Urban Climate Lab

Urban Climate Lab Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design

Climate Resilient and Sustainable EcoDistrict ARCH 702 Spring 2014-2015 NYIT School of Architecture and Design

NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY

NYIT School of Architecture and Design Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design

Urban Climate Lab

Climate Resilient and Sustainable EcoDistrict New York City ARCH 702 Spring 2014-2015 Faculty : Jeffrey Raven, Andrew Heid c 2015

CLIMATE CHALLENGE

CONTENTS

URBAN CLIMATE FACTORS PRECEDENT CASE STUDIES DESIGN PROCESS

The goal of the Urban Climate Lab is to explore integrated, urban design and planning strategies for creating sustainable and resilient communities that can adapt and thrive in the changing global conditions, meet carbon-reduction goals, and sustain urban populations in more compact settings by providing amenities that people need and want. Students explore how these compact communities can mitigate climate change by reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions through spatial efficiencies, pedestrian access to public transportation and preservation of open space and habitat.

The focus this semester is cooling hot cities while leveraging cascading benefits.

This design studio engages Brooklyn districts as a research platform and introduces the ideas, representations, and techniques of contemporary urban design and discourse through the lens of a resilient built environment. These districts are home to a diverse population of residents and workers. Students will test the hypothesis that re-configuring urban form according to climate-resilient principles will strengthen community adaptability to climate change, reduce energy consumption in the built environment and enhance the quality of the public realm. Students will develop user-friendly regional qualitative design guidelines backed by cost-benefit performance indicators at the urban design scale. Building massing, urban ventilation, solar impacts, green infrastructure and anthropogenic factors will shape the outcomes. Outcomes in Energy, Transportation, Waste, Water, Green Infrastructure / Natural Systems and other urban infrastructure systems will be evaluated by students for their technical, social and ecological consequences, including flood mitigation.

CLIMATE CHALLENGE

GLOBAL CHALLENGE Metropolitan areas are point sources of pollution at global scale, responsible for 50-70% of GHG emissions, which will affect their own climate context. Sixty percent of the world’s projected urbanized area by 2030 remains to be built, with some 90% of this in the developing world1. It is these urban areas that will have the greatest potential to moderate future climate change, and so it is critical that their optimal planning commence now, in advance of their construction.

The spatial form of a city – from the scale of the metropolitan region to the neighborhood block – heavily predetermines per capita GHG emissions. With each 10% reduction in urban sprawl, per capita emissions are reduced by 6%2. But while compact urban form generally contributes positively to mitigation it can paradoxically exacerbate local climate effects, requiring creative forms of adaptation.

The Urban Climate Lab explores win-win solutions for configuring climate-resilient compact urban form.

Excerpt from Draft of Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities (Cambridge Press 2015) 1. Elmqvist, T. et al (eds.). (2013). Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer Open.

2. Laidley, T. (2015). Measuring Sprawl: A New Index, Recent Trends, and Future Research. Urban Affairs Review, 1078087414568812.

Source:ARCH 3

Emissions of CO2

(in million met-

ric tonnes) and estimated population counts recorded at 1째 latitude by 1째 longitude cells for 2010.

Maps created by G.Mills.

The sources of the data are: For CO2: Andres, R.J. T.A. Boden, and G. Marland. 2013. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/ffe.ndp058.2013 For population: Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University, United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme - FAO, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT. 2005. Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Count Grid, Future Estimates. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H42B8VZZ.

NYC CHALLENGE G R O W T H C L I M AT E

ONE NYC Equitable Sustainable Resilient

A Growing Population

Growing Aging

Climate

Source:ONE NYC

Inequality Infrastructure

Change

“By 2030 we protect that our population will increase to more than 8 million ,6some new-comers and some who are already here, along with their children and grnadchildren”.

“In just four years we’ve added more than 200 acres of parkland while improving existing parks. We’ve created or preserved more than 64,000 units of affordable housing. We’ve provided New Yorkers with more transportation choices.”

“By 2030 , average temperatures could rise by as many as three degrees Fahrenheit in New York City.

Hotter temperatures will increase public health risks..

