Songkhla Rajabhat University Satun Campus La-Ngu District
era Av
Tha-Pae District
ge ce tab Dis to ae
a-P Th tric Dis to ffic e6 km
Mueng Satun District
SHRIMP FARMING IN THAILAND’S PENINSULA
Shrimp farming in the Thailand’s peninsula provides a fascinating example of how the global trade in commodities such as shrimp can cause extremely rapid shrifts in land use and resource allocation within tropical developing nations. These shifts can have profound implications for the long-term integrity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and represent a significant challenge to government agencies attempting to manage land and water resources within mangrove ecological area. Central 3.50%
East 9.50%
East coast Southern 12.00%
Rich Mangrove Restored Mangrove
West coast Southern 75.00%
Shrimp Farming Central 29.50%
East 23.35%
Operated Shrimp Farming 67,00% 400,000 Rai
East coast Southern 30.15%
West coast Southern 17.00%
Abandoned Shrimp Farming33.00% 200,000 Rai
Reference: Marine Shrimp Culture Research and Development Insitute http://www.shrimpaqua.com/index.php/about-us Department of Marine and Coastal Research http://www.entral.co.th/en/products.php?bybrand=y&brand=4653&brandname=CARLO BASANO
Built-up Area
10 km 1:200000
Preserved Mangrove Area
Tung Rin Temple
Tung Rim Secondary School
Mosque Health Station
Seafood Market
trict market
Route to dis
by
bo
at
Community Pier
Operated Shrimp Farming
Sa to d oo
se a m ain
pr od p
to te
sh
ro u
of
al fi
sh er y
n tio rta
Site located on the place where used to be mangrove ecosystems. So, the site and context are so sensitive and influented by tides and coastal currents these bring varriation to the forest and where plants and animal adapt to changing chemical, physical and ecological characteristics of their environment. The boundaries of this littoral ecosystem can be reasonably defined by the terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems that border it. In the case of mangrove ecosystems there is clearly a need to conserve pristine areas both to preserve biodiversity, to protect the genetic resource, and to provide aews for scientific study. However, this ex-mangrove area has been changed to aquacultural to serve human. The arriving of shrimp farming on early 1993 had destroyed mangrove ecosystem and input new infrastructure, pond pattern for shrimp breeding and built-up area expanding.
Co as t
po Tr an s
EXISTING AND SURROUNDING
af ta uc
a bo
rim
m
ris
u To
Preserved Mangrove Area
se
te
ou tr
sm
ds
an
isl
nd
to
all
tu
n
to
w
n
Preserved Mangrove Area
Degenerated Shrimp Farming
Degenerated Mangrove
SHRIMP CULTURE IMPACT The site and context are so sensitive and influented by tides and coastal currents these bring varriation to the forest and where plants and animal adapt to changing chemical, physical and ecological characteristics of their environment. Unfortunately, there mangrove area has been changed to aquacultural to serve human. The arriving of shrimp farming on early 1993 had destroyed mangrove ecosystem and input new infrastructure, pond pattern for shrimp breeding and built-up area expanding.
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
9,672.77 Bath/Month 116,073.34 Bath/Year
2003 (2546)
OCCUPATION TREND
2557, 56% Income was decresed.
2546, Before Shrimp Business was out of business.
2004 (2547)
OCCUPATION TREND
5,672 Bath/Month 68,464 Bath/Year
2005 (2548)
2006 (2549)
2007 (2550)
OCCUPATION TREND
2008 (2551)
2009 (2552)
2010 (2553)
2011 (2554)
OCCUPATION TREND
2012 (2555)
2013 (2556)
2014 (2557)
OCCUPATION TREND
PARTICIPANTS
+ GOVERMENT OFFICES
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION + LABOR
POPULATION + LABOR
POPULATION
RICH ESTUARINE ECOLOGY
TUNG RIN SETTLEMENT
SHRIMP FARMING ESTABLISHING
SHRIMP FARMING EXPANSION
TUNG RIN AS SHRIMP FARMING COMMUNITY
FALL OF SHRIMP FARMING
The past location had been rich mangrove forest and estuary ecology where sediment was collected here.
The rich estuary ecology provided the great source of food, so there was appropriate to let human settled and becoming the biggest fishery village in Satun
Natural mangrove forest was destroyed by shrimp farm aquaculture that was establises in West side of Southen of Thailand on 1993.
The economic succession of Shrimp farming business provide exoansion of shrimp farming landuse.
The expanded shrimp business need more labors, there is reason people had immigated to Tung Ring for getting their job. So, the community had been continuously grown up.
90% farming in site was closed because lossing in bussiness after 2008 Shrimp virus had scoraged around Thailand So, shrimp product was decreased.
Natural Resource Man-made
Reference: Royal Thai Survey Department Pollution Control ADepartment http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/en_reg_std_water04.html#s11
1995
2002
2009
2013
MANGROVE ECOLOGical context
Laridae
Chelon tade
Greater Sand Plover
Sardinella Albella
Avicennia alba
Sonneratia alba J
Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora mucronata
Ceriops tagal
Xylocarpus granatum
Azadirachta indica
Tamarindus indica
แสมขาว
ลำ�พูทะเล
โกงกางใบเล็ก
โกงกางใบใหญ่
โปรงแดง
ตะบูนขาว
สะเดา
มะขาม
Whimbrel
Foraminifera
Mollusk Larvae
Sesarma
Scylla Serrata
Penaeus merguiensis Iisognomon Ephippium
Periophthalmodon Schlosseri
Penaeus merguiensis
Lates calcarifer Cyclopoid Copepod
Ko Yai series: Koy Coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, isohyperthermic Typic Tropaquepts
Sai Buri series: Bu Fine-silty, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Aquic Kandiudults
Tha Kua Thung series: Tkt Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, acid, isohyperthermic Typic Sulfaquents
ESTUARY
MUD FLAT
COASTA ZONE
MIDDLE ZONE
INLAND ZONE
SHRIMP FARMING
Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are subject to both marine influences--such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water--and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.
Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats, are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers. They are found in sheltered areas such as bays, bayous, lagoons, and estuaries. Mudflats may be viewed geologically as exposed layers of bay mud, resulting from deposition of estuarine silts, clays and marine animal detritus. Most of the sediment within a mudflat is within the intertidal zone, and thus the flat is submerged and exposed approximately twice daily.
The coastal zone is the zone closest to the sea, also known as the Avicennia/ Sonneratia zone. Trees here are most resistant to the salty water. Trees here have aerial roots. These roots resembles pencils sticking out of the ground and are also known as pencil-like roots. These roots help the trees saty firmly rooted to the ground and absorb oxygen. These roots are grown in a way where when the high tide comes, the roots are just right above the water. This enables them to absorb oxygen even when the high tide comes in.
The middle zone is the zone in between the other two zones, also known as the Rhizophora zone. Trees there have prop roots. These roots are long and branch out from the middle of trees. They are usually seen growing out in great numbers. Similar to the aerial roots, prop roots too, help the trees hold them firmly to the ground and absorb oxygen. These roots are branched out in a large area which is how they help trees stay firmly rooted to the ground.
The inland zone is the zone furtherest away from the sea. Trees here are the least resistant to the salty water. Trees here have kneed roots. These roots are called kneed roots because they resemble knees. They too provide support and absorb oxygen for the trees.
Natural mangrove forest was destroyed by shrimp farm aquaculture that was establises in West side of Southen of Thailand on 1993.
Reference: http://welovemangrovetrees.wordpress.com/structure-of-mangrove-forest/ http://www.mangrove.or.jp/isme/english/books/educational-series.book2.pdf
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL AREA measurement BASED ON Land Development Department RECOMMENDATION.
20% Community Supply
80% Earning 2.8 Million Bath/Year 218 Rai of total project area is appropriated to develop as agricultural field. By the reason, no tidel condition effects this area and most of functionless is degenerated shrimp ponds these have been closed since 2546.
Community Supply Earning 0.96 Million Bath/Year from rice product, and 1.1 Million Bath/Year from bean products.
Biodiesel Product save 0.18 Million Bath/Month
Earning 82,500 Bath/Month
30% ORCHARD There is cultivation of Salt tolerant speicies that can grown up in where currently affected by salinity and further degradation. It has become imperative to explore the possibilities of increasing potential of these (saline) lands for increased production of crops.
10% BUILD-UP AREA 218 Rai of total project area is appropriated to develop as agricultural field. By the reason, no tidel condition effects this area and most of functionless is degenerated shrimp ponds these have been closed since 2546.
30% COMMUNITY SUPPLY There is cultivation of Salt tolerant rice that can grown up in where currently affected by salinity and further degradation. It has become imperative to explore the possibilities of increasing potential of these (saline) lands for increased production of crops.
10% WATERING SUPPLY 20% ENERGY PLANTS
10 % Water supply can collect enough water quantity for agriculture 81,087.7 m3. Espectially, there is southern climate that have continuous rainning almost all year.
Reference: http://repository.seafdec.org.ph Surtida, M. B. (2000). Silvofisheries in Indonesia. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture
INCREASED HOUSEHOLD INCOME According the proposed, bringing back economic value to degenerate shrimp farm and increasing income are concerned project. So, this diagram show the income in differrence of time and the appropiate income is set to be goal in project development.
2014, Afer Shrimp Business was collapse.
2003, Before Shrimp Business was collapse.
290.25 USD/Month 3,483.40 USD/Year
287.51 USD/Month 3,450.14 USD/Year
2003 (2546)
2004 (2547)
375.36 USD/Month 4,504.23 USD/Year
168.59 USD/Month 2,035.01 USD/Year
2005 (2548)
2006 (2549)
2007 (2550)
2008 (2551)
2009 (2552)
2010 (2553)
2011 (2554)
2012 (2555)
2013 (2556)
2014 (2557)
GOAL
cooperative system Cooperatives are member-owned, member-governed businesses that operate for the benefit of their members according to common principles agreed upon by the international cooperative community. In co-ops, members pool resources to bring about economic results that are unobtainable by one person alone. Most simply put, a cooperative is a business 1) voluntarily owned by the people who use it, and 2) operated for the benefit of its members. Regardless of the goods and services provided, co-ops aim to meet their members’ needs.
Community Supply
RICE MARKETING
ORCHARD
FRUITS
CENTRAL COOPERATIVE PROCESSING FARM EXTENTION
INCOME
FARM SUPPLY Silvofishery
SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
SEA FOOD
COMMUNITY SUPPLY Energy Plant
OIL PALM AND BIODIESEL
MEMBER EDUCATION SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Reference: http://seward.coop/coop/whatisacoop
RESULT
SITE DEVELOPMENT
1 Community Center 2 Cooperative Office 3 Product Trabformation and Workshop 4 Agricultural Product QC Area 5 Fishery Product Exchange Area 6 Agricultural Product Exchange Area 7 Parking Rots 8 Preserved Shrimp Farm Character 9 Soil Reclamation Reserch Center 10 Soil Reclamation Experiment 11 Agricultural Learining Center 12 Equipment Storage 13 Salt Tolerant Crops Experiment 14 Community Shop 15 Outdoor Market Space 16 Community Canteen 17 Community Food Supply 18 Equipment Storage 19 Agriculturist Housing 20 Sala 21 Agriculturist Station 22 Orchard Learning Station 23 Rotation Crops 24 Breeding and Nursery for Plant Trading 25 Learning Station 26 Fertilizer and Equipment Storage 27 Contact Building 28 Product Storage
44
46 46
30 31
29
46
28
2 15
14
3
1
18
24
9
23
PHASE 1 DEVELOPMENT+RECLAMATION 0 - 2 YEARS Water Catchment
nd
la Wet
Community Supply
nd
Community Station Storage and Maintanance Community Pier Fishery Station Fishery in Floating Platform Learning Point View Point Tower Charcoal Production Product Storage Stormwater Catchment Existing Water Catchment Oil Palm Fields Orchard Type I Orchard Type II Silvofishery Area Mangrove Restoration Area Mangrove Restoration Research Mangrove Information Center Mangrove Nursery Parking Rots
la Wet
Oil Palm
Water Catchment
Future
Future
Agricultural Research
Orchard
Water Catchment
Orchard Mangrove Restoration Type A
Organic Shrimp Farming Development Area Silvofishery Development Area Research
Mangrove Restoration Type B Mangrove Restoration Type A
SOIL RECLAMATION MANGROVE RESTORATION PHASE 2 LEARNING+CONNECTION 3 - 6 YEARS
Agriculture And Silvofishery Route
12
17
e
rag
Sto
Central Area
45
11
13
19
Mill / Biodiesel Production Biomass Fertilizer Production Oil Palm Learning Station Oil Palm Nursery Silvofishery Information Silvofishery Research and Learning
10
16
20
25
6
4
26
27
8
7 5
32
29 30 31 32 33 34 Station 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
45
Mangrove Learning And Ecotourism Route (650 m)
Water Catchment
nd
la Wet
Research And Restoration Route (960 m)
21
Community Supply
Oil Palm
nd
22
la Wet
54 47
51
ing
arn
Le
Oil Palm
rSto e ag ing arn Le tion Sta e rag Sto
Learning Center
52
Water Catchment
Central Area Agriculturist Housing
53
Future
Agricultural Research
Water Catchment
Oil Palm
40
Mangrove Re. Learning
Orchard
Community Checkpoint
Mangrove Nursery Mangrove Restoration Type A
Silvofishery Development Area
40
Silvofishery Development Area Research
48
42
43
Mangrove Restoration Type A
40
49 33
34
40
50
35
49
36
LEARNING PROGRAM + ECOTOURISM 40
PHASE 3 BLENDING 7 YEARS OVER
40 40
37
Water Catchment
49
nd
la Wet
38
Oil Palm
Oil Palm
nd
la Wet
39
ing arn Le tion Sta e rag Sto
Oil Palm
Learning Center
40
ing arn Le tion Sta e rag Sto
Water Catchment
Community Supply
Central Area Agriculturist Housing
Agricultural Research
Oil Palm
Future Water Catchment
41
Mangrove Re. Learning Orchard
Community Checkpoint
Mangrove Nursery
Mangrove Restoration Type A Station
Silvofishery Development Area Silvofishery Development Area Research
Organic Shrimp Learning
Mangrove Restoration Type A
Mangrove Restoration Type B
LEARNING EXPANSION
SOIL RECLAMATION PROCESS IN FUTURE AGRICULTURAL AREA RECLAMATION STAGES (6 Months - 1.5 Years)
STAGE 2 SOIL STRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT Let the tractor make make pervious soil is not compacted. To allow more infiltration and aeration. Then mixing mold soil with chemical Gypsum that have important proporty to decrease Na componant in soil (28 Days), finally Inlet storm water to detain to improve soil structure for 7 days.
STAGE 1 PREPARING Drainage detained water and move oild mud sediment in the degenerated shrimp pond.
STAGE 3 N RECLAMATION By seeding legume species and mixing with organic fertilizer, this species can improve the quality of the organic matter is importantfor nutrient cycling and availability for succeeding or intercropped species on these substrates.
AGRICULTURAL STAGES
RECOMMEND กข.1, กข.7
STAGE 4A PADDY FILEDS salt tolerant CROPS
Banana
Guna
Rose Apple
Papaya
Mango
Ramboten
STAGE 4B ORCHARD ON RIDGE SYSTEM Longkong
Neem
Cassod Tree
Date Palm
Oil Palm
Reference: http://repository.seafdec.org.ph Surtida, M. B. (2000). Silvofisheries in Indonesia. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture http://www.asla.org/2011awards/217.html
CULTIVATION PATTERN IN STAFE 4B
The mixed cultivation was proposed in this stage. To make variety of plants in orchard and increase possibility of higher income.
COMMUNITY PROGRAMS This project provide new central activity area for Tung Rin agriculturists who are main users of this project. There are new functions serving new local office, providing open space for cultivate festival on each season or special gathering events. According to main users is Tung Rin agriculturists, their participation run the development going on by a cooperative system. This system provide central product management to mange product harvesting, product collection, quality control and trading. Then, central cooperative will manage total income before separate that to agriculturist members.
OUTDOOR MARKET AND COMMUNITY CANTEEN
3
3
4 6
Calophyllum inophyllum L
Barringtonia asiatica
Cerbera odollm
4
3
1
1
4
1
2
Motorbike And Bike Parking
1
Cooperative Office
1
Vegetable Plots
1
Agriculturist Housing
3
Parking Rots
2
Community Gathering Space
2
Equipment Storage
2
Sala
4
Outdoor Market Space
3
Community Center
3
Community Canteen
3
Gathering Space
7 5
Community Shop
4
Main Equopment Storage
4
Community Shop
4
Sport Area
6
Community Canteen
Main Entrance and Oil Palm Area
Sueda maritima
Cocos nucifera L.
2 3
2
5 1
Terminalia catappa
AGRICULTURIST’S HOUSING
1 2
2
Tamarindus indica
COMMUNITY FOOD SUPPLY
COMMUNTY CENTER AND GATHERING SPACE
7
Senna siamea Lam.
Vegetable Plots
2 4 2
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AND TRADING PROGRAMS Additional proposed programs, the project can be pilot project that provide soil reclamation for Salt-tolerant agriculture, Mangrove restoration, Silvofishery and development in degenerated shrimp farm land that has expanded in Thailand coastal. So, this project can provide variety learning programs aim to adaptive strategies of reclamation, restoration and local economic development. These learning program will be open for agriculturists from other community register for learning inside before back to their degenerated land and adapt their knowledge to own land.
RECLAIMATION RESEARCH CENTER
AGRICULTURAL LEARNING CENTER
Sporobolus virginicus
Sporobolus virginicus
Distichlis spicata
Spartina patens
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT TRADING AREA AND COOPERATIVE OFFICE
Azadirachta indica
Sueda maritima
Parkia speciosa
Cocos nucifera L.
PLANT TRADING AND OIL PALM LEARNING STATION
1 1
2 3
2
1
3
1
2 4
3
2 3 4
4
6
Welcome Trail
1
Soil Reclaimation Research Center
Soil Reclaimation Research Center
2
Vine Cover Trail
Activity Space Soil Reclaimation Experiment
Welcome Trail (Preseved old shrimp pond characteristics)
7
5
4
1
5
6 3
2
4
3 4
Soil Reclaimation Experiment Agricultural Learning Center
1
Cooperative
5
Production Tranformation Factory
1
Oil Palm Field
7
Oil Palm Nursery
2
Fishery Product Exchange Area
6
Workshop
2
Mill / Biodiesel Production
8
Contract Building
3
Agricultural Product Exchange Area
7
Parking Rots
3
Storage
9
Storage
4
Agricultural Product QC Area
4
Biomass Collection
10
Learning Station
5
Fertilizer Production
11
Breeding and Nursery Area
6
Learning Station
Vine Cover Trail and Soil Reclaimation Experiment
Rotation Plants Breeding and Nursery Area
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF MANGROVE RESTORATION
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES IV
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES III
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES II
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES I
Degenerate Aquaculture
Restored Mangrove (3-6 Years)
Rich Functional Mangrove (7-11 Years)
The long shape of shrimps ponds are perpendicular with coastal.
Dike destruction to let the tidal sea water and can flood to degenerated ponds, and using bamboo wall to protect erosion of mud flat seashore.
A newly estabished plantation of Rhizophora mucronata at 2.00x2.00 m spacing on land only flooded by spring tides
Rhizophora mucronata planted on land only flooded by spring tides have grown
Naturelike mangrove forest provided area for eco-aquaculture that friendly related to ecology.
Naturelike mangrove forest provided new habitates and increasing biodiversity.
The shrimps farming area did not located facing to the sea. So, canal is the improtant feature to drainge to farm.
Dike destruction to let the tidal sea water and can flood to degenerated ponds.
A newly estabished plantation of Rhizophora mucronata at 2.00x2.00 m spacing on land only flooded by spring tides
Rhizophora mucronata have grown on seperated plot that depended on old pond dike.
Naturelike mangrove forest provided benefit area for context community.
Eco-education trail is new feature for mangrove restoration learning.
The shrimps farming area is perpendicular with coastal.
Dike destruction to let the tidal sea water and can flood to degenerated ponds.
A newly estabished plantation of Rhizophora mucronata at 1.80x1.80 m spacing on created mudbank
Rhizophora mucronata have grown on seperated plot that depended on old pond dike.
Silvofisheries is a form of low input aquaculture integrating mangrove tree culture with brackishwater aquaculture.
This approach to use and at the same time conserve mangroves maintains that while mangroves remain healthy, the economic benefits of brackishwater aquaculture can be realized.
The long shape of fish ponds are perpendicular with coastal.
Dike destruction to let the tidal sea water and can flood to degenerated ponds.
Let marshland growed to preparing land and biomass for plantation.
Reference: http://repository.seafdec.org.ph Surtida, M. B. (2000). Silvofisheries in Indonesia. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture http://www.asla.org/2011awards/217.html
A newly estabished plantation of Rhizophora mucronata at 1.80x1.80 m spacing on created mudbank (Old pond were quite deep for plantation).
Native species planted on land only flooded by spring tides have grown
Restore and re-populate various types of habitats to recreate various eco-systems that existed here historically.
silvofisheries approach
The silvofishery approach combines mangrove planting with diversified aquaculture. This means that surrounding the shrimp ponds mangroves are planted, providing a more natural habitat, which in return also attacts wild shrimp to come into the pond. The species diversification leads to a more varied income. Furthermore, the mangroves provide a barrier for coastal protection and a habitat for other animal species.
SILVOFISHERY MODELS MODEL A
MODEL B
MODEL C
MODEL D
Mixed Silvofishery system In mixed Silvofishery system, the dikes are covered with mangroves and so correspond most closely to the natural ecosystem of the mangrove forest.
HABITAT MUD BANK - The dykes are shaded. - Pleasant walking - Shade for fish - Extra income from livestock - Bank are strong, held by roots of mangrove tree.
ORGANIC SHRIMP SYSTEM In separate Silvofishery system, the shrimp ponds are located along natural waterways, usually in the front area of the farm, while the mangroves thrive in a separate area in the rear, a part of the farm.
The good quality shrimp that are safe for consumers. And, environmentally friendly, optimize and sustain natural resources to produce extra income. Sediment Management.
Outlet Effluent Mangrove Forest Filtration Systems Sediment Collective Pond Reference: http://www.wetlands.org/Whatwedo/Ouractions/tabid/2661/mod/601/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2447/Restoring-abandoned-shrimp-ponds-in-Indonesia.aspx http://www.silvofishery.com/
Aerotion Pond
MANGROVE LEARNING AND ECOTORISM ROUTE
MANGROVE BIODIVERSITY ZONE
Distance 650 meters
COASTAL ZONE
B
A
MIDDLE ZONE
INLAND ZONE
D
C Silvofishery Bank
Main Chanel Flow To Estuary Mangrove Nurseries
+4.00 +1.50
Inland Zone
+3.00
Silvofishery Bank
Silvofishery Bank
Information Station
+4.00
Walkable Ridge
A short mangrove learning trial serve education group including, students, ecotorism. This route provide learnig activities and let users participate with mangrove restoration and local people in silvofishery area and recreation activity such as bird watching and high-tide kayaking.
+2.00
Silvofishery Bank
+3.00
Walkable Ridge
View Point Tower
+3.75
+2.00
+1.00
Silvofishery Bank
View Point Tower
MHWS +3.22 MSL
MLWS +0.45
RESEARCH AND RESTORATION ROUTE
MANGROVE BIODIVERSITY ZONE
Distance 960 meters
COASTAL ZONE
F
E
MIDDLE ZONE
H
G
Information Station
+4.00
Silvofishery Bank
+5.00
+3.50
+3.00
+1.00
Walkable Ridge
FLOATING PLATFORM
A longer mangrove trial that is privated provide function for official research group , silvofishery area for local people who work in this site. This trial will be developed on phase 3 (7 years over) to access the bigget patch of mangrove reforestation for preservation in the future.
Walkable Ridge
INLAND ZONE
+2.50
Silvofishery Bank
+400
+2.50
Fishery Floating Platform
+4.00
MHWS +3.22 MLWS +0.45
Walkable Ridge
Silvofishery Bank
Chanel Flow