BOOK OF CONQUESTS The AND CONQUERORS
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THE VIKINGS BY LOUANGE, JEAN PIERRE AND LEA
I/WHERE DID THE VIKINGS COME FROM ? II/WHICH TERITORIES DID THEY CONQUER ? III/HOW DID THEY DISAPPEAR ? 1
Where did the Vikings come from and who were they?
The Vikings also called Northmen, were pirates, warriors, explorer and plunderer coming from Scandinavian countries, Norway, Atlantic north islands and Russian lowlands but those countries as we know them today did not exist until the end of the Viking Age. The Vikings lived at a period named “the age of the Vikings� situated around 800 and 1050 after (AD) Jesus Christ. Between 8th and 11th century, they left their origin ho-
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meland for the occident part of Europe and started to ransack, do their commerce and even settled in European countries. They were experts in navigation and sailed across a big part of the European mainland on drakkars in order to explore, to trade and make war to conquer more territories. But the Northmen weren’t only bloodthirsty warriors; they were traders and qualified artisans and also were the best storytellers of Europe. The Vikings founded numerous colonies and cities like Dublin and Normandy. They colonized Island, conquered Greenland and joined North America. The “age of the Vikings” ended when Harald 3rd of Norway attempt fruitlessly the conquest of England in 1066. Sources: http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Vikings/148916 http://www.cosmovisions.com/ChronoVikings.htm https://www.visitnorway.fr/activites-norvege/art-culture/vikings/
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Source : primaryhomeworkhelp
Which territories did they conquer ?
Source : reddit.com
II : What were the territories conquered by the Vikings
The Vikings attacked many countries along the North Sea and Atlantic Sea coasts of Europe including, the Netherlands, France and Spain. They also sailed up the rivers of Germany to invade settlements along the rivers.
In France, an area they invaded and later settled what became known as Normandy. Normandy means land of the Northmen. It was the Vikings of Normandy who later conquered England in 1066 and their leader William the Conqueror became king.
III/ How did they disappeared ?
ling . So,because of that the vikings couldn't find all the food resources they needed so the living conditions began to be very hard . Before the period of cooling,the vikings raised mainly of goats and sheeps but with the cooling period arriving theses animals couldn't be find anymore.That's why the Vikings began to hunt seals and all other sea animals .But, in order to go hunting all theses animals , the vikings had to go hunting in a groupe and they wasn't a very big population of vikings.Moreover,the most of the vikings who were going to hunt die there because of the extremely cold conditions.Because of that , the vikings population decreased very fast . Futhermore , the vikings couldn't communicate with Norway anymore due to the cold which prevented the boats to navigating . Then,the vikings found themselves without no way to communicate with the exterior world . I didn't really find real informations about their disparitions but we think that it's because they weren't a lot of vikings anymore and because of the cold weather .
At about the year one thousand four hun- Sources : "letemps" et "infoguerre" dred ( at the beginning of the glacial age ) in Greenland, they was a period of coo-
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Source : Survivalistboars.com
Source : occities.com
Nowadays,we can find some word from scandinavia which are for describing the landscape like : "bekkur" which means in french "ruisseau" or the word "marr" which means "mare" . Or more like word of every days like "kanna" which means in french "recipient" or "bru" which means "fiancĂŠe"
Source : " magene.com"
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THE VIKINGS
BY JESSICA, EVA AND INES
PART ONE: ORIGINS.
The Vikings came from the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. They were sometimes called the Norsemen. Vikings were mainly farmers, fishmen and some were traders. But the food became scarce, so some Vikings decided to raid other lands and steal the food and wealth they needed to live. The stories quickly spread of how rich the people were in other countries and how it was to get rich on such raids and many Vikings joined together to invade countries such as Britain, Germany, France and Spain. Some Vikings invaded and decided to stay in the area they had conquered, they became part of the population of that country.
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LONGSHIPS
In order to travel, the Vikings used boats that they called Longships. The Kingship was the warship of the Vikings and was be able to travel relatively fast. This warship was between 20 and 35 m long. The largest Longship was at Roskilde and is 35m long. The boat would carry between 20 and 60 Vikings warriors. They were well made, strong, lightweight and shaped to sailed quickly through the water. They were able to sail across very rough seas. The ships were built of pine wood planks which overlapped The Vikings carved a figure head at front of their ships into special shapes such as the head of a dragon, it's why it had named names such as Serpent of the Sea.
With their Longships Vikings travel for a long distance, so they can with any problem invaded many countries along the North Sea and Atlantic sea cosays of Europe including the Netherlands, France and Spain. They also sailed up the rivers 9f Germany to invade settlement along the rivers. In France, an area they invaded and later settled became known as Normandy which means land of the Northmen. It was the Vikings of Normandy who later conquered England in 1066, their leader William the Conqueror became king.