As a city with 520 miles of coastline, we are also at rish of increased flooding as sea levels rise and storms become more intense. Our sea levels have already risen a foot in the last 100 years and area projects to rise by up to 10 inches more in the next two decades.”

ONE NYC

Equaitable Sustainable Resilient

Source:ONE NYC

GROWTH NYC

Growing Population “New York’s growing and aging population will strain the city’s infrastructure and put new demands on City services,especially on housing.”

Source: ONE NYC

Growing Inequality “Income inequality has surpassed the national average and 45% of New Yorkers are in or near poverty.�

Source:ONE NYC

NYC Temperature Increase 12

12

10

10

8

2020s

12.1°

12

10

10

8

85.8-10.3°

8

6.6° 4.1-5.7° 4 3.1°

6

6

6

2

2

2

2

0°

0°

0°

0°

10.3°

5.3-8.8°

6

3.2° 2.0-2.8° 1.5°

12

4

2050s

Source :New York City Panal on Climate Change 2015 Report

3.8°

2080s

4

4.2°

2100

4

1900-2014: 3.4°F 2050: 4-5°F 2080: 5-8°F

Sea Level Rise

THE EXPANDING AGENCY OF URBAN DESIGN

URBAN CLIMATE FACTORS Energy Waste Heat

Morphology

Thermal Mass & Surface Reflectivity

Vegetation

ENERGY-WASTE HEAT

Factors

Tools

Units

Energy Waste Heat

KWH

Transport

VMT

Buildings

On-Site Energy / Indoor Comfort

UTCI/PET

Industry

On-Site Energy / Radiant Heat Map

Temperature

*KWH= Kilo Watt Hour *VMT= Vehicle Miles Traveled

*UTCI = Universal Thermal Climate Index *PET = Physiologically Equivalent Temperature

ENERGY WASTE HEAT

MORPHOLOGY

Factors

Tools

Units

Ventilation

Massing Diagrams

FAR / Building Height

Solar Impacts

Wind / Sun Impacts

Solar Radiation /

Sky View Factos

Wind Speed

Outdoor Comfort

UTCI/ PET* * FAR= Floor Area Ratio *UTCI = Universal Thermal Climate Index *PET = Physiologically Equivalent Temperature

MORPHOLOGY

THERMAL MASS

Factors

Tools

Units

Surface Reflectivity

Radiation Analysis

KWH/m2

Thermal Mass

Building Envelope /

R Value

Energy Analysis * KWH = Kilo Watt Hour R = Radiation

THERMAL MASS

VEGETATION

Factors Vegetation / Green-Blue Infrastructure

Tools

Units

Surveys /

% Coverage /

Satelitte Images

Vegetation Type

GIS Mapping

Evapo-Transpiration *GIS = Geographic Information System

VEGETATION

COMMUNITY SPACES

ECOLOGICAL LANDSPACES

BLUE + GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Landcapes for recreation, social life and small scale food

Meadows and Forests that provide habitat for other environmental benefits.

Landcapes that captures stormwater and clean air.

cultivation.

LEARNING FROM PRECEDENTS

PRECEDENT CASE STUDIES

Shibam

Population : 6794 Density : 189,406.20 / mi² GDP : $2300 per captia CO2 Consumption : 1 metric ton / captia

Conviviality Diagram

Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 0%

Conviviality Diagram

Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 20%

Conviviality Diagram

Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 15%

Conviviality Diagram

Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 8%

DESIGN PROCESS Climate Analysis Mapping Public Space Evaluation Planning and Design Intervention Post-Intervention Evaluation

Planning and Design Intervention

Climate Analysis Mapping

Local Scale

Urban Scale

1

Public Space Evaluation

Post Intervention Evaluation

2 Level of Comfort

3

User Groups/Climate Intensities

4

Transportation

Density

Built FAR

Available FAR

Income

Flood Zone

Land Use

CLIMATE ANALYSIS MAPPING HOT

HOTTER

EXISTING DOWNTOWN BROOKLYN

PROJECTED DOWNTOWN BROOKLYN 2050

Dry Bulb Temperature (C) - Hourly

Dry Bulb Temperature (C) - Hourly

PUBLIC SPACE EVALUATION “The Brooklyn Bridge Park is amazing!I must go there when I reach Downtown Brooklyn”

