Re-Evaluating Informal Communities: Aquaculture, Heritage and Infrastructure in Makoko by Matthew Hickey

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities:

Aquaculture, Heritage and Infrastructure in Makoko

Matthew Hickey Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute B.Arch 2015

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities:

Aquaculture, Heritage and Infrastructure in Makoko Matthew Hickey Studio Critic: Ted Ngai Committee Member: Mark Mistur Fall 2014 - Spring 2015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute B.Arch 2015

Ted Ngai

It was truly an honor to work with you. A mentor, a spiritual advisor, and friend.

Serban Ionescu

A real inspiration in my education as an architect. You have taught me the most important aspects of becoming an architect. 1 We must fail to make progress. 2 - Enjoy the struggle of designing. 3 - Make the most of the journey.

Lonn Combs

The man, the myth, the legendary professor who helped me grasp the intricacies of the Italian culture. Allowing me to explore everything from food to properly detailing curtain wall system in section.

Without you two, none of my education would have been possible, and for that alone I owe you my life. You have inspired, encouraged, and enriched my life more than you could imagine. College is simply the beginning, and I can only hope to be half as successful as you two.

Grandma Dolores Karoly

o l l e a g u e s

Mom and Dad (Ann and Dennis Hickey)

a c u l t y

Acknowledgments

Thank you for keeping in contact with me through this life changing experience, I don’t know how I would have made it without the occasional frozen food, personable letters, and long phone conversations.

Grandfather David Hickey

It would have been a real joy to have you at my graduation, I’m sure you’d be proud. I know you’re looking down on me from heaven though. I will carry your values with you for the rest of my life.

Maggie Hickey

I know you will go places, life will get more complicated as you get older. Never give up, I don’t care what anyone says about you, you’re a good kid.

Chloe

College has been a time of fantastic personal growth, development, and exploration. We will always remember the experiences that have shaped our lives, given us direction. My best wishes in all your endeavors.

Mallory Buckner

A friend who knows what a friend truly is. Always there for me, and will always be there for her.

Maxine Hu, Betty and Jenny

Incredibly intelligent women who kept me entertained with their unique sense of humor

Eric Maurer, Patrick Govoni, Jason Demartini

To my friends who have helped me sand and paint little pieces, becoming contractors on overtime. I appreciate all the help. Here’s to those olden days,: Here’s to those golden days, Here’s to the friends we made at dear old RPI.

Table of Contents

Contents PrĂŠcis: Material, Community and Cities Thesis Statement: Communal Environmental Relationships Research: Urban Overcrowding

8 10 12

Indigenous/Renewable Aquaculture Techniques

Site: Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria

Aquaculture for Economic and Ecological Intervention

Importance of Aquaculture in Equatorial Environments Sawah Apung Veta La Palma: Reclaiming Once Wasteland With Aquaculture Home-Built Small Scale BioDigester Water Dilemma in Bangladesh Benefits of Biodigester and How They Work

Evolution of a Fishing Community History of Makoko

12 16 24 26 28 30 32

36 36

Design: Integrating Macro-Structure Material and Knowledge

Household Sized Water and Fuel Production

Renders:

Informing Biological Systems through Cultural Restraints De-Centralizing Water and Energy Production De-Centralizing Water and Energy Production Exploring Systems Large Concentric Layout Linear Row Module Layout Interdependent Family Layout Exterior View

Bibliography

45 46 48 52 53 53 53 56

Précis: Material, Community and Cities

tries, and cultures. A surplus of jobs guaranteed stability for the working class and structure, as opposed to the agricultural revolutions which were dependent upon environmental factors for success. This created higher demand for natural resources as the pace of production outpaced the desire for consumption. Technology not only allowed new industry for workers, but also furthered the reach of cities. These new manufacturing Fig. - 1.1: “Cholera Haiti Blog Tents.” Cross Catholic Blog, 2010. http://crosscatholicblog.com/wp-content/upcities represented a fundamental shift in the way humans were organized and collaborated. Previously, people worked in farms to create nutrients, or crafted objects to sell to those who could afford the labor intensive process of handmade clothing. A social divide restructured labor, wealth and information in society. As stronger ideologies began to form between the workers and managers, the divides became larger, and the goals inhumane. Not only were people suffering immensely, but so was the environment. Cities were outgrowing their capacity and the strain on the environment was Fig. - 1.2: “Makoko Sprawl .” NairaLand Forums, 2012. http://ww2.sinaimg.cn/mw600/6d050aflarger than ever. Humanity no longer fought with nature, it dominat The effects of industrial- inated by the growth of cities. ed it. ization have led to unprecedented The resurgence of cities The modern warfare of change in human organization and had not been seen since the Re- civil priorities since its beginnings naissance where trade was under- the early twentieth century saw in the British Empire during the going rapid change as technology unprecedented destruction on a 1840s. This dominant shift has expanded the reach of civilizations. global scale. The world became diradically altered the direction of so- This time around industrialization vided into three: countries aligned ciety from sustenance to surplus. allowed more people access to with communism, capitalism, and Technology has enabled faster col- goods that were previously too ex- the rest, splitting the world tertialection, refinement, and manipula- pensive to purchase, changing the ry roles. These titles are typically tion of resources, distancing us from structure of society. Cities became useless today, since the fall of the their initial conditions. What initially centers of commerce that attracted Soviet Union and the further prolifstarted as an agricultural and man- people from all regions. New mate- eration globalization. The advent of ufacturing based revolution quickly rials, such as steel, allowed fantas- globalization, a genetic brother to morphed into a societal shift dom- tic railroads to connect cities, coun- imperialism, has allowed unpreceRe-Evaluating Informal Communities

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Fig. - 1.3:

“Dhaka

Dwellers

Pay

Get

dented access to consumer goods, as well as the means for producing such technology. Places currently known as “developing” countries, those which lack stability where it is needed, most importantly economically, and politically. Without strong political threads, the people of a city will revolt against its leaders, as the same for economic instability. Although a hierarchy still seems to exist to this day. Nigeria is a country filled with opportunity, but at the same time, great strife. As Africa’s largest economy and home to its largest city, Lagos, it has become recognized for its potential and devastation. While Lagos is in the South, the North is plagued by extremist groups, most notably, Boko Haram. The terrorist organization attempts to disavow Western ideas in favor of Muslim ones. Lagos is flourishing because of its unique democratic structure, which allows elected officials to represent each of its distinct districts to accurately demonstrate the concerns of its citizens. Makoko is unique because it is a district without any government recognized elected official.

Less”

Dhaka

Tribune.

http://www.dhakatribune.com/sites/default/files/article/thumb/2014/02/10/slums.jpg

This is because the federal govern- serving without conforming. ment owns the land it is on, despite it being a historically cultured neighborhood of fisherman. My project will attempt to foster relationships between the people and the environment, as well as those between the citizens and the government. By working on the relationships, rather than imposing a design upon the neighborhood, it will allow adaptation to natural symbiotic systems. As history has taught us, when people lose something they have built themselves, they fight back. This project is about reverting and pre-

Fig. - 1.4: “Mumbai-Slum.” Pintrest Jarrattmoody. Lower City. http://static.blogs.nzz.ch/1330951818/mum-

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Matthew Hickey

Thesis Statement: Communal Environmental Relationships Preserving Communal Spirit Indigenous Knowledge

and

Nigeria is a country filled with opportunity, but at the same time, great strife. As Africa’s largest economy and home to its largest city, Lagos; has become recognized for its rapid growth and opportunity. While Lagos is in the South, along the coast, the North is plagued by extremist groups, most notably, Boko Haram. The terrorist organization attempts to disavow Western ideas in favor of Muslim ones. Lagos is flourishing because of its unique democratic structure, which allows elected officials to represent each of its distinct districts to accurately demonstrate the concerns of its citizens. Despite this great accomplishment, many officials remain corrupt, abusing their powers for their own selfish gain. Makoko is truly unique because it has no formally recognized elected official, instead, it is unofficially mayored by a set of community leaderships representing the needs of those communities. Makoko has been making headlines recently after the city’s workers came to build a series of power lines, killing a citizen in the process and leaving hundreds homeless. Despite the federal government actually owning the land Makoko rests upon, they have been disregarding the more than a century of the community’s history. Initially existing solely on land, Makoko spilled out onto the water, with the community adapting and becoming closer with the water and environment than before. This project, Re-Evaluating Makoko: Infrastructure, Culture, Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

Fig. - 1.5: NLÉ Architects. “Canal at Dawn- Life in Makoko.” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014.

and Material, will attempt to further enhance the relationships between the people of the community and their environment. Informal communities are rich in culture and communal unity, but it is also on the verge of destruction. With the government closing in, denying them rights to the land of their ancestors, community leaders must not allow the city to take their homes. A careful compromise can be made with the city and the community, but it must occur slowly. The city regards the neighborhood as a safety hazard, eyesore, and waste of valuable land, but the people of Makoko have worked extremely hard to build the community to the size and strength it is today. Rather than demolishing the neighborhood, I seek to work with the knowledge of the residents of Makoko to bring the informal community out of the “slum” territory into the historical, culturally rich community, protected by law. This will not happen with one set thing, rather it will be a series of systems that work in conjunction with each other. By enhancing the neighborhood’s relationship with the wa- 10 -

ter’s ecosystem, reducing waste, increasing agricultural and manufacturing output, it will become an even more appealing community for those seeking refuge from countries stricken with disease/feminine. This slower transition will not disrupt natural symbiotic systems. This project seeks to elaborate upon various indigenous systems, morphologies, and technologies to enhance the quality of life as well as the communal unity enough to get the government off their back!

Fig. - 1.6:

Makoko

lumber

yard

Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Fig. - 1.7: NLÉ Architects. “Congested Waterway.”

Fig. - 1.8: NLÉ Architects. “Child on Raft.” Hein-

Fig. - 1.9: NLÉ Architects. “Men Enjoying a Break from

Fig. - 1.10: NLÉ Architects. “Construction along the wa-

Fig. - 1.11: NLÉ Architects. “Returning from work for the

Fig. - 1.12: NLÉ Architects. “Woman’s boat shoppe”

Fig. - 1.13: NLÉ Architects. “Men Harvesting Bam-

Fig. - 1.14: NLÉ Architects. “Man on front porch

Fig. - 1.15: NLÉ Architects. “Canals at dusk.” Hein-

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Matthew Hickey

Research: Urban Overcrowding The effects of industrialization have led to unprecedented change in human development and organization since the 1840s in the British Empire. A shift occurred in the production of goods, changing the labor market into one based off laborers rather than craftsmen. Advances in the refinery and production of quality materials, mainly steel, allowed new methods of design. Massive restructuring of labor and information in society attempted to bring different cultures together, ultimately resulting in wars bringing about even bigger changes. Ideologies were aligned to peoples, the environment was taking the toll, and Humanity no longer fought with nature, it dominated it. Since this epoch in human history, cities have become places teeming with economic opportunity. American cities reached their peak production in 1950s, as American soldiers returned from the war, the desire to live in the city was waning as most wanted to have families in a quiet, controlled environment. Hence, the development and rapid proliferation of suburbs, following by a decline, then rise in cities. The decline of agriculture as a means of living has declined

worldwide as the agribusiness culture has been increasing crop yield through a variety of technologies. Genetic modification, The idea of a “third world” country was one that arose out of Cold War America, splitting the world tertiary roles, the capitalist governments (US, UK, western Europe, etc.), Socialist (eastern bloc, USSR aligned, and neutral/nonaligned states. These titles are typically useless today, since the fall of the soviet union and the proliferation of trade worldwide. Although a hierarchy still seems to exist to this day, it is now called “developing “ and “developed,” although there are still incorrect, broad assumptions behind those names. Aquaculture for Economic and Ecological Intervention Lagos Nigeria has experienced unprecedented growth from 300,000 in 1950 to 21 million currently. This growth has allowed a vast majority of rural inhabitants to seek opportunity in the city, due to the vast environmental and economic challenges plaguing Nigeria’s rural landscape. Despite the opportunities provided in the city, many people must live in unacceptable housing off a meager income. This has severely limited the growth of

infrastructure, government regulation, and access to basic human services. Although Local Government Areas (LGAs) have reduced the control of the central Nigerian government, as well as the crony-ism and distance from problems within the city, they have also harmed local business and residential complexes. A new approach is required to sustain Lagos’ economic and social needs. Environmental concerns such as pollution, disease prevention, and food supply must be addressed in order to provide a sustainable quality of life. Since a majority of people live in informal housing, living off day jobs which may or may not exist the next day, housing and economic opportunity must be addressed as well. Citizens of the slums have to work together as a community to continue their well-being, but governments, slumlords are signs of oppression over the unfortunate. Basic amenities in the more economically developed countries, such as power, clean water, and facilities, remain as unreliable and unpredictable as the rest of the city. The focus of this project is to integrate infrastructural changes that begin to increase environmental health through aquaculture for

“We are... So far removed from the realities of production and work that we inhabit a dream world of - artificial stimuli and televised experience.” Fredric Jameson

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

the benefit of housing, economic opportunity, and well being. The prevention of disease in rapidly urbanizing cities is of the utmost importance due mainly to the problem of human density which lowers sanitation and water quality. By addressing these problems by reversing the effects of heavy industry on the environment have led to unprecedented change in human development and organization since the 1840s in the British Empire. A shift occurred in the production of goods, changing the labor market into one based off laborers rather than craftsmen. Advances in the refinery and production of quality materials, mainly steel, allowed new methods of design. Massive restructuring of labor and information in society attempted to bring different cultures together, ultimately resulting in wars bringing about even bigger changes. Ideologies were aligned to peoples, the environment was taking the toll, and Humanity no longer fought with nature, it dominated it. Since this epoch in human history, cities have become places teeming with economic opportunity. American cities reached their peak production in 1950s, as American soldiers returned from the war, the desire to live in the city was waning as most wanted to have families in a quiet, controlled envi-

Fig. - 1.16:“False-Color Image Tokyo, Japan.” LandSAT 8, U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Fig. - 1.17:“False-Color Image Mumbai, India.” LandSAT 8, U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

“Principle 3: Recognize the intrinsic value of biodiversity and natural ecosystems, and protect and restore them… Nature is more than a commodity for the benefit of humans. We share the Earth with many other life-forms… They warrant our respect, whether or not they are of immediate benefit to us” Peter Newman and Isabella Jennings

1 - Davis, Mike. “Haussmann in the Tropics.” In Planet of Slums, 95-120. 1st ed. Vol. 1. London: Verso, 2006. 2 - ”Sawah Apung”. Inormasi-Perkebunan. Accessed May 02, 2015. http://informasi-perkebunan.blogspot.com/2013/04/sawah-terapung.html. 3 - “Floating Field (Sawah Apung)”. Youtube Video, 2:00-3:15, posted by “Tri Jauhari,” April 20, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D74oeVVG97I.

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Matthew Hickey

Selected City Pop

Africa

20 million people

Americas

+742%

+599%

20.142 million

1950 1990

+3217%

1970 2010

+318%

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Cairo, Egypt Improved Water Improved Sanitation

Population Living on < $1.25 a day

96% 98%

Lagos, Nigeria 28% 31%

1.7%

Johannesburg, South Africa Mexico City, Mexico 74% 82%

68%

85% 87%

13%

SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil 81% 87%

0.7%

9 9

6.2%

More than 800 Million people live in slums More than doubling to 2 billion by 2030 UN Habitat defines slums as communities of households that lack: 1. Protection from extreme climate conditions.

2. Sufficient living space (< three people sharing the same room).

3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price.

4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people. 5. Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions

Fig. - 1.18: Rapid Urbanization throughout the World

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

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Bue

Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

pulation Growth (1950-2010)

Australia

Caribbean

enos Aires, Argentina

97% 97%

Mumbai, India 60% 97%

+4,347%

Shenzhen, China 98% 74%

33%

11%

1,508%

+563%

+32,4630%

+162%

+580%

Asia

Dhaka, Bangledesh

Jakarta, Indonesia

86% 55%

71% 71%

43.3%

Haiti, Port-au-Prince 31% 31%

16.2%

61.7%

Percentage of Urban Population by Country Status 51.6% 70%

60%

World

50%

40%

More developed regions 30%

Less developed regions

20%

10%

Least developed countries

1950

1970

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1990

2010

Matthew Hickey

Indigenous/Renewable Aquaculture Techniques Importance of Aquaculture in Equatorial Environments Aquaculture is becoming more popular as people are demanding higher quality of food, such as organic, drug-free, and non-GMO. This has led to a resurgence of research into alternative agricultural methods. Most of the world’s population lives around the equator, where ecological diversity is higher. A majority of equatorial people rely upon aquaculture sys-

tems to sustain their communities. Although several different systems exist, the concept is similar, to utilize naturally occurring relationships between organisms, and to encourage a self-sustaining ecological environment, with little human intervention. Aquaculture techniques yield different sources of food at once, with the most popular systems growing rice simultaneously alongside fish. Since Makoko is

Fig. - 1.20: Sloping Aquaculture, Indonesia

Fig. - 1.19: Rene Dissel. “Sawah Anerang.”Travel Blog. Bali – Indonesia. http://southpacific.renedissel.com/

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

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a coastal community that spread into the water, it is important to research aquacultures, specifically those in similar climates to coastal Nigeria. Integrating foreign techniques with Makoko’s knowledge of fishing should improve both the climate and the environmental factors of the area. Sawah Tambak Farming families typically live within walking distance of the Sawah Tambak. It is also quite typical that there is an investor that sponsors their aquaculture. One can expect to invest $10,000 in land and labor, making their money back in more than three years’ time. These investors are typically non-government organizations that will continue to operate with capital in mind. Farmers in Indonesia have no problem finding investors for their aquaculture operations because of the reliability with environmental conditions. Despite heavy investing and available land, many farmers are still moving to cities, such as Jakarta, since cities have greater economic potential and the rural lifestyle has economic and social disadvantages. This aquaculture system relies on already existing natural relationships between species. The tropical moist broadleaf forests of Indonesia and its neighbors are partially protected under the WWF 200 Global Ecoregions. There are over 3400 km2 of protected land near Indonesia, many of them uninhabited islands. Some of these rainforests are classified with the critical/endangered label as Indonesia gains economic prominence throughout the world. Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

A large majority of Indonesiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth is based off the processing of abundant natural resources, such as turning rainforest trees into paper. The country will still be able to use the Sawah Tambak to their economic and cultural advantage, but as their population grows and international tariffs decrease with changing political motives, human disruption of their indigenous technologies may fall back. The consequences of this would be devastating; rather they must do something to protect their rainforests from extinction. The coastlines are also extremely important as they need to watch for erosion, although the Sawah Tambak has partially considered this environmental factor in its design. Natural disasters are common place there as well, with tsunamis, typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanoes happened more frequently in recent memory. The most distinct being the Christmas Tsunami in 2004, which took at least 280,000 lives. This devastating loss of loss reminded the world that catastrophes could happen at any moment without notice. Indonesia had no way to protect its people in an event like this The Sawah Tambak is an aquaculture system used to simultaneously grow rice and fish by the Javanese tribe located in West Java, Indonesia. The system takes advantage of the locationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecosystem in the fact that it takes advantage of copious rainfall and climatic conditions that never allow freezing temperatures, ruining the stock in the process. Each rice-fish patty is a part of a system of several patties, each of

Fig. - 1.21:ÂŠ<No data from link>

Fig. - 1.22: Sloping Aquaculture, Indonesia

Fig. - 1.23: Sloping Aquaculture, Indonesia

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Matthew Hickey

Species Symbiosis, Javanes, East Java, Indonesia Matthew D. Hickey, 2013

Naturally Occuring Rice (Oryza sativa)

Sun

Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Nematodes or Roundworms (Nematodia)

Planktonic Copepods (Copepoda)

Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)

Human Interventions

As Food

Organic Rice Hay (10-15 ton/ha per year) Plant Leaces (1-4 ton/ha per year) Green Aquatic Plants (2-5 ton/ha/per year)

Into Fish

Inorganic Urea (100-150 kg/ha/year) Triplesuperphosphate (300-450 kg/ha per year)

ste

Into Soil

Into Plant

Waste

To Worms

Into Plant

Fig. - 1.24: Species Symbiosis - Mutualism, Preadors, and Symbiotic Relationships

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

which has its role and purpose in directing a balanced symbiotic relationship amongst species. An assortment of fish can be raised in such an ecosystem; Tilapia are occasionally grown (Tilapiine cichlids) but Milkfish (Chanos chanos) are ultimately more common and rarely carp (Cyprinidae). The market for fish is at its highest in tropical areas like Indonesia, New Guinea, Malaysia, etc. because it is a staple of the local dietary culture; rice seems to be of even higher value to most cultures. Each of the different types of Sawah Tambak are due to the time of the rice planting, and the type of the weather received that year. The first type, and most popular, is the concurrent rice-fish harvesting starting in the wet season. It is chosen when there is not enough water to drown the rice, but this could lead to barren rice during the dry season. It all depends on the weather and the conditions. Another type of concurrent rice-fish farming is used when there is enough water in the dry season to support the water hungry rice plants. A type appropriate for areas with regular flooding would simply be only to support rice, year round. Opposite of that is simply rice farming year around, with ability to add fish if the weather corrects, but it could also depend on the location. The specific parts of every Sawah Tambak are simply understood. There is the peripheral dike (used to protect the crop and fish from over-flooding), peripheral canal (used for irrigation, a transition area) and the actual rice/fish patties (acts as main water supply as well as holding the fish, and rice). The dike is covered with grass and other pertinent plant matter by farmers

Into Fish

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Matthew Hickey

Mating Pond produce eggs which hatch in another pen. Fry Pond- Eggs hatch here and are located in a safer, more stable environment, in order to properly develop. Maturity Pond per meter squared, allows more food to reach market size. Market Pond size. Fig. - 1.25: Sawah Tambak Diagrammatic Section, Matthew Hickey

to prevent fish from going out of the designated farming area during floods. The construction of the entire organization of patties is simple, using naturally found materials and very little man-made features. It can be constructed over a series of weeks by men using shovels to dig trenches and build barriers. Water will be added by the sky, while it can be helped through modern irrigation techniques and by good old fashioned buckets. After the Sawah Tambak is built, fry (baby fish) are added to grow in the specified pond. Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

Within about 60 days, the fish are moved to a bigger pond so that they can grow larger. Again they are moved later when they reach the specified market size. Throughout the season several organic materials are added to supplement the ecosystem, acting as a fertilizer that moves energy up the energy web. Some inorganic materials, such as triple superphosphate and urea are added at different times of the year, instead of consistently throughout as with the organic fertilizers. Milkfish can - 20 -

be raised at a density of 5,500 per hectare, while Tilapia can be raised at a density of 5,500 per hectare with feeding. Without feeding, the output drops considerably to 2,000-3,300 per hectare. Stocking the fish happens once a year, while harvesting occurs two-three times maximum. The symbiotic, mutualistic, and predatory relationships that exist between organisms in the Sawah Tambak continue without human interface, although certain cycles can be enhancing with varyProfessor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Peripheral Dike- This prevents excess water from ruining the balance that provides life to both the 1.4-1.8m high.

Peripheral Canal- Acts an intermediate transition It can also act as a water supply for concurrent ricein size but is about 2-4m wide, 2.8-3.2m long, and 0.3-0.7m deep.

ing degrees. Water allows life to occur in many levels, as algae forms with zooplankton, round worms, then plants and animals. One example of these symbiotic relationships is the duck and the rice plant. The duck enjoys eating insects off the rice plant. Without the rice plant there would be no insects to eat, and without the duck the plant would be destroyed by the bugs. The droppings from the duck also

help the plant grow, so both interactions on both sides are beneficial to both parties. While this occurs, the milkfish are swimming beneath the ducks eating insects that fall off the plant as the duck moves throughout the patty. Milkfish usually eat algae which grow due to the temperature and water. These relationships are explained with the diagram on the next page, as well as a cross-section demonstrating the Sawah Tambak.

4 - Dela Cruz, Catalino. “Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture: A Primer.” Sawah Tambak Rice-fish System in Indonesia. October 14, 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ y1187e/y1187e20.htm.” 5 - Kistanto, H., Nurdien. “Land Use, Tambak Ownership, and Tambak Cultivation: A Case Study of “Sumbersari” in North Cen-

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Matthew Hickey

Tilapia Communal Involvement

Fig. - 1.26: Typical Sawah Tambak Landscape in Indonesia, Matthew Hickey, 201

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Mature Fish

Fry Cultivation

Residential

Running Water (Stream/River)

Aquaculture - Grain

Raised Local Fish

Milkfish Carp

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Matthew Hickey

Sawah Apung Research into an alternative method of growing rice in the West Java region of Indonesia developed as a response to consistent flooding of rice fields since 2006 in Pangandaran. Indonesia has suffered climatic and environmental changes as industry increases, many other areas have been affected in different ways as well. The Taruna Mekar Tani Bayu Farmers Association and the Petani Pengendali hama Terpadu Indonesia (IPPHTI), or the Indonesian Integrated Pest Control (a government funded NGO), created a series of experiments testing ways to grow rice on top of the water, circumvented the risks associated with flooding. Their efforts paid off with the finalized design of the Sawah Apung or “Floating Field” with the first harvest having a slightly lower yield than traditionally grown rice. The manufactured unit is essentially a bamboo raft covered with rice husks, straw, and fertilizer. A vertical pole holds the raft in place, but allows for vertical movement that fluctuates according to the water level. The Sawah Apung allows the independent rice farmers to overcome climatic and environmental changes, as well as getting them out onto the water. Typically fisherman would grow fish, but ever since the Sawah Apung has been introduced into the community, the difference between fisherman and farmer has become blurred. In a sense it is a unifying element that brings different occupations together. The Sawah Apung takes advantage of the availability of bamboo using it for most of the construction. The dimensions make it easy to harvest by canoe or foot.

Fig. - 1.28: Placing fertilizer upon the raft of the sawah apung.

Fig. - 1.29:“Sawah Apung.” Viva.co.id. Indonesian News. http://log.viva.co.id/news/read/400608-sawah-apung-

Fig. - 1.27:“Checking on the Rice Patties.” Kompas.com. Priyatin. http://i45.tinypic.com/oji061.jpg

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Rice Seedlings (Planted at 20cm increments)

Liquid Fertilizer (4cm thick)

Wave Blocker (24cm high)

Bamboo Raft (2m long) Vertical Supports Allows floating farm to adjust with tide (4m tall)

6 - Sawah Apung Miliki Prospek Cerah” (”Floating Rice Fields Have Bright Prospects”). Pikiran Rakyat. March 27, 2013, http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawahbarat/2013/03/27/228554/sawah-apung-miliki-prospek-cerah. 7 - ”Sawah Apung”. Inormasi-Perkebunan. Accessed May 02, 2015. http://informasi-perkebunan.blogspot.com/2013/04/sawah-terapung.html. 8 - “Floating Field (Sawah Apung)”. Youtube Video, 2:00-3:15, posted by “Tri Jauhari,” April 20, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D74oeVVG97I.

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Matthew Hickey

Veta La Palma: Reclaiming Once Wasteland With Aquaculture Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important for meeting the global demand for fishery products, as wild fish catches are on the decline. The environmental impact of the corporate agricultural industry is no longer working. To feed the entire world in this method would be impossible because of the environmental impact alone. As I’ve brought up before, indigenous people have techniques for encouraging aspects of natural relationships between organisms. It must be completely possible to feed a population in a way that would actually enhance the environmental diversity, protect the land, and provide sustenance levels of nutrition. One such operation, passively observing indigenous knowledge (and expanding upon it,) is the private corporation Pesquerías Isla Mayor, S.A. (PIMSA) on the Veta la Palma Estate near Sevilla, Spain. PIMSA is part of Grupo Hisparroz, a leading rice production company. The Estate, located in the Doñana Nature Reserve, harbors the biodiversity-rich marshlands of the lower Guadalquivir River’s floodplain, an important home to wintering and breeding bird populations, including some rare and endangered species. Consequently so, the biodiversity of the lands were severely diminished due to modern farming techniques used to grow both rice and livestock. Veta La Palma illustrates how holistic corporate practices can lead a profitable business, as well as an enhanced landscape and biodiversity value. Surprisingly enough, and despite the lands being protected, PIMSA purchased a property in the Doñana Nature Reserve in 1982, Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

Fig. - 1.30: “Veta La Palma.” Liquid Natures Blog. http://liquidnatures.blogspot.com/2012/03/veta-la-palma-se-

fully aware that activities had to be developed in compliance with the Reserve’s conservation objectives. It seems pretty ridiculous that a company would poor land for farming, have to adhere to strict regulations, and increase the biodiversity, all while turning a profit. PIMSA established a polyculture fish farming operation in the early 1990s. They reflooded wetlands that had been lost to natural siltation and engineered drainage, using a pump system and the original drainage channels to bring in water from the estuary. - 26 -

Although a corporation owned the land, their primary motive was to restore it to a “naturally-rich” state, as it was better for the fish and crops. Instead of raising fish in an intensive aquaculture, where they are kept in crowded conditions, they decided to take a more natural approach, by allowing the fishes’ predators to eat them. Birds are welcome to feast on the fish ponds, which actually help to sustain the ecosystem through feces fertilizing the ground, and the “survival of the fittest” fish. Previous to the use of Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Fig. - 1.31: “Bird Sanctuary at Veta La Palma.” Spaiin Official Tourism Portal. http://stcsharel3.spain.info/media/

Fig. - 1.32: “Flamingos at Veta La Palma.” Spaiin Official Tourism Portal. http://stcsharel3.spain.info/media/img/

aquaculture on this land, roughly 50 bird species were recorded in the area. The company even improved conditions for the birds, altering the landscape for them by creating more than 100 islands for nesting waterfowl and re-vegetating 93 miles of banks. It worked, there are currently more than 600,000 birds of some 250 different species visit or breed on the estate’s wetlands and benefit from the ample food

supply (fish, invertebrates and wetland plants called macrophytes) due in part to human intervention, and lack thereof. The most defining step that PIMSA had in encouraging biological diversity was permanently flooded 8000 acres of the estate for aquaculture. This marshland plays an important regional role as a refuge for the natural fish fauna, since less and less space is available for them

Fig. - 1.33: “Fishing at Veta La Palma” http://ecof-

to do so. Aside from the estate’s massive size and (seemingly) complex operations, it is economically successful and provides income to about 100 farm workers from the small town Isla Mayor and surrounding villages. This demonstrates that reclaiming wetland habitat through aquaculture integration, can not only succeed in boosting an area’s biodiversity, but also generate economic value. This is especially relevant in Makoko being that they rely on ever-more polluted bodies of water for their nutriotnal content. Governments appreciate economic success because they can gather taxes, although this project makes it seem quite feasible that aquaculture integrate can provide ec=nomic and biological advantages. Veta la Palma pioneered the integration of aquaculture with the recovery of disturbed salt marshes or coastal wetlands.

9 - Medialdea, J.M. “A new approach to ecological sustainability through extensive aquaculture: the model of Veta la Palma.” 2008. http://bit.ly/aG1LMG 10 - FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. “Aquaculture Technology.” FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome. May 15, 2015. 11 - Svadlenak-Gomez, Karin. “Biodiversity-friendly aquaculture on the Veta la Palma Estate, Spain” Ecoagriculture Snapshot, Ecoagriculture Partners. October 2010

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Matthew Hickey

Home-Built Small Scale BioDigester To test the potential of biodigesters, I decided to build one based off several designs I found online. The schematic of a biodigester is quite simple, an air-tight tank to digest the waste, and a storage unit, in this case is not present in my experient, due to the utterly low yield of the digester over 5 weeks. By using various plumbing supplies bought at a local hardware store, I built my biodigester for around $50. Cost per gallon at this scale is an issue, since it is rather expensive to make a smaller system. A larger system would have all the same plumbing fixtures, the main difference being the size of the actual digester, and the size of the biogas storage tank. Various commercially available biodigesters include motors in the container to till the waste, ensuring equal dissolution. They also include various metering systems to determine PH, humidity, gas content, dissoved solids, etc. Pressurized storage is a necessity at a larger scale considering that several cubic meters of gas could be produced in a short time. I fed my biodigester with mainly food scraps, used grease, rotten fruit, and any other various types of organic waste I could find. To ensure the proper digestion of the organic material I would blend it before adding it to the digester. Without excretment, I needed to add bacteria via an alternate way, that was with septic system maintainer which contains live methanogenic bacteria cultures. I enjoyed making the biodigester and will wait several more weeks before releasing the gas, it is becoming pressurized, albiet slowly. Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

Fig. - 1.36:“Constructing the Biodigester, and Completed Biodigester Working away in the sun”, Matthew Hickey,

Fig. - 1.35:“Blending the Organic Waste”, Matthew Hickey, 2015.

Fig. - 1.34:“Adding waste to the biodigester”, Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Amnenities

Rain

Water Closet

Generator

Children

Men

Bamboo

Women

Niara (Money)

Ebutte-Metta Market

Fish

People Water Storage Tank

Lumber Yard

Water Hyacinth

Resources

Places

Rice Patty

Housing Unit Biodigester

Fig. - 1.37:â&#x20AC;&#x153;People, Places, Resources, and Utilitiesâ&#x20AC;?, Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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Matthew Hickey

Water Dilemma in Bangladesh The absolutely most important problem facing informal communities in cities is the lack of access to clean drinking water. in informal communities, certain community members borrow well drilling equipment from a larger company. Those members are well-intentioned, but typically inexperienced. Burdened with the debt of the equipment, they must return the sales money of the water to the company. These wells unfortunately results in over-priced water and contaminated water due to poor

well placement/construction. One area in extraordinarily unfortunate circumstances is Dhaka, Bangladesh. Arsenic, a deadly poison, has been leeching up through the water table into wells citywide. This is not only a result of a strange geographical anomaly, but also one further enhanced by human industrial impact. An estimated seventy-five to ninety-five million people could be exposed to the poison. This is one of the largest problems facing impoverished people, inadequate access to water, let alone clean water. Although the

Fig. - 1.38: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Woman pours groundwater into a SONOâ&#x20AC;? In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p214. 2011

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

poison is widespread through water tables, there is a solution, not necessarily to remove the toxin’s source, but one that would enable people to clean the water on a budget, with available materials.

Water Filtration/Storage

Fig. - 1.39: “Schematic Diagram of the two-bucket filter” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p215. 2011

The SONO water filtration system was designed by Abul Hussam, a chemistry professor from George Mason University. It is designed to utilize easily accessible materials creating a composite iron matrix (CIM) absorbent. The low-cost, two-container solution streams water through a variety of materials to purify the water, removing the contaminants. Water is poured in the top and gravity pulls the water through sand, the CIM, charcoal, and brick chips. These varying stages of filters hold the pollutants, letting the water get cleaner as it travels through the filter.4 There have been an estimated 225,000 SONO filters dispersed around Nepal, India, and Bangladesh. With each SONO filter costing only ~$35 for a lifetime of clean water, the only issue is finding water to fill it with; storage and scalability are not a problem in this method.

“The World Health Organization has called it “the largest mass poisoning of a population in history,” bigger than the accidents at Bhopal and Chernobyl.”4 -World Health Organization

12 - Smith, Cynthia E., and Andrea Lipps. “Profiles.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, 214-215. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, 2011.

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Matthew Hickey

Benefits of Biodigester and How They Work Although biodigesters are nothing new, the recent resurgence in environmentally sustainable technologies, governments, NGOs, and other organizations are looking to harvest the potential of such systems. The idea of a biodigester is relatively simple. Bio-waste such as food scraps, human excrement, urine, excess organic material, and any other biodegradable material (essentially everything, given enough time) is deposited into an air-tight storage tank, which in turn produces biofuel. This biofuel can be utilized as a fuel for cooking, combustion engines, or electrical generation. A biodigester essentially allows fuel to be made from everyday waste. A biodigester system usually consists of a tank that acts like an incubator for the bacteria that break down the deposited waste. Although it is a sealed environment, the bacteria have certain conditions regarding the right Ph level and temperature. There are biodigesters designed to be effective in below-freezing temperatures, in this case, that is irrelevant. An environment such as Lagos provides the bacteria with the perfect climate to flourish, heat and moisture is necessary for the bacteria. Many successful biodigesters have been deployed around the world on various scales. The most common of which is commercially used on farms where manure is gathering and collected into biodigesters to create biogas for mechanical farming equipment, in this sense the farm provides the energy it utilizes. In addition to safely containing (potentially harmful) biological waste, and producing biogas, Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

Fig. - 1.40:“Multi-Level BioCentre in Kibera, Nairobi.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p.192. 2011

Fig. - 1.41:“Multi-Level BioCentre in Kibera, Nairobi.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p.193. 2011

the biodigester also produces nutrient-rich slurry that may be used as fertilizer. With all these benefits, it makes me wonder why it isn’t used more in developed countries, maybe because of infrastructure is so well and governments so helpful that fuel is available with easy devilery and free from monopolistic pricing. A biodigester is extremely useful in - 32 -

developing countries, specifically sub-Saharan Africa, due to its ideal climate, since it has multiple benefits, despite being relatively lowtech. One exact example is the BioCentre in the Kibera informal settlement of Nairobi. This informal community was notorious for high population density, which Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

lead to the usual problems of sanitation and disease. A particularly high level of tuberculosis, diarrhea and typhoid deaths lead to analysis into the exact source of these diseases. Umande Trust, a banking company, determined that there were only “one latrine for every 150 people”. To alleviate the problem in Kibera, they worked with residents to plan the construction of several BioCentres. The BioCentre was designed with unskilled labor, local construction conventions and materials in mind. What resulted was the creation of many BioCentres placed strategically throughout the community according to population density. It generated biogas and fertilizer which produced profits for the bank, while the citizens enjoyed the amenity offered by public latrines. The benefits outweigh the cost of setting up a biodigester. It is only a matter of the actual cost of setting up a system, but Nigerians are especially crafty, and biodigesters are low-tech, so it should make for some intuitive scenarios.

Fig. - 1.42:“Bio-Digester under construction by local artisans.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p.192. 2011

13 - Smith, Cynthia E., and Andrea Lipps. “Profiles.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, 192-193. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, 2011.

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Matthew Hickey

Site: Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Fig. - 1.43:“False-Color Image Tokyo, Japan.” LandSAT 8, U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

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Matthew Hickey

Evolution of a Fishing Community

Fig. - 1.45:

History of Makoko Makoko is an informal settlement, along the coast of the Lagosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Lagoon, at the foot of the third mainland bridge. Originally founded in the 18th century by Beninese fisherman, the community has evolved to integrate several other industries such as salt and wood processing, as well as several other displaced peoples. Makoko has symbolized an informal community for indigenous people with a hard work ethic. The, now more diverse, community is home to as many as three hundred thousand residents within the small footprint of approximately 7.25 million sf. (670 thousand sq m.). The community, although permanent, is housed mainly in housing made from salvaged materials such as corrugated metal, lumber, and plastic tarps. Since these houses are built on wooden piers to rise 6 feet above the water, every household owns at least one canoe for transport around the community, as well as commercial and cultural needs. Wooden planks and artificial islands created by dredging sand from the lagoonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bottom, also serve as connective

tissue where the people see fit. The economy of the community is just as informal as the organization of it. Since there are no centralized water or sanitation systems in place, some may take advantage of these necessities by selling water or by investing in a pump and having others sell it. This lack of reliability for clean water is of the utmost importance. Those who sell water from an improved water source arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t selling clean water; they are merely selling pumped water. This

Fig. - 1.44:

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

Smoked

- 36 -

Fish

Sale

Typical

Makoko

Thoroughfare

water is not filtered in anyway, and most residents do not boil the water to make it safe for drinking because of the expensive fuel required to do so. One way to address the water situation is to collect a n d filter rainwater. There are several methods of filtering water with varying densities of aggregates so that particle impurities are removed, as well as UV filtering with solar radiation for microbial deletion. A general lack of sanitation is partially responsible for the horrible water quality, as well as industrial runoff from Petrolauem refineries up the river to the lagoon. A significant majority of facilities empty into the very Lagoon the houses sit on. Human waste could be harvested for processing into fertilizers for plants and fish, or into fuel for machines. The methane resulting Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Fig. - 1.46: Woman selling her freshly smoked fish

from human waste is first converted into methanol, or wood alcohol. This is a cleaner burning, less volatile source of energy in comparison to gasoline, not to mention, significantly cheaper! Although the community

ment owned land and had to vacate for demolition. This 72 hour notice was not enough, and the people of Makoko would “rather die by a gun, than be forced out by the government” 2. The people protested against the demolishing crews for

Fig. - 1.47: Young Boy on Canoe

has been self-sustaining due to its heavy industry, quick access to the Lagos Island, and fishing heritage, the community has gained mainstream recognition since July 2012, when the government warned the citizens that they were on govern-

their rights to live off the land their ancestors have owned for generations. Makoko was the only place these residents have known as their home, working to add to it over time. During the demolition of - 37 -

many housing units, over 3,000 people were displaced were displaced from their homes. Many families have lived in Makoko for generations, enhancing their connection to the community as well as developing their further respect for the area. Despite the pollution, lack of sanitation, infrastructure, and any other government supplied services, most of the people maintain positive spirits. The people are innately connected to the waterfront and the culture of it. Since many of the men are fisherman who follow in the generations before them. A majority of fish is consumed by the local inhabitants, usually smoked, while a fair percentage goes back to “the island”, or Lagos market, for sale. As the population of Makoko has increased over time, new industries have begun to gain traction, such as saw mills and salt processing. Both of these industries The only schools that are within the communities boundaries are donated by Christian charities, amongst other NGOs. Many other necessities for the people arise out Matthew Hickey

Fig. - 1.48: Map of Makoko and Surrounds, Image ©Google Earth Pro, DigitalGlobe Inc., 2015.

of opportunity for the people such as the boats that travel around the city carrying goods acting as stores. Although Government is making plans for the waterfront area without concern for the people. In Many people do not own their land. Most people who choose to move to a building must ask the

patriarch of the house if they will be allowed to live with them. After a brief negotiation, the tenant must purchase drinks and food for the elders then negotiate a monthly rent. Integrating the community’s experiential knowledge of growing, cultivating, and preparing fish and grain with their necessity for clean water and reliable sanitation will fostering the relationships between

these things on a biological and chemical level. The government’s desire to make Makoko “proper”, in this definition, profitable, with the necessities for life and sustaining it. The neighborhood should flourish and seek even more radical and new methods of producing in the furture.

14 - “Earth File: Living in Makoko, the Venice of Lagos”, Channels Television, Accessed December 1, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oY_wqij6n0 15 - Nigeria – Country Data. http://data.worldbank.org/country/nigeria 16 - “Makoko_Projects: Makoko, more info”, Isi Etomi, Accessed December 2, 2014, http://www.makoko.org/about.html 17 - “Nigeria Forces Thousands from Floating Slum.” Aljazeera News - Africa. July 29, 2012. Accessed December 12, 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/07/

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

- 38 -

Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

MAP OF MAKOKO AND SURROUNDINGS AGO-EGUN

OKO-AGBON

Countries AZ: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z MAKOKO Search Bright Future Dir.

Climate & Temperature > Nigeria > Lagos Climate Temperatures Precipitation Sun/ Daylight

January February March

Comparisons Forecast Hotels

Humidity Graphs Map

July August September

April May June

Lagos Climate & Temperature

October November December Add a Comment

Lagos, Nigeria is at 6°35'N, 3°20'E, 39 m (129 ft). See map. Lagos has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate (KöppenGeiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in the lowsun months , no cold season, wet season is in the highsun months.

M R AREA TRADE MARKETS The average annual temperature is 26.8 degrees Celsius (80.2 degrees Fahrenheit). See the temperatures page for a monthly breakdown and the fixed scale graph. LUMBER YARD Average monthly temperatures vary by 3.45 °C (6.2°F). This indicates that the continentality type is MAIN RESIDENTIAL AREA hyperoceanic, subtype truly hyperoceanic. According to the Holdridge life zones system of bioclimatic classification Lagos is situated in or near the AIN ESIDENTIAL tropical dry forest biome.

Total annual Precipitation averages 1506.6 mm (59.3 inches) which is equivalent to 1506.6 Litres/m² (36.95 Gallons/ft²). Fig. - 1.50: Map of Makoko and Surrounds, Image ©Google Earth Pro, DigitalGlobe Inc., 2015. On average there are 1885 hours of sunshine per year. Visit the sunshine and daylight section to check monthly details including how high in the sky the sun reaches each month. Were you to burrow down through the centre of the Earth from Lagos you would pop up nearest to the climate station at Apia, Upolu, Samoa where you would find a Tropical wet climate. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec

Average Max Temperature °C ( °F)

32 (90)

33 (92)

33 (91)

32 (90)

31 (88)

29 (85)

28 (83)

29 (84)

30 (87)

31 (89)

32 (89)

31 (87)

Average Temperature °C ( °F)

27 (81)

28 (83)

29 (83)

28 (82)

27 (81)

26 (78)

25 (77)

26 (78)

26 (79)

27 (81)

27 (80)

Average Min Temperature °C ( °F)

22 (72)

24 (75)

23 (74)

22 (71)

22 (72)

22 (71)

22 (72)

23 (73)

Average Precipitation mm (in)

13 (1)

146 (6)

202 (8)

316 (12)

243 (10)

122 (5)

160 (6)

125 40 (2) (5)

15 (1)

1507 (59)

Climate Variable

41 (2) 84 (3)

Annual

Number of Wet Days 2 3 7 9 14 20 15 11 16 15 7 2 (probability of rain on a day) (6%) (11%) (23%) (30%) (45%) (67%) (48%) (35%) (53%) (48%) (23%) (6%)

12h 15'

12h 24'

12h 29'

12h 27'

12h 19'

12h 09'

11h 57'

11h 48'

11h 12h 00' 44'

Percentage of Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours

51 (49)

57 (43)

53 (47)

51 (49)

46 (54)

32 (68)

24 (76)

25 (75)

26 (74)

41 (59)

56 (44)

57 43 (57) (43)

Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day (°).

84 .7

7 6 .3

73.1

7 6 .1

84 .5

83 .8

72. 2

74.6

12h 04'

11h 54'

11h 46'

Average Daylight Hours & Minutes/ Day

8 3 .5

05:09

72.6

05:54 06:43 06:23 06:12 05:36 04:00 03:00 03:00 03:06 04:54 06:36 06:36

Average Sunlight Hours/ Day

121 (33%)

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Matthew Hickey

Fig. - 1.53: “Panorama” NLÉ Architects. Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014.

Fig. - 1.51: “Kids and the Cesspool.” NLÉ Architects. Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository.

Fig. - 1.52: “Private School.” NLÉ Architects. Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June

Sanitation

Education

Refuse disposal and handling is largely neglected. a majority of it ends up in the water they live on, while some is loaded on to lumber rafts by volunteers cleaning their community and taken out to seas. Many outhouses dump into the lagoon right beneath the piers, further dirtying the water. These sanitation issues shall be solved by consistent collection of refuse and biowaste for use in a biodigester to create usable fuel.

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

The government does not supply educational facilities or supplies to the area because it is ignoring that Makoko exists. For this reason, many schools are privately owned, charging students each day, before classes begin. Many parents have to work extremely hard to send their children to school, and since most occupations in Makoko rely heavily upon the environment, students occasionally have to skip school due to financial necessities fro food and shelter. Some schools are donated by various churches, NGOs, and other various organziations, but these schools have tremendous waiting listsand cannot cover a percentage of the demand for education in this neighborhood.

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Fig. - 1.54: “Getting Potable Water.” NLÉ Architects. Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository.

Fig. - 1.55: “Destroyed Houses.” NLÉ Architects. Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository.

Utilities

Security of Tenure

Many citizens spend a majority of their pay on water from unreliable sources. These sources include wells which gather groundwater, most likely filled with the bacteria of the citizens above it. Vendors take advantage of the lack of water by supplying it at a premium to citizens in need, many people boil the water to purify it for their children, but the same issue occurs with gas and electricity, since demand is high, so is the cost. Unfortunately, this also prevents citizens from enjoying a reputable water source.

Lagos’ rapid economic growth has benefited a majority of Africa as a whole, since it relies on trade between countries to increase it’s investment locally. Africans from less economically stable countries have moved to Lagos in hope of using their indigenous knowledge for profit, but also their ingenuity. Because Lagos is rapidly expanding economically, more foreign investors are looking to put their money in real estate here, spurring a luxury construction boom. This has affected Makoko’s tightly knit community with government wrecking balls.

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Matthew Hickey

Design: Integrating Macro-Structure Material and Knowledge

Dwelling upon the ideas discovered through aquaculture systems through indigenous and contemporary examples, issues with informal settlements, and various approaches to utilizing resources efficiently. The initial schematic propose explores how the unit works by itself and with the environment. The most neglected aspect of cities is that they are not separate from nature, instead they are one with it. This diagram explores how indigenous knowledge would flows with the contemporary systems. Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

One main aspect is to circulate the air as the current typology of regional housing dictates. This diagram attempts to inform the daily lifestyle of its occupants, from fishing, to cooking, and maintaining the rice patty. - 42 -

A floating house would allow the housing unit to adapt to the ever-changing environmental conditions of Makoko, from the dry season to the wet season, how will the unit perform when faced with various cultural and material requirements and restraints. Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

- 43 -

Matthew Hickey

Collection Drain from Latrine and shower on opposing side

Active Bio-Digester Tanks

Access to Stored Rainwater (Water manually moved to filter)

Water Hyacinth Panelling DIrect Water Into Funnels

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

- 44 -

Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Water Filtration Tanks

Water Collection Funnels

Rainwater Storage Barrells

Pipe Transports Excess Waste From Bio-DIgester

Front Access to Liquid Fertilizer Overflow from Bio-DIgester

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Informing Biological Systems through Cultural Restraints There are five main requirements the UN uses to define a slum, or as I refer to as informal communities or settlements. Many academics choose to use this phrase rather than slum due to the negative connotation associated with it. Makoko is represented as a well-organized community that has faced difficulties in keeping up with the rapid changes in Lagos’ economy as fast as Nigeria can. To assist with the transition and to enhance the quality of life by reducing the effects of rapid industrialization and overcrowding, there must be mechanisms in place. Spatializing the integration of the water collection and filtration system, as well as the bio-digester helps one to acknowledge a desire within the community to stay together, to stay strong, and to hold on to their community’s culture. Integrating low cost systems helps reduce a citizen’s time spent on acquiring the necessities. Despite Makoko being located on the water, it is not offered infrastructure like many other developed cities on the water such as Amsterdam and Venice. These cities have a rich culture that attracts tourism and business. I would beg to differ that Makoko’s culture, heritage and knowledge is just as vast and complex, albeit in a vastly different way. Gathering rainwater is simple due to the simple catenary geometry of the shell. The surface allows water to run off and into the funnels below, storing the water for future use. Water will then be moved as necessary to the 2-barrell water filtering station based around the SONO method of water filtration. Matthew Hickey

Household Sized Water and Fuel Production The bio-digester is located towards the back allows greater privacy to occupants using the lavatory or water closet. This also allows the space beneath the floor to have a minor tilt assisting the overflow of liquid fertilizer towards the front of the unit. The overflow is placed as such to allow ease of access when maintaining the rice patties and any other plants being grown. Since the shell of the unit is made of water hyacinth, it has potential to act as a membrane for growing,

which would allow each unit to take a different surface typology. Since the Egun and Okai were previously farmers, and fisherman, they can start to indulge in their knowledge again as more aquaculture begins to become integrated into Makoko. De-Centralizing Water and Energy Production Focusing on sustenance, rather than surplus, I chose to integrate low-cost, small-factor, infrastructural utility systems. Most

utility problems in slums come from centralized utility distribution. One example of this issue would be if one well becomes tainted, the thousands that rely upon that well will be at risk. Other problems of centralized production and distribution are higher pricing, higher risk of failure, and/or interruption/contamination of services. Eliminating the risks associated with centralized production is addressed by making each household unit responsible for these services.

Standard 55 Gallon (208L) Barrel Biogas Transfer Piping

From Lavatory Other Biowaste

Stage 1

Re-Evaluating Informal Communities

Liquid Waste Transport Piping

Stage 2 (and so on)

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Final Stage

Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Each household unit will contain the methods of production and storage of these utilities, water and fuel. The first would be a means of collecting rainwater and filtering it, although this system is highly classification system). The system will be able to store more than enough water to get through the dry season . Man cannot live on Water alone, that being said, fuel is necessary for daily activities. Since there are no gas pipes, nor fuel supply

stations, men go into the market and bring back fuel, selling surplus to others at a profit on the way home. This is also a centralized system (of sorts), being that if the fuel man is sick and cannot get the fuel, those who rely upon him are at risk of running out of fuel. By reducing the size of the BioCenter bio digester researched earlier on, a feasible system of production and storage for fuel becomes possible at the household size. A series of barrels, located

beneath the flooring will, will collect human waste, biological matter, and other organic matter. This tank will be air tight causing methanogenic bacteria to grow and process the matter into biogas. Biogas is a combination of gases, primarily methane, that can be utilized as fuel for cooking, operating machinery, and even electrical generation. The biodigester will also output liquid fertilizer for use in the floating rice patties and other aquaculture developments.

Weights Hold Storage Cap Down Floating Barrel Storage Water Used to Seal Storage

Biogas Stove

Steel Wool Biogas Filter Liquid Waste Transport Piping Nutrient-Rich Liquid Fertilizer

To Aquaculture Fig. - 1.56:

- 47 -

Biodigester

operational

schematic,

Matthew

Hickey.

2015

Matthew Hickey

De-Centralizing Water and Enmeans of collecting rainwater and for fuel becomes possible at the ergy Production filtering it, although this system is household size. Focusing on sustenance, highly dependent on environmen- A series of barrels, located rather than surplus, I chose to in- tal conditions, Lagos is a tropical beneath the flooring will, will collect tegrate low-cost, small-factor, in- wet and dry climate (Aw, KĂśppen human waste, biological matter, frastructural utility systems. Most climate classification system). The and other organic matter. This tank utility problems in slums come from system will be able to store more will be air tight causing methanocentralized utility distribution. One than enough water to get through genic bacteria to grow and process example of this issue would be if the dry season. the matter into biogas. Biogas is one well becomes tainted, the thou- Man cannot live on Water a combination of gases, primarisands that rely upon that well will alone, that being said, fuel is neces- ly methane, that can be utilized as be at risk. Other problems of cen- sary for daily activities. Since there fuel for cooking, operating machintralized production and distribution are no gas pipes, nor fuel supply ery, and even electrical generation. are higher pricing, higher risk of fail- stations, men go into the market The biodigester will also output liqure, and/or interruption/contami- and bring back fuel, selling surplus uid fertilizer for use in the floating nation of services. Eliminating the to others at a profit on the way rice patties and other aquaculture risks associated with centralized home. This is also a centralized sys- developments. production is addressed by making tem (of sorts), being that if the fuel each household unit responsible for man is sick and cannot get the fuel, these services. those who rely upon him are at risk Each household unit will of running out of fuel. By reducing of the BioCenter bio digestcontain the methods ofUpward-Flow production the size Filter Sand/Charcoal Water Filtration System and storage of these utilities, wa- er researched earlier on, a feasible ter and fuel. The first would be a system of production and storage

Collected Rainwater

Filtered Water Fine Sifted Sand Crushed Charcoal Fine Sand Packed Fine Gravel Rocks (Coarse Gravel) Filtered Water Fig. - 1.57: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Upward Flow Filter Sand and Charcoal Water Filtration System.â&#x20AC;? Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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100

Aquaculture

Phase 1 - Integrate Aquaculture

Bamboo Rice Water Hyacinth

100

AquaCulture

Phase 2 - Disperse Water Hyacinth Pens and Sawah Apung

Water Hyacinth

100

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Aquaculture

Phase 1 - Integrate Aquaculture

Bamboo Rice Water Hyacinth

Matthew Hickey

Fig. - 1.58: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Integrating Water Hyacinth Pens into Makoko.â&#x20AC;? Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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Fig. - 1.59: “Integrating Sawah Apung (Floating Rice Patty) into Makoko,” Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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Matthew Hickey

Exploring Systems By utilizing local materials in the construction of the housing module, this ensures easier maintenance. The catenary based geometry of the shell structure is useful for preventing damage durin the destructive typhoons that pass

through the area. The unrelenting ment and to the possibilities of it’s nature has wrecked un-foretold strength. havok upon the citizens of Makoko before. The existing housing is designed to make use of scrap material, but is not designed in a way that is harmonious to the envorn-

Bamboo Grid (100mm Diameter)

Water Hyacinth and Rice Stream Weave

Hung Cloth for Lavatory Privacy

Main Floor Space

Rainwater Storage Barrels Rainwater Collection Drains Biowaste Intake

Front Liquid Fertilizer Overflow Access

Bamboo Raft (Various Diameters)

Fig. - 1.60: “Material, System, and Geometric Relationships.” Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Large Concentric Layout This layout is best suited to multi-generational families who would prefer to live in close proximity to one another. Although this is one of the largest layouts demonstrated, it allows younger family members to be in constant communication with their elders; granting them with greater responsibility and with that, less autonomy. This layout relies heavily on larger families, with an emphasis on communal values, work sharing, and fair demonstration. Fig. - 1.61:Concentric Layout

Linear Row Module Layout This typology might not lend itself to the highest level of cooperation between occupants, but it does allow easy integration into the existing layout in Makoko. Placing the units side by side allows the aquaculture units to exist in front of, and behind the housing units. This affords a forced interaction when leaving and arriving at the households. Privacy is also greater in this layout because the houses act as a barrier from one another. Fig. - 1.62:Linear â&#x20AC;&#x153;Row-Housesâ&#x20AC;? Layout

Interdependent Family Layout This layout is used in smaller connected families where the father would be in close contact with his other wives. This layout would also encourage communication between the wives and cooperation between families. Dividing the work equally so each member does less, but produces more. This layout would also encourage the father of the children to become closer with the enviornment, where the placement of the rice between housing units encourages daily inspection and maintenance.

Fig. - 1.63:Single Father, Multiple-Wives Layout

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Matthew Hickey

Fig. - 1.64: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Planimetric System Diagramâ&#x20AC;? Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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Fig. - 1.65: “Front View of Housing Unit.” Matthew Hickey, 2015.

Fig. - 1.66: “Side View of Housing Unit.” Matthew Hickey, 2015.

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Matthew Hickey

Renders:

Exterior View

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Matthew Hickey

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Matthew Hickey

Fig. - 1.67: “ 3/32”:1’ Scale Structural and Massing Model.” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew Hickey. 2015.

It is extremely important to understand the construction of architecture. Architecture propogates itself on many scales. Models are useful not only for conveying a sense of scale or a sense of space, but also to allow the material to

Fig. - 1.68: “3/32”:1’ Scale Structural Framing Model- Three-Quarters View.” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew

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Professor Ted Ngai - Spring 2015

Fig. - 1.69: “ 3/32”:1’ Scale Model - Detail of Connections.” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew Hickey. 2015.

narrate the design. These scale models were made from bamboo dowels and demonstrated the materials ability to bend. Certain thresholds are described within the curvature of the rod at points of interest.

Fig. - 1.70: “ 3/32”:1’ Scale Model - Interior View” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew Hickey. 2015.

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Bibliography

Footnotes and Citations

1 - Davis, Mike. “Haussmann in the Tropics.” In Planet of Slums, 95-120. 1st ed. Vol. 1. London: Verso, 2006. 13 2 - ”Sawah Apung”. Inormasi-Perkebunan. Accessed May 02, 2015. http://informasi-perkebunan.blogspot.com/2013/04/sawah-terapung.html. 13 3 - “Floating Field (Sawah Apung)”. Youtube Video, 2:00-3:15, posted by “Tri Jauhari,” April 20, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D74oeVVG97I. 13 4 - Dela Cruz, Catalino. “Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture: A Primer.” Sawah Tambak Rice-fish System in Indonesia. October 14, 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y1187e/y1187e20.htm.” 21 5 - Kistanto, H., Nurdien. “Land Use, Tambak Ownership, and Tambak Cultivation: A Case Study of “Sumbersari” in North Central Java.” Journal of Coastal Development 4, no. 1 (2001): 73-78. Accessed May 13, 2015. doi:February 2001. 21 6 - Sawah Apung Miliki Prospek Cerah” (”Floating Rice Fields Have Bright Prospects”). Pikiran Rakyat. March 27, 2013, http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawahbarat/2013/03/27/228554/sawah-apung-miliki-prospek-cerah. 25 7 - ”Sawah Apung”. Inormasi-Perkebunan. Accessed May 02, 2015. http://informasi-perkebunan.blogspot.com/2013/04/sawah-terapung.html. 25 8 - “Floating Field (Sawah Apung)”. Youtube Video, 2:00-3:15, posted by “Tri Jauhari,” April 20, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D74oeVVG97I. 25 9 - Medialdea, J.M. “A new approach to ecological sustainability through extensive aquaculture: the model of Veta la Palma.” 2008. http://bit.ly/aG1LMG 27 10 - FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. “Aquaculture Technology.” FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome. May 15, 2015. 27 11 - Svadlenak-Gomez, Karin. “Biodiversity-friendly aquaculture on the Veta la Palma Estate, Spain” Ecoagriculture Snapshot, Ecoagriculture Partners. October 2010 27 12 - Smith, Cynthia E., and Andrea Lipps. “Profiles.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, 214-215. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, 2011. 31 13 - Smith, Cynthia E., and Andrea Lipps. “Profiles.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, 192-193. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, 2011. 33 14 - “Earth File: Living in Makoko, the Venice of Lagos”, Channels Television, Accessed December 1, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oY_wqij6n0 38 15 - Nigeria – Country Data. http://data.worldbank.org/country/nigeria 38 16 - “Makoko_Projects: Makoko, more info”, Isi Etomi, Accessed December 2, 2014, http://www.makoko.org/about.html 38 17 - “Nigeria Forces Thousands from Floating Slum.” Aljazeera News - Africa. July 29, 2012. Accessed December 12, 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/07/ 38

Image Citations

Fig. - 1.1: “Cholera Haiti Blog Tents.” Cross Catholic Blog, 2010. http://crosscatholicblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/cholera-Haiti-blog-tents.jpg Fig. - 1.2: “Makoko Sprawl .” NairaLand Forums, 2012. http://ww2.sinaimg.cn/mw600/6d050af1gw1e5a9wke6pyj20q30hgk2g.jpg Fig. - 1.3: “Dhaka Dwellers Pay More Get Less” Dhaka Tribune. http://www.dhakatribune.com/sites/default/files/article/thumb/2014/02/10/slums.jpg Fig. - 1.4: “Mumbai-Slum.” Pintrest Jarrattmoody. Lower City. http://static.blogs.nzz.ch/1330951818/mumbai-slum.jpg Fig. - 1.5: NLÉ Architects. “Canal at Dawn- Life in Makoko.” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.6: Makoko lumber yard Fig. - 1.7: NLÉ Architects. “Congested Waterway.” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.10: NLÉ Architects. “Construction along the water.” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.13: NLÉ Architects. “Men Harvesting Bamboo” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.8: NLÉ Architects. “Child on Raft.” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.11: NLÉ Architects. “Returning from work for the day”” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.14: NLÉ Architects. “Man on front porch Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.9: NLÉ Architects. “Men Enjoying a Break from Work.” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.12: NLÉ Architects. “Woman’s boat shoppe” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.15: NLÉ Architects. “Canals at dusk.” Heinrich Boll Stiftung Repository. June 24, 2014. Fig. - 1.16:“False-Color Image Tokyo, Japan.” LandSAT 8, U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Fig. - 1.17:“False-Color Image Mumbai, India.” LandSAT 8, U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Fig. - 1.18: Rapid Urbanization throughout the World Fig. - 1.20: Sloping Aquaculture, Indonesia Fig. - 1.19: Rene Dissel. “Sawah Anerang.”Travel Blog. Bali – Indonesia. http://southpacific.renedissel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/IMG_6603.jpg Fig. - 1.21:©<No data from link> Fig. - 1.22: Sloping Aquaculture, Indonesia Fig. - 1.23: Sloping Aquaculture, Indonesia Fig. - 1.24: Species Symbiosis - Mutualism, Preadors, and Symbiotic Relationships Fig. - 1.25: Sawah Tambak Diagrammatic Section, Matthew Hickey Fig. - 1.26: Typical Sawah Tambak Landscape in Indonesia, Matthew Hickey, 201 Fig. - 1.28: Placing fertilizer upon the raft of the sawah apung. Fig. - 1.29:“Sawah Apung.” Viva.co.id. Indonesian News. http://log.viva.co.id/news/read/400608-sawah-apung-di-lahan-rawan-banjir Fig. - 1.27:“Checking on the Rice Patties.” Kompas.com. Priyatin. http://i45.tinypic.com/oji061.jpg Fig. - 1.30: “Veta La Palma.” Liquid Natures Blog. http://liquidnatures.blogspot.com/2012/03/veta-la-palma-seville-spain.html

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Fig. - 1.31: “Bird Sanctuary at Veta La Palma.” Spaiin Official Tourism Portal. http://stcsharel3.spain.info/media/img/server/article/470x245/95/1320318282095. jpg 27 Fig. - 1.32: “Flamingos at Veta La Palma.” Spaiin Official Tourism Portal. http://stcsharel3.spain.info/media/img/server/article/470x245/95/1320318282095.jpg 27 Fig. - 1.33: “Fishing at Veta La Palma” http://ecofriendly.umwblogs.org/2011/04/08/veta-la-palma-the-polyface-farms-of-fish-farming/ 27 Fig. - 1.36:“Constructing the Biodigester, and Completed Biodigester Working away in the sun”, Matthew Hickey, 2015. 28 Fig. - 1.35:“Blending the Organic Waste”, Matthew Hickey, 2015. 28 Fig. - 1.34:“Adding waste to the biodigester”, Matthew Hickey, 2015. 28 Fig. - 1.37: “Woman pours groundwater into a SONO” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p214. 2011 30 Fig. - 1.38: “Schematic Diagram of the two-bucket filter” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p215. 2011 31 Fig. - 1.39:“Multi-Level BioCentre in Kibera, Nairobi.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p.192. 2011 32 Fig. - 1.40:“Multi-Level BioCentre in Kibera, Nairobi.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p.193. 2011 32 Fig. - 1.41:“Bio-Digester under construction by local artisans.” In Design with the Other 90% of Cities, p.192. 2011 33 Fig. - 1.42:“False-Color Image Tokyo, Japan.” LandSAT 8, U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ 35 Fig. - 1.43: Smoked Fish Sale 36 Fig. - 1.44: Typical Makoko Thoroughfare 36 Fig. - 1.45: Woman selling her freshly smoked fish 37 Fig. - 1.46: Young Boy on Canoe 37 Fig. - 1.47: Map of Makoko and Surrounds, Image ©Google Earth Pro, DigitalGlobe Inc., 2015. 38 Fig. - 1.49: Map of Makoko and Surrounds, Image ©Google Earth Pro, DigitalGlobe Inc., 2015. 39 Fig. - 1.48:“ Lagos Climate & Temperature.” ClimaTemps.com ©2009-2015 ClimaTemps .com Inc. 39 Fig. - 1.50: Children eating on dock above cesspool 40 Fig. - 1.51: Children attending private school 40 Fig. - 1.52: Woman collecting water from cistern 41 Fig. - 1.54:Panorama 41 Fig. - 1.53: Houses destroyed by City Workers 41 Fig. - 1.55: Biodigester operational schematic, Matthew Hickey. 2015 47 Fig. - 1.56: “Upward Flow Filter Sand and Charcoal Water Filtration System.” Matthew Hickey, 2015. 48 Fig. - 1.57: “Integrating Water Hyacinth Pens into Makoko.” Matthew Hickey, 2015. 50 Fig. - 1.58: “Integrating Sawah Apung (Floating Rice Patty) into Makoko,” Matthew Hickey, 2015. 51 Fig. - 1.59: “Material, System, and Geometric Relationships.” Matthew Hickey, 2015. 52 Fig. - 1.60:Concentric Layout 53 Fig. - 1.61:Linear “Row-Houses” Layout 53 Fig. - 1.62:Single Father, Multiple-Wives Layout 53 Fig. - 1.63: “Planimetric System Diagram” Matthew Hickey, 2015. 54 Fig. - 1.64: “Front View of Housing Unit.” Matthew Hickey, 2015. 55 Fig. - 1.65: “Side View of Housing Unit.” Matthew Hickey, 2015. 55 Fig. - 1.66: “ 3/32”:1’ Scale Structural and Massing Model.” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew Hickey. 2015. 60 Fig. - 1.67: “3/32”:1’ Scale Structural Framing Model- Three-Quarters View.” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew Hickey. 60 Fig. - 1.68: “ 3/32”:1’ Scale Model - Detail of Connections.” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew Hickey. 2015. 61 Fig. - 1.69: “ 3/32”:1’ Scale Model - Interior View” Bamboo and Steel Wire. Matthew Hickey. 2015. 61

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