Vuosikertomus

N O R T H E R N

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L

R E S E A R C H

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U N I V E R S I T Y

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2009

O U L U

Contents

THULE INSTITUTE

3

DIRECTOR’S PREFACE

5

RESEARCH

7

Global Change in the North

9

Northern Land use and Land Cover

11

Circumpolar Health and Wellbeing

13

Human-Environment Relations in the North

15

Environmental and Resource Economics

16

Centre of Expertise in the Water Industry

17

Cluster – CEWIC EDUCATION

19

Doctoral education

19

Master’s education

20

International cooperation in education

21

RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES

24

Centre for Arctic Medicine

24

NorNet

25

NorTech Oulu

26

Oulanka Research Station

28

Northern LTSER platform

29

IODP National Programme Office

30

Coordination of the Thematic Networks

32

(University of Arctic) Representations in scientific organisations and 32 working groups APPENDIX Publications in 2009

34

3

Thule Institute The Thule Institute is a unit of the University of Oulu which focuses on the development and coordination of multidisciplinary research and education co-operation in the field of Northern and Environmental Issues, one of the University’s areas of focus. Activities of the Thule Institute consist of open and efficient co-operation between different disciplines and operators within the University and outside of it.

Organisation Thule Institute (which includes four operational units): Centre for Arctic Medicine NorNet NorTech Oulu Oulanka Research Station

Staff Staff at the Thule Institute: approx. 40 Staff working on research projects supported by the Thule Institute: approx. 210 Doctoral students in PhD programmes: 103

Vision The Thule Institute is a competence scientific community which produces multidisciplinary co-operation that constitutes an integral part of the University of Oulu’s profile. In its operation, research is closely linked with education, focusing on solving problems that have great significance for science and society. The Thule Institute is a multidisciplinary, international, future-oriented expert on northern and environmental issues and natural resources.

Multidisciplinary research in three research programmes, one development programme and research projects on specific themes Global Change in the North Northern Land Use and Land Cover Circumpolar Health and Wellbeing Environmental Technology Development Programme Human – Environment Relations in the North Environmental and Resource Economics Environmental Technology and Water Industry –related Research and Development

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Thule Institute organization

EXECUTIVE BOARD

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD

DIRECTOR

ADMINISTRATION

CENTRE FOR ARCTIC MEDICINE

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NORTHERN GLOBAL CHANGE LAND USE AND IN THE NORTH LAND COVER

CIRCUMPOLAR HEALTH AND WELLBEING

NORNET NORTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH NETWORK

NORTECH OULU PROJECT UNIT

M U LT I D I S C I P L I N A R Y E D U C A T I O N

M U LT I D I S C I P L I N A R Y E D U C A T I O N

RESEARCH PROGRAMMES AND EDUCATION

OULANKA RESEARCH STATION

5

Director’s The year 2009 was filled with activities and new possibilities for promoting multidisciplinary research, education and societal interaction in the Northern and Environmental focus area of the University of Oulu. 2009 was the fourth year of activities for the three research programmes of the Thule Institute.The programmes will continue for a further two years, until 2011, and continuity characterizes their activities. Research has been continued by emphasizing the recommendations of the mid-term evaluation of the research programmes realized in the year 2008. This means increased multidisciplinary research co-operation in and between the programmes. The implementation of the evaluation recommendations also promotes the integration of the Thule Institute’s operational units, its research programmes and the faculties in the University, as well as partners outside the University, which support the strategic aims of the University of Oulu.

Our dynamic modelling efforts for people and ecosystems in a changing environment calls to combine all relevant information on the Earth’s climatic and ecosystem changes to be better integrated into valid socio-cultural and economic models, thus providing policy makers, communities and businesses with information facilitating the prediction of risks and better decision making. Societal interaction is achieved through high quality scientific research and education, and it is therefore a cross cutting theme in all the Thule Institute’s activities. One of the most important tasks of the Thule Institute is to develop research infrastructures at the university level, national level as well as the international level.This has been taken as one of the main priorities of the Institute’s activities, in addition to research and education co-operation.

In order to further develop high quality research and the impact of research and education activities on society, the Quality Assurance system of the Institute, including the quality assurance of research, education and societal interaction, was established. In November, the Institute’s representatives participated in the audit by

Photo by Annu Huttunen.

preface

The Finnish Higher Education Evaluation Council, realized at the University as well.

The year 2009 was the 10th year of operation for the environmental research network NorNet.Through this network, we have been able to significantly promote research co-operation and research infrastructures with the national research institutes. I heartily welcome the eleventh partner, the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), to the network. FMI joined the network in April, when NorNet held its 10th anniversary seminar at the University of Oulu. In the NorNet network, a contract was also established to develop research activities through e.g. joint professorships with the University of Oulu and the Finnish Environmental Institute (SYKE).

In the field of education co-operation, the biggest achievement was the establishment of the national doctoral school VALUE (Doctoral school in Integrated Catchment and Water Resources Management). This doctoral school is funded by the Finnish Academy and is co-ordinated by the University of Oulu and the Thule Institute. Through collaboration in this doctoral school network, we have been able to further broaden the development of multidisciplinary environmental postgraduate education at the University of Oulu.

Kari Laine Director of Thule Institute

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Research

7

Research The Northern and Environmental Issues focus area at the University of Oulu has a wide perspective on climate and environmental change, and investigates also the related societal and economic shifts to better understand human – environment relationships.This vast spatial and thematic perspective calls for multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. The required multidisciplinary research is achieved in three research programmes co-ordinated by the Thule Institute, and in those research and development projects closely connected to the focus area of Northern and Environmental Issues which are realized at the Thule Institute.

The three research programmes for 2006 - 2011 are: Global Change in the North, Northern Land Use and Land Cover and Circumpolar Health and Wellbeing.

These programmes bring together a total of 20 basic research projects, or consortiums, and about 210 researchers, PhD students and graduate students. Collaboration on these projects, within and between these three programmes, has increased during 2009. After the mid-term evaluation of the research projects (realized in 2008), special attention was paid to the quality of the scientific publishing activities and to searching for new external funding sources.

A fourth programme, the Environmental Technology Development Programme, promotes environmental technology research at the University of Oulu and enhances collaboration between the University and outside businesses in this field. Also, a new water industry cluster, CEWIC, established successful collaboration between the University of Oulu, Oulu University of Applied Sciences and the City of Oulu.

The research infrastructure was further developed at the Oulanka Research Station.The research programme entitled Human–Environment Relations in the North continued, with four PhD students working at the Thule Institute.This FiDiPro (Finland Distinguished Professor) programme is funded by the Academy of Finland and recruits international, cutting-edge researchers to Finland for a fixed period.The FiDiPro research programme at the Thule Institute is led by Professor Mark Nuttall from the University of Alberta, Canada.

In 2009 project Northern Research and Innovation Platform represented a new opening in the field of research infrastructure development: the programme is a two-year European Structural Fund programme project funded by the County Administrative Board of Oulu and the City of Oulu.The project is co-ordinated from the Thule Institute by its project manager, DTech Päivi Iskanius.

ACTIVITIES (as number s) in 2009 in the Nor thern and Environmental focus area Doctoral students

103

Doctoral theses in research programmes and PhD programmes

28

Refereed articles in scientific journals

115

Other articles, books and proceedings

97

Presentations at international scientific conferences 163 Arranged conferences

11

External funding (euro)

3 500 000

Research is also done at the Institute in the field of environmental and resource economics. Co-operation in this field of research proceeded significantly when two joint professorships were realised: one with the Finnish Environmental Institute (Research Professor Ilmo Mäenpää) and the other with the Finnish Forest Research Institute (Research Professor Anne Tolvanen).

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Negotiating river ecosystems.

Socio-cultural valuation of ecosystem services in Northern river basins Postdoctoral research project funded by the Academy of Finland. Project leader Timo P Karjalainen A major global report on the state and future of the planet, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment adopted the concept of ‘ecosystem services’, defined as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, explicitly the ecosystem properties and processes that benefit human wellbeing.The concept is attracting increased attention as a way to communicate societal dependence on ecological life-support systems. However, the epistemic object of ecosystem services needs to be ‘filled in’ much more than is currently the case, which is influenced by economic thinking.

This postdoctoral research project explores and conceptualises river ecosystem services in the case of Northern river basins. There are concurrent policy initiatives to restore the multifunctionality of riverine ecosystems and landscapes, and also elaborate plans that aim to maximize the use of Northern rivers for hydro-electric power production. This kind of conflict situation, for example, highlights the need to find new valuation and assessment perspectives and methods.

The general objective of this research project is to develop socio-cultural valuation methods for ecosystem services and, notably, to develop a collaborative and interdisciplinary framework for valuation.

An ecosystem service perspective and multicriteria analysis are used to provide an understandable and commensurable framework for the discussion and assessment of ecosystem changes and their consequences for human wellbeing. The main case study here is the multi-criterion decision problem of ecosystem services in the case of the Iijoki River.

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Events in 2009 • UArctic Thematic Networks Program Team Meeting.

17th - 18th January. Kilpisjärvi, Finland.

• Human – Environment Relations in the North. 23rd 24th February. Oulu, Finland.

• Space Climate School and Symposium. 15th - 22nd March. Saariselkä, Finland.

• Waste Minimization and Resource Use Optimization.

30th March - 3rdApril. Oulu, Finland.

• NorNet 10-year anniversary seminar. 23rd - 24th April 2009. Oulu, Finland.

• Calotte Academy 2009. Environmental Politics and Industrial Development (in the Eurasian North). 28th May - 2nd June. Inari, Kirkkoniemi , Murmansk and KolariPajala in Finland, Norway and Russia.

• EnePro conference Energy Research at the University of Oulu. 3rd June. Oulu, Finland.

• Arctic Virtual Learning Tools Project Meeting. 8th - 9th September. Akureyri, Iceland.

• Thule seminar Towards Better Understanding of Global Change. 12th -14th October. Kuusamo, Finland.

• 13th ESSAC Meeting. 3rd - 4th November. Oulu, Finland.

• 31st AMAP Human Health Meeting. 5th - 6th November. Oulu, Finland.

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Global Change in the North

Programme Director, Research Professor Kari Strand

Projects

The term Global Change refers to changes that take place in the Earth’s systems as well as in its societies. Circumpolar regions are in a key position concerning global change research, as these sensitive environments provide the necessary indicators for detecting these changes.The research programme, with its five projects and one research consortium, investigates not only naturally driven processes and the forcing factors of global change, but also the societal understanding of environmental change as well as the technological solutions for mitigating global change. Fully understanding the forcing factors of climate change is a challenge for the research community. The assessment of past climate changes and their causes and, presently, also the development of new technologies and policies to mitigate climate changes are issues of great importance.The use of industrial ecology tools for waste minimization and the optimisation of resource-use is an essential part of this mitigation.

Research Consortium “Long-term change in the Sun and its effects on the Earth’s climate and atmosphere” Project leaders Kalevi Mursula and Esa Turunen The continuously varying solar activity changes the dynamics and structure of near-Earth space on short and long time scales.This change has a great effect upon the Earth’s climate and atmosphere as well. When studying these changes and effects, the consortium uses, e.g., satellite measurements of the Sun and solar wind, groundbased measurements of geomagnetic activity and cosmic rays, and various physical models of atmospheric ionization by cosmic rays, of atmospheric chemistry and of the atmospheric response in various model atmospheres.Two subprojects are 1) Long-term changes in climate variability and natural climate forcing (Kalevi Mursula) and 2) Solar UV Radiation in a greenhouse atmosphere (Esa Turunen and Thomas Ulich).

In 2009, 22 PhD students were working in this programme, three PhD theses were approved, a total of 35 refereed articles were published in international scientific journals and 55 international conference presentations were given. Research and education are interconnected at the Thule Institute’s graduate school platform ThuleEdu. The graduate school ARKTIS, the Finnish Graduate School of Geosciences, the Graduate School for Population Genetics, the Finnish Graduate School in Environmental Science and Technology and the Graduate School in Chemical Engineering all worked in collaboration.

Past climate extremes in the North Project leaders John Moore, Juha Pekka Lunkka and Kari Strand In this project the focus is on relatively fast and significant climatic and environmental transitions and events that have occurred in the northern European Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas over the last 15 million years in the Earth’s climate history.The project will establish the important boundary conditions that constrain our understanding of high latitude areas and their role in global climate change.This is highly relevant for predictions of our future climate. Three subprojects are 1) Evolution and fate of the cryosphere – Nordaustlandet, Svalbard (John Moore), 2) Onset and decay of the last cold stage in NW Russia (Juha Pekka Lunkka), and 3) Mid-Pliocene global warmth in the Arctic Ocean (Kari Strand).

In 2009, good progress was made: The projects have managed to obtain a significant increase in the amount of external funding, especially from the Academy of Finland.The projects have recruited new PhD students, and the number of scientific publications has increased compared to the previous year. A successful research seminar “Towards better understanding of Global Change” was organised for PhD students and senior scientists at the Oulanka research station.

Global change and the evolution and migration of Scots pine Project leaders Sheila Hicks and Outi Savolainen This project combines genetic and palaeoecological research in an innovative manner to investigate the evolu-

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tion and migration of Scots pine. Scots pine, which is at the northern limit of its geographical range in Finland, has had to adapt in many varied conditions in climate and environment. The project investigates the present situation of Scots pine in terms of its climate dependence, pollen production and dispersal, and genetic variation. The project looks at Scots pine’s past migration routes and evolutionary history and predicts the adaptive capability of Scots pine populations under a changing climate and the effect of climate change on pollen production.

Seasonality and frost hardiness of northern plants under global change and environmental stress Project leader Kari Taulavuori The effects of multiple stresses on northern plants under global change and a changing environment are studied in this project. The special focus is on plant seasonality and frost hardiness, as they exhibit a process in plant survival in the North.The main stresses that are studied involve climate warming and the consequent extremes in temperature changes, periodic droughts, enhanced UV radiation and metal stress. The research produces results at the ecological and environmental assessment level, and increases eco-physiological understanding of their underlying mechanisms.

Contested environmental strategies in SĂĄpmi and Nenetsia Project leader Veli-Pekka Lehtola The aim of the project is to study indigenous perceptions, interpretations and strategies concerning the relations between environment, landscape and culture.The areas included in the study are SĂĄpmi in Fennoscandia and Nenetsia in Northern Russia. Through a multidisciplinary orientation, the researchers examine these themes from anthropological, geographical and environmental perspectives. They analyse both the mental and spatial landscapes using different methodologies to understand the relations between the environment and identities as well as public discourse and debates as reflections of mental processes.

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Toward an eco-efficient use of resources in the chemical industry: Separation technologies for waste minimization Project leader Riitta Keiski The main objective of this research project is to promote eco-efficient use of resources by endorsing the application of membrane technologies for on-site recovery of hazardous components, e.g., organic solvents and heavy metals, from chemical effluents. Prevention technologies are also investigated, such as the replacement of organic solvents and phasing out heavy metals. The project explores the application of Waste Management Theory (WMT) built under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology for chemical industry process optimisation, and ultimately a proposal will be made for Industrial Ecology Management (IEM) in the chemical industry.

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NORTHERN LAND USE AND LAND COVER

Programme Director, Research Professor Kari Strand

Projects

Understanding and quantifying natural and human activities in a landscape requires thorough theoretical and methodological knowledge of different disciplines.This programme conducts scientific research on ecological and socio-economic criteria for the management of northern biotopes and on eco-efficiency in the utilization of northern natural resources. The programme draws together expertise from the natural and social sciences and from technology in order to explore the dynamics and consequences of land use in natural and human-dominated landscapes. The general aim is to promote sustainable community development as well as to make improvements in environmental impact assessment in the northern areas.

Stream restoration: enhancing salmonid fisheries, lotic biodiversity, or both?

Project leader Timo Muotka This project involves a study on whether restorations aimed at the enhancement of fisheries could also serve purposes connected to biodiversity, or whether these two goals are incompatible. Plenty of resources have been allocated to stream restoration in Finland; however, scientific research on the ecological impact of restoration has lagged fallen behind.This project is maintained as the responses of fish populations to restoration have not yet been studied properly, and the monitoring of other non-target biota has been negligible.

The programme is implemented in wide-based cooperation and has been integrated into a part of the operation of the national environmental research institutions through NorNet (Northern Environmental Network).

In 2009, a total of 33 doctoral students were working on the projects and four PhD theses were approved. A significant amount of the 40 scientific refereed articles were published, and 43 presentations in international scientific conferences were given.

The projects have succeeded in integrating several disciplines, such as physical and cultural geography and architecture, ecology and hydrology, as well as geoinformatics.

In 2009, the programme produced many high-quality multidisciplinary publications and important information applicable to environmental planning.

Sedimentation and flow studies in small headwater forest streams Project leader BjĂśrn KlĂśve Erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation are processes which cause many environmental problems related to forested drainage areas. Headwater streams are filled with sand, which reduces stream diversity and spawning sites. Fine organic material is eroded in excess, and this affects stream sediment composition. Despite some restoration efforts, little is known about sediment transport in streams. This project studies the hydraulics of small streams and the movement of suspended solids. The overall goal is to obtain enough knowledge so that the benefits of different structures and water protection methods can be assessed.

Status and viability of bird and mammal populations in managed forests Project leader Markku Orell The erosion of the northern coniferous forests through anthropogenic effects poses a threat to a number of species adapted to living in mature forest habitats. An understanding of factors affecting population fluctuations is important to the study of these species’ ecology, management and, nowadays especially, for estimating population viability. Reliable population projections require correct estimates of population growth and den-

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sity dependence and realistic modelling of stochastic components. This research is based on a unique combination of precise long-term time series as well as individual-based demographic analyses.

The ecological and socioeconomic responses of global change on reindeer pastures Project leaders Satu Huttunen and Minna Turunen This research produces new information about both the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of global change on the prerequisites for reindeer herding in the sub-arctic area.The responses of reindeer summer and winter pasture plants to increasing UV radiation are used as indicators of climate change.The effects of increasing UV radiation on their chemical composition are studied by using both UV-B exclusion and UV-B enhancement field experiments and also a wide range of laboratory techniques.The socioeconomic assessment part of this research studies the environmental and socioeconomic factors which make reindeer herding vulnerable, and how reindeer herding can cope with these changes.

Research consortium “Northern communities” Project leaders Toivo Muilu, Jarkko Saarinen and Helka-Liisa Hentilä The research consor tium analyse the changes and problems of northern communities from both local and global perspectives. The understanding of changes in northern communities requires a holistic approach which covers research areas such urban design and planning, applied geography and planning, and sociology.The three subprojects are 1) Dynamics of Change in Northern Communities (Toivo Muilu), 2) Global Change and Transforming Land-Use Activities in the North: The Socio-Economic Effects of Global Change in Northern Finland (Jarkko Saarinen), and 3) Management of Growth and Decline and the Quality of the Living Environment: The Case of Mining Communities in Northern Finland (Helka-Liisa Hentilä).

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The potentiality of remote sensing and GIS in biodiversity assessments Project leader Miska Luoto Remote sensing produces valuable information for biodiversity mapping and monitoring.This research project develops novel approaches for integrating remote sensing and geographic information data into biodiversity assessments. The ultimate research goal is to provide information which is directly applicable in defining biodiversity assessment practices that better meet the requirements of the sustainable use of natural resources and land-use planning.

Photo by Kai Harju.

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circumpolar health and wellbeing

Programme Director, Research Professor Arja Rautio

Projects

The framework for the Circumpolar Health and Wellbeing research programme comprises the wellbeing, health, health care, health risks and adaptation of people living in the northern environment.The different aspects of life and living in the North are covered in this programme, since people are considered as physical, cultural and social actors in the northern environment and society. The aim of this programme is to focus on research in a multidisciplinary manner and to make the results available for use in practical implementation.The research programme draws together expertise from different fields. The areas of study are environmental health and adaptation; population health, health care and treatment; societal and individual wellbeing; and cultural aspects of wellbeing and health. The research programme is co-ordinated by the Centre for Arctic Medicine at the Thule Institute (see page 24).

Prevention of marginalisation in Northern Finland Project leaders Irma Moilanen, Anja Taanila and Juha Veijola The aim of this project is to study both mental and material risk factors for marginalisation. Risk factors stem from as early as childhood and the main causes for marginalisation are developmental and mental disturbances. The research is based mainly on the data of two birth cohorts (Northern Finland Birth Cohorts in 1966 and 1986) and it is conducted in three subprojects: 1) Gene-environment interaction on the mental health of children and adolescents (Irma Moilanen), 2) Social exclusion and wellbeing resources in Northern Finland: Epidemiological studies among two birth cohorts in 1966 and 1986 (Anja Taanila), 3) Risk for psychosis in the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort (Juha Veijola).

In 2009, there were forty PhD students working on the programme, and two PhD theses were approved. The researchers published 37 refereed articles in scientific journals and gave 44 presentations in international scientific conferences.

Environmental health – from exposure to biomarkers Project leaders Arja Rautio and Kirsi Vähäkangas The aim of this project is to connect social parameters to those of physical health. Biological, biochemical and molecular markers are needed in order to find a pattern of measurable parameters for environmental health.

The project concentrates on the selection of potentially useful molecular biomarkers by using human placental perfusion and cell culture models as test methods for estimating fetal exposure to environmental chemicals, and by using animal models to study the effects of environmental chemicals on the development of teeth and bones. This work is closely connected to the aims of AMAP (Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program, a programme of the Arctic Council) and is a part of the ArcRisk EU project, which was launched in 2009.

One of the features characterising 2009 was an improvement of the funding base for several subprojects of the research programme through international or national funding. For example, the subproject “Revitalization processes for Northern minority languages and cultures” received EU funding for 2010-2013 as a partner of the ELDIA (European Language Diversity for All) project consortium.

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Energy metabolism and thermal biology of endothermic animals in the North: Genotypic adaptations and phenotypic flexibility Project leader Esa Hohtola The project aims at elucidating the various genetic and phenotypic adaptations of thermal biology and energy management that help endothermic vertebrates (birds and mammals) to survive in the North. Research is done by using wild, domesticated and classical laboratory species of birds and mammals as model animals for studying aspects of energetics, thermoregulation, seasonal and daily rhythms, and fat accumulation. The project also has implications on the research of human obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Place and environment in the stories of Northern people – On the borderline between global and local Project leader Leena Syrjälä This multidisciplinary research project aims at giving a voice to Northern people and understanding their lives within globalisation and localisation.The study examines how people feel and make sense of the changing social and physical environment, what their future expectations are, and how they describe their identities. A narrative-biographical approach offers a wide repertoire of methodological tools for listening to different peoples’ voices as they talk about places, past, present and future.

Revitalization processes for Northern minority languages and cultures Project leaders Helena Sulkala and Lisa Lena Opas-Hänninen The project studies the impact of the northern minority languages on the identity and wellbeing of the societies in which they are spoken. The researchers also build tools for the construction, maintenance and analysis of linguistic and cultural data. The project is conducted in two subprojects: 1) Northern societies and minority languages (Helena Sulkala), and 2) The Linguistic and Cultural Heritage Electronic Network –LICHEN (Lisa Lena Opas-Hänninen).

Seamless services by eHealth Project leaders Timo Jämsä and Ilkka Winblad The aim of this project is to evaluate the influence of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in health care as an entity and to investigate whether these applications are able to increase the health and wellbeing of a population. ICT is seen as a new way to meet the challenges facing health care, especially in northern and rural areas.The research on the applications of ICT has mainly represented a small part of the care chain.

That is, why it is important to evaluate the influence of ICT in health care as an entity, or in other words, from the perspective of the healthcare chain.

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Human-Environment Relations in the North – resource development, climate change and resilience

Programme Director, Professor Mark Nuttall The “Human-Environment Relations in the North” programme began in August 2007 at the Thule Institute when Professor Mark Nuttall from the Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta (where he holds the Henry Marshall Tory Chair and is Senior Research Associate at the Canadian Circumpolar Institute) began work under the auspices of the Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) programme funded by the Academy of Finland. The program is concerned with developing innovative perspectives on human-environment relations in the circumpolar North, especially within a context of contemporary environmental changes which affect resource-use and development at multiple levels.

The project objectives are to increase critical, scholarly and policy-relevant knowledge concerning environmental change, resource-use, large-scale industrial development, and the human dimensions of global environmental and sustainability themes.

Issue-driven research explores several interrelated themes of pressing contemporary concern in the North: climate change impact, human/animal relations, contested perspectives on land use, conservation and development, the sustainable use of both renewable and non-renewable resources, and community resilience. By examining the processes driving social, cultural, economic and environmental changes in the North, and assessing their

impacts, the research aims to develop new ways of integrating different kinds of knowledge - both scientific and indigenous/local.

During 2009, two PhD researchers were funded directly by the programme: sociologist Hannah Strauss with her work on “Negotiating Northern Energy Systems” and geographer Kaarina Tervo on “Tourism, Climate Change and Adaptation”. Both researchers also visited and worked at the University of Alberta, the Canadian Circumpolar Institute during the autumn and winter 2009 – 2010. In addition, three affiliated PhD researchers took part to the program by external funding: Cultural anthropologist Simo Sarkki worked on “Unpacking promises of environmental governance: Insights from multi-stakeholder engagements in forests of northern Finland” and Outi Moilanen on wolf management and conservation issues in Finland, while sociologist Outi Autti continued her PhD research “Change and resilience – Social impacts of hydro-electric projects and river restoration” in a collaboration with post doctoral researcher Timo P. Karjalainen. Senior researcher Hannu I. Heikkinen was funded partially from the program and he cooperated especially with Finnish Environmental Institute and made research on tourism, climate change and local vulnerability assessment topics. Mark Nuttall focused on climate change and energy issues in Canada, Greenland and the Barents region, and developed new research with Dr Heikkinen on the political ecology of human-animal relations.

In addition to previous research, a central work mode of FiDiPro program is to arrange international conferences, seminars and workshops on program’s topics. First this kind of seminar was arranged in 23–24 February 2009 in the University of Oulu .The seminar series will continue by planned human-animal relations, energy and river-basin management focusing seminars. In addition to these,“the Human-environment relations colloquium” series was organised 2009 in the Thule Institute.

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environmental and resource economics

ENVIMAT The project ENVIMAT (The Environmental impacts of material flows caused by the Finnish economy) held a closing seminar on 16th March where the pioneering results of this project were represented.

The project was co-ordinated by the Finnish Environmental Institute (SYKE). The role of the Thule Institute was to integrate environmental loads into the hybrid input-output model of the Finnish economy and to calculate the domestic and global environmental effects of production and consumption of goods in the Finnish economy.

The aim of the project was to define the life cycle environmental impacts of the material flows used for production and consumption in the Finnish economy allocated to different activity sectors and product groups. In the project, the focus was not restricted to domestic environmental loads. Impacts on the environment caused by imported raw materials and goods were also taken into account. The project created a so called hybrid model by which the relationships between environmental impacts and economic effects caused by the use of natural resources in Finland can be assessed. In the environmental assessment, life cycle methodology and databases are connected to the national material flow accounts and input-output analysis.

This project also received broad attention at the national level because the global environmental effects of the Finnish economy were studied on this scale for the first time.

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Research professor Ilmo Mäenpää

Economic study of northern resources can provide solutions and principles for the mitigation of global change.

During the past few years, this field of research at the Thule Institute has focused on the development of material flow accounting and analysis in Finland, using data from the Finnish economy.

In 2009, several projects were finished.The main project was “Environmental impacts of material flows caused by the Finnish economy” (ENVIMAT), which was lead by the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). Other partners were Agrifood Research Finland (MTT) and the VTT Technical Centre of Finland. The role of the Thule Institute has been to integrate environmental loads into the hybrid input-output model of the Finnish economy and to calculate the domestic and global environmental effects of the production and consumption of goods in the Finnish economy. Closely related to the ENVIMAT have been the projects “Environmental effects of the household consumption choices – foodstuffs and housing as examples” (ConsEnv) and “Chain Responsibility” which has been led by Agrifood Research Finland. In the international research on arctic and northern economies, there have been two International Polar Year-related projects with which the Thule Institute has been a partner: The Economy of the North (ECONOR) led

by Statistics Norway, and ARCTICSTAT – Socioeconomic database on the Circumpolar Arctic led by Laval University, Canada.

In 2009, a new project was initiated called Towards Carbon Neutral Municipality. This project is led by the Finnish Environment Institute, and the Thule Institute’s Environmental and Resource Economics consortium is a partner. In this new project, means of monitoring and mitigating local carbon emissions will be developed for five pilot municipalities and the various firms which are located in them.

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Centre of Expertise in the Water Industry Cluster – Cewic

Professor Simo Pehkonen Cewic, Centre of Expertise in the Water Industry Cluster, is an international centre for research in the water industry which acts as a network for all Finnish actors in the field. Cewic aims at bringing the fragmented Finnish water sector together and elevating the industry to a higher level by combining academic, industrial and government research and development expertise into an internationally acknowledged force in the water industry.

The year 2009 was a successful one for Cewic: Many industrial and academic projects were initiated during the year. Funding was received for two TEKES projects (i.e., POLARIS and MONIWATER/MINEWATER) and one project received Academy of Finland funding (The aquatic chemistry of aluminium silicates; Kinetics and Dynamics). These projects deal with the various water science and water monitoring and measurement challenges facing Finland and the world at large. It is noteworthy that various companies have participated in

these TEKES projects, and therefore the impact of these projects on the Finnish companies involved is likely to be significant.

Cewic personnel have also participated in various international activities, including seminars in China, Singapore and the USA, scientific conferences, including the 8th Keele Meeting on Aluminium in February in Trest, the Czech Republic, as well as a conference on mining-related scientific and technical issues in Lulea, Sweden. Cewic also participated in the planning and organisation of the COST Programme conference on TiO2 and its environmental application in early May, and it participated in the mining conference and trade show at the end of May at the Pohto Conference centre, where nearly 100 listeners got up-to-date information regarding various mining- and mine water-related treatment technologies.

Cewic has office facilities at the Thule Institute as well as laboratory facilities at the former site of the Kemira Research and Development Centre in Laanila, where some Cewic industrial projects are being carried out.

Experimental setup of a Cewic industrial project at the Laanila laboratory.

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Education

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Education Instructional co-ordinator Riitta Kamula The Thule Institute aims to aggregate academic education in the focus area of “Northern and Environmental Issues”. Educational co-ordination work is carried out by the Education Co-ordination Group of the Institute, in close co-operation with University faculties and departments.

The Institute also supports and arranges joint courses related to environmental and northern issues on both Master’s and Doctoral levels. International activities in education have mainly been carried out in co-operation with the University of the Arctic and through co-operation with the Barents Cross-Border University (BCBU).

and internationalization by providing grants has continued the same way as in previous years.

Feedback of the support for researcher and postgraduate training of the Thule Institute has been collected in the development process of the new doctoral education platform ThuleEdu.The number of doctoral degrees that have been granted funding in research and postgraduate programmes since 2002 has increased constantly. 2009 has been so far the best in the Thule Institute’s education co-operation activities, with a record 28 doctoral theses approved.

International further education in 2009 was carried out within two European Union TACIS-financed projects by NorTech Oulu (see page 28). doctoral education In 2009, the activities of the two PhD programmes coordinated by the Thule Institute, the Graduate School of Circumpolar Wellbeing, Health and Adaptation and the Environmental Graduate Net School EnviroNet, were merged. Doctoral education and support for research

Number of doctoral theses approved in the Northern and Environmental Issues focus area in years 2002 - 2009.

The themes of the Thule Institute’s PhD programmes and research programmes support and complement each other. Postgraduate research training consists of general multidisciplinary education, intensive courses focusing on specific fields of research, training of research skills, peer support groups, training of working life connections, and events promoting internationalization and doctoral student mobility.

In the beginning of 2009, the Academy of Finland announced that VALUE – Doctoral school in Integrated Catchment and Water Resources Management, was to be granted 12 students positions and additional operational funding, starting in 2010. Based on this decision,

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organisation of the activities of VALUE started and the call for applications and student admission process was carried out in late 2009. The Thule Institute is responsible for the co-ordination of VALUE. The Thule Institute also took part in the development of a large information package for PhD students and researchers at the University of Oulu, the Toolbox of Research (ToR). ToR was realised both in English and Finnish, and it was adopted as a part of the Quality Assurance system at the University of Oulu.

Events in 2009 • Post-graduate course “Waste Minimization and Resources Use Optimization” • Thule Seminar “Towards Better Understanding of Global Change” • “Human – Environment Relations in the Nor th” seminar • Human – Environment Relations colloquium series • Research training courses such as the intensive course: Advanced time series analysis for environment and climate data, and NVivo course • Several other smaller scientific seminars, short cours-

es, and lectures in close co-operation with University of Oulu faculties and departments • Events to enhance the doctoral students’ working life skills and knowledge such as afternoon seminars: – “Towards the post-doctoral party Karonkka” – “How to apply for research funding” in conjunction with Research and Innovation Services – “PhD training group for doctoral students” master’s education The Thule Institute supported and promoted the arrangement of joint courses in northern and environmental issues, in particular, courses common to several disciplines and curricula as well as courses with a multidisciplinary basis at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.The Environmental Impact Assessment Course (up to 8 ECTS) was implemented together with the Process and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Oulu, with teachers and students from several faculties.The languages of instruction were Finnish and English.

NorTech Oulu has taken an active role in promoting education by providing Master’s and Doctoral level education in sustainable processing and energy, sustainable use of Northern resources and industrial ecology within the University of Oulu. Together with the Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, NorTech Oulu organised the Waste minimization and resources use optimization doctoral course under the aegis of the Graduate School for Energy Science and Technology, and provided the Industrial Ecology course for the Industrial Environmental Engineering Master’s Degree Programme. NorTech Oulu has also taken a leading role in implementing the Barents Environmental Engineering (BEE) Master’s Degree Programme under the Barents Cross-Border University project, by organising courses for the BEE Programme and co-ordinating the work of the BEE working group.

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international co-operation in education In 2009, international co-operation in education was channelled through the University of the Arctic’s (UArctic) Thematic Networks and the Barents Cross-Border University (BCBU).The Thule Institute co-ordinated two of the UArctic’s networks: Thematic Network on Arctic Medicine and Thematic Network on Global Change, which both focus on education. BCBU is co-ordinated by the University of Oulu and the University of Lapland,

and is carried out in co-operation with eight universities in Northwest Russia. The BCBU aims to support university co-operation in the Barents Region and to increase knowledge of the traditions and cultures of both countries. Furthermore, it aims to promote the northern dimension and internationalization of each institution. Co-operation with the Cross-Border University (CBU), lead by the University of Joensuu, has been intensive, and several benchmarking events have been arranged.

The Thule Institute had a leading role in developing and implementing two Master’s programmes (120 ECTS): the Barents Master’s Degree Programme in Environmental Engineering, together with the Process and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Oulu, and the Master’s Degree programme in Health

and Wellbeing in Circumpolar Area, together with the Department of Health Sciences at the University of Oulu. In 2009, the Master’s programmes were initiated, and new calls for student admissions opened in December 2009.The new students will start their studies in autumn term 2010 and spring term 2011.

Master’s Degree Programme in Health and Wellbeing in Circumpolar Area The Centre for Arctic Medicine, together with the Institute of Health Sciences at the University of Oulu, coordinates the Master’s Degree Programme in Health and Wellbeing in the Circumpolar Area (MCH). The programme is carried out in co-operation with the University of Oulu (co-ordinator), University of Southern Denmark /Centre for Health Education Greenland, Luleå University of Technology, Northern State Medical University, Pomor State University, University of Lapland, and the University of Manitoba. In 2009 the programme started with 11 students.The opening seminar was held in Oulu in January. One of the specific features of MCH is that the students can accomplish a notable part of their studies through distance learning methods. The class of 2009 is highly international, with students from Russia, Finland, the UK, Canada and Australia, which further emphasised the need for distance learning methods. Four on-line courses were accomplished during the year, totalling over 20 ECTS: Conflicts, Politics and Ethnicity; Health, Security and Wellbeing; Health impacts of Climate Change; Comparative Social Work.

Barents Master’s Degree Programme in Environmental Engineering NorTech Oulu, together with the Process and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Oulu, co-ordinates the Barents Master’s Degree Programme in Environmental Engineering (BEE).The programme is carried out in co-operation with the University of Oulu, Archangelsk State Technical University, Murmansk State Technical University, Narvik University College and the Luleå University of Technology. The application period opened in January 2009, the first BEE students were accepted to the programme in May and the class, which

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included five students, started their studies in Oulu in September.Three new courses of 10 ECTS in total, Introduction to the Environmental and Socio-economical Issues of the Barents Region; Introduction to the Environmental Legislative Systems of the Barents Region; and Sustainable Development, were planned and implemented during the autumn semester.

University of the Arctic (UArctic) Thematic Network on Global Change in the Arctic The Thule Institute leads the University of the Arctic (UArctic) Thematic Network on Global Change in the Arctic, funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The network developed new global change curriculum with five new courses: Health, Security and Wellbeing in the North; Arctic Economies and Livelihoods in a Changing World; Institutional Dimensions of Global Change; Global Change Technology, Methodology, and Analysis; and Adaptation to Global Change in the Arctic. The Thematic Network on Global Change in the Arctic is also one of the partners of project Clim-ATIC, in which the thematic network is involved in developing education and outreach actions. The Clim-ATIC, Climate Change - Adapting to the Impacts, project is carried out by Communities in Northern Peripheral Regions.

It is an international three year project that has been awarded 2.4 million euros funding by the European

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Commission’s Northern Periphery Programme for the period 2008-2011. In 2009, new funding was granted for the Arctic Virtual Learning Tools project which is joint project with several Arctic organisations led by Thule Institute and the Thematic Network on Global Change. The Master’s Degree Programme in Health and Wellbeing in the Circumpolar Area (MCH) is also one of the tasks carried out at the University of the Arctic’s Thematic Network on Arctic Medicine hosted by the Centre for Arctic Medicine.

Research infrastructures

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Research infrastructures ArcRisk project started in June 2009 “Arctic Health Risks: Impacts on health in the Arctic and Europe owing to climate-induced changes in contaminant cycling” (ArcRisk) is an international EU FP7-funded research activity that looks at the linkages between environmental contaminants, climate change and human health in the Arctic and Europe.The project aims to support European policy development in these areas in order to reduce levels of environmental contamination and protect human health by taking into account the effects of our changing climate on them. ArcRisk’s duration is from 2009 until 2013.

centre for arctic medicine Director, Research Professor Arja Rautio The Centre for Arctic Medicine (CAM) is a unit of the Thule Institute that is active in networking and developing multi- and interdisciplinary research in the field of health and wellbeing in the circumpolar area.The activities of CAM include the co-ordination of the Research Programme of Circumpolar Health and Wellbeing and the international Master’s Degree Program in Health and Wellbeing in the Circumpolar Area. CAM also actively participates in developing and organising research training at the Thule Institute. The Centre for Arctic Medicine is a representative in several international scientific organisations, such as the International Union of Circumpolar Health (IUCH) and AMAP (Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program, a programme of the Arctic Council) and co-ordinates and is a partner in several research projects on both the national and international level. The Centre also represents the University of Oulu in the International Association of Circumpolar Health Publishers which publishes the International Journal of Circumpolar Health.

The Centre for Arctic Medicine (representing the University of Oulu) is the leader of the subproject “Human Health effects of contaminants and the influence of climate change” in this large consortium.

The key objectives of the project are to create a database concerning health effects of contaminants in the Arctic; to investigate the association between exposures to contaminants and health outcomes in the Arctic, based on analyses of the data compiled in this database and dietary contaminant levels; to prepare estimates of future dietary exposure for the populations groups being studied in this project; and to explore and predict the effects of climate change on exposure to POPs and heavy metals, and the resultant impact on human health and life styles of selected populations in the Arctic (Finland, Norway, Greenland, Russia, and Canada) and in Europe, specifically in areas of Spain and other parts of the Mediterranean and the Czech Republic.

The year 2009 saw the launching of a large-scale EU FP7 project titled ArcRisk, in which the Centre of Arctic Medicine is the principal leader of the “Human Health effects of contaminants and the influence of climate change” work package. At the same time, collaboration started on a similar EU FP7 project, “CLEAR”, which investigates the possible impacts of global climate change on reproductive health in the Arctic and three local European populations. Research collaboration with the SámiSoster Society continued with the projects “Etiology, epidemiology and heredity of Dementia in the Sámi population of Lapland” and “The Health of Sámi”.

The ArcRisk partner institutions in the health subproject are the University of Oulu, the University of Tromsø, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Masaryk University, the Jozef Stefan Institute, the Northwest Public Health Research Center under the Russian Ministry of Health and Sciences, and Health Canada.

Collaboration with international scientific organisations was vigorous in 2009. One of the highlights of 2009 was the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Human Health Assessment Group (AMAP HHAG) meeting at Oulu November 4-7.The meeting gathered together scientists from the Arctic countries to discuss the latest advances in the field of human health.

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The year 2009 was also a year of change in the Centre for Arctic Medicine, as the Centre moved from the Kastelli research centre to the Linnanmaa campus, the same premises as the Thule Institute.The move will also enhance the integration of the Thule Institute’s research and educational activities for multidisciplinary academic collaboration. nornet Research professor Erkki Alasaarela and Research co-ordinator Jouko Inkeröinen New NorNet partner – the Finnish Meteorological Institute The environmental research network, NorNet, brings together research institutes and environmental authorities in northern Finland. NorNet aims to promote, integrate and profile northern research collaboration in the field of environmental science and technology.There are eleven partners presently in the research network, while a new partner, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), joined the network in April 2009. In particular, FMI brings to the network its polar research with its Arctic Research Centre in Sodankylä.

The other partners of the NorNet research network are the University of Oulu, the Finnish Environment Institute, the Geological Survey of Finland, the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, the Finnish Forest Research Institute, the Agrifood Research Finland MTT, the Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira and three Regional Environment Centres (North Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, Lapland).The co-ordination unit of the network operates at the Thule Institute.

New professorships profile Environmental economy research As a part of the NorNet co-operation, Prof. Ilmo Mäenpää began his post as a research professor of material flow analysis at Thule Institute in July 2009. The professorship is a joint post with the Thule Institute and the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE).The establishment of this professorship is part of the process to profile en-

“NorNet – Collaboration Forerunner” 1O years Anniversary Seminar of Northern Environmental Research Network The co-ordination unit organised a large NorNet 10 -year anniversary seminar on the 23rd and 24th of April 2009 at the University of Oulu. First day key note speakers Rector Lauri Lajunen (University of Oulu), Director General Lea Kauppi (SYKE), Research manager Mikko Peltonen (MMM) and Director General Eero Helle (RKTL) all pointed out NorNet’s pioneering role in collaboration which crosses over the borders of administrative sectors and scientific disciplines. Both the start and development of NorNet has been based on a bottom-up approach to partners’ needs and baselines. At the same time, the operational environment and science and innovation policy has been motivated to find ways to develop collaboration between research organisations.

According to the key note speakers, there are ongoing parallel innovation policy processes on both the national and international level which emphasize the importance of cross-sectoral co-operation.

Horizontal research needs (e.g. Climate change) and nationally very important questions related to the optimal use of natural resources needs broad forecast networks and integrated knowledge. The national consortium of natural resources and environment research has been established by the research institutes of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of the Environment partly based on good experiences with and shown benefits of NorNet-work.The Finnish university reform process is in progress and in this process one goal of the University of Oulu is to profile high-level science research together with sectoral research institutes.

Thus the promising experiences and good practices which NorNet has created will be an important part of more broad level development too.

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vironmental economy research in the NorNet-network.

Furthermore, there will be two more joint professorships: economics of multiple use of forest together with the Thule Institute, Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) and Metsähallitus (Finnish Forest Park Service); and a professorship of energy economics together with SYKE and Thule Institute which are both in the appointment stage. Also a new five-year phase of joint professorship of forest ecology started at the beginning of 2009. Prof.

Anne Tolvanen, from Metla Muhos, has been appointed to this professorship. The professorship is shared with the Metla and the University of Oulu, and the professor is a member of the NorNet professor team.

Research projects and research meetings One of the main objectives of NorNet is to support the project preparation of partner’s large shared projects.

During 2009, funding applications for environmental R&D projects were submitted to several European structural funding programmes (ERDF, ESF and Interreg IVA), the EU LIFE+ programme, and 7FP programmes (Environment programme).

The co-ordination unit organised a large 10th anniversary seminar for NorNet on the 23rd and 24th of April 2009 in Oulu. Altogether, 150 researchers and experts took part in the seminar. The multidisciplinary themes of the seminar were: Research in the Bothnian Bay LTSER-area, Economics of natural resources, and Tools for Water protection in Forestry. Also, future challenges and possibilities of co-operation were discussed and introduced during the seminar. The co-ordination unit also organised smaller workshops like the Climate Change workshop on the 9th of November to promote research project preparation and fundraising.

Science and society The management of the UUMA Development Programme farmed out to the Thule Institute and the NorNet co-ordinators has continued.This R&D programme (UUMA - A Programme for New Material Technology for Infrastructure Building) is funded by Ministry of Environment and TEKES, and aims to support the substitu-

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tion of untouched natural materials with new materials developed from industry by-products or old soil structures. As a part of its agenda, the NorNet co-ordinators also participated in implementing new water protection legislation in the areas of Ostrobothnia and Kainuu and also in the strategy work of Climate change adaptation in the North Ostrobothnia area. nortech oulu Director, DTech Eva Pongrácz NorTech Oulu conducts and co-ordinates environmental technology research, education and development activities at the University of Oulu.The main focus of research at NorTech Oulu is resource efficiency, with special attention on waste-to-energy technologies, waste management logistics as well as sustainability assessment.

For NorTech Oulu, 2009 was truly an energetic one, filled with many co-ordination tasks, both within the home university and the world beyond our Linnanmaa facilities. One of the key projects of the year was the EnePro project – “Advancement of Research and Education in Energy Field at the University of Oulu”, which addressed the aims set in the energy strategy of Northern Ostrobothnia. The EnePro conference shed light on the energy research carried out in the laboratories and departments of the University, which were publicized also by the conference proceedings and in the “Heat and power” (Lämpöä ja voimaa) journal distributed in the Oulu region.

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Energy was high on the agenda also in the new Northern Periphery Project, which started in 2009.The Micro waste to energy: micro energy to rural business (MicrE) project, which is coordinated by North-Karelia University of Applied Sciences, promotes innovative energy solutions for rural business. Participating partners also included organisations from Ireland, Northern Ireland, Sweden and Scotland. NorTech Oulu coordinates the project activities at the University of Oulu, where the Mass and Heat Laboratory also participates in the project.

NorTech Oulu has also been involved in other research projects in collaboration with the Faculties of Technology and Natural Sciences in the fields of resources use optimization and sustainability assessment. NorTech Oulu has also organised a post-graduate course in waste minimization and resources use optimization.

Since 2008, NorTech Oulu has taken an active role in advancing environmental technology research at the University of Oulu, through improving research collaboration within and beyond the University. This has materialized in the Environmental Technology Development Programme, which was initiated in 2009. A website for the programme was created which includes the latest information about environmental technology research carried out in the University of Oulu under the four main themes: Sustainable energy, Air pollution control, Water resources and wastewater engineering and Resource efficiency. The website serves as a forum for present and future partners in industry, academia and administration alike, and for finding information concerning the main areas of expertise, current research activities and major events.The first most significant undertaking related to the programme was the EnePro conference, which literally brought together the entire wide spectrum of energy research in the University of Oulu.

EnePro conference As a joint event of the EnePro project and the Environmental Technology Development Programme, NorTech Oulu organised a conference to present energy research at the University of Oulu. The purpose of the conference was to provide a forum for researchers to introduce their research and promote networking among the researchers and the energy industry. In addition, the conference showcased the multidisciplinary nature of energy research at the University.

The daylong conference, which was held on June3rd, was divided into three thematic sessions: Renewable energy sources and energy production, Environmental impacts of energy production, and Energy efficient production and products. Each theme was opened by a keynote speech which was followed by the researchers’ presentations. Parallel to the event, a poster session was organised which provided a forum to demonstrate the width of energy research at the University. All the abstracts were also published in the conference proceedings. A panel discussion about the status and needs of energy research and education in Northern Finland ended the successful conference, which was attended by more than 120 people.

NorTech Oulu has also continued its work in coordinating the Barents Environmental Engineering (BEE) programme under the Barents Cross Border University (BCBU) project. The BEE programme was launched in 2009 and the first BEE students started their studies in Oulu in September. Three new courses designed by

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NorTech Oulu were implemented for BEE during the autumn semester. A new call for students was opened in December 2009, and successful applicants will start their studies in Oulu in September 2010.

Two TACIS-financed projects were also successfully completed during 2009, “The Development of Potato Technology in the Republic of Karelia” (PeTeKe) and “The Development of Continued Education Programme for EU Enterprises in Kostomuksha” (CEPEK). These were the last Interreg/TACIS projects which were implemented

by NorTech Oulu. A new ENPI programme, which is to replace the Interreg/TACIS projects in the field of Finnish-Russian co-operation, is to open early in 2010. New Finnish-Russian co-operation project ideas were being planned as the year changed from 2009 to 2010. oulanka research station Director Pirkko Siikamäki Oulanka research station is a scientific research unit of the University of Oulu in Kuusamo. It co-ordinates the regional activities of the University in the Koillismaa region. The station offers a research facility for multidisciplinary environmental research and education, with accommodation for up to 95 persons, and it is open the whole year round. The main research areas are ecosystem and biodiversity research on boreal terrestrial and aquatic environments, geographic processes, tourismrelated issues as well as long-term monitoring of the environment.The location of the station within Oulanka National Park, an attractive nature tourist destination, and active co-operation with local partners promotes the interdisciplinary research on nature-based tourism and traditional livelihoods.

The permanent staff comprises 6 persons (two academic) and, in addition, several project researchers are working at the station.There were several changes in the station’s staff during 2009, as two long-time staff members retired and a new field technician was recruited.

Moreover, three persons undergoing non-military service were working at the station during 2009.

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The year 2009 research station was filled with research activities at Oulanka. Researchers published several articles in scientific journals.Two post-docs and ten doctoral students were working in the research projects at the station, and two doctoral theses, by researchers Anna Astorga and Katja Kangas, were approved in 2009. Several international research visits were realized as part of LAPBIAT 2 activities. Oulanka research station continued to work in several networks and joint R&D projects, the main ones being the Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility (LAPBIAT2), “Kitkan Viisaat” -registered association, FinLTSER network / Northern LTSER Platform (see page 29), and VACCIA Life+ -project “Vulnerability assessment of ecosystem services for climate change impacts and adaptation” in 2009-2011 coordinated by the Finnish Environment Institute / FinLTSER. The VACCIA project ACTION 12:“Assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation measures for tourism related communities in two northern towns: ecological, social and health impacts of climate change” has been led by Dr Pirkko Siikamäki.

The main objective of the LAPBIAT2 facility is to enhance international scientific co-operation at seven Finnish research stations and to offer a unique place for multidisciplinary environmental and atmospheric research. In 2009, several research groups visited Oulanka research station as part of LAPBIAT 2 activities: • Latitudinal and altitudinal variation in life history traits in Rana temporaria and Zootoga vivipara populations as indicators of climate change by Dan Cogalniceanu/ University Ovidius Constanta, 3 persons, Romania and Hungary. 3rd - 9th July.

• The northward occurrence of Euro-Asian species Chaerophyllum prescotii - adaptions and reproductive strategies of genus Chaerophyllum in latitude gradient by Anna Ponikierska and Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland. 13th -20th July and 2nd -7th August.

• Prolonged dormancy and population dynamics of Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm. ex Bernh.) Besser by Margit Reintal /Estonian University of Life Sciences, 2 persons, Estonia. 28th July -1st August.

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• Interrelationships between biodiversity, recreation facilities and visitor satisfaction – a socio-spatial analysis of recreational experiences at Oulanka National Park by Rene van der Duim Wageningen University, 4 persons, Netherlands and USA. 22nd July - 6th August.

• Investigation of Stable Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopic Composition of Leaf Waxes from Conifer and Deciduous Trees in Northern Finland by Dr. Nikolai Pedentchouk, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. 27th - 30th August.

• The role of geological diversity for biodiversity in the high altitudes of the North Europe, Kevo research station by Prof. Ylo Systra, University of Tartu, Estonia, 4 persons. 19th - 20th July and 26th -27th July.

Oulanka research station has played an active role in the foundation and starting activities of “Kitkan Viisaat” NGO together with a number of local people, Kuusamo and Posio municipalities and several other local stakeholders.The main aim of the association is to keep Lake Kitkajärvi in near-pristine condition.

Events in 2009 • Finland Study Tour by University of Wisconsin Green Bay, visitation to Oulanka 27th -28th May. • th 5 annual meeting of IUCN WCPA Europe’s ‘Expert Group on Transboundary Conservation and Transboundary Protected Areas‘ Meeting, 1st - 4th June.

• Field excursion to Kuusamo and annual meeting by the Finnish botanists group led by the Finnish Environment Institute and WWF plant group, 6th - 9th August.

• Several bilateral visits by the plant ecology and evolution group from University of Oulu, represented by Prof. Juha Tuomi and Dr. Anne Jäkäläniemi, and Professor Elizabeth Crone from University of Montana, USA. • Research visit to Hokkaido University, Japan by Dr. Pirkko Siikamäki, 14th November - 8th December.

Northern Long-term socioecological research platform (Northern LTSER platform) Platform coordinator Riku Paavola The Thule Institute and Oulanka Research Station have been part of a global level study in long-term ecosystem research since 2007, when the Northern LTSER platform was accepted as a part of the Finnish LTSERnetwork (FinLTSER). LTSER networks act on different scales, from global, European and national scales to the local monitoring site level. All LTER networks in Europe, together with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, form a large research infrastructure LIFE WATCH which has been selected as one of the most important pan-European facilities by the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures. LIFE WATCH is one of the first research infrastructures which aim at the status of European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) from the EU Commission.

The Northern LTSER Platform constitutes a transect from northern boreal forest landscapes to sub-arctic tundra. The LTSER platform pools research activities and monitoring data of the northernmost research stations of Finland under five long-term research themes related to socio-ecological changes in Northern nature and communities.

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The research themes of the Northern LTSER Platform include: • population dynamics and productivity of plant and animal populations living in the periphery of their distribution • effects of global change on northern ecosystems • changing society and livelihoods in rural and peripheral areas • human health and wellbeing in northern communities • information management and research infrastructure for scientific collaboration.

The platform’s structure consists of two LTSER-areas (Kuusamo and Enontekiö), additional LTER-sites (Kilpisjärvi, Kevo, Oulanka and Värriö), and facilities and datasets of the Finnish Forest Research Institute and the Finnish Meteorological Institute (Pallas-Sodankylä LTER Observatory).The LTSER platform aims to be an integrated, multi-functional, well instrumented network of infrastructures for ecological and socio-ecological research and monitoring in northern Finland.

Development of LTSER infrastructure in 2009 • Major data acquisition in the form of a large set of scanned aerial photos from the 1950s which cover all of the town of Kuusamo and some adjacent areas as well. Digitization of photos from selected areas has begun. Both the scanned raw photos and the digitized data will be at the disposal of the LTSER community for use in relevant research projects.

• A high-end microscope imagery system that was acquired in 2008 was installed in the beginning of 2009 and is in use.

Meetings in 2009 • Northern LTSER meeting at Oulanka Research Station on 16th - 7th February.

• Northern LTSER meeting at Kilpisjärvi Biological Station on 3rd - 4th June.

• ‘Information Management for Scientific Collaboration’ course at University of Jyväskylä on 12th - 14th August.

• Northern LTSER workshop at Kolari Research Station on 26th August.

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Participation, projects and proposals in 2009 • VACCIA EU LIFE+ project 2009-2011 started (Internet: thule.oulu.fi/vaccia/) • Preparation of Kilpisjärvi LTSER application to ERDF programme of Northern Finland for digitization of the monitoring datasets of Kilpisjärvi and Kolari stations (Jouko Inkeröinen, Minna Ronkainen).

• ENPI EuroEast energy and the environment call where Thule Institute (Riku Paavola) participated as an associate in a proposal together with partners from Israel (Dead Sea and Arava Science Center).

– the aim of the project is to use the newly established LTSER platforms in Israel and Jordan as a tool for including concerns of biodiversity and climate change in local and regional developmental decisions.

• Role as PhD thesis supervisors (Pirkko Siikamäki, Riku Paavola and Hannu I. Heikkinen) in a proposal for the VALUE doctoral school by candidate Sini Heino.

– topic of the project: Interaction of changing landuse, socio-cultural values and ecosystem services of Lake Kitkajärvi drainage • PhD student Musawenkosi Mlambo recruited in PhD thesis project funded by the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation, work started on 1st September.

– working title ‘The impact of logging residue removal (LRR) on boreal headwater stream communities and drainage areas’, supervisor Riku Paavola IODP national programme office Coordinator, Research Professor Kari Strand The Thule Institute supported Finnish membership in the Integrated Ocean Drilling Programme (IODP) by maintaining a national programme office and the IODPFinland web portal. The portal offers information and contacts to apply for participation in the expeditions as well as instructions on how to request samples, find educational summer schools and research planning workshops, and to join international drilling proposal initiatives. The portal also offers information about the ongoing IODP-related research activities in Finland e.g. related to the Arctic Ocean Expedition 302, New Jersey Shallow Shelf Expedition 313 and the Nankai Seis-

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mogenic Zone Expedition 315, as well as the Wilkes Land Glacial History Expedition 318.

The Academy of Finland supports Finland’s participation in the IODP infrastructure managed in Europe by the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD). A specific national IODP support group consists of 14 representatives from main research institutions and universities in Finland and the Academy of Finland.

The support group covers a variety of expertise, from solid-earth geophysics, geochemistry, and palaeosedimentology to microbiology and Arctic marine technology. At a national level, there is close co-operation with the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP).The Thule Institute has also represented Finland in the European Science Foundation’s Magellan Workshop Series Program, which is a mechanism to stimulate the process of developing new and innovative science proposals to support European leadership in the planning of marine drilling expeditions and to ensure the effective exploitation of research opportunities.

13th ESSAC (ECORD Science Steering and Advisory Committee) meeting was arranged in Oulu hosted by Thule Institute and University of Oulu.

The 13th ESSAC (ECORD Science Support and Advisory Committee) meeting was arranged on 3rd - 4th November 2009, Oulu, Finland. The meeting was inaugurated in 2nd November with a visit to the Geological Museum, introduction to the University of Oulu and geological field trip to see glacigenic deposits in Oulu region guided by Professor Juha Pekka Lunkka. A Letter from Finland article was published in ECORD Newsletter no. 13 (2009) and two national support group meetings were arranged in 2009, one together with the ICDP support group.

The major focus has been on educating a new generation of geoscientists and on participation in scientifically interesting IODP drillings and the planning of new research projects.The Finnish Graduate School in Geology has benefited from the ECORD lectures, and students have participated in its summer schools as well as the workshops arranged by the European Science Foundation Magellan Programme. As a new initiative, a full proposal for IODP was submitted for scientific drilling in the Baltic Sea.The accumulated sediments comprise a unique high-resolution palaeoenvironmental archive for reconstructing climatic variability of global importance.

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Coordination office for the Thematic Networks Strategic Area of the University of the Arctic (UArctic) Coordinator, Dr. Kirsi Latola

networks co-operated on research, and PhD students have been engaged in many TNs. As an example, the TN on Energy in New Time and the TN on Northern Governance were able to offer PhD positions or internships for post-graduate students.

A coordination office for the Thematic Networks Strategic Area of the University of the Arctic (UArctic) has been in operation since 2005 at the Thule Institute.

Thematic Networks is the tool for developing stable relations among the member institutions that form the backbone of UArctic activities, and creates a natural framework for development of UArctic education programmes and research activities.The office coordinated 17 circumpolar Thematic Networks in 2009 on topics as diverse as Arctic Medicine to Arctic Engineering and Science, Northern Governance and Local and Regional Development, Energy in New Time, Global Change, Social Work, Tourism, Indigenous Languages and Handicrafts, and Journalism.

Thule Institute’s staff as representatives in national and international scientific organisations and working groups

Thematic Networks (TN) strengthen international cooperation in research, regional development, education and knowledge sharing. Concretely, this means jointly developed and enrolled Master’s and PhD programmes and studies, jointly organised international conferences, workshops and seminars, and joint research activities. As an example, a Master’s program on Health and Wellbeing in the Circumpolar Area has been jointly developed by partners in the TN on Arctic Medicine, led by the University of Oulu, Finland. Several other Master’s programmes were planned and developed in other thematic networks and in future the number of new Master’s programmes will increase significantly, e.g.

Master’s program on Social Work will start in autumn 2010; the program has been developed jointly by the partners in the TN on Social Work, led by Bodø University College, Norway. A very good initiative is the new “Master’s program on Northern Governance and Development” which has been jointly developed by two thematic networks: the TN on Northern Governance and the TN on Local and Regional Development. Research goes hand in hand with education, and almost all

ANNUAL REPORT 20 09

The Thule Institute participated in the following international northern, Arctic and environmental research and educational organisations, and represents the University of Oulu in the following multilateral co-operative bodies: • International Association for International Symposiums on Cold Region Development ISCORD (IACORDS) • Council of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) • European Consortium for the Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) relating to IODP • European Polar Board • Europolar Era-net • The Finnish Ultraviolet International Research Centre FUVIRC • The International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH) • The Nordic Society of Arctic Medicine (NSAM) • Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) • The Senior Arctic Official’s National Sponsoring Group in the Arctic Council’s Work • The University of the Arctic • UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB)

Appendix

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Appendix

Publications in 2009

Doctoral theses and scientific articles from the programmes, other research activities and the PhD programmes of the Thule Institute.

Lampila Satu (2009).The causes and consequences of population declines of two boreal forest species. The case of the willow tit (Parus montanus) and the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans). Acta Universitatis Ouluensis A 525.

Doctoral theses

Marmion Mathieu (2009). New insights into the uncertainty of spatial models in physical geography. Nordia Geographical Publications Volume 38:1.

Annola Kirsi (2009). Fetal Exposure to Food Carcinogens. Kuopio University Publications A. Pharmaceutical Sciences 119.

Antikainen Harri (2009). Terrain path optimization using the connectivity graph approach applied to GIS data structures.

Nordia Geographical Publications Volume 38:3.

Anttila Katja (2009). Swimming muscles of wild, trained and reared fish. Aspects of contraction machinery and energy metabolism. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 526.

Astorga Anna (2009). Diversity patterns in marine and freshwater environments.The role of environmental and spatial factors across multiple scales. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 534.

Eskelinen Anu (2009). Plant community dynamics in tundra: propagule availability, biotic and environmental control. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 541.

García Verónica (2009). Reclamation of VOCs, n-butanol and dichloromethane, from sodium chloride containing mixtures by pervaporation.Towards efficient use of resources in the chemical industry. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Technica C 341.

Iinattiniemi Sari (2009). Fall accidents and exercise among a very old home-dwelling population. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Medica D 1005.

Ilmonen Jari (2009). Benthic macroinvertebrate and bryophyte assemblages in boreal springs: diversity, spatial patterns and conservation. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis A 523.

Kangas Katja (2009). Recreation and tourism induced changes in northern boreal environments. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 538.

Kuoppamaa Mari Sanna (2009). Characteristics of the temporal, spatial and taxonomic resolution of palynological data from the northern boreal forest of Finnish Lapland. Res Terrae, Ser. A, No. 29, Oulu, 2009.

ANNUAL REPORT 20 09

Niemelä Marika (2009). Biotic interactions and vegetation management on coastal meadows. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 529.

Nieminen Timo (2009). Detection of harmful microbes and their metabolites with novel methods in the agri-food production chain.

Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Technica C 314.

Pasanen Antti (2009).The application of ground penetrating radar to the study of quaternary depositional environments. Res Terrae, Ser. A, No. 29, 46 pp.

Pihlajaniemi Henna (2009). Success of micropropagated woody plants under northern growing conditions and changing environment. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 545.

Pihkala Antti (2009). Paanukatot Suomen kir koissa ja tapuleissa. Tutkimus paanukatteiden rakennushistoriasta ja restaurointikäytännöistä keskiajalta nykyaikaan. Julkaisu, Oulun yliopisto, Teknillinen tiedekunta, Arkkitehtuurin osasto. A 49.

Remes Hannu (2009). Muodot kontrastissa. Suomen ja viron vertailevaa taivutusmorfologiaa. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Humaniora B 90.

Risikko Tanja (2009). Safety, Health and Productivity of Cold Work: A Management Model, Implementation and Effects. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Technica C 332.

Ronkanen Anna-Kaisa (2009). Hydrologic and hydraulic processes in northern treatment peatlands and the significance for phosphorus and nitrogen removal. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Technica C 321.

Roppola Katri (2009). Environmental applications of manometric respirometric methods. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 527.

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Sørensen Louise Ilum (2009). Grazing, disturbance and plant soil interactions in northern grasslands. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 530.

Sormunen Erja (2009). Repetitive work in the cold. Work ability, musculoskeletal symptoms and thermal and neuromuscular responses in food industry workers. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Medica D 1023.

Tar vainen Oili (2009). Scots pine and its ectomycorrhizal symbionts under chronic low-level urban pollution – responses and restoration. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Scientiae Rerum Naturalium A 543.

Väisänen Tero (2009). Sedimentin kemikalointikäsittely. Tutkimus rehevän ja sisäkuormitteisen järven kunnostusmenetelmän mitoituksesta sekä sen tuloksellisuuden mittaamisesta. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Technica C 345.

Vaneeckhout Samuel (2009). Aggregation and Polarization in Northwest coastal Finland. Socio-ecological evolution between 6500 and 4000 cal BP. Faculty of Humanities, Archaeology. Oulu.

Virtanen Markku (2009). Mathematical modelling of flow and transport as link to impacts in multidiscipline environments. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Technica C 333.

Westerlund Tarja (2009).Thermal, circulatory and neuromuscular responses to whole-body cryotherapy. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Medica D 1006.

Aroviita J, Mykrä H, Muotka T & Hämäläinen H (2009). Influence of geographical extent on typology- and model-based assessments of taxonomic completeness of river macroinvertebrates. Freshwater Biology 54: 1774-1787.

Barrientos R, Kvist L, Barbosa A, Valera F, López-Iborra G and Moreno E (2009). Colonization patterns and genetic structure of peripheral populations of the trumpeter finch (Bucanetes githagineus) from Northwest Africa, the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Biogeography 36: 210-219.

Beaudon E and Moore JC (2009). Frost flower chemical signature in winter snow on Vestfonna ice cap (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard).

The Cryosphere 3: 147-154.

Belda EJ, Kvist L, Monrós JS, Ponnikas S, and Torralvo C (2009).

Uso de técnicas moleculares y funciones discriminantes para diferenciar mediante biometria dos subespecies de Escibano palustre Emberiza schoeniclus. Ardeola 56: 85-94.

Broggi J, Hohtola E, Koivula K, Orell M and Nilsson J-Å (2009). Idle slow as you grow old: longitudinal age-related metabolic decline in a wild passerine. Evolutionary Ecology 24: 177-184.

Broggi J, Hohtola E, Koivula K, Orell M and Nilsson J-Å (2009).

Long-term repeatability of winter basal metabolic rate and mass in a wild passerine. Functional Ecology 23: 768-773.

Kangas K,Tolvanen A, Kälkäjä T and Siikamäki P (2009). Ecological Impacts of Revegetation and Management Practices of Ski Slopes in Northern Finland - Environmental Management 44: 408-419.

Refereed articles in scientific journals Annola K, Kar ttunen V, Segerbäck D, Vähäkangas K (2009).

Transplacental transfer of NDMA and DNA adduct formation in perfused human placenta. Placenta 2009, 30: 277-283.

Anttila K, Mänttäri S (2009). Ultrastructural differences and histochemical characteristics in swimming muscles between wild and reared Atlantic salmon. Acta Physiologica 196: 249-257.

Arnone E, Kero A, Dinelli BM, Enell C-F, Arnold NF, Papandrea E, Rodger CJ, Carlotti M, Ridolfi M and Turunen E (2009). Seeking sprite-induced signatures in remotely sensedmiddle atmosphere NO2: latitude and time variations, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 18(3):034014, 2009.

Fogelqvist J, Niittyvuopio A, Ågren J, Savolainen O and Lascoux M (2009). Cryptic population genetic structure: the number of inferred clusters depends on sample size. Molecular Ecology 10: 314-323.

García V, Landaburu-Aguirre J, Pongrácz E, Perämäki P and Keiski RL (2009). Dehydration of water/dichloromethane/n-butanol mixtures by pervaporation: optimisation and modelling by response surface methodology. Journal of Membrane Science 338(1-2): 111-118.

García V, Pongrácz E, Muurinen E and Keiski RL (2009). Pervaporation of dichloromethane from multicomponent aqueous systems containing n-butanol and sodium chloride. Journal of Membrane Science 326(1): 92-102.

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García V, Pongrácz E, Muurinen E and Keiski RL (2009). Recovery of n-butanol from high salt containing solutions by pervaporation.

Desalination, 241(1-3): 201-211.

Haapsamo H, Ebeling H, Soini H, Joskitt L, Larinen K, PenninkilampiKerola V, Carter A and Moilanen I (2009). How to screen the infants with social and emotional problems; a pilot study of the Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) in Northern Finland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 68 (4): 386-96.

Haapala JK, Mörsky SK, Saarnio S, Rinnan R, Suokanerva H, Kyrö E, Latola K, Martikainen PJ, Holopainen T and Silvola J (2009). Carbon dioxide balance of a fen ecosystem in northern Finland under elevated UV-B radiation. Global Change Biology15: 943-954.

Heino J, Mykrä H & Muotka T (2009). Temporal variability in nestedness and idiosyncratic species in stream insect assemblages.

Diversity & Distributions 15: 192-206.

Hjort M & Luoto M (2009). Interaction of geomorphic and ecologic features across altitudinal zones in a subarctic landscape.

Geomorphology 112: 324-333.

Huusko A & Hicks S (2009). Conifer pollen abundance provides a proxy for summer temperature: evidence from the latitudinal forest limit in Finland. Journal of Quaternary Science 24: 522-528.

Häyrynen K, Pongrácz E,Väisänen V, Pap N, Mänttäri M, Langwaldt J and Keiski RL (2009). Concentration of ammonium and nitrate from mine water by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. Desalination, 240(1-3): 280-289.

Ilmonen J, Paasivirta L, Virtanen R & Muotka T (2009). Regional and local drivers of macroinvertebrate assemblages in boreal springs. Journal of Biogeography 36: 822-834.

Immonen N, Strand K & Turunen S (2009). Mineralogical evidence of Middle Miocene glacial ice in the central Arctic Ocean sediments.

Geophysica 45 (1-2): 93-101.

Jauhiainen Jussi S. (2009).“Will the Retiring Baby Boomers Return to Rural Periphery?”. Journal of Rural Studies, 25: 1, p. 25-34.

Jevrejeva S, A Grinsted and JC Moore (2009). Anthropogenic forcing dominates sea level rise since 1850, Geophysical Research Letters. Doi:10.1029/2009GL040216.

ANNUAL REPORT 20 09

Jordanova VK, Matsui H, Puhl-Quinn PA, Thomsen MF, Mursula K, and Holappa L (2009). Ring current development during high speed streams, J. Atm. Solar-Terr. Phys, 71: 1093-1102. Doi:10.1016/j. jastp.2008.09.043.

Jäkäläniemi A, Siikamäki P, Kilpiä A and Tuomi J (2009). Regional persistence of an endemic plants, Erigeron acer subsp. decoloratus, in disturbed riparian habitats. Oecologia 159: 505-523.

Karhu M, Kaakinen J, Kuokkanen T, Rämö J (2009). Biodegradation of light fuel oils in water and soil as determined by the manometric respirometric method. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 197 (-4): 3-14.

Karjalainen TP, Järvikoski T and Luoma P (2009). Local perceptions of global climate change in the Komi Republic of Russia. Arctic & Antarctic, International Journal of Circumpolar Sociocultural Issues 2: 2, 75-109.

Kauppila P, Saarinen J & Leinonen R (2009). Sustainable tourism planning and regional development in peripheries: a Nordic view.

Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 9 (4): 424 - 435.

Kertész Sz, Landaburu-Aguirre J, García V, Pongrácz E, Hodúr C and Keiski RL (2009). A statistical design for separation of pollutants from synthetic wastewaters by MEUF. Desalination and Water Treatment Science and Engineering 9(1-3): 221-228.

Korkiakangas E, Luoma P, Alahuhta M,Taanila A, Laitinen J (2009).

NVivo apuvälineenä aineistolähtöisessä sisällönanalyysissa.

Hoitotiede, 3/2009, s.216-226.

Korsu K, Huusko A & Muotka T (2009). Is the growth of brown trout in North European streams affected by the introduced brook trout? Naturwissenschaft 96: 347-353.

Kuoppamaa M, Huusko A & Hicks S (2009). Pinus and Betula pollen accumulation rates from the northern boreal forest as a record of interannual variation in July temperature. Journal of Quaternary Science 24: 513-521.

Kuusikko S, Pollock-Wurman R, Ebeling H, Hurtig T, Joskitt L, Mattila ML, Jussila K, Moilanen I (2009). Psychometric Evaluation of Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) and Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 18(2):116-24.

Kuusikko S, Haapsamo H, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Hurtig T, Mattila M-L, Ebeling H, Jussila K, Bölte S, Moilanen I (2009). Emotion

37

recognition in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39(6):938-45.

Loukusa S, Moilanen I (2009). Pragmatic inference abilities in individuals with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. A review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 3: 890-904.

Lahti J, Räikkönen K, Sovio U, Miettunen J, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Taanila A, Joukamaa M, Järvelin MR, Veijola J (2009). Early life origins of schizotypal traits in adulthood, British Journal of Psychiatry 195: 132-137.

Länsman Anni-Siiri (2009). Viinalle person lappalaisen kuva suomalaisissa erätarinossa. Teoksessa Orjasniemi,Tarja & Tiuraniemi,Olli (toim.): Rajua,rujoa ja raitista. Alkoholin käyttöä Lapissa. Lapin yliopistokustannus. Rovaniemi 2009.161-180.

Lampila S, Kvist L,Wistbacka R and Orell M (2009). Genetic diversity and population differentiation in the endangered Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans in a fragmented landscape. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55: 397-406.

Macias Fauria M, Grinsted A, Helama S, Moore J C, Timonen M, Isaksson E, and Eronen M (2009). Unprecedented 20th century low values of sea ice extent in the Western Nordic Seas since A.D. 1200. Climate Dynamics. Doi: 10.1007/s00382-009-0610-z.

Lampila S,Wistbacka R, Mäkelä A and Orell M (2009). Survival and population growth rate in a threatened Siberian flying squirrel in a fragmented forest landscape. Ecoscience 16: 66-74.

Manninen S, Huttunen S,Vanhatalo M, Pakonen T and Hämäläinen A (2009). Inter- and intra-specific responses to elevated ozone and chamber climate in northern birches. Environmental Pollution 157:1697-1688.

Landaburu-Aguirre J, García V, Pongrácz E and Keiski RL (2009).The removal of Zinc from synthetic wastewaters by Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration; Statistical design of experiments. Desalination 240(1-3): 262-269.

Lappalainen N M, Huttunen S, Suokanerva H & Lakkala K (2009).

Seasonal acclimation of the moss Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. to natural and enhanced ultraviolet radiation. Environmental Pollution. Doi 10.1016/j.envpol 2009.09.017.

Lebreton M, Barnes A, Miettunen J, Peltonen L, Ridler K, Veijola J, Tanskanen P, Suckling J, Järvelin MR, Jones PB, Isohanni M, Bullmore ET and Murray GK (2009).The brain structural disposition to social interaction. European Journal of Neuroscience 29:2247-2252.

Lehtola Veli-Pekka (2009). Kolttien asuttaminen Inariin 1944-49.

Historiallinen aikakauskirja 4/2009.

Marmion M, Hjort J,Thuiller W and Luoto M (2009). An improved approach for predictive geomorphological mapping: the statistical consensus method. Computers and Geosciences 35: 615-625.

Marmion M, Parviainen M, Luoto M, Heikkinen RK and Thuiller W (2009). Evaluation of consensus methods in predictive species distribution modeling. Diversity and Distributions 15: 59-69.

Martini D, Mursula K, and Alex S (2009).The new digital Ah index of geomagnetic activity at Alibag and other stations. Current Science 96: 280-283.

Marttila, H & Kløve, B (2009). Retention of sediment and nutrient loads with peak runoff control. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 134(2): 210-216.

Lehtola Veli-Pekka (2009). Lappalaiskaravaanit harhateillä, kulttuurilähettiläät kiertueella? Saamelaiset Euroopan näyttämöillä ja eläintarhoissa. Faravid 2009. Oulu: Pohjois-Suomen historiallinen yhdistys.

Mattila M-L, Jussila K, Kuusikko S, Kielinen M, Linna SL, Ebeling H, Bloigu R, Joskitt L, Pauls D, Moilanen I (2009). When does the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) predict autism spectrum disorders in primary school aged children? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 8(8):499-509.

Lehtola Veli-Pekka (2009). Staging Sámi identities. The Role of Modern Sámi Theatre in Multicultural Context. Teoksessa L´Image du Sápmi. Textes réunis par Kajsa Andersson. Humanistica Oerebroensia. Arres et linguae nr 15. University of Örebro.

Meissner K, Juntunen A, Malmqvist B and Muotka T (2009).

Predator-prey interactions in a variable environments: responses of a caddis larva and its blackfly prey to variations in stream flow.

Annales Zoologi Fennici 46: 193-204.

Leinonen R, Kauppila P and Saarinen J (2009). Matkailun paikallispolitiikka: valtuutettujen, viranhaltijoiden ja yrittäjien suhtautuminen matkailun vaikutuksiin ja kehittämiseen Koillis-Suomessa. Matkailututkimus – Finnish Journal of Tourism Research 5:1.

Moore JC, Grinsted A, and Jevrejeva S (2009).Wavelet-lag regression analysis of Atlantic tropical cyclone dependence on ENSO and Atlantic thermohaline variability Hurricanes and Climate Change., J.B. Elsner & T. Jagger (Eds.), Springer.

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Moore, JC and Grinsted A (2009). Ion fractionation and percolation in ice cores with seasonal melting, Physics of Ice Core Records II, Supplement Issue of Low Temperature Science, 68, December 2009.

Muilu T, Pesola T and Snäkin J-P (2009). Bioenergy entrepreneurship as a tool for rural development in Northern Finland. In Neuwirth, Julia & Wagner, Klaus (eds). Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production, 93-106. Rural areas and development, vol. 6. European Rural Development Network, Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, National Research Institute. Warsaw, Poland.

Munafò MR, Freimer NB, Ng W, Ophoff R, Veijola J, Miettunen J, Järvelin MR, Taanila A, Flint J (2009). 5-HTTLPR Genotype and Anxiety-Related Personality Traits: A meta-analysis and new data, American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 150B:271-281.

of herbarium samples of an aquatic liverwort. Environmental Pollution 157: 2335-2344.

Palmé A, Pyhäjärvi T, Wachowiak W and Savolainen O (2009).

Selection along a pine phylogeny. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 893-905.

Pap N, Kertesz S, Pongrácz E, Myllykoski L, Keiski R,Vatai G, László Z, Beszédes S, Hodúr C (2009). Concentration of blackcurrant juice by reverse osmosis. Desalination 241(1-3): 256-264.

Partanen S, Luoto M & Hellsten S (2009). Habitat level determinants of emergent macrophyte occurrence, abundance and change in two boreal lakes in Finland. Aquatic Botany 90: 261-268.

Parviainen M, Luoto M & Heikkinen RK (2009). The role of local and landscape level productivity in modelling of boreal plant species richness. Ecological Modelling 220: 2690-2701.

Mursula K, Usoskin I,Yakovchouk O (2009). Does sunspot number calibration by the ”magnetic needle” make sense?, J. Atm. Solar-Terr.

Phys., 71, 1717-1726. Doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.04.017.

Parviainen M, Marmion M, Luoto M, Thuiller W & Heikkinen RK (2009). Using summed individual species models and state-ofthe-art modelling techniques to identify threatened plant species hotspots. Biological Conservation 2501-2509.

Myllynen P, Immonen E, Kummu M, Vähäkangas K (2009).

Developmental expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins in human placenta and fetal tissues. Exp. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol.5: 1483-1499.

Pietikäinen Mari, Oravisjärvi Kati, Rautio Arja, Voutilainen Arto, Ruuskanen Juhani, Keiski RL (2009). Exposure assessment of particulates of diesel and natural gas fuelled buses in silico. Science of the Total Environment 408: 163-168.

Niemelä S, Sourander A, Pilowsky DJ, Susser E, Helenius H, Piha J, Kumpulainen K, Moilanen I,Tamminen T, Almqvist F (2009). Childhood antecedents of being a cigarette smoker in early adulthood. The Finnish From a Boy to a Man Study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50(3):343-51.

Pongrácz, E (2009).Through Waste Prevention Towards Corporate Sustainability: Analysis of the Concept of Waste and a Review of Attitudes Towards Waste Prevention. Sustainable Development 17: 92-101.

Nyman ES, Loukola A,Varilo T, Ekelund J,Veijola J, Joukamaa M,Taanila A, Pouta A, Miettunen J, Freimer N, Järvelin MR, Peltonen L (2009).

Impact of the dopamine receptor gene family on temperament traits in a population-based birth cohort. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 150B:854-865.

Obel C, Linnet KM, Henriksen TB, Rodriguez A, Järvelin MR, Kotimaa A, Moilanen I, Ebeling H, Bilenberg N, Taanila A, Ue G, Olsen J (2009). Smoking during pregnancy and hyperactivity-inattention in the offspring – comparing results from three Nordic cohorts.

Int J Epidemiol 38(3):698-705.

Otero S, Nunez- Olivera E, Matinez- Abaiagr J,Tomas R and Huttunen S (2009). Retrospective bioindication of stratospheric ozone and ultaviolet radiation using hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives

ANNUAL REPORT 20 09

Pongrácz E, Turpeinen E, Raudaskoski R, Ballivet-Tkatchenko D and Keiski RL 2009. CO2: from waste to resource for methanolbased processes. Proceedings of the ICE - Waste and Resource Management 162 (WR4): 215-220.

Puhakka R, Sarkki S, Cottrell S P & Siikamäki P (2009). Local discourses and international initiatives: sociocultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park, Finland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17 (5): 529 - 549.

Pöyry J, Luoto M, Heikkinen RK, Kuussaari M & Saarinen K (2009).

Species traits explain recent range shifts of Finnish butterflies.

Global Change Biology 15: 732-743.

Raatikainen K, Luoto M & Heikkinen R K (2009). Relative importance of habitat area, connectivity, management and local factors for

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vascular plants: spring ephemerals in boreal semi-natural grasslands.

Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 1067-1085.

Rautio P (2009). Finding the place of ever yday beauty.

Correspondence as a method of data collection. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, Vol 8, No 2.

Rautio P (2009). On hanging laundry. The place of beauty in managing everyday life. Contemporary Aesthetics, Vol 7, No9.

Rodriguez A, Olsen J, Kotimaa AJ, Kaakinen M, Moilanen I, Henriksen TB, Linnet KM, Miettunen J, Obel C, Taanila A, Ebeling H, Järvelin MR (2009). Is prenatal alcohol exposure related to inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in children? Disentangling the effects of social adversity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(9): 1073-83.

Ronning JA, Sourander A, Kumpulainen K,Tamminen T, Niemelä S, Moilanen I, Helenius H, Piha J, Almqvist F (2009). Cross-informant agreement about bullying and victimization among eight-year-olds: whose information best predicts psychiatric caseness 10-15 years later? Soc.Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44(1): 15-22.

Roppola K, Kuokkanen T, Rämö J, Prokkola H, Ruotsalainen J (2009). Characterisation of organic fractions of pulp and paper mill wastewater with a manometric respirometric biochemical oxygen demand method and automatic chemical oxygen demand analyses.

Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 21(2): 121-130.

Roslin T, Avomaa T, Leonard M, Luoto M and Ovaskainen O (2009).

Some like it hot: microclimatic variation affects the abundance and movements of a critically endangered dung beetle. Insect Conservation and Diversity 2: 232-241.

Rudin CM, Avila-Tang E, Harris CC, Herman JG, Hirsch FR, Pao W, Schwartz AG,Vahakangas K, Samet JM (2009). Lung cancer in never smokers: Molecular profiles and therapeutic implications.

Clin Cancer Res 15: 5646-5661.

progesterone, and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein tests for pregnancy diagnosis in semidomesticated reindeer.Theriogenology 72: 1229-1236. Doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.018.

Soininen J, Heino J, Kokocinski M, Oksanen J & Muotka T (2009).

Regional-local diversity relationship varies with spatial scale in lotic diatoms. Journal of Biogeography 36: 720-727.

Soininen J, Paavola R, Kwadrans J & Muotka T (2009). Diatoms – unicellular surrogates for algal community structure in streams?

Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 79-89.

Sourander A, Klomek AB, Niemelä S, Haavisto A, Gyllenberg D, Helenius H, Sillanmäki L, Ristkari T, Kumpulainen K, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Piha J, Almqvist F, Gould MS (2009). Childhood predictors of completed and severe suicide attempts: findings from the Finnish 1981 Birth Cohort Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry.

2009 Apr; 66(4): 398-406.

Sourander A, Ronning J, Brunstein-Klomek A, Gyllenberg D, Kumpulainen K, Niemelä S, Helenius H, Sillanmäki L, Ristkari T, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Piha J, Almqvist F (2009). Childhood bullying behaviour and later psychiatric hospital and psychopharmacologic treatment: findings from the Finnish 1981 birth cohort study.

Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66(9): 1005-12.

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’Expertise in Northern and Environmental Issues – a Multidisciplinary Approach’

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Editor: Pirjo Taskinen Editorial team : Niko Hänninen, Jouko Inkeröinen, Riitta Kamula, Kari Laine, Riku Paavola, Hannele Savela, Pirkko Siikamäki, Kari Strand Layout: Hannele Heikkilä-Tuomaala Photos : Thule Institute, Annu Huttunen, Kai Harju Printig house : Kalevaprint Oy – Oulu 2010 ISBN 978-951-42-6173-2

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ISBN 978-951-42-6173-2