VIKINGS' WEAPONS
If the Viking invaded as many country it's because they had weapons or war techniques. As the matter of fact, they fought with sword, axes, bows and arrows Viking sword were made of iron with stdel edges. Their sword was double-edged and relatively lightweight and meassured about 90 cm in length. Viking axe or battles axed were capable of cutting through enemy helmets and shield. The axes sometimes had intricate designs engraved on the blades. They were given names such as Head-crushed. The Vikings used bows and arrows for hunting and also for battle. Bows Boss and arrows allowed Vikings to attack the ennemy from a distance. But the most powerful weapon the Vikings had was the longships. A strong cultural history that traces back to the Vikings is still evident in Iceland today and includes the local language, place names, and the style of open government, which includes the jury system.e Viking culture has had a lasting impact on the art, technology, society, and trade of every population they encountered. Scandinavian traces are still apparent in the dialects of Scotland and Northern England today. they were primarily skilled traders and explorers who opened up a host of new trade routes and discovered a number of new lands during their brief, but significant, reign as a prominent empire of early Europe
PART II : THE VIKING LEGACY
This prolonged period of contact between the Vikings and the Anglo-Saxons, which lasted over several centuries, resulted in a large number of personal surnames, general words and English place names, being able to be traced to Scandinavian origins. Statistics show that, in Yorkshire, over 60 percent of personal names in early Middle English had some Scandinavian influence. It is also thought that nearly 1000 general words used in Standard English today Examples of Scandinavian place names in England are also evident. They can be easily detected by suffixes. Grimsby and Thurnby are both names of places in England that use the suffix - by, which was the Scandinavian word for ' farm' or ' village.' This is also the case for Astonthorpe and Scunthorpe which both use the Scandinavian word ending of -thorpe (meaning ' village'). Despite the Viking Age ending over nine centuries ago, the legacy of the Norse civilisation is still visible today. Law and democracy are two ideals which were evident in Viking society. The Viking ' Althing' was thought to be the first national assembly in Europe. The Althing had the power of a parliament, which meant that it could make laws. It also had the power of a court of law in which those found guilty could be punished for their crimes. During the Viking period, the economy of northern Europe was transformed from a prestige goods exchange system into a mercantile market economy. While initial Viking conquests of England consisted of raids on the south for metal wealth that was reworked into decorative objects of status, the Vikings eventually began to develop market towns and mint wealth into currencies. This led to the creation of international markets and trading across the "known world" of the time. So we can say that viking had been builders of our generation.
LANGUAGES WORDS The words below are thought to link all the way back to the Vikings, and are still in use in Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumbria and the North-East. â—? Addle, Baim , bait ,cleg, fell, lake,lop PLACES NAMES 1. Place-names ending in -by, such as Grimsby ('Grimr's town') or Wetherby ('sheep's town' - wether is still used by farmers in the region to refer to a 'castrated ram'). There are 210 such -by place-names in Yorkshire. 2. Place-names ending in -thorpe, such as Scunthorpe - thorpe is the Old Norse word for village or farmstead. There are 155 place names ending in -thorpe in Yorkshire. 3. So-called 'Grimston hybrids' - place-names that are a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Viking words (-ton is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning town or village, and Grimr is a Viking personal name). There are 50 'Grimston hybrid' names in Yorkshire, including Wigginton, near York.
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ANCIENT GREECE BY HINATÉA, LAURIE AND SOPHIE
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Here you can see Greek colonies
The Greeks migrated to Europe around 700 BC. They migrated for economic reasons and because they looked for raw materials (cereals, metal,slaves...)
-The Greeks founded many importants cities such as Massilia (Marseille), Olbia (Hyères), Antipolis (Antibes), Nika�a (Nice). They also founded bases in Corsica and Spain.
Here are examples of the vestiges of the Greek civilization
Examples of Greek architecture
The HephaĂŻstion in Athens
Theatre in Delphi
Words inherited from the Greek -An « atlas » is a book of world maps; this name comes from the son of the Titan Japet,Atwhich concerned the world the shoulders. -The verb "to hypnotize" comes from the name the Greek god Hypnos, the god of the Sleep. -The French verb "méducomes from the Gorgon Mesa, which changed stone those who looked at her in eyes.
las
of
ser du
-The word "museum" comes from the name of the Muses, the personnification of the arts.
GREEK HERITAGE BY NIGEL,SAVIRU AND AMIR
The Greek are mostly known for their temples and open air theatres in terms of architecture. Made out of marble, the temples tend to have a triangular roof held by long chiseled pillars, depending on the architectural order (Doric, Ionic or Corinthian). The theatres however do not have a roof and they are circular so that sound would propagate throughout the whole area. Nowadays, we can still spot this style of architecture, for example, in our own city hall we can see a figure of Doric pillars with the triangular roof.
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Corinthian Capital
Theatre of Delphi
In Ancient Greek, artists did not paint on canvas', instead it was on vases, it's known as black-figure or red-figure pottery. Each painting represented a deity or an episode about the mythology.
Ancient Stadium, Nemea, Greece Terracotta kylix (drinking cup)
Another part of Greek heritage is the food, some dishes being pretty well known, such as the Moussaka, kotopita and others.
Temple of Hera, Selinus
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from Greece and the Olympics is one of the most if not the most followed sports event in the world
Mousaka
.
The Greeks also were very advanced in sciences for their time, mostly Mathematics and Astronomy, with Eratosthenes being able to calculate the earth's circumference or Pythagoras who came with his theorem named after him, or Thales who also has a theorem named after him.
Arsenal wise, the Greeks had quite a variety of weapons each for different squadrons, such as :
They also left a huge mark on sports, with the marathon and the Olympic Games. Both originated
- The Hoplites, who wield a large shield named "hoplon" by many historians, a sword and a two meter spear. They wore body armor and a helmet.
Sciences
Pythagore
Thales
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enemy Phalanxes and getting rid of other archers. But one of the most well known Greek strategies is the Trojan Horse, where a giant wooden horse was offered to a city as a gift, but it contained soldiers and was a great way to invade a city fast.
- The Peltastes are lighter compared to the Hoplites, equipped with a hide shield, javelins and a sword, wearing only a linen tunic. - Finally we have the arches, armed with a bow and a quiver. The Hoplites moved in a formation called "Phalinx", named after the bones in your hand and use their shields with their left hand, to protect the soldier on their left, moving slowly towards the enemy and charging when they're about 200 meters away The Peltastes are first used against cavalry, by throwing their spears, finishing with their swords. Archers weren't used that much, using the weapon being deemed as lack of bravery, but it still had it's place in the tactics, such as breaking
Sources • http://www.curriculumvisions.com/search/T/theatr e/theatre.html •
http://greekfood.about.com/
• http://www.maths-rometus.org/images/histoireDe sMathematiques/pythagore_hd.jpg
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THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY SELYAN AND YAAKOOUB
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I.! Foundation of Rome and expansion in Italy. According to the myth, Rome was founded by the two sons of the God Mars, Romulus and Remus.
Romulus killed Remus and became the first king of Rome. Its original name was Roma. The Romans dated this event to 753 BC.
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Time passed and when the reign of the last king of Rome came to its end, Rome became an oligarchic republic in 509 BC.
II.! Julius Caesar and Octavian “Augustus”. Julius Caesar was one of the most famous characters of Roman history. He was born on the 12 or 13 of July 100BC.
After the invasion of Rome by the Celts and its destruction in 390 BC, Its inhabitants rebuilt it and Rome expanded until it controlled the whole Italian territory by Hannibal, the Carthaginian general
He is also known for having taken the power in the Roman Empire(diapo13) after killing Pompey, his political soul mate, (diapo14) in Egypt after a civil war. (diapo15) Julius Caesar has caused the fall of the Republic in the Roman Empire. (diapo16) He became the first dictator of Rome
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but, in 44 BC, Marcus Brutus and the senators of Rome killed Caesar.
IIIpire.
Conquests of the Roman Em-
The Roman Empire was one of biggest conquerors in history.
The Romans and their allies managed to overthrow the Etruscan rulers in 475 BC. After the Gallic invasion of Rome and its rebuilding, they took a lot of territory in Italy which belonged to their enemies like the Etruscans, the Samnites and the ) Gauls of northern Italy (Po valley) from 300 to 280 BC. The Romans controlled the whole Italian territory after the defeat of Pyrrhus, the champion of the Greek cities in the south of Italy in 275 BC. (diapo29) We can also talk about the war of the Empire against Carthage from 264 BC to 241 BC. (diapo30) Carthage was defeated in 241 BC. It is the beginning of the invasion of Carthage by the romans and it was also one of its most important victories.
Julius Caesar-
People tried to bring back the Republic but It was stopped by another civil war. Octavian won against Caesar’s assassins and he became, in 27 BC, the first Roman Emperor. ) It is the beginning of the Imperial Rome. That’s why, he took the name of "Augustus". He died in 14 AD.
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From 236 BC to 219 BC, the Celts began to lose control over some of its lands, for example, in Spain.
Emperor Claudius invaded Britain in 41 AD.
The Romans attacked and conquered Spain, they also conquered Carthage. The romans conquered Carthage's territories in Spain after their victory during the battle of Zama in 203 BC. The Empire also fought with Greek states and Macedonia from 200 BC to 146 BC. The romans took over Macedonia (third Macedonian war) in 149 BC and Greece in 146 BC. The Roman Empire gained Carthage's North African territories after their victory in a third war against Carthage. Its people were sold as slaves.
Hadrian
From this point, the Romans had to fight many opponents like the Silures who were defeated by the Roman governor of Britain, Julius Frontinus, in 78 AD. They also fought some tribes of North Wales and Scotland and in the Danube, from 79 AD. Trajan conquered the Dacians and Dacia became a Roman province like Armenia in 114 AD.
Julius Caesar attacked Britain multiple times, in 55 and in 54 BC.
Mesopotamia was conquered by the Romans in 116 AD and in 117 AD Trajan died; the Empire had reached its greatest size.
With Octavian Augustus, Galatia was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 25 BC. The same thing happened to Paphlagonia in 6 BC.
From now, the new emperor Hadrian defended the territory of the empire (building walls) and did not conquered new lands.
Cappadocia was also added to the Empire by Tiberius and Mauretania by Caligula.
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- Somehow, they also participated to the creation of cement, even though the technique for making cement was rediscovered in 1824.
IVRoman culture and Political changes. The Roman Empire was a very powerful Empire, which had a very precise culture and politic. Some parts of this culture are also very popular and known from many countries because of the attacks and invasions of the Empire.
- The newspapers, known as "Acta Diurna" or "Daily Acts" in English, were founded. They were composed of official texts with military, political, civil and cultural occurrences like issues. Only a few could read these but Julius Caesar ordered them to be available to the public.
-Many buildings and structures with common point, water, like public toilets and baths. The Romans also upgraded the aqueduct. We can also talk about the coliseum, the pantheon, the forum...
- The romans are also the ones who created the first cosmetics.
- The Roman civilization developed itself through many political systems:
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The fall of the Roman republic was an addition of many causes like the Roman government which was changing really fast due to the Punic wars and the conquest outside of Italy, the importation of slaves and the social instability that caused inequalities in the class system and gave birth to the rise of some demagogues.
1- The Monarchy (753 BC - 509 BC); this system was established by Romulus who was the first king of Rome according to the legend. He is also the one who founded the senate. There is a total of seven kings, from 753 BC (beginning of the reign of Romulus) to 509 BC (Downfall of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus).
2- The Republic (509 BC - 27 BC); the rebellion against the seventh and last king of Rome, Tarquinius, gave birth to the Roman republic and the end of the monarchy. The senate gave the power to two Some politics had the support in the elite class and others were looking for the lower class to help them. It divided the people of Rome and the climate was really unstable. Imperialism was rising, the central government became powerless, the political corruption and the corrupt aristocracy were really important. Julius Caesar was the continuation of all this, he wanted to unite the people of Rome and its organization by controlling the Roman institutions and by writing a new constitution.
consuls who were named the praetors before. The first two consuls were Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. However, it is not a democracy as we usually know it , in fact, the rebellion was directed by the aristocracy of Rome so they still had a lot of power in the early days of the Roman Republic.
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The republic fell while the empire rose with Octavian who became the first emperor of Rome in 27 BC.
3- The Empire(27 BC - 476 AD) represent the time when emperors had the power in Rome
and in the Empire in general. It began with the reign of Octavian "Augustus" who ruled the Empire. At the beginning, the "Empire" was only temporary and that is why the Roman Emperor was considered to be the protector of the Republic, because after Octavian's death, the institutions and the government were meant to return to the old system but the fear of a new civil war, the elimination of the opponents and the long reign of "Augustus" led to the "real" end of the republic system.
with Jupiter itself. (diapo61) The Romans adopted many of the Greek Gods due to the Greek colonies on the Lower Peninsula.
Roman religion absorbed many of the Gods and cults of conquered nations even though their main influence remained Greece. The Roman mythology also had a great influence on the empire and on the future of western civilization (name of the planets, name of the days and months, language of Europeans nations, etc.) Many cults appeared as the Roman civilization was taking other territories and developing itself through many centuries, we can talk about the Imperial Cult which came during the time of Em-
-The Romans were animists and believed that there were spirits in all that composed their surroundings, even people. They also thought that they were watched by their ancestors. The Romans were influenced by the Etruscans and by the Greeks. They also added the Capitoline Triad ((diapo57) Mars, the God of war and father of Romulus and Remus, Quirinus, who was Romulus after his death and Jupiter.) With the Etruscans, the Triad changed and included (diapo58) Minerva, (diapo59) Jupiter's daughter and (diapo60) Juno
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peror "Augustus". Some events also provoked the arriving of new cults like the Punic Wars, for example.( Christianity and Judaism were persecuted by the emperors because Christians and Jews refused to make sacrifices and to participate to the worship of the Roman Gods.
with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD which was also accepted by Licinius, his colleague. He also participated to its inclusion in the Empire with, for example, the rebuilding of the churches destroyed by Diocletian (244 AD - 311 AD). After Constantine's death, Christianity continued to grow and to become the main religion in Rome. The Roman Empire was one of the most powerful empire of history, but, everything knows an end.
V- Decline of the Roman Empire.
In fact, they were blamed for any ills that were spreading in the Empire. But Christianity began to grow in the Empire, appealing at first women, slaves, intellectuals and illiterate. Christianity, under (diapo64) Constantine the Great (Constantine I) reign, was recognized
We can say that its decline was caused by the division of the Empire. In fact, the Empire was first divided by Diocletian with the Tetrarchy. Diocletian thought that ruling the Roman Empire was too complicated due to its important size, so, he decided to divide the Empire into four tetrarchs and that four emperors should rule the empire with two Augustus as major emperors, one in the East and one in the West, and two ju-
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nior emperors known as Caesar who will be adopt as the sons of the Augustus.
He was the son of Constantius Chlorus who was a Caesar when Diocletian and Maximian were still Augustus.
The Caesar would help the Augustus to rule its half tetrarch and be its successor. Each Tetrarch had his own capital city. The purpose of the Tetrarchy was to appoint heirs that deserved this title. They wanted the Empire to be ruled by the best men. So, the heirs were not chosen on heredity but on merit. After a serious illness in 304 AD, he decided to abdicate on 305 AD with Maximian, his co-emperor.
He became Augustus after their abdication in 305 AD. After his death in 306 AD from illness, in Ebucarum (York), his troops wanted Constantine to be the new Augustus. Galerius refused but the support for Constantine was so strong that he decided to appoint him as Caesar. Maximian decided to name him Augustus after an agreement. Galerius organized the conference of Carnuntum in 308 AD with Diocletian and Maximian.
Constantine the Great (272 AD -337 AD) took power after a lot of conflicts for the power. 33
With this conference, a new tetrarchy was born but Galerius died in 311 AD. His death was one
of the main causes of the end of Tetrarchy during Constantine's reign.
new kingdom was established in Italy, the Ostrogothic Kingdom, which meant the Roman empire was declining. The "official" date for the fall of the Western Roman Empire is 476 AD. ) As for the Eastern Roman Empire, it ended when the Turks attacked and captured Constantinople in 1453AD.
Constantine defeated his opponents (Licinius in particular) and became the only ruler of the Empire. During his reign, the Empire was temporarily united after a long period of division, but the two parts of the Empire were very different (religion, languages, etc.), so, a new capital city was proposed in purpose of the integration of the Eastern culture in the whole Empire.
We can confirm that a lot of events led to the decline of the Empire, the invasions by Barbarians tribes (the Goths, for example), economic issues (a lot of money was spent for the military system), political instability and corruption, etc. But, we can see how powerful this empire was and even though it has fallen, a lot of cultural elements are still present many centuries after in a lot of countries. The Roman Empire is still a very important part of history.
It was the foundation of Constantinople After Constantine the Great's death, the Empire was divided again in various ways. Theodosius I also called Theodosius The Great (347 AD -395 AD), was the last emperor who controlled both western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire because he divided the Empire between his two sons in 395 AD. The Eastern Empire became known as the Byzantium Empire. Rome itself was sacked by Visigoths in 410 AD, and the British were told to organize their own protection without any help. Thus, Britain being weak and easy to take, they were attacked both by Picts from the North and Irish Celts in the west. ) In 455 and 493AD a
Modern Rome – Giovanni Paolo Panini (1757)
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4
THE FRANKS BY ROMANE AND MEREDITH
AACHEN CATHEDRAL , THE FINAL RESTING PLACE OF CHARLEMAGNE
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The Empire
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The Franks constitute a Germanic people appearing in the form of a confederation of tribes at the times of the great invasion. A part of them plays a central role in the history of France, that of the Netherlands, that of Belgium, that of Luxemburg and that of Germany from their sedentarization in Roman Gaul.
They gave their name to France and the French as well as to many places and religions in Germany.
They lived in the current France but also in Belgium, Luxemburg and a part of Germany.
The Franks are all free men. In times of peace, all the Franks are equal. Even the king has no particular pre-eminence, and in the assemblies the word of any Frank has as much weight as that of king.
The king still has a particularity: he is a religiously sacred person. The visible sign of this difference is his hair. Contrary to the image one can have of barbaric franks, the Franks have short hair. Only the king wore long hair. His unusual “mane� was supposed to confer on him a magical power of divine origin that justified his title of king.
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Frankish Timeline 481 Clovis crowned
768
King of the franks
496 Battle of tolbiac victory against the alamans. Clovis is converted by baptism into the Nicene christianity.
Beginning of the reign of Charlemagne, the Frankish kingdoms become the 800 Charlemagne Kingdom of the Franks East Sacred Rome Empereur d'Occident. Beginning of the Carolingian Empire
987 Louis V died without descent. Election of Hugh Capet with the support of the church and the Ottonians. Foundation of Capetian dysnasty. Establishment of the principle of male offspring for succession to the throne.
781 Charlemagne imposes a single
486 Battle of soissons victory against the king of the Romans Syagrius
currency on the entire kingdom in order to unite him.
511 Death of Clovis. The Frankish kingdom is divided into five (Orleans, Paris, Soissons, Reims, Burgondes) between its sons as foreseen by the Salic law.
843 Treaty of Verdun: the three sons of Louis the Pious share the empire, which is then dissolved into three kingdoms: western francie, median francie and eastern francie (Germanie)
Timeline -In 481 Clovis crowned King of the Franks. -In 486 Battle of Soissons victory against the king of the Romans Syagrius. -In 496 Battle of Tolbiac victory against the Alamans. Clovis is converted by baptism into the Nicene christianity. - In 511 Death of Clovis. The Frankish kingdom is divided into five (Orleans, Paris, Soissons, Reims, Burgondes) between its sons as foreseen by the Salic law. -In 768 Beginning of the reign of Charlemagne, the Frankish kingdoms become the Kingdom of the Franks. -In 781 Charlemagne imposes a single currency on the entire kingdom in order to unite him. -In 800 Charlemagne East Sacred Rome Empereur d'Occident. Beginning of the Carolingian Empire. -In 843 Treaty of Verdun: the three sons of Louis the Pious share the empire, which is then dissolved into three kingdoms: western Francie, median Francie and eastern Francie (Germanie). -In 987 Louis V died without descent. Election of Hugh Capet with the support of the church and the Ottonians. Foundation of Capetian disnasty. Establishment of the principle of male offspring for succession to the throne.
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BY VALENTINO, KYLIAN AND YACINE BY VALENTINO, KYLIAN AND YACINE
As the Romans receded into their Eastern Roman Empire, numerous tribes competed over the landholdings that were now vacated.Gaul occupied territory north of Italy inhabited by numerous tribes.The Franks had tribe that would conquer Gaul and establish their kingdom in the late 5th Century Merovingians were first dynasty to rule the Franks.Clovis would be the most important Merovingian king.Clovis would conquer the outer regions of Gaul spanning as far as Spain to the west and modern day Germany in the east. Clovis' biggest contribution outside of conquest to the Franks was his own conversion to Christianity.Clovis would convert during a battle after he believed his prayers were answered leading to his victory.Clovis would then engage in Christianizing the Franks and the Frankish Kingdom. The Merovingians were commonly known as “do nothing� kings after the reign of Clovis.Merovingian kings would usually leave all the affairs of government to the mayors of the palace to officials who 41
took on all the business of government in place of the king.
Upon Pepin's death in 768, his son Charles would take up the throne.Charlemagne would engage in numerous campaigns to extend the Frankish kingdom.He would defeat the Saxons and Bavarians to acquire portions of Spain and Eastern Europe.With these victories he was able to unify the territories of Gaul and Eastern Europe for the first time since the Romans had vacated the territory in 476 Charlemagne would Christianize many of the tribes he conquered, he usually did this through what was known as 'baptism by the sword'. Charlemagne would maintain the relationship that his father held with the pope. After defeating the Lombard’s, the pope would crown him Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of all of the territories previously held by the Romans
Charles Martel, a mayor of the palace, would be responsible for one the biggest victories in Western European history.Muslims advanced from Spain and attempted to invade the Frankish Kingdom.Martel would meet the Muslims in the Battle of Tours in 732 this battle would be a victory over the Muslims and prevented Islam from moving into Central EuropeMartel would pass on his position as mayor of the palace to his son, Pepin. Pepin would not be satisfied with just being mayor of the palace and sought to become king of the Franks.Pepin would ask the pope to crown him king but pope would ask for help against the Lombards in exchange.Lombards are a tribe that attempted to conquer Italy from the 5th Century to the 12th Century
Charlemagne being crowned emperor was an achievement but also had consequences. Gave the pope a measure of papal supremacy and also the power over secular ruler. Made the Roman Catholic Church a government institution since one now had to ask the pope to be crowned emperor. Made Charlemagne the protector of not
As a result of defeating the Lombards, Pepin was crowned king of the Franks by the pope.Pepin in turn, would also cede to the popes, the Papal States.Papal States are some territories in Italy under the control of the popes until the 1870's. 43
only the Franks but also of Christendom. Created a rift between the Roman Catholic Church and the Byzantine Empire and Church since emperors were now being crowned in former Roman lands.
gne, his grandchildren would not follow in his footsteps. The three grandchildren would divide the territory through the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Treaty of Verdun split the Frankish Kingdom into three separate parts
Charlemagne now governed over a vast territory and decided to split it into smaller territories with provincial rulers; these breakdowns would be known as counties. Those who ruled over counties were known as counts. Charlemagne did not trust his counts, hence he sent his missy Domenici (royal agents who served as spies) to watch over them. Charlemagne sought to improve the literacy rate in his kingdom to help speed up Christianization; he would be responsible for the construction of the first curriculum → plan for learning. The improvement in learning led to a growth in monasticism → monks began to find ways to improve the copying of books. Would create Carolingian miniscule and the Carolingian writing system in which spacing between letters and words is reduced and the size of the letters are reduced as well. Upon the death of Charlema-
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THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE BY LUCAS,QUENTIN AND RABIA
The Holy Roman Empire was a clustering of German and Italian kingdoms.
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It was founded by Otton the first.
It was not a simple Empire. In fact, the Emperor didn't have a lot of power. He was elected by 7 electors (powerful kings) and was supposedly lead the Empire but each king led his kingdom as he wanted.
Otton was crowned in 962 by the Pope and this date marks the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Empire's goal was to resurrect the Roman Empire and protect the Catholic religion. At the beginning, it was only called the Roman Empire, supported by the Pope and toward 1171, when the Emperor and the Pope were in conflict, the Holy Roman Empire tried to justify its "divine mission".
AACHEN CATHEDRAL, WHERE OTTO WAS CROWNED KING OF GERMANY
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TTO ACCEPTING THE SURRENDER OF BERENGAR II OF ITALY. THE HEADLINE READS OTTO I THEUTONICORUM REX ("OTTO THE FIRST, KING OF THE GERMANS")
To achieve his mission, the Empire was supposed to control the whole world but the internal conflicts have prevented any big conquest since the beginning.
When the Empire was the most powerful, it included Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, some French, Polish, Slavic lands, the North of the Italy and of course Germany.
The Holy Roman Empire begun to decline toward the 17th century. In 1803, Napoleon controlled the Empire and in 1806, the last Emperor decided to renounce to his power. A 1457 ILLUSTRATION OF THE BATTLE OF LECHFELD IN SIGMUND MEISTERLIN'S CODEX ABOUT THE HISTORY OF NUREMBERG
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OTTO'S EXPANSION CAMPAIGNS BROUGHT NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ITALY INTO THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.
EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN WITH THE IMPERIAL BANNER (ALBRECHT ALTDORFER, C. 1515)
BY LOU, ANISS AND LEO
Presentation: The Holy Roman Empire was a loosely joined union of smaller kingdoms which held power in western and central Europe between A.D. 962 and 1806 (for 10 centuries). It was ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor who oversaw local regions controlled by a variety of kings, dukes, and other officials. The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western empire of Rome.� In the Holy Roman Empire, civil authority and church authority clashed at times, but the church usually won. This was the time when the Catholic Popes wielded the most influence, and the papacy’s power reached its zenith
2) 962: Pope Leo III laid the foundation for the Holy Roman Empire in A.D. 800 when he crowned Charlemagne as emperor. This act set a precedent for the next 700 years, as the Popes claimed the right to select and install the most powerful rulers on the Continent. The Holy Roman Empire officially
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began in 962 when Pope John XII crowned King Otto I of Germany and gave him the title of “emperor.
3) Charlemagne’s reign: From 800, he became the first Holy Roman Emperor—the first recognized emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Charlemagne already ruled his kingdom without the help of the Pope, but recognition from the pontiff granted him divine legitimacy in the eyes of his contemporaries
During many century’s, the emperors succeeded to one another . But, some of them decreed new treaties like the treaties of Bâle, the treaty of peace of Augsbourg and the treaties of westphalie to tidy up in the holy roman empire. The treaty of bale brand the end of the Souabe war and the independence of the state of Italy of the holy roman empire. The treaty of peace of Augsboug is a compromise which suspend the hostilities between the Lutherian states and the catholic states of Germany. The treaties of Westphalie concluded the thirty world war and the eighty world war. To sum up, this treaties permitted to stop the wars which raged in the Holy Roman Empire.
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THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE BY CHARLOTTE, KIMBERLY AND ANDJÉLA
FROM 1299 TO 1923 52
Timeline: 1299
1326
The begining of The Ottoman Empire
1453
1821
1878
1912
1923
The Congress of Berlin The end of the The end of The Ottoman acknowledges the Bizantine independence of Serbia, Empire, and the Empire & Ottoman Romania, and Bulgaria. begining of modern culture flourishes Turkey's history Greeces revolts The Balkans Wars Bursca became the (1453-1481 a.d) (1912-1913 a.d) capital city of the Epire
Origins
parts of the Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman rule and awakened Europe to the Ottoman danger. The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of Timur, who defeated and captured Beyazid in 1402. The Ottomans, however, soon rallied.
The Period of Great Expansion Osman 1st (1258-1323)
The Ottoman Empire lasted from 1299 to 1923, it began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish dynasties. The early phase of Ottoman expansion took place under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Bursa fell in 1326 and Adrianople (the modern Edirne) in 1361; each in turn became the capital of the empire. The great Ottoman victories of Kosovo (1389) and Nikopol (1396) placed large
Muhamed II
The Empire, reunited by Muhammad I, expanded victoriously under Muhammad’s successors Murad II and Muhammad II. The victory (1444) at Varna over a crusading army led by Ladislaus III of
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Poland was followed in 1453 by the capture of Constantinople. Within a century the Ottomans had changed from a nomadic horde to the heirs of the most ancient surviving empire of Europe. Their success was due partly to the weakness and disunity of their adversaries, partly to their excellent and far superior military organization. Their army comprised numerous Christians—not only conscripts, who were organized as the corps of Janissaries, but also volunteers. Turkish expansion reached its peak in the 16th cent. under Selim I and Sulayman I (Sulayman the Magnificent).
Transylvania became a tributary principality, as did Walachia and Moldavia. The Asian borders of the empire were pushed deep into Persia and Arabia. Selim I defeated the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, took Cairo in 1517, and assumed the succession to the caliphate. Algiers was taken in 1518, and Mediterranean commerce was threatened by corsairs, such as Barbarossa, who sailed under Turkish auspices. Most of the Venetian and other Latin possessions in Greece also fell to the sultans.
Sulayman the Magnificient (1494-1566) Mourad II (1404-1451)
During the reign of Sulayman I began (1535) the traditional friendship between France and Turkey, directed against Hapsburg Austria and Spain. Sulayman reorganized the Turkish judicial system, and his reign saw the flowering of Tur-
The Hungarian defeat (1526) at Mohács prepared the way for the capture (1541) of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire; 55
kish literature, art, and architecture. In practice the prerogatives of the sultan were limited by the spirit of Muslim canonical law (sharia), and he usually shared his authority with the chief preserver (sheyhülislam) of the sharia and with the grand vizier (chief executive officer).
The breakup of the state gained impetus with the Russo-Turkish Wars in the 18th cent. Egypt was only temporarily lost to Napoleon’s army, but the Greek War of Independence and its sequels, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 and the war with Muhammad Ali of Egypt resulted in the loss of Greece and Egypt, the protectorate of Russia over Moldavia and Walachia, and the semi-independence of Serbia. Drastic reforms were introduced in the late 18th and early 19th cent. by Selim III and Mahmud II, but they came too late. By the 19th cent. Turkey was known as the Sick Man of Europe.
In the progressive decay that followed Sulayman’s death, the clergy (ulema) and the Janissaries gained power and exercised a profound, corrupting influence. The first serious blow by Europe to the empire was the naval defeat of Lepanto (1571; inflicted on the fleet of Selim II by the Spanish and Venetians under John of Austria. However, Murad IV in the 17th cent. temporarily restored Turkish military prestige by his victory (1638) over Persia. Crete was conquered from Venice, and in 1683 a huge Turkish army under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa surrounded Vienna. The relief of Vienna by John III of Poland and the subsequent campaigns of Charles V of Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and Eugene of Savoy ended in negotiations in 1699 which cost Turkey Hungary and other territories.
Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ( 1918 to 1922).
Decline
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NAPOLEON BY JANE, ROSENI, ANAÏS AND TIETIE
"LA BATAILLE DES PYRAMIDES" LEJEUNE, 1798
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Biography and the rise to power Napoleon Bonaparte, was born on August 1769, in Ajaccio and died on May 1821. He was considered as a French military leader who became the first emperor of France. His drive for military expansion changed the world. He conquered much of Europe during his reign as the Emperor of the French. The French Revolution is actually a long series of events occurring in the late 18th century (starting from 1789) It started off because when arriving on the throne, young Louis XVI has no political or military experience and is facing a famine and poverty in the country. some of the causes of the Revolution were:
THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE- JULY 14TH 1789JEAN BAPTISTE LALLEMAND
The absence of parliamentary representation, financial mismanagement, an unfair tax system, festering urban and rural poverty Napoleon did a coup at that time and it succeded. At his arrival to the power he created a consulate.
BONAPARTE, LE 19 BUMAIRE AU CONSEIL DES CINQ-CENTS À SAINT-CLOUD
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He also created the first French Republic and he devised the Constitution and the Bill of Human Rights.
Napoleonic Empire, wars and invasions NAPOLEONIC WARS FROM 1799 : The first campaign of the Napoleonic wars was the War of the second Coalition in Egypt fighting against the British. A new coalition formed against the French in 1798 and this consisted of Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Portugal, The Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Naples.In 1805 the War of the Third Coalition broke out, with Britain joined by Russia, Austria and Sweden. Napoleon defeated the Austrians and finally at Austerlitz (also known as the battle of the three Emperors). NAPOLEONIC WARS AND THE UNITED STATES 1803-1815 : The Napoleonic wars continued the wars of the french revolution. Great Britain and France fought for european supremacy and threatened weaker power. The United states attempted to remain neutral during napoleonic period but eventually became embroiled in the european conflicts,leading to the war of 1812 against great britain
MAP OF EUROPE IN 1812. The map shows the almost total control of the continent enjoyed by Napoleon .Areas marked in dark blue had been absorbed into France itself French involvement of Spain was very limited.
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The Downfall There was a disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 and other defeats, that led to his first abdication of the throne and was exiled to Elba, a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy Less than a year later he managed to escape from there, sailed back to France in 1815 and quickly resumed power. The new king, Louis XVIII (1755-1824), fled, and Napoleon embarked on what came to be known as his Hundred Days campaign. When Napoleon returned to France, a lot of countries formed an alliance againt him, considering the French emperor as an enemy and began to prepare for war. Napoleon raised a new army and
NAPOLEON’S RETREAT FROM RUSSIA
planned to take down the allied forces one by one before they could launch a united attack against
him. So he went to Belgium to attack British and Prussian armies but when he got to waterloo his forces were defeated. This battle of waterloo was Napoleon's last war, it took place in 1815 in Belgium, so after that defeat he abdicated once again and was exiled to Saint Helena. A British-held island in the South Atlantic Ocean. He died there on 1821, at the age of 51, most likely from stomach cancer. Napoleon was buried on the island; however, in 1840, his remains were returned to France and burried in a crypt at Les Invalides in Paris, where there are other French military leaders’ bodies.
BATTLE OF WATERLOO BY WILLIAM SADLER
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IV Napoleon’s Legacy Napoleon won fourty battles. Nevertheless, the civil code or The « Code Napoléon » is the biggest work of Napoleon, promugalted on the 21st of march, 1802. He consecrated the principle of equality facing the law, and established the founding principles of the french law. He created a national unity. About half of his original 2.281 articles stayed in force as of today's date.He also left his prints in the landscape and in the french cities.Such as the triumphal arch at the « place de l'Etoile » or the Louvre carousel in Paris erected after the Austerlitz battle.He created the prefectures. And also the French bank at the beggining of the 1800 (eighteen-hundreds) in order to revive the economy. To end, we can retain that it is Napoleon who established the legion of honour to reward both the military and civil.
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THE ARABIAN EMPIRE (632 – 1258) BY JABER, HUGO, ETHMANE AND TAHA
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Introduction : The Arabian empire was born in 632 AD right after the death of Mahomet, Islam’s Prophet. It quickly became one of the most influent empires in the world, conquering a very important part of the Mediterranean basin and of the Middle East. Here you can see the territory conquered by the Arabian Empire at its apogee. 1/ The history of the Arabian Empire As said earlier, everything started after Mahomet’s death in 632 AD. 12 years later, in 644, they had already conquered Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia. In 730 AD, they had conquered such a huge part of the world that 16% of the world population had to change
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religion and language. Then, it was at his apogee during almost 5 centuries. It ended when the Mongols conquered the city of Bagdad in 1258, destroying the empire’s economical power. They also became more and more intransigent with
the scientists from Europe, making them loose their lead. Here is a sculpture of Al-Ma’mūn, who was an Arabian Caliph who conquered many territories in North Africa.
flat roof. But their mosques and palace were huge and very complex. They excelled in building flat roof, held by pillars with a lot of decoration (many small and detailed elements). They were also very good at making beautiful gardens, like those:
2/ Cultural Particularites. The Arabian Empire had a very defined art. It excelled in Calligraphy, painting, glass, pottery and carpets. There were a lot of small details, but there was many one, which gave beautiful items such as those: here’s a vase, a carpet, a bowl and a plate. An other important thing was architecture. Their houses were not too complicated. They were mostly in stone and had a 65
The last primordial element of Islamic Culture was Science. It was the most advanced empire in this category. They’ve discove-
red many things, such as the “Pi” number, second degree equations, gravitation, earth rotation, and tri-
gonometry. They’ve also understood many things about the human body, which lead too many discoveries in surgery. 3/ Cultural impact They’ve also radically changed the life mode in Spain, mainly in Andalusia, giving them their culture and their religion. That’s why we can see many mosque, gardens and Arabian culture in 66 the Iberian Pe-
ninsula. But even though the person living on the territories conquered by the Arabian empire had to change their language and their religion, this empire also brought much knowledge about science, medicine and architecture. It reached is apogee during the middle age, a period where science was definitely not a priority in Europe. (The Christians burned anyone whose discoveries contradicted their religion)
shorter, as well as our general knowledge about universe and mathematics.
4/ Legacy
 Without the Arabian empire, our life expectancy would certainely be much 
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IT ALSO ADDED A LOT TO OUR LANGUAGE WHICH IS FRENCH. HERE ARE SOME WORDS OF ARABIC ORIGIN :
ALCOOL, CAFÉ, CARAMEL, COUSCOUS, MASSEPAIN, MERGUEZ, SIROP, SORBET. ALCÔVE, BALDAQUIN, DIVAN, MATELAS, MINARET, SOFA. ABRICOT, ARGAN, BAOBAB, BERGAMOTE, CAROUBE, CURCUMA, ESTRAGON, ORANGE, PASTÈQUE, POTIRON, SAFRAN. AVAL, DOUANE, GABELLE, QUINTAL, MAGASIN, TARIF. AMIRAL, BOUTRE, DARSE, FELOUQUE, RÉCIF. ALAMBIC, ALCALIN, ALCHIMIE, ALGÈBRE, ALGORITHME, AMALGAME, ANTIMOINE, AZIMUT, CHIFFRE, HASARD, ZÉNITH, ZÉRO. CABAN, CHÂLE, CHEMISE, COTON, HARDES, JUPE, MACRAMÉ, MOHAIR, OUATE, SATIN.
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