Shenzhen China

MIDMI D-T -TE TERM RM DOCUM OCUM OC UME ENTA ENTA EN TATI TION TI ON

CULTURES & CONSTRUCTIONS OF RAPID URBANIZATION Professor Mary Polites

Antonio Norsworthy Austin Miles Bryan Dorsey Jingxian Xie Kyle Rednizak Ting Zhang

CONTENTS

Aims

5

Mapping Phase

8

District Rationale

24

Indexing Phase

36

Meshing Phase

58

Critique

84

Prototyping

89

AIMS

We seek to address the impact of rapid urbanization in the context of an ideal quality of life, cultural depth, and economic opportunities in current and future development in Shenzhen, China. Our goal is to create the conditions which will facilitate these aims by capitalizing on the cultural fabric and organizational logic of old Hu-Tongs and the carrying capacity of newer high rise developments in Urban Villages.

Villages From this we aim to identify developable areas which embody these qualities for implementation of a rational prototype.

5

With the global population rapidly expanding in 2014 we ďŹ nd ourelves facing a dilema resulting from the contention between orgainic, bottom-up growth and rigidly planned, capital-driven urbanization. Here we examine the migration from destabilized areas to slightly better conditions in asylum countries an and d their arrival cities. cities These individuals are often seeking asyl y um fro om po p lilititiica call turmoil or economic strife, yet the conditions they enco cou unte terr up pon arr rriv ival al are similar or worse than those they sought to escap ape e. e.

6

GUANGDONG PROVINCE

Mainland China

Jap Japan

India P Philippines Vietnam

7

DESTINATION SHENZHEN Here we show the arrival vectors to Shenzhen, including from Northern China, and discuss the attributes of Shenzhen which make it the choice of so many immigrants. We discuss the paradox of a dwindling workforce despite ever increasing wages and arrive at the conclusion that the problem is intrinsic to the housing situation in Shenzhen.

Guangzhou

Haimen Bay

Leizhou Bay 8

SHENZHEN IN THE PAST 1980

Just 3 decades ago primary industries centered around ďŹ shing and agriculture.

Population density was very low with the total population of Shenzen falling below 30,000 individuals.

9

SHENZHEN IN THE PRESENT 2014

Rapid population growth and urban expansion came after the creation fo the Special Economic Zone. Currently the population hovers around 7,000,000 and migrants ock to factory labor positions in droves. Sing-story Hu-Tongs --older, low density villages--are now enveloped by very dense high-rise developments in these new Urban Villages.

10

MAPPING PHASE

The mapping phase was intended to bring each member of our group up to speed on the current geographical and contextual conditions present in the arrival city of focus, Shenzhen, China. Through intense research of the locations of programmatic, transportation, industrial, village and ecological infrastructure, we were able to consider the cultural interow and how these conditions effect the transfer of culture from Old Hu-Tongs into more modern Urban Villages.

13

MAPPING Urban Villages The diagram at top right illustrates the dispersion of Urban Villages throughout Shenzhen. Collecting data on the locations of Urban Villages allowed us to begin rationalizing a focus on a more speciďŹ c area of Shenzhen, such as the district of Guangming. The diagram at bottom right is a failed attempt to illustrate this mapping data as a collection of extrusions. The goal was to illustrate the information in a way that would reveal relationships that were otherwise unknown.

14

MAPPING

Population Density by District

481,420 106,384

The diagram at top right illustrates the dispersion of population density throughout Shenzhen. Collecting population data further allowed us to rationalize a focus on a more speciďŹ c area of Shenzhen, such as the district of Guangming. The data is highly diagramatic, with concentric rings representing an approximation of the fall-off that population radiating from the center of each of Shenzhen’s districts. The diagram at bottom is a failed attempt to illustrate this population density as a collection of pointed extrusions. The goal was to illustrate the information in a way that would reveal relationships that were otherwise unknown.

208,861

4,017,807

1,318,055

1,087,936 923,423 2,011,255 309,2011

205,372

15

MAPPING Environmental Data Collection The top diagram shows the comparison of rain collection with average temperature inversed below. This comparison was intended for the purpose of determining which locations in the city of Shenzhen collected the majority of the 6.2 inches average of rainfall which would fall in one year. The temperature data comparison began to show a correlation with increased temperatures leading to less overall rainfall in that given area in a years average. The average temperature of Shenzhen in a year is 80.25 degrees Fahrenheit. Between the months of April and September, Shenzhen faces increasing temperature and rainfall due to the location on the South China sea leading to the city being deemed an area of high typhoon threat.

The diagram below was developed from the use of Vasari, a wind vector simulation software with the topography of the city of Shenzhen. Its purpose was to visually see wind vector patterns from the predominant North Easterly ow through the city of Shenzhen. We planned on using this data to interpret pollution migration, weather and evaporative cooling patterns in order to locate an area of focus for deployment of our ďŹ nal mesh. Issues included accuracy and scale of the very large city of Shenzhen. However, the data aided us in focussing down our area of focus to a district within Shenzhen which later allowed us to gather more relevant and detailed data.

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MAPPING Building Development Over Time Demonstrating the new development with relation to time, one can begin to get a sense of how quickly the city of Shenzhen has populated itself. Each node Represented here shows a building that was constructed in that year, further demonstrating not only the growth of the city, but also where dense areas of the cities are starting to populate

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MAPPING ProgramTypes

Nodes representing programmatic building types. Violet being government, yellow being commercial, green as residential, and red showing industrial buildings throughout the city of Shenzhen. The issue with this beginning stage of mapping was the pure scale and density of the city was so large, causing a lot of the information to be abstract representation at best. It was from this point that it was evident that a focus area or district would have to be decided upon to represent such information much more accurately.

18

MAPPING Subway The objective of this diagram was to show the subway routes in the densest part of Shenzhen to see how public transportation was developed around the existing urban fabric The issue with this diagram is that it does not show the complete network of the subway system which could have indicated less dense areas to help us with our focus. While the subway system for this dense part of Shenzhen is elaborate and complete and even indicates that this is the densest and most populated area in Shenzhen, it does not tell us anything about the Guangming district that we eventually focus on The outcome of this slide really helped inuence our decision to map all of Shenzhen and move away from the dense area but also showed how subway systems and stops can have a big inuence of how the built environment developes

Major Intersections

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MAPPING All Vehicular Transportation + Railways The objective of this slide was to overlay all the roads and railways to see the entire connection between eachother that showed the density of the region The issue with this diagram was that it is too pixelated and does not show the total connection of all the roads and railways in Shenzhen The outcome of this slide is that it shows the density and connectivity of the lower areas and led us to move away from this area and map all of Shenzhen to narrow down our options for deploying a prototype

Major Roads Minor Roads Highways Railways

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MAPPING Reservoirs The purpose of this mapping layer was to locate as many reservoirs in Shenzhen to see where people might be getting their fresh water from because water contamination is a huge problem

Luotian Reservo Luoti Reservoir Shigou Public ub Reservoir

The issue with this slide is that there are many more reservoirs that were just too small to locate at this scale and too many to find to mark them all

Tiekeng n Reservoir Qinglinjing Reservoir Q

E’jing Reservoir

The outcome of locating the major reservoirs is that it allowed us to further locate all the reservoirs in the Guangming District and see where streams went and to see how these reservoirs affected the flooding area

Songzi Reservoir se

Shiyan Reservoir Lixin x Reservoir

Xikeng Reservoir

Longkou Reservoir Longko

TiegangReservoir

Tongluojing on Reservoir BingkengReservoir Gankeng Reservoir voir

Jiulongkeng Reservoir

Xili Re eservoir

Sanzhou mReservoir

Gaofeng Reservoir

Changling Reservoir C

Chi’ ao Reservoir Jingxin Reservoir

Meishashangping eishashangping ei g Reservoi Reserv Reservoir vo

Damali Reservoir er

Meilin Reservoir Fengmulang m Reservoir

23

MAPPING Landfill The purpose of this diagram was to locate any trash facilities to attempt to derive a flow path of garbage and to gain an understanding of the size of these facilities

Shenzhen

The issue with this slide is that there are more landfills but at this scale, they are very hard to identify at this scale The outcome of this slide was that it demonstrated an effective way to callout information and led us to research more pollution information and possible garbage movement into Hong Kong because of the landfill filling up. Also, this landfill showed a place where a prototype should not be placed near

Laoh La o uk uken eng La en Land ndfifilll ndfil

Laohukeng is the largest landfill in Shenzhen that incinerates over 8,400 pounds of waste every day

24

MAPPING Air Pollution The purpose of this diagram was to show basic air pollution in most of the districts in Shenzhen that could possibly lead us to avoid speciďŹ c areas. It also clearly shows which areas are possibly more dense than other areas The issue with this diagram is that the information is very generalized and does not cover every area of Shenzhen. This diagram also does not tell the severity of the pollution and its perimeter area

Shenzhen en

The outcome of this slide was that it shows the possible locations of denser areas and gave us more of an incentive to ďŹ nd more data about pollution because it is known that China has a huge problem with pollution

Lowest

Highest

25

MAPPING Soil Type and Solar Radiation This map is showing the soil types in Shenzhen.

The soil bases are in a variety of types in granite, sandstone, metamorphic, volcanic rock, clay, marine mud, marine shale, purple shale.

This map is showing the soil types in Shenzhen.

Dark gradient shows high radiation. Light gradient shows low radiation.

26

DISTRICT RATIONALE

We developed a rationale in order to choose a district which would be suitable for supporting our mesh. One arriving at our destination, we would then be able to apply our mapping research to the more focused area in order to begin our indexing and ďŹ nally arive at our meshing solution.

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DISTRICT RATIONALE ReďŹ ning our focus area, by determining the relevance of the different districts within the city of Shenzhen.

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NANSHAN-FUTIAN-LUOHU-YANTIAN DISTRICTS Districts of focus include dense city cores which trace historical precedence with the ďŹ shing culture of the South China Sea.

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BAO’AN-LONGGANG DISTRICTS Districts of focus are fully developed suburban villages.

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DAPENG NEW DISTRICT District of focus supports global leisure activities with resorts along the coast.

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QUANGMING-LONGHUA-PINGSHAN DISTRICTS District of focus remaining, only two support dense industrial and manufacturing infrastructure.

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QUANGMING-PINGSHAN DISTRICTS District of focus support dense industrial and manufacturing infrastructure.

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QUANGMING DISTRICT District of focus supports arrival vectors from surrounding districts and mainland China while utilizing existing transportation infrastructure.

Mainland China

Airport

Shipping Port Hong Kong

36

MAPPING Solar Radiation

This map is showing the solar radiation in Guangming district. The attempt is trying to map the solar condition in Guangming and ďŹ nd the buildable location with low solar radiation. Dark gradient shows high radiation. Light gradient shows low radiation.

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MAPPING

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Urban Villages U

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Hu-Tongs

1 km

Soil Type S

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Flood Zone

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Programs

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Open Spaces

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MAPPING

Heaviest Pollution (Metal, Chemicals, etc)

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Heavy Pollution (Hardware Manufactring, etc)

NORTH

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Moderate Pollution (Packaging Plants, etc)

Subway Line and Stops

Lowest Pollution (Tree Farms, Warehouses, etc) Bus Line and Stops

Wind Vectors

Pollution

1 km Stream Path Reservoir

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Public Tranportation

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Lake Major Roads

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Minor Roads Railway

Hydrology

Roads

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Topography Contours

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INDEXING PHASE

The indexing phase was intended to group relationships in the urban tissue fro existing mapping layer as a way to distinguish connections and relationships.The focus area was that of the Guangming province in Shenzhen, for which we were able to collect more accurae data pertaining to the qualities of the urban culture.

41

INDEXING Flows to Bao’an Airport

Following our mapping of Urban Villages, Old Hu Tongs, Private and Village Owned Industry, we were able to use computational evaluation software to determine the shortest path or ow from these locations to the closest proximity airport.

Flows from Urban Villages

42

Flows from Village Owned Industry

Flows from Private Owned Industry Flows from Old Hu Tongs

INDEXING Flow Relationships

With ow relationships between the Hou-Tongs, we can begin to see what roadways and arteries are used most frequently as resiences move about to common programmatic areas throughout the city.

Hu-Tong Hu Tong to Village Owned Industry

Hu-Tong to Market Buildings

Hu-Tong to Medical Clinics

Hu-Tong Hu Tong to Ancestral Halls

Hu-Tong to Schools

Hou-Tong Hou Tong to Cultural Square Squa

Hou-Tong to Private Owned Industry

43

INDEXING Connectivity

This index shows the relationship between “heat oasis”--open spaces and water bodies-- and their connectivity between the 5 closest. The point is to identify the proximity of these areas overlaid with Hu-Tongs and Urban Villages

This index shows the relationship between “heat oasis”--open spaces and water bodies-- and their connectivity between the 10 closest. The point is to identify the proximity of these areas overlaid with Hu-Tongs and Urban Villages

44

INDEXING Connectivity

This index shows the relationship between “heat oasis”--open spaces and water bodies-- and Urban villages. Here the proximity of those Urban Villages to the closest heat oasis is illustrated and demonstrates potential ways of incorporating the evaporative cooling effects of these areas with new development.

This index shows the relationship between “heat oasis”--open spaces and water bodies-- and Urban villages. Here the proximity of those Urban Villages to the 5 closest heat oasis is illustrated and demonstrates potential ways of incorporating the evaporative cooling effects of these areas with new development.

45

INDEXING

Open Spaces to Road Distance This index is showing the distance between open spaces and road distance in Guangming district. The attempt is trying to ďŹ nd the buildable location with easy access to existing road system. Green gradient shows the open spaces that are closed to roads. Red gradient shows the open spaces that are far away from roads.

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INDEXING

Slopes to the Built Environment Such beginning indexes tried to group relationships in the urban tissue from the mapping layers. This was trying to demonstrate the locations of urban villages and there relationship to the existing topography. The color gradient here goes out by a radius of 1/4 of a mile as a way to also show which industries are within a reasonable walking distance for people to walk to.

Color Gradient Proximity to urban villages by slope of 15% grade Black- Urban Villages Dark Gray- Roadways Gray scale hidden- Industry outside of walking distance from urban village Grayscale linework- industry within walking distance of urban village

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INDEXING

Slopes to the Built Environment This similar indexing is trying to locate proximity from the urban villages to the programmatic areas. This process again was just to familiarize ourselves with the existing urban fabric and in ďŹ nding some type of relationship that we might be able to relate to.

Red- 1/4mile distance (walk-ability around program areas) Blue- Schools Purple- Medical Clinics Green- Cultural Squares Yellow- Ancestral Halls Black- Formal Shops Red- Market Buildings Gray scale Line work Industry and urban villages in coverage e Gray scale Hidden lines- Industry and urban villages out of co overage 50

INDEXING

Connectivity by Distance Connectivity here gives a relationship between hu-tongs, and programs that are located within a mile diameter of the village. With this indexing, we can see what areas/ programs are not easily accessible by the people that live in these areas. Intern, the programs that are not accessible by the hu-tongs may be accessable with our open spaces that will be developed in the mesh, thus causing less development costs of building in the prototyping stage .

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INDEXING Flood Zone The purpose of this diagram was to locate any trash facilities to attempt to derive a flow path of garbage and to gain an understanding of the size of these facilities The issue with this slide is that there are more landfills but at this scale, they are very hard to identify at this scale The outcome of this slide was that it demonstrated an effective way to callout information and led us to research more pollution information and possible garbage movement into Hong Kong because of the landfill filling up. Also, this landfill showed a place where a prototype should not be placed near Urban Villages

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3 km

5 km

Village Owned Industry Private Owned Industry

Urban Villages Village Owned Industry

1 km

Private Owned Industry

1 mi

52

NORTH

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INDEXING Slope of River Banks The purpose of this slide was to show the intensity of the slope on the river banks out 1/4 mile The issue with this slide is that it does not tell us much about the actual slope, just tells us about the slope 1/4 mile out The solution to this slide is that it told us where the steeper parts are (in red) that are 1/4 mile away which gave us an idea of where a lower ooding area could be

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INDEXING Proximity of Reservoirs and Lakes to Pollution Sources 1 MIle The purpose of this slide was to show the proximity of industry to clean water sources within 1 mile to get an idea of possiible polluted water.

The issue with this slide is that the colors should be in a gradient in relation to their distance.

The relevance of this slide was that it shows how many reservoirs and lakes are within a 1 mile radius of industry.

1 km

Cyan- Reservoirs and Lakes Black- Industry 54

1 mi

3 km

5 km NORTH

INDEXING Distance of Urban Villages to Pollution Sources 1 Mile The purpose of this slide was to show the distance with lines of Urban Villages to the indsutry blocks within 1 mile radius.

The issue with this slide, like many others, is that the colors are supposed to be in a gradient.

The solution to this slide was that it showed the amount of lines that gives an idea of how many urban villages are within range of industrial pollution.

Red- New Hutongs Black- Industry

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INDEXING Distance of Hu-Tongs to Pollution Sources 1 Mile The purpose of this index was to show the lengths of lines from Hutongs to the industry buildings within 1 mile radius to see how close these residences are to possible pollution.

The issue with this index was that the colors did not mean anything and the numerical distances are not labelled.

The outcome of this index shows which Hutongs are close to pollution within 1 mile radius that led us to later explore what industries had the worst pollution.

Red- Old Hutongs Black- Industry Green Rings- Garbage Collection 56

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INDEXING Proximity of Urban Villages to Flood Zone 1/2 Mile The purpose of this index was to show the proximity and lengths of the distance from the Urban Villages to the flood zone.

The issue with this index is that, again, the distances are not specified and the colors do not symbolize anything.

The outcome of this index was that it shows that many Urban Villages are also outside the flood zone and the line lengths are implied.

Blue- Flood Zone Black- Urban Villages

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INDEXING Proximity of Hu-Tongs to Flood Zone 1/2 Mile The objective of this index was to see how close the Hutongs are to the perimeter of the flood zone within a certain.

The issue with this index was that there is not a distance from the Hutongs to the flood zone. The colors also do not correlate to anything in particular.

The outcome that we had with this index was that it shows that not a single Hutong is in the flood zone and the distances can be estimated.

Blue- Flood Zone Black- Old Hutongs 58

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INDEXING Proximity of Urban Villages to Reservoirs and Lakes 1 Mile The purpose of this index was to show the closeness of New Urban Villages to closest clean water sources.

The issues with this are, like the last slide, is the closeness is determined by the centroid of each lake or reservoir which gives a false distance to the hutongs. Another problem is that the colors do not mean anything. And another major problem is that the distance is unclear in this index.

The outcome of this index was that we could generally see which Urban Villages were closest to water, which led us see the clusters of water and how many Urban Villages are within a certain distance.

Cyan- Lakes Blue- Reservoirs Black- New Hutongs

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INDEXING Proximity of Hu-Tongs to Reservoirs and Lakes The purpose of this index was to show the closeness of Hutongs to closest clean water sources.

The issues with this are the closeness is determined by the centroid of each lake or reservoir which gives a false distance to the hutongs. Another problem is that the colors do not mean anything. And another major problem is that the distance is unclear in this index.

The outcome of this index was that we could generally see which Hutongs were closest to water, which led us see the clusters of water and how many Hutongs are within a certain distance.

Cyan- Lakes Blue- Reservoirs Black- Old Hutongs 60

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INDEXING Indexing Layers to Produce a Mesh Filtering through the indexes as a way to eliminate the total number of open spaces to local spaces for future development by refining these indexes into four filtering layers; public transportation connectivity, pollution, flood zones, and slope.

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MESHING PHASE

Once indexed relationships were defined, the group began to cull indexing layers that would be most useful for creating a mesh. The mesh was developed by a process of filtering which resulted in a distilation of factors based on transportation range, flood zone, pollution, and buildable slopes.

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MESHING Diagram for Producing Mesh The nature of the meshing process is inherently complex and requires parallel lines of reasoning. To aid our development we created a simple diagram which illustrates the meshing process of using indexing layers as ďŹ lters to generate two connectivity conditions--high and low.

Connectivity Hu Tong Isolated Spots in the Existing Network Urban Village

Urban Tissue Organization of the Fabric

New Clusters Robusting Existing Network

Analysis

Allowing Culture Healthy Tissue

Filter Open Space

64

Public Transportation

Pollution

Flood Zone

Slope<15%

Developable Spaces

Robusted Network

MESHING Connectivity

This index shows the relationship among HuTongs.

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MESHING Connectivity

This index shows the relationship among Urban Villages.

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MESHING Connectivity

This index shows the relationship between HuTongs and Urban Villages.

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MESHING Open Spaces

Gradient: within 1/4 mile from highway within 1/2 mile from highway outside 1/2 mile from highway

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MESHING Public Transportation Grey circle: walkable range of bus stops Black circle: walkable range of subway stations Dished line: transportation routes Red: transportation range

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MESHING Open Spaces through Public Transportation

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MESHING Pollution

Heaviest Pollution (Metal, Chemicals) Heavy Pollution (Hardware Manufacturing) Moderate Pollution (Packaging Plants) Lowest Pollution (Tree Farms, Warehouses)

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MESHING Pollution Removed

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MESHING Flood Zone

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MESHING Flooding Areas Removed

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MESHING Buildable Slopes <15%

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MESHING Slopes >15% Removed

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MESHING Connectivity 1/4 Mile to open space, Hu-tongs and Urban Villages

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MESHING Connectivity 1/2 Mile to open space, Hu-tongs and Urban Villages

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MESHING Connectivity of outside open space, Hu-tongs, and Urban Villages

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MESHING High Connectivity between Hu-Tongs, Urban Villages, and Open Spaces in Final Mesh

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MESHING Low Connectivity of outside open space, Hutongs, and Urban Villages

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MESHING Connectivity between Hu-Tongs, Urban Villages, and Open Spaces in Final Mesh

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MESHING Flow

This meshing is showing the ďŹ&#x201A;ow among Old Hutong, Urban Villages and open spaces.

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MESHING Axon of ďŹ ltering layers and mesh

Flows

Final Mesh

Buildable Slopes

Flood Zone

Pollution

Transportation Range

Base Topography

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NEW CONDITIONS

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MESH MODEL

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MESH MODEL

Documentation showing collaboration and teamwork through the model construction process.

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MESH MODEL

Documentation showing collaboration and teamwork through the model construction process.

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CRITIQUE

We recorded all comments and suggestions from critiques John Abell and Darrin Greichen in order to provide a basis for us to continue our research.

Moving on into the mesh prototyping phase, we will strive to answer these questions and build upon the ideas that were addressed in order to develop a healthy tissue capable of supporting a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hybridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; culture between Urban Villages and Hutongs.

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CRITIQUE

Figure #:

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CRITIQUE REVIEW

We recorded all comments and suggestions from critiques John Abell and Darrin Greichen in order to provide a basis for us to continue our research. Moving on into the mesh prototyping phase, we will strive to answer these questions and build upon the ideas that were addressed in order to develop a healthy tissue capable of supporting a ‘hybrid’ culture between Urban Villages and Hutongs.

What are pre-conditions that allowed Hutongs to emerge?

-The need of rural districts with their limited transportation techniques to have a common zone for commerce, this in turn created precursors to the urban fabric What defines a healthier tissue?

-Balanced interaction of culture, built environment and land use What is it that we want from Hutongs?

-The proximity of programmatic spaces within the Hu Tong creates a rich tissue which we want to populate over a much larger cell within the urban fabric.

One of the most interesting aspects of our project is the migration from asylum countries. Unstable, instability, not values, no integration. How do we want to explore this concept?

-If we decide to pursue these factors as driving the intent of our intervention, we will need to parse out the nuances of them and find out what they really mean. For example, seeking refuge from instability, what is instability and what are the factors that drive the instability.

What is the name for this new ‘hybrid’ community embracing aspects of culture from Urban Villages and Hutongs? Prof. Abell describes this new community as ‘spicy’ and ‘edgy.’

-We feel trying to pin down a name would be premature, however the final identifier will hinge on the qualities of cultural engagement and connectivity we seek to achieve.

What does connectivity mean? Not well explained. It geographic or central or non-geographic connectivity?

-Our connectivity of our final mesh was non-geographical abstraction of proximity which we failed to translate to real world conditions. The next step is to interpret these proximity connections to the existing flow networks.

Where is this data coming from? We need to show where this data originated from and what its relevance is.

-The timeline and schedule of this project doesn’t allow us to fully exploit the data collected, however we plan to display relevant data where a resource may be termed useful.

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PROTOTYPING

The resulting mesh capitalizes on areas in Guangming which yeild relatively low connectivity betwen Hu-Tongs, Urban Villages, and Open Spaces. We consider this low connectivity and density the basis for the ideal cultural conditions we seeek. Emergent qualities willl inform the next phase of project development through prototyping.

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PROJECT ROLES Presentation Antonio Norsworthy

Structure and organization, renders

Austin Miles

Diagrams, text

Bryan Dorsey

Diagrams, text

Jingxian Xie

Diagrams

Kyle Rednizak

Diagrams

Ting Zhang

Diagrams

Model Antonio Norsworthy

Lighting and circuitry

Austin Miles

Model base, wire prep

Bryan Dorsey

Node installation, mesh stringing

Jingxian Xie

Base cut ďŹ le, base assembly, process photos

Kyle Rednizak

Wire prep, mesh stringing

Ting Zhang

Quality control

Documentation

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Antonio Norsworthy

Final editing, diagrams

Austin Miles

Draft compilation, diagrams

Bryan Dorsey

Draft editing, diagrams

Jingxian Xie

Draft compilation, diagrams

Kyle Rednizak

Printing, binding, diagrams

Ting Zhang

Draft compilation, diagrams