PLANNING AND DESIGN INTERVENTION

Eco-District Protocol Imperatives Equity Climate Resilience

Eco-District Projects Shaped by Climate Responsive Design URBAN AGRICULTURE

Priority Areas

KNOWLEDGE CORRIDOR THE BROOKLYN LOOP

Health& Wellness Mobility & Connectivity Livability Prosperity Ecosystem Stewardship Climate protection+Resouce Efficiency

LIVE-WORK COMPLETE STREET TOURISM THE GREEN LUNGS

URBAN AGRICULTURE Urban Agriculture is the main driver ,which works together with Mix-use Ventilation Corridor .

Historically, Downtown Brooklyn had a culture of manufacturing, and the first settlements here are farmers.The aim of the proposal is to strenghthen the culture and brand of Downtown Brooklyn,cooling the hot Downtown Brooklyn in summer, and fulfill the Ecodistrict Protocol.

BQE+URBAN FARM HEALTH&PROSPERITY

VENTILATION CORRIDOR HEALTH&MOBILITY

BUILDING TYPOLOGY LIVABILITY&PROSPERITY

BQE+URBAN FARM Health & Prosperity

Local Food Production and Distribution

VENTILATION CORRIDOR Health & Mobility

AIR FLOW TEST

KNOWLEDGE CORRIDOR Downtown Brooklyn is currently characterized by surface parking, vacant properties, under-utilised F.A.R and siloed hubs of activity.

This concept, however aims to enhance Downtown Brooklyn’s existing potential to create a unique urban meshwork through innovation, promoting entrepreneurship and building community around the generation of ideas in a vibrant, mixed use setting.

Leveraging the potential of key institutional anchors within the district (Brooklyn Law School, Long Island University, and St. Francis College), this plan creates an environment that foster knowledge generation and innovation and also strengthens connections within Downtown Brooklyn and to surrounding neighborhoods. Social economic, livability and environmental sustainability are the key elements of the plan.

Knowledge Corridor Universities / Institutions

ď Ž

The master plan proposes the creation of thematic hub that blend and fade, aim to create a strong impact on the given hub’s core while simultaneously influencing its surroundings in a more subtle way.

TECH INCUBATORS LIVE WORK RESEARCH CENTRES

THINK TANK

LIVABILITY AND PROSPERITY Community Elements

Clear Path Hierarchy

Activity Nodes

Tree Coverage - 30%

To strengthen the connections between neighborhoods, the Brooklyn-Queen express way is removed to liberate more land for development and creating more density.

Connectivity also extends to the waterfront which serve as a gateway for transporting food and other services,shifting the burden of regional transportation to water and providing micro delivery services within the neighborhood.

Activity Nodes are destinations within the public realm, focused around the plazas which will foster private investments over the time.

To maximize pedestrian comfort, tall trees with wide and dense canopy are planted along entrance plazas and setback areas, while causing minimal wind blockage to the pedestrian level.

HIGH RISE DISTRICT Urban Morphology

Existing Figure Ground - 2015

Proposed Figure Ground - 2050

Population

: 11,465

Density

: 19,631 / mi²

Population GFA

: 66,666 : 300,000,00 ft²

Density

: 158,728 / mi²

* Dumbo +Vinegar Hill + Downtown Brooklyn

VENTILATION CORRIDORS

WINTER WINDS

SUMMER SUNRISE WINTER SUNRISE

SUMMER WINDS WINTER SUNSET

SUMMER SUNSET

SHADOW STUDY

tHe BROOKLYN LOOP DESIGN GUIDELINES & GOALS

AFFORDABILITY & AVAILABILITY CONNECTIVITY CLIMATE

LIVE-WORK The Innovation District is intended to create more active space for the innovation economy in existing storage and warehouse buildings. Currently there is a considerable amount of under-utilized space, including more than 1.2 million square feet of space just within the five largest self-storage and warehouse buildings between Flushing Avenue and Park Avenue. The Innovation Distict would allow some residential uses to subsidize the conversion of low-employment short-term storage and under-utlized industrial buildings into hig-employment innovation economy commercial and light industrial space. These uses would also fit with the emergent livework preferences of creative sector and innovation economy workers.

