BORDERS THE ARCHITECTURE OF VIOLENCE
TU DELFT MSc3 - Graduation Studio FALL 2014 Borders - The Architecture of Violence Kick off Book Studio Leaders Mitesh Dixit James Westcott Sven Jansse Research Assistants Marija Mateljan Hrvoje Å midihen
CP
Complex Projects Chair: Prof. ir. Kees Kaan
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION 2. HARD DATA 3. HISTORY 4. LEGAL ACTS 5. BORDER STATES 6. ON THE FIELD
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USA - MEXICO BORDER
KOREA DMZ 250 KM USA - MEXICO BORDER 3110 KM
USA WEST COAST 3288 KM
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U.S. ROUTE 66 3945 KM MISSISSIPPI RIVER 4070 KM
USA EAST COAST 5955 KM
EU- RUSSIA BORDER
AMAZON RIVER 6437 KM
NILE RIVER 6853 KM
GREAT WALL OF CHINA 8850 KM
USA - CANADA BORDER 8891 KM
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USA - MEXICO BORDER
length 3,110 km 350 million legal crossings annualy 1,100 km of high security fencing border region extends 60 km north and south 500 migrant deaths in last 13 years 47 legal crossing points 500 000 illegal entries into the United States each year
WORLD’S MOST VOLATILE BORDERS
Berlin Wall , memorial at Bernauer Strasse
Border between Turks and Greeks in Cyprus
Peaceline of west Belfast
Border between North and South Korea
Shiite Sadr City in Baghdad
Border between Palestinians and Israelis in Jeruzalem
Border around Spanish enclave Manilla in Maroco
Mexico -USA Border
MEXICO
113,724,000 1,972,550 km2 55/km2 México City México City Federal presidential constitutional republic Guadalupe Victoria Enrique Peña Nieto Congress: Senate, Chamber of Deputies September 27th, 1821. None at federal level 82.7% Christianity, 2.8% unspecified, 9.7% Protestant, 4.7% atheists 70% Amerindian-European, 15% White, 15% Amerindian US$1.143 trillion Peso $6.07 billion on the right +52 .mx
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Population Area Density Capital Largest City Government First Leader Current Leader Legislature Independance Official languages Main religions Ethnic groups GDP Currency Military costst Drives Calling code Internet TLD
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USA Population 318,534,000 Area 9,826,630 km2 Density 31/km2 Capital Washington, D.C. Largest City New York City Government Federal presidential constitutional republic First Leader George Washington Current Leader Barack Obama Official languages None at federal level Main religions 75% Christianity, 20% non-Religious, 2% Judaism, 1% Islam, Ethnic groups 74% White American, 14.8% Hispanic Americans,13.4% Black American, 4.4% Asian American, 0.68% American Indian GDP (nominal) 14.441 trillion Military expenditures $663.7 billion Drives on the right Calling code +1 Internet TLD .us .gov .mil .edu
HARD DATA
CHIHUAHUA
Naco
Heroica Nogales
Juarez
El Paso San Elizario
Yuma
Calexico
Phoenix
San Diego
Tucson
Columbus
Douglas
Sierra Vista
Nogales
Sonoita
Puerto Palomas
Agua Prieta
Guadalupe Praxedis G Guerrero Cabras El Povrenir
V. Guerrero
S Luis Rio Colorado
San Isidro San Agustin Jesus Carranza
SONORA
Chihuahua
Tecate
Mexicali
BAJA CALIFORNIA
Hermosillo
Ensenada
Tijuana
Los Angeles
CALIFORNIA
ARIZONA NEW ME
NUEVO LEON
TAMAULIPAS Roma
Brownsville
Harlingen
Progresso
Rio Grande City Sullivan City Mc Allen
El Cenizo San Ygnacio Zapata
Laredo
Piedras Negras Airport Radar Base
Jimenez
Ciudad AcuĂąa
Houston
Austin
San Antonio
Del Rio
Presidio
Dallas
Forth Worth
EXICO
Matamoros
Ciudad Rio Bravo Nuevo Progresso
Reynosa
Ciudad G. D. Ordaz
Ciudad Camargo
Nueva C. Guerrero Ciudad Mier Guerra Loss Ciudad M. Aleman
Nuevo Laredo
Hidalgo Colombia
COAHUILA
Monterrey
Monclova
Ojinaga
CITIES
TEXAS
100 km
Colorado River Arizona Boundary 24 miles (38 km)
CALIFORNIA
NEW ME ARIZONA
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
CHIHUAHUA
California Land Boundary 141 miles (226 km)
Arizona Land Boundary 354 miles (569 km)
New Mexico Land Boundary 180 miles (289 km)
BORDER LENGTH B Y S TAT E
Rio Grande Texas Boundary 1255 miles (2019 km)
Land Boundary (CA, AZ, NM) 675 miles (1086 km) Colorado River Boundary 24 miles (38 km) Rio Grande Boundary 1255 miles (2019 km) Total Continental Boundary
1954 miles (3144 km)
EXICO
TEXAS
COAHUILA
NUEVO LEON TAMAULIPAS
100 km
Cuidad Juarez
Puerto Palomas
Agua Prieta
Naco
Sasabe Nogales
Sonoita
S Luis Rio Colorado
Mexicali
Tecate
Tijuana San Diego
Santa Teresa El Paso
Columbus
Douglas
Naco
Nogales
Sasabe
Lukeville
Andrade
Calexico
Otay Mesa
CALIFORNIA
ARIZONA NEW ME
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
CHIHUAHUA
Nuevo Laredo
Piedras Negras
Ciudad Acuña
Ojinaga
NUEVO LEON
TAMAULIPAS
Matamoros
Reynosa
Roma Rio Grande City Los Ebanos Pharr Progresso Los Indios Brownsville
Laredo
Eagle Pass
Del Rio
Presidio
BORDER CROSSINGS
Port-of-Entry Commercial Zone
US-Mexico Border Crossings
US-Mexico Border Line
EXICO
TEXAS
COAHUILA
100 km
Cuidad Juarez
Puerto Palomas
Agua Prieta
Naco
Nogales
S Luis Rio Colorado
Mexicali
Tijuana
El Paso
Columbus
Douglas
Naco
Nogales
Yuma
Calexico
San Diego CALIFORNIA
ARIZONA NEW ME
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
CHIHUAHUA
Nuevo Laredo
Piedras Negras
Ciudad Acuña
Ojinaga
NUEVO LEON
TAMAULIPAS
Matamoros
Reynosa
Brownsville
Mc Allen
Laredo
Eagle Pass
Del Rio
Presidio
L A PA Z AGREEMENT AREA
EXICO
TEXAS
COAHUILA
100 km
Colorado River
CALIFORNIA
NEW ME ARIZONA
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
Gulf of California
Pacific Ocean
CHIHUAHUA
Rio Grande
Gulf of Mexico
W AT E R
EXICO
TEXAS
COAHUILA
NUEVO LEON TAMAULIPAS
100 km
Médanos de Samalayuca Natural Protected Area
Chiricahua National Monument Whitmire Canyon Wilderness Study Area Reserva de la Biósfera Janos
Coronado National Forest San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area
Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge Sonoita Creek State Natural Area
Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge
Kofa National Wildlife Refuge
Reserva de la Biosfera Gran Desierto de Altar
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
Cleveland National Forest
CALIFORNIA
ARIZONA NEW ME
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
CHIHUAHUA
EXICO
LA PAZ AGREEMENT AREA
Area Natural Protegida Sierra Picachos
Parque Nacional Maderas del Carmen
Parque Nacional Cañon de Santa Elena Big Bend Ranch State Park Big Bend National Park
PROTECTED N AT U R A L A R E A S
TEXAS
COAHUILA
NUEVO LEON
TAMAULIPAS
100 km
CALIFORNIA
NEW ME ARIZONA
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
CHIHUAHUA
TOPOGRAPHY
EXICO
TEXAS
COAHUILA
NUEVO LEON TAMAULIPAS
100 km
HISTORY
TERRITORIAL EVOLUTION THROUGH HISTORY
1821 1821-1823 1823 1823 1824 1845 1846-1848 1848 1848 1853
gained independence from Spain Mexican Empire united Mexican states were established Central America seceded from Mexico Chiapas joined back to Mexico Texas declared independence and joined USA war against USA Yucatan joined back to Mexico Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, half of the land had to be given to the USA USA purchased territory for the new railway route
TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO WITH USA 1848
TEXAS ANNEXED BY USA 1845 GADSDEN PURCHASE BY USA 1853
MEXICO GAINED INDEPENDANCE FROM SPAIN 1821
YUCATAN ANNEXATION 1823
CHIAPAS ANNEXATION 1924 SECCESSION OF CENTRAL AMERIKA 1823
200
500
1820
1000 km
1830
1776 1783 1803 1821 1845 1846 1846-1848 1848
Declaration of Independence American territory was recognized from Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River Louisiana was purchased from France Spain ceded Florida Texas declared independence and joined USA Oregon Treaty led USA to control North-west war against USA victory in the war against Mexico resulted in the Mexican Cession of California 1853 Gadsden purchase from Mexico for the new railway route
OREGON COUNTRY BRITISH CLAIMS 1846
TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO WITH MEXICO 1848
UNITED STATES 1783
TEXAS ANNEXED FROM MEXICO 1845
GADSDEN PURCHASE FROM MEXICO 1853
1780
LOUISIANA PURCHASE FROM FRANCE 1803
FLORIDA PURCHASE FROM SPAIN 1821
1850
PRECOLUMBIAN ERA 1500 BC
1400BC-400BC OLMEC CIVILISATION
Olmec were an ancient Pre-Columbian people living in the tropical lowlands of Mexico. The Olmec are believed to have been the progenitor civilization of later Mexican civilizations.
300 BC-900 AD TEOTIHUCAN CIVILISATION
Teotihucan was the first true metropolis in the world. Its influence, both culutral and economic stretched across Mexico into Central America, founding new dynasties in the Mayan cities. The power of the civilisation was represented by monumetnal architecture in the city.
250-1100 MAYAN CIVILISATION
While the Maya city-states never achieved political unity on the order of the central Mexican civilizations, they exerted a tremendous intellectual influence upon Mexico. The Maya built some of the most elaborate cities on the continent, and made innovations in mathematics, astronomy, and writing that became the pinnacle of Mexico’s scientific achievements.
700 - 1300 TOLTEC CIVILISATION
The Toltec culture is an archaeological Mesoamerican culture whose arrival in central Mexico coincided with the decline of the Maya. The later Aztec culture saw the Toltecs as their intellectual and cultural predecessors. The famous colosal statues of Tula reflect the military regime of the Toltecs.
1325-1521 AZTEC EMPIRE 1500 AD
Aztecs of Central Mexico built a tributary empire covering most of central Mexico.The Aztecs were noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale. Their empire stretched from ocean to ocean, and extended into Central America.The empire relied upon a system of taxation. The Aztec capital, Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the site of modern-day Mexico City, was one of the largest cities in the world, with a population of 30,000.
The oldest mound complex was thought to be Poverty Point, also located in the Lower Mississippi Valley. It is the centerpiece of a culture extending over 100 sites on both sides of the Mississippi. The Poverty Point site has earthworks in the form of six concentric half-circles, divided by radial aisles, together with some mounds. The entire complex is nearly a mile across.
1500 BC
1500BC POVERTY POINT
1000 BC-1000 AD WOODLAND PERIOD
The Woodland Period refers to prehistoric sites between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures. This period is considered a developmental stage without any massive changes in a short period, but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools, leather working, textile manufacture, tool production, cultivation, and shelter construction. Some Woodland peoples continued to use spears and atlatls until the end of the period, when they were replaced by bows and arrows.
The Mississippian culture was spread across the Southeast and Midwest from the Atlantic coast to the edge of the plains, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Upper Midwest. One of the distinguishing features of this culture was the construction of complexes of large earthen mounds and grand plazas. They grew maize and other crops intensively, participated in an extensive trade network, and had a complex stratified society. The culture reached its peak in c. 1200-1400, and in most places, it seems to have been in decline before the arrival of the Europeans.
1500 AD
1000-1500 MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE
COLONIAL PERIOD 1500
1518 ARRIVAL OF THE SPANISH
Spanish conquistador Cortes led expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. Believing that Cortés might be the God, Aztec King invited him to Tenochtitlán. After the two years, Cortez and his followers attacked and conquered the Aztecs.
1521-1650 PERIOD OF CONQUEST
After conquered Tenochtitlan it took several to subdue the rest of Mexico. New Spain was finally founded as a viceroyalty in 1535 with the appointment of the first viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza. The viceroy was directly responsible to the Spanish Crown.
1650-1713 PERIOD OF CONSOLIDATION
Numerous missionaries arrived in Mexico and begun building churches and converting citizens to Catholicism. More and more Spaniards started to arrive to Mexico, and mix with native citizens. Fundamental of what we consider Mexican culture were established in this period.
1713-1806 A BOURBON REFORMS
Kings of the House of Bourbon throughout the 18th century introduced numerous reforms in Spanish America with the goal to make the administration more efficient and to promote its economic, commercial, and fiscal development. The Bourbon Reforms were intended to limit the power of Creoles and re-establish Spanish primacy over their colonies.
1810–1821 END OF VICEROYALITY 1800
The Mexican War of Independence ended the rule of Spain in the territory of New Spain. The war had its antecedent in the French invasion of Spain in 1808 and extended from the Grito de Dolores on September 16 of 1810, to the entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees to Mexico City on September 27 of 1821.
After Christophor Columbo discovered the New World in 1492 other explorers and settlement followed into the Floridas and the American Southwest.There were also some French attempts to colonize the east coast, and later more successful settlements along the Mississippi River.
1500
1492 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
1600 - 1700 FIRST SETTLEMENTS
First successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America Virginia Colony in 1607 and Jamestown in 1620. Early experiments in communal living failed until the introduction of private farm holdings. Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom.
1732 13 AMERICAN COLONIES
In 1732, the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism. With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly.
During Revolutionary War against British Crown Americans developed an ideology of “republicanism� that held government rested on the will of the people. In 1776 the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed, that the 13 colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States. Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown. In the peace treaty of 1783, American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River.
1800
1776 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
19TH CENTURY 1800
1820 - 1830 BIRTH OF THE COUNTRY
Agustín de Iturbide immediately proclaimed himself emperor of the First Mexican Empire. A revolt against him in 1823 established the United Mexican States. In 1824, a Republican Constitution was drafted and Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of the newly born country. In 1829 president Guerrero abolished slavery. The first decades of the independence period were marked by economic instability and numerous political crisis which led to civil war.
1830-1850 TERITORIAL LOOSES
As civil war spread across the country, three new governments declared independence: the Republic of Texas, the Republic of the Rio Grande and the Republic of Yucatán. Texas successfully achieved independence and joined the United States. A border dispute led to the Mexican-American War, which began in 1846 and lasted for two years; the War was settled via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which forced Mexico to give up over half of its land to the U.S., including Alta California, New Mexico.
1850-1713 LA REFORMA
A constitutionof 1857 established a secular state, federalism as the form of government, and several freedoms. As the conservadores refused to recognize it, the Reform War began in 1858, during which both groups had their own governments. The war ended in 1861 with victory by the Liberals, led by the Amerindian president Benito Juárez. In the 1860s Mexico underwent a military occupation by France, which established the Second Mexican Empire, whic lasted till 1867.
1876-1910 BOURBON REFORMS 1900
Kings of the House of Bourbon throughout the 18th century introduced numerous reforms in Spanish America with the goal to make the administration more efficient and to promote its economic, commercial, and fiscal development. The Bourbon Reforms were intended to limit the power of Creoles and re-establish Spanish primacy over their colonies.
The Louisiana Purchase of French-claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation’s size. A series of U.S. military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it in 1819. Expansion was aided by steam power, when steamboats began traveling along America’s large water systems. The U.S. annexed the Texas in 1845 while the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the American Northwest. Victory in the Mexican-American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California.
1800
1800 - 1850 TERITORIAL EXPANSION
1848 - 1855 CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. Migration had substantial effect on the development of the West coast.
1861-1864 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
From the beginning of the US, divisions over slavery between the North and the South led to the civil war. Seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States. . The states that did not declare secession were known as the North. After four years of bloody combat that left over 600,000 South and North soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South’s infrastructure, the South collapsed and slavery was abolished.
The urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Europe transformed America’s culture. Rapid economic development at the end of the 19th century produced many prominent industrialists, and the U.S. economy became the world’s largest. Dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.
1900
1865 - 1910 INDUSTRIALISATION
20TH CENTURY 1900
1910 - 1929 MEXICAN REVOLUTION
A major armed struggle that started in 1910 was led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio DĂaz, and lasted for the better part of a decade until around 1920. Over time the revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war with frequently shifting power struggles. After prolonged struggles, its representatives produced the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The revolution is generally considered to have lasted until 1920, although the country continued to have sporadic, but comparatively minor, outbreaks of warfare well into the 1920s. The Cristero War of 1926 to 1929 was the most significant relapse of the revolution.
1929 - 2000 ONE PARTY RULE
In 1929, Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party, later renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party , and started a period known as One party Rule. Between 1930 and 1980, Mexico remained a poor country but experienced substantial economic growth that some historians call the Mexican miracle. Although the economy continued to flourish, social inequality remained a factor of discontent. Moreover, the PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed in 1994 marked start of weakening of the PIR strength.
2000 END OF ONE PARTY RULE
2000
In December 1994, the Mexican economy collapsed. With a rapid rescue package authorized by the U.S. President, Bill Clinton, and major macroeconomic reforms the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost by the end of 1999. In 2000, after 71 years, the PRI lost a presidential election to Vicente Fox of the opposition National Action Party (PAN).
The United States remained neutral at the start of WW in 1914, though by 1917, it joined the Allies, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
1900
1914-1918 WORLD WAR I
1920-1940 GREAT DEPRESSION
The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as president in Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal, which included the establishment of the Social Security system.
1939-1945 WORLD WAR II
The US was at first neutral during World War II’ but on December 7, 1941, the Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies. Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers, it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence.
1945 - 1990 COLD WAR
After WW II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what is known as the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism.
Al-Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New and started on going war against terrorism.
2000
2001 THE AL-QAEDA TERRORISTS STRUCK
AMERICAN MEXICAN WAR 02-06-1836
Texas declared independance from the republic of Mexico
03-01-1845
The official proposal of statehood for Texas is signed by President John Tyler
16-06 1845
The U.S. officially annexes Texas, Mexico does not recognize the annexation
03-1846
General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops toward the Rio Grande River
25-04-1846
The Mexican-American War begins
08-05-1846
The U.S. wins the Battle of Palo Alto
09-05-1846
The U.S. wins the Battle of Resaca de la Palma
13-05-1846
Congress officially declares war on Mexico
06-1846
The Bear Flag Revolt begins, California declares independance
14-08, 1846
Stephen Kearny leads the U.S. army in the occupation of New Mexico
10-10 1846
The U.S. wins the Battle of Monterrey
12- 1846
Antonio López de Santa Anna declares himself Mexico’s president
01-23-1847
The U.S. wins the Battle of Buena Vista
04-1847
The U.S. wins the Battle of Cerro Gordo
14-09-1847
The U.S. wins the Battle of Mexico City
02-02-1948
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10-1950
US develops plans for the southern rail route
12-1853
The Gadsden purchase treaty was signed
08-1854
Purchase was ratified, with changes, by the US Senate
08-06-1854
Approval action of purchase taken by Mexico
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - the Rio Grande River is established as the border - Mexico recognizes the U.S. annexation of Texas - Mexico agrees to sell California to the US - teritory north of the Rio Grande becomes US
The Gadsden Purchase The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande; it was largely for the purpose that the US might construct a railroad along a deep southern route.
1848
1853 1845
Annexation of Texas President John Tyler signed the proposal of statehood for Texas, but it does not pass through Congress. He is warned by Mexico that annexing Texas could lead to war, but Tyler is determined to make Texas part of the United States.
BORDER SHIFTS 1
1521-1845 FIRST BORDER BETWEEN MEXICO AND USA
2 1845-1848 BORDER AFTER ANNEXATION OF TEXAS
3 1848 - 1853 BORDER AFTER MEXICAN - AMERICAN WAR
4 1853-
FINAL BORDER AFTER GADSDEN PURCHASE
LEGAL ACTS
THE LA PAZ AGREEMENT
Signed by Presidents Ronald Reagan and Miguel de la Madrid in 1983, this breakthrough agreement established a framework for cooperation on environmental problems. It empowers the federal environmental authorities in the United States and Mexico to undertake cooperative initiatives and is implemented through multi-year binational programs searching for and implementing solutions to problems related to air, water and land pollution along the border. The La Paz Agreement defines the U.S.-Mexico border region as extending more than 3,100 kilometers from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, and 100 kilometers on either side of the border. The border region has a variety of climates, ranging from Mediterranean conditions in the San Diego-Tijuana area to desert lands in Arizona-Sonora, New Mexico-Chihuahua, and Texas. This climatic variety supports a remarkable biological diversity. Stark natural beauty and unique history can be appreciated within the region’s many national parks and protected areas. The binational border region also contains multiple jurisdictions including ten states, local governments, and U.S. Tribes, and a complex legal framework.
An agreement which established a framework for cooperation on environmental problems that has been carried forward by subsequent presidential administrations in Mexico and the U.S.
INTERNATIONAL WATER AND BOUNDARY COMMISSION
distribution between the two countries of the waters of the Rio Grande and of the Colorado River regulation and conservation of the waters of the Rio Grande for their use by the two countries by joint construction operation and maintenance of international storage dams and reservoirs and plants for generating hydroelectric energy at the dams protection of lands along the river from floods by levee and floodway projects solution of border sanitation and other border water quality problems preservation of the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary demarcation of the land boundary
An international body created in 1889 by the United States and Mexico to administer the many boundary and water-rights treaties and agreements between the Mexico and United States.
THE SECURE FENCE ACT
The goal is to help secure America’s borders to decrease illegal entry, drug trafficking, and security threats by building 1,100 km of physical barriers along the MexicoUnited States border. The law authorizes more vehicle barriers, checkpoints, and lighting as well as authorizes the Department of Homeland Security to increase the use of advanced technology like cameras, satellites, and unmanned aerial vehicles to reinforce infrastructure at the border. Congress approved $1.2 billion in a separate homeland security spending bill to bankroll the fence, though critics say this is $4.8 billion less than what’s likely needed to get it built.
An Act To establish operational control over the international land and maritime borders of the United States signed by George W. Bush on October 26, 2006.
“This bill will help protect the American people. This bill will make our borders more secure. It is an important step toward immigration reform.� George W. Bush
THE SECURE FENCE ACT
+
diminishing vehicle transport of illegal immigrants encouraging leagal entries diminish the illegal drug trade pouring into the US from Mexico provide additional protection from terrorist entry into the country
not an effective strategy to curb illegal immigration harms US-Mexico relations disrupt the environment and natural migration of wildlife increase the danger of Immigrant workers attempting to cross the border doesen’t allow seasonal workers to return to Mexico
BORDER STATES
ia
rn
fo
ali
C
Arizona New Mexico
aC
Baj
Sonora Chihuahua Coahuila
auli
pas
Nuevo Leon
Tam
rnia
alifo
Texas
10 BORDER STATES
California Arizona New Mexico Texas Baja California Sonora Chihuahua Coahuila Nuevo Leon Tamaulipas
BAJA CALIFORNIA
Tijuana Mexicali Ensenada BN
Over 75% of the population lives in the capital city, Mexicali, in Ensenada, or in Tijuana. There is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the cheaper cost of living compared to San Diego. There is also a significant population from Central America. Many immigrants moved to Baja California for a better quality of life and the number of higher paying jobs in comparison to the rest of Mexico and Latin America. Potable water is the largest natural resource issue of the state.
CALIFORNIA
San Francisco
CA Los Angeles San Diego
The most populous U.S. state. California is a home to one out of eight people who live in the United States. It is the third largest state by area. Half of the fruit produced in the U.S. is now cultivated in California. The state also leads in the production of vegetables. If it were a country, it would be the 8th or 9th largest economy in the world. 45 percent of the state’s total surface area is covered by forests.
SONORA
SO Hermosillo
Primarily arid or semi-arid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation. Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the Yaqui and the Seri. It has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef) and mining. Sonora is a major producer of seafood in Mexico with a developed fishing infrastructure. In the 1980s, an international volleyball game was regularly held near Naco, with the chain link border fence serving as the net.
ARIZONA
AZ Phoenix Tucson
It is the sixth largest and the 15th most populous of the 50 states. Border with Mexico is 389 miles (626 km) long. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half. About one-quarter of the state is made up of Indian Reservations that serve as the home of a number of Native American tribes.
CHIHUAHUA
Ciudad Juarez
CH Chihuahua
Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico by area. Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Today Chihuahua serves as an important commercial route prospering from billions of dollars from international trade as a result of NAFTA. On the other hand the state suffers the fallout of illicit trade and activities especially at the border.
NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque
NM El Paso
The 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States. New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second highest percentage of Native Americans after Alaska. New Mexico is the third leading crude oil and natural gas producer in the United States.
COAHUILA
CA Saltillo
About 95% of Mexico’s coal reserves are found in Coahuila, which is the country’s top mining state. Coahuila is largely arid or semi-arid, but the rivers of the State support extensive irrigated agriculture, particularly cotton. The Parras district in the southern part of the State produces wines and brandies. The state has a very low density, in fact as low as only 15 persons per square kilometer and natives make up merely 0.3% of the total population.
TEXAS
Dallas
TX
San Antonio Huston
Texas is the second most populous (after California) and the second largest of the 50 U.S. states (after Alaska). Texas industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle. Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The state’s economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state. Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the United States.
NUEVO LEON
NL
Monterrey
Highly industralized, Nuevo León possesses a standard of living similar to that of countries such as Croatia, Slovakia or Poland. Nuevo León’s economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing. The high quality of life that prevails across the state is reflected on statistical rates such as education, as the entity reports an almost perfect record for finished secondary education, and 13 in 100 inhabitants earn a professional degree. In the same line, illiteracy rates for the state are within the lowest in the nation.
TAMAULIPAS
TM
Ciudad Victoria Altamira
Northern Tamaulipas shares is primarily characterized by agriculture and strong growth in all industrial sectors. This region is home to many of the maquiladoras, factories owned by foreign companies but worked by Mexicans, primarily by women. Southern Tamaulipas’ economy is based primarily on the petrochemical industries. Also of importance are the tourism and fishing industries, as well as much commercial shipping. In rural communities in Tamaulipas, access to running water was available in less than 40 percent of homes.
STATES COMPARISON
Surface area Comparison
Texas California New Mexico Arizona Chihuahua Sonora Coahuila Tamaulipas Baja California Nuevo Leon
696,241 km2 423,970 km2 315,194 km2 295,234 km2 247,460 km2 179,355 km2 151,595 km2 80,249 km2 71,450 km2 64,156 km2
r fo
ali C nia Arizona
New Mexico
Chihuahua Coahuila
auli
pas
Nuevo Leon
Tam
rnia
alifo aC
Baj Texas Sonora
GDP Comparison (2011)
California Texas Arizona New Mexico Nuevo Leon Coahuila Tamaulipas Chihuahua Sonora Baja California
2.030.468 million USD 1.357.298 million USD 258.187 million USD 87.334 million USD 81,405 million USD 33,610 million USD 31,768 million USD 31,147 million USD 29,658 million USD 29,021 million USD
ia
rn
fo
ali
C Arizona
New Mexico
rnia
alifo
aC
Baj Texas Sonora Chihuahua Coahuila
GDP = Gross Domestic Product
Tam
auli
pas
Nuevo Leon
Population Comparison
California Texas Arizona Nuevo Leon Chihuahua Tamaulipas Baja California Coahuila Sonora New Mexico
ia rn fo ali C Arizona
New Mexico
Chihuahua Coahuila
Nuevo Leon
Tam auli pas
rnia alifo aC Baj
Texas Sonora
38,340,000 26,448,193 6,626,624 4,826,292 3,470,783 3,374,200 3,337,543 2,841,657 2,755,258 2,085,287
Density Comparison
California Nuevo Leon Baja California Tamaulipas Texas Arizona Coahuila Sonora Chihuahua New Mexico
ia rn fo ali C Arizona
New Mexico
Chihuahua Coahuila
Nuevo Leon
Tam auli pas
rnia alifo aC Baj
Texas Sonora
95/km2 75/km2 47/km2 42/km2 38/km2 22/km2 19/km2 15/km2 14/km2 7/km2
HDI Comparison (2013)
California Arizona Texas New Mexico Nuevo Leon Coahuila Sonora Baja California Tamaulipas Chihuahua
VH VH VH VH VH H H H H H
ia
rn
fo
ali
C Arizona
New Mexico
rnia
alifo
aC
Baj Texas Sonora Chihuahua Coahuila
HDI = Human Development Index VH = Very High H = High
Tam
auli pas
Nuevo Leon
Poverty Rate Comparison
Tamaulipas Chihuahua Baja California Sonora Coahuila Nuevo Leon New Mexico Texas Arizona California
38.4% 35.3% 30.2% 29.1% 27.9% 23.2% 17.9% 16.2% 15.2% 13.2%
ia
rn
fo
ali
C Arizona
New Mexico
rnia
alifo
aC
Baj Texas Sonora Chihuahua Coahuila
Poverty Rate = percentage of population living below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL)
Tam
auli pas
Nuevo Leon
ON THE FIELD
OPINIONS OF THE LOCALS
“People have this idea that this part of the country is full of drugs and violence, but every day, moms take their kids to soccer, people go to work, go to church …” Ralph Cowen, 67, American Port commissioner, Brownsville, Texas
“I’m American, Mexican, then Texan. In that order.” Brianna Barraza, 15, American Anthony, Texas
“I think it’s a privilege to live on the border. … To be like — Hey I’m going to another country for a day.” Soraya Vazquez, 20, American Tijuana, Mexico
“I think you would be hard-pressed to find agents that don’t have empathy for individuals. We are empathetic to situation but sworn to uphold the law.” Cmdr. Robert Harris, American Laredo, Texas
TOOTHBRUSH The border is littered with toothbrushes. And used deodorant. And abandoned toys. Things left behind by people trying to cross. Undocumented migrants are sometimes forced by the Border Patrol to discard potential weapons like shoelaces.
“When moving across the desert, people typically eat, rest, change clothes and leave behind a variety of items at different stages of the process. Discarded objects include goods used to clean up one’s appearance. Many undocumented migrants assume that the best way to avoid detection is to ‘not look poor,’ a strategy that can backfire.” Anthropologist Jason de Leon
JUAREZ, MEXICO: VIOLENT CITY
Warring gangs and drug cartels made Juarez one of the world’s most violent cities. In 2010 it suffered more than 3,000 murders, many of them related to a fight to control the drug trade.
Just across the Rio Grande is El Paso, Texas, one of the safest cities in the U.S. It became home to many seeking refuge at the height of Juarez violence.
Back in Juarez, some neighborhoods, like Riberas del Bravo, were almost entirely abandoned by families that no longer felt safe at home
Cuidad Juarez
Nogales
Mexicali
Tijuana
MAQUILADORAS
CALIFORNIA
NEW ME ARIZONA
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
CHIHUAHUA
Major maquiladora areas by employment Chihuahua 45.100
Tijuana 177.000
Ciudad Acuna 32.200
Mexicali 55.400
Monterrey 72.300
Nogales 33.900
Reynosa 100.800
Ciudad Juarez 242.600
Matamoros 55.500
Chihuahua
x 10 000
Reynosa
Ciudad AcuĂąa
EXICO
In Mexico, a maquiladora is a manufacturing operation in a free trade zone (FTZ), where factories import material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, processed and/or manufactured products, sometimes back to the raw materials’ country of origin. These plants are mostly foreign-owned factories in Mexico which employ cheap mexican workforce. More than 2.800 maquiladora plants employing more than a million people were operating in 2005. One of the main goals of the Border Industrialization Program was to attract foreign investment. To do that, Mexican labor is kept cheap and competitive with other major export countries to keep the United States firms operating within the Mexican assembly plants.
TEXAS
NUEVO LEON TAMAULIPAS
Matamoros
Monterrey
COAHUILA
100 km
Mexican women work for approximately onesixth of the U.S. hourly rate. Young women are often preferred over older women, as younger women are capable of working longer hours. Women are often subjected to unsafe and unsanitary working conditions. Poverty is a key factor that motivates women, in particular, to work in maquiladoras. The minimum wage set by the Mexican government is barely enough to help sustain a family. The minimum wage “buys only about a quarter of the basic necessities that are essential for a typical worker’s family”.
VENDORS
Mexican vendors walk in the hot sun, in the air polluted by thousands of idling cars, to take advantage of those waiting for the border control - just sitting there, with no access to food or bathrooms.
Nogales Tucson
San Luis
San Diego Otay Mesa
TUNNELS
CALIFORNIA NEW MEXICO ARIZONA
BAJA CALIFORNIA
SONORA
Nogales
S Luis Rio Colorado
Tecate
Tijuana
CHIHUAHUA
Locations of found tunnels
HOW ARE THEY BUILT? Tunnel construction ranges from extremely rudimentary, a small burrow dug by hand sometimes only large enough for a person to crawl through, to very sophisticated, including lights, supports to hold up the ceiling and ventilation. They can range from just a few feet stretching from one side of the border to the other, to up to a quarter mile long. For sophisticated tunnels, such as those found near San Diego, cartels will hire engineers and miners to build the tunnels. A cartel will have a financier or a cell that reports to the cartel bosses and runs the construction. U.S. border officials estimate that the more sophisticated tunnels probably cost between $2 million to $3 million to build. TEXAS
HOW ARE TUNNELS DISCOVERED? The majority of tunnels are found by human intelligence, either by Mexican or U.S. authorities patrolling the border and noticing the ground has been disturbed, or through informants who tip authorities to their presence. HOW ARE TUNNELS USED? Experts say sophisticated tunnels are used for mostly drug and gun smuggling, though people who don’t want to risk traveling above ground will occasionally be sneaked through those tunnels. Immigrant smugglers use “gopher hole” tunnels made up of huge PVC pipes that are buried underground and span the border, providing enough space through which a person can barely squeeze. The storm-drain tunnels in places like Nogales are used for both immigrant and drug smuggling.
COAHUILA
NUEVO LEON
illegal border crossing TAMAULIPAS
100 km
BORDER WARS
Border Wars is an American documentary television series on the National Geographic Channel. The program follows agents of the U.S. Border Patrol, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and other divisions of the Department of Homeland Security as they investigate and apprehend undocumented immigrants, drug smugglers, and other criminals violating immigration to the United States and customs laws. The series also follows Air Interdiction Agents, and Marine Interdiction Agents who patrol along the U.S.Mexico border, as well as southern Florida and Puerto Rico. �It is a great show. People in this country have no idea what is going on, on our boarders. Thank God for this Officers on our boarders.� Maria Murray I am so happy to hear, that the Governor of TX. is bringing the National Guards to the Boarder, because the government is not doing what there should be doing. Nathan Myers
6 MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE BORDER
The US-Mexico Border is violent It certainly is in some places, but those don’t tend to be on the U.S. side. In fact, El Paso, Texas and San Diego, California are the two safest cities in the country, according to Congressional Quarterly. While Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer has repeatedly said the border in her state is dangerous, crime statistics reported by USA Today and The Huffington Post show that violent crime has dropped along the U.S.-Mexico border
The US-Mexico border is vulnerable to terrorists That’s not the assessment of the U.S. government. The Mexico section of the most recent State Department’s Country Reports on Terrorism reads: No known international terrorist organization had an operational presence in Mexico and no terrorist group targeted U.S. citizens in or from Mexican territory. There was no evidence of ties between Mexican criminal organizations and terrorist groups, nor that the criminal organizations had political or territorial control.
The U.S. hasn’t committed enough resources to securing the border Again, depends on who you ask. The $18 billion the federal government spent on border enforcement in the 2012 fiscal year was more than it spent on than on other law enforcement agencies combined, according to the Migration Policy Institute - about 15 times more than it did in the mid-1980s. Is that enough, especially in a context in which illegal immigration stands at net zero? If, not, what is?
The border is insecure Depends on how you define “secure.” By practically all measurements, the border is at its most secure point in recent history. There’s more than 20,000 Border Patrol agents stationed along the border now -- about double the number since 2004. Apprehensions along the border, one of the most reliable measures of illegal entry, are at their lowest level in 40 years. But politicians have yet to agree on how to define what “secure” will mean for legal purposes.
Illegal immigration continues to skyrocket Nope. For all the talk from outraged politicians, you’d think that immigration along the U.S.-Mexico border remains at historically high levels. In fact, illegal immigration from Mexico has dropped to net zero or less, according to the Pew Hispanic Center.
Obama has been soft on enforcement In fact, it’s one of the biggest gripes immigration activists have with him. While Obama has exempted many people who came to the United States as children from deportation, he has also set records, deporting over 400,000 people last fiscal year and removing more migrants in one term than George W. Bush did in two. The U.S. hasn’t committed enough resources to securing the border. Again, depends on who you ask. The $18 billion the federal government spent on border enforcement in the 2012 fiscal year was more than it spent on than on other law enforcement agencies combined.
BORDERS, THE ARCHITECTURE OF VIOLENCE 2014 USA-MEXICO BORDER Credits Editorial Team Mitesh Dixit, Kees Kaan, Sven Jansse, Marija Mateljan, Hrvoje Šmidihen Editor in Chief Mitesh Dixit Art Direction & Design Sven Jansse Marija Mateljan Hrvoje Šmidihen Editorial Researchers Marija Mateljan Hrvoje Šmidihen
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