we chose called Dexinfu community,which is in the west of people’s government of Baohe district,and near both south railway station and bus station.It is between Hushan highway and Fanhua avenue.

Roads, adjacent buildings and main entrance as the picture shows.

Hefei Bus Station Hefei South Railway Station

WANGHU ROAD

MAIN ENTRANCE

Dexinfu Community

Wind Orientation

Wanhu Park

FANHUA AVENUE

HUSHAN HIGHWAY LUZHOU AVENUE

The Golf Courses

People’s Government of Baohe District

BAOHE AVENUE

Shengda Community

TASK 05 | Orientation for Winds & Passive Cooling

Determining Wind Direction

This picture shows the the wind orientation of Hefei in July and August .We can know the main wind come from northeast and south. Cause Hefei is a located in the south,and has a hot summer, we need to shift this building we chose to face south to gain better ventilation.

TASK 05

Orientation for Winds & Passive Cooling

Current Orientation

The wind orientation of Hefei is close to North-South as far as in July and August .The current orientation of the building is Southwest-Northeast. So the current situation of ventilation is not so good.Considering Hefei is a south city which has a hot summer. So we shifted building to gain more ventilation. This is a tall building, we live in a apartment if this building, so heat was reduced by its hight. There are stagnant corners and no ventilation area in the room.

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Stagnant Corner

Wind Orientation

Good Ventilation

Wind direction

Windows Building

Door

Stagnant Corner

Wind Orientation

Mixing

TASK 05

Orientation for Winds & Passive Cooling

Improved Orientation

We shifted the building by clockwise rotation making its ventilation parallels with north,and open a window ,which is highlights by green comparing the existed windows.Then,the ventilation becomes easier and stronger.The stagnant corners and no ventilation area nearly vanished ,instead mixing ventilation areas.

Wind direction Door

Windows Building

BEFORE AFTER IMPROVED

the ventilation becomes easier and stronger.

Sun Path

for Passive Heating

Sun path refers to the seasonal-and -hourly positional changes of the sun.

As the picture shows, this building has four sides exposed to the sun.So,all the four sides can gain heat and delighting more or less.

The sides face southeast and southwest gain most heat and delighting.

for Passive Heating

Diagrammatic Elevation

NThis building we choose is orientated southeast and northwest.It has twelve floors and each has four apartments.This picture shows the southwest view of it,so we can see clearly the ventilation of this buliding. Every apartment has three openings to gain heat and delighting at least.Considering Hefei has hot summer,so high building can avoid unwanted heat gain(marked by light green arrows).And all of this apartment can get good nuture ventilation(marked by dark green arrows).

HEFEI//ORIENTATION FOR WINDS & PASSIVE COOLIN//

Carbon Footprint

My original carbon footprint: From the pictures you can see what will happen to our planet can be terrible with the large amount of carbon emissions. We need 1.4 planets to support us if everyone lived the same lifestyle as me.But we have only one planet obviously.There won’t have enough

To be honest, I am not the only one people who lived a unsustainable lifestyle, there are so many people do the worse than me.As the picture shows, we need two Earth to support such overconsume lifestyle.But, what if we can change some details in our normal life to reduce 30% carbon emissions, we will need unsustainable in nature. But when such change happens, we shoule believe that as long as we do a few efforts to reduce the carbon we make, things can be

My original Ecological Footprint is 2.6 global hectares. I set a target that is reducing my Footprint by 20%, and I found out ways to achieve this goal.

Results of Zhang Weiyu

1.4

My Effort:

ture answer, I found there are some items I

a serving every meal to a serving every day.

2.The same as to eggs, I eat eggs or milk one serving per day rather than two or more. 3.I bought food made in China as far as possible,this can avoid unnecessary carbon emission in transit.

4.I reduced expenses spent in entertainment and culture.

5.Walking can replace taking car or motorcycle in my mormal life.

6.Kept expenses down in terms of furnishing and maintenance is a feasible way too.

New Results of Zhang Weiyu

Carbon Footprint

My new result:

Shown my new results, I have reduced my Ecological Footprint from 2.6 global hectares to 1.9 global hectares, lower than my target 2.0.From the contrast of this two images, you can find the most obvious improvement is the reduce in goods.So I think goods have a huge not absolute, it depends on you lifestyle. If I can keep such lifestyle and every one lived the same as me,we would require the regeneris not enough at all, we shoule do more plan, the result maybe more hopeful.

1.1 Planets

X 26 slaveries

Slavery Footprint

There are 26 slaves work for me as far as my current lifestyle.It is too many of course.I can do something according to my slavery footprint test. demands. Girls always be more over consume than boys in such things. I have so many electronics, and such things will be out of date soon, then we will buy new ones and anandon old ones. This can be a aspect for me to improve. Buying food and goods made in local aeras, instead of in other countries. Walking as much as possible, and try not to drive cars.

Result of Slavery Footprint Test

This garment was made in Korea.Korea is clothes are always in fashion. And its labor costs is not expensive.

This garment was made in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. It is one of the biggest commodity producer.

This garment was made in Vietnam. Because of rising labor costs in China, so the garment southeast Asian countries.

1. Garment Made in Korea

2. Garment Made in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province

3. Garment Made in Vietnam

Made in Wenzhou

CHINA KOREA WENZHOU VIETNAM

Carbon Footprint Calculator

I run trough all this questions,and get my footprints like the picture shows.I feel my life style is not as sustainable as I hope.I felt my lifestyle is a covert act of occuping the resource which is for others and our successors.And it will be a serious waste problem if everyone lived the same lifestyle as me. If things go on like this, it will couse the environment break down very quickly. And it takes 2.4 global hectares of the earth’s productive area to support my lifestyle.This is not what I expected.I can’t image that I will consume so much of the land resources if I keep the life style.And the personal ecological accounts for a large percentage of total ecological footprint,especially the food is the largest part of it.The footprint of services and governance can not reduce easily, it’s easier to change myself. So for the sustainability of earth, I think I should change my lifestyle to reduce my footprint.

Results of Jiang Yunxiu

If everyone lived the same lifestyle as Yunxiu, we would require the regenerative capacity of 1.3 planets each year.

1.3 Planets

Which area of Weiyu’s footprint is the largest?

Carbon Footprint Calculator

During the exploration,I change my lifestyle from the following three aspects:Diet,Consumption,Trip.

The dark blue options are the initial options,and the light blue options are the improved options.

To sum up, the main improvements are: 1) reduce the intake of meat,milk,egg and the �ish.

2) reduce the expenditure of clothing,footwear,furnishings,maintenance,enterainment and culture.

3) Use the public transport instead of car or taxi.

4) Use the renewable sources consciously as much as possible.

http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/calc ulators/

Carbon Footprint Calculator

After explore the possibilities of how to reduce my footprint, I re-calculate my footprint and the new results shows in the picture.I have reduce my footprint from 2.4 to 1.6, and my footprint is below the average global hectares per person.Less than China and more than India.

And the footprint of mobility and goods reduced distinctly, the food footprint is better than before.

Even now the footprint is reduced, but there is still something I need to do better. The text let me know my ecological footprint which I never take it seriously. And make me face the problem, I think everyone should do their best to protect our planet.

New Results of Jiang Yunxiu

0.9 Planets

Data source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/calc ulators/

Global hectares 5 per person UK Brazil Yunxiu China India

Slavery Footprint

24 slaves work for me. Obviously, it is too many for me to occupy so much manpower.I rethink of my lifestyle,I have to recognize that there are waste in my life,something is not very necessary but I still use it or I haven’t use it entirly.It course waste to a large extent. So to change the situation,I should �irst raise my environmental awareness and then put it into practice.Such as economical use of resources,considering the practicability when I buying goods, and try to repair my goods instead of buying a new one.

X 24 slaveries

Fashion Revolution

My 3 garments are made in Turkey,Mexico,and India.Those countries are the brand-orgin coutries,or they has cheap labor power so there are a lot of foundries. I never notice that where my garments were made in before, but now I think garments made in abroad means more waste,mainly re�lected in transportation. Therefore, in my opinion, it would be better for the enviroment if I buy the garments made in my own country.

Data source: http://fashionrevolution.org/

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Made in Turkey

MEXICO

TURKEY CHINA INDIA

Whole Systems & Lifecycle

Thinking for Sustainable Design

Whole Systems Map Homework Assignment

Hand dryer is a kind of cleaning device to dry hands, it is mainly used in hotels, restaurants,ment, and every family bathroom and so on. It was manufactured on assembly line with new

motor and other parts. Then it transported from factories to markets by trucks or ships, finally, assembling and use.

washed hands. But it always need electricity to standby even we don’t use it. Even it will bring more bacteria onto our hands than natural air drying or using a handkerchief.

A hand dryer can be use for 3-5 years, and then will be discard instead of recycling.

System Map of Hand Dryer

Thinking for Sustainable Design

Life-Cycle Assessment

The components of hand dryer are complicated.I listed some main materials, including polycarbonate, alloy steel, ABS and so on. The manufacturing of hand dryer depends on

The use of hand dryer can be the greatest unsustainable part. Because it should standby when it not be used, which is a waste of electricity.

Thinking for Sustainable Design

We find five ways to make hand dryer more sustanable.

-

2.Use more durable material and more environment-friendly paint.

3.Make assembly more easily and less parts will be used. This can reduce the labour cost of assembly.

uesfull of hand dryer, such as outer shell and parts of motor.

5 Use handkerchief ,napkin or natural air to replace hand dryer to dry hands.

Thinking for Sustainable Design

According to the data we evaluated, we find there are some aspects can be focused on to make hand dryer more sustanable.

1.Use more durable material and more environment-friendly paint. So its life length could be increased.

uesfull of hand dryer, such as outer shell and parts of motor.

4.Others. Make assembly more easily and less parts will be used, which can reduce the labour cost of assembly. Use handkerchief or napkin to replace hand dryer can also work.

Observation

Helianthus

Helianthus always keep chasing sunlight, it is the symbol of fidelity and protect. Why does helianthus have phototropism? Why does the flower move to point toward the sun, tracking it as it moves across the sky? And our team will find out the strategy and explore how to apply the strategy to biomimicry.

Strategy

Jiang Yunxiu’s thoughts:

In my opinion, the phototropism of helianthus may related to some kind of growth hormone, this hormone will respond to the light, and guide the flower to track the move of sun.

Zhang weiyu’s thoughts: Maybe the move of helianthus is not related to the light, it is related to the temperature. The heat energy in the sunlight impact to the flower then make it adjust its orientation.

Deeper research：

The phototropism means the grow organ of plant is influenced by single direction light and cause bending growth. The phototropism is good for plant to get more widespread and more light, to the benefit of photosynthesis. From the traditional view, the phototropism is caused by the distributional difference of auxin concentration. In 1928 Cholodny-Went use the bioassay method measured the ratio distribution of auxin activity is the light side has 32%,the backlight side has 68%(the relative ratio is 27:57). Went hypothesis holds that under sunlight, auxin transport from the top to backlight side, auxin concentration of backlight side is higher than the light side, and the growing rate of backlight side is faster than light side, then cause the stem leaf bend to sunlight.

Hasegawa put forward a different idea in 1975. He considered that the stem leaf bend to sunlight is not because of the auxin, but because of the inhibitor in the light side is more than it in backlight side. There are also people who believe that the phototropism is not absolutely impact of the auxin, it is the combinative result of auxin and the inhibitor.

Conclusive Strategy：

The reason why helianthus chasing sunlight is not only the auxin but also the inhibitor. We can take example by this process to create some products which can absorb more solar energy.

Principles

Design Principle/Strategy：

Helianthus can adjust its orientation according to the lighting direction,. We can modeled the phototropism to absorb more solar energy, and soak in maximal rays.

Life’s Principles：

The helianthus follow 3 of life’s principles:

1. Adapt to changing conditions: helianthus can change its orientation according to the sunlight, in order to absorb more solar energy.

2. Be locally attuned and responsive: helianthus forms the natural biological clock, it can make a different reaction to day and night.

3. Use life-friendly chemistry: helianthus use the solar energy to help its growth, which is clean energy.

Task 09|Designing with Life’s

Who would care about/apply this strategy?

1. Architecture.

A building can revolve with the sunlight direction to get the maximal rays, improve the natural daylighting in the building.

Principles

Who would care about/apply this strategy?

2. Solar power station.

A solar power station with a lot of solar collector， those solar collector can adjust their orientation according to the sunlight, and create maximal electric power.

“Asknature”

“Moodle”

AskNature provides innovators with the world’s most comprehensive catalog of nature’s solutions to human design challenges. This curated online library features free information on over 1,800 (and growing!) natural phenomena and hundreds of bio-inspired applications.

“Plantcell”

http://www.plantcell.org

“EPA”

The Plant Cell is published monthly by the American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB). It ranked first in impact among journals publishing primary research in the plant sciences.

“SAC”

http://apparelcoalition.org

The Sustainable Apparel Coalition’s vision is of an apparel, footwear, and home textiles industry that produces no unnecessary environmental harm and has a positive impact on the people and communities associated with its activities.

“FAO”

http://www.fao.org

Achieving food security for all is at the heart of Food and Agriculture Organization's efforts – to make sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives.

Moodle is a learning platform designed to provide educators, administrators and learners with a single robust, secure and integrated system to create personalised learning environments.

The China Meteorological Administration (CMA), headquartered in Beijing, is the national weather service for the People's Republic of China.

“Botanical Society of China”

The Botanical Society of China (BSC) is a non-profit specialized membership organization with its aim to provide a leading platform for the development of plant science and technology in China.

“Lens”

http://www.lens-china.org

Lens, the Learning Network on Sustainability is a project for curricula development and teaching diffusion on Design for Sustainability focused on product-service system innovation.

Thanks to our course tutor Mary Polites and Xiaocun Zhu, thanks to all friends who had helped us in the class. Group 16 Jiang Yunxiu 1633274 Zhang Weiyu 1633253 2016 MA Sustainable Design