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

ACTIVITY ZONE _ 2050

HYBRID TYPOLOGY

CLIMATE Analysis

COMPLETE STREETS The master plan proposal is to provide equity, quality of life and livability by connecting areas or neighborhoods through easy safe access to users thereby improving local businesses, job opportunites, quality of space and climatic conditions.

Development Process Existing

Proposed

Proposed Roads

Taking down of BQE wall

Population Area Density

21,265 0.083 sq mi 70,883 /sq mi

By analysing Medina of Marrakech as a case study, the courtyard concept has a huge positive impact on it surroundings after testing for climate performance.

TOURISM

A Framework towards sustainabilty Cities from the past have prioritized the pathway of pedestrians, visitors and mostly city dwellers in shaping its fabric. Kevin Lynch introduced a new way of designing cities through mental mapping, focusing on how people perceive the physical environment. My design intervention is derived from perception of the 15 million visitors that is drawn by Brooklyn attractions. The tourists crossing the Brooklyn bridge every day end up in stark confusion at the tip of the bridge thinking where to go next. But what is it that stops them?

The lack of vitality around the bridge and further fails to hold back the huge number of tourists who can be a crucial economic and 24X7 active street life generator for the Downtown Brooklyn districts. The quality of life in a city depends heavily on both the physical environment and climate. Both these issues can be addressed adding the small scale parameters that together make a bigger difference.

INTERVENTION

THE GREEN LUNGS Creating network of active spaces that are accessible and equitable with fine street grain and using the concept of internal courtyards-THE GREEN LUNGS. Facilitate better wind flow for enhanced air movement to create a lower ambient temperature and improve pedestrian comfort at street level.

Urban nodes and linkages provided for a functional connectivity.

POPULATION AREA DENSITY FAR

43288 0.0899 sq mi 787,065/sq mi 9.7

POPULATION AREA DENSITY FAR

POPULATION AREA DENSITY FAR

66,666 0.0899 sq mi 158,728/sq mi 10.0

POPULATION AREA DENSITY FAR

21,265 0.083sq mi 70,883/sq mi 10.0

POPULATION AREA DENSITY FAR

44,073 0.0899 sq mi 55,835/sq mi 10.0

33,810 0.185 sq mi 182,000/sq mi 9.5

Courses Faculty Jeffrey Raven, FAIA, LEED BD+C Director, Graduate Program in Urban + Regional Design | Associate Professor

Andrew Heid, NOA, Adjunct Professor, SoAD NYIT Students Loris Autovino Fahad Daak Nazia Hasan Jhansi Lingam Rongxin Na Sarita Rahman Neha Reddy Evelyn Thomas Heba El Gawish Shiva Ghomi Ankita Gupta Rhoda Tsado Gina Touchan Vanashree Kamani

This design jury drew from diverse faculty and active professionals leading global practices based in the New York City Metroplotian areas.

Adam Friedberg, Arup Ben Shephard, Atelier Ten Cameron Thomson, Arup Eugene Kwak, COOKFOX, Adjunct Professor SoAD NYIT Frank Mruk, SoAD NYIT Helen Lochhead, Harvard GSD Ilias Papageorgiou, So-IL Illya Azaroff, Plus Lab Jacob Dugopolski, W X Y Architecture + Urban Design Jeremy Alain Seigel, Bjarke Ingels Group Judith DiMaio, Dean, SoAD NYIT Katherine Greig, New York City Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency Lior Galili, Terreform Louise Braverman, Louise Braverman Architects Mike Nolan, SoAD NYIT Nicholas Karytinos, Tacet Creations Rolf Ohlhausen, Architect Seth Schultz, C40 Cities Climate Ted Liebman, Perkins Eastman

NYIT’s Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design is a three-semester, 36-credit, post-professional degree for those holding a Bachelor in Architecture / Landscape Architecture or Planning degree. The program’s three advanced design studios address urban and regional design with focus on integrated strategies across urban sectors, sustainability, and resