DIGGING FOR LIVELIHOODS

LISA ALLCOTT

DESCRIPTION Children working in the gumfields, Te Tai Tokerau, 1910

MAKER / ARTIST Attributed to Arthur James Northwood (1880–1949)

REFERENCE Northwood Collection (PA-Group-00027: 1/1-009779-G) From 1850 to 1900 kauri gum was Auckland’s leading overseas export. Despite the introduction of compulsory primary education in 1877, children often worked in the gumfields to help support their whānau and contribute to the national economy.

With cheerful smiles and gear at the ready, the boys in this photograph could be off for a day at the beach—but a closer look reveals a different scene altogether. In 1910, when this image was taken, these boys worked with their families, digging kauri gum out of the swamps of Te Tai Tokerau Northland. It was hard physical labour, in all seasons and weathers, often knee-deep in muddy water, using a spear with a long, narrow neck to probe the mud for chunks of gum and a special Skelton spade to dig the pieces out.

For decades, communities of Te Tai Tokerau whānau, along with many immigrants, mined the buried remnants of Northland’s ancient kauri forests for gum to sell for export. Among the immigrants were Dalmatians, from southeastern Croatia — ‘Ngā Tararā’ to their Māori neighbours, with whom some intermarried. This image from the Northwood Collection is part of a precious photographic record of these people and their way of life in the gumdigging industry.

Gumdiggers moved around frequently, looking for likely sites to find more gum. At each site, they made tents and whare out of any materials to hand—corrugated iron, sacking, mud, ponga logs and nīkau fronds. It was a basic and often harsh life. In 1898, Thomas Shore, a storekeeper and gum buyer at Hikurangi, told a royal commission of inquiry into the industry that ‘the life of a gum-digger is wretched, and one of the last a man would take to’.

Māori of Te Tai Tokerau traditionally used kauri gum for chewing and for medicinal purposes, as well as for fires and torches (it is quite flammable). The international trade in the gum took off in the 1840s when the resin was found to make a superior kind of varnish. It was exported to northern hemisphere countries and for decades was a major contributor to New Zealand’s economy.

Following the start of the First World War, a few years after this photo was taken, trade in kauri gum began to falter. Britain and Germany could no longer receive gum exports, and many young New Zealanders went off to fight. Perhaps the boys in this image were among those to enlist.

In the Second World War, the iwi connection with gumdigging was memorialised in the 28th (Māori) Battalion’s A Company, whose members were affiliated to iwi north of Auckland and whose nickname was Ngā Kiri Kapia (the Gumdiggers).

The Northwood Collection is an invaluable historical archive of northern New Zealand, recorded by the Northwood family of photographers — father Richard Arthur and sons Arthur, Richard Alfred and Charles. Arthur, who took most of the photographs in the collection, operated a studio in Kaitaia from 1909 until his death in 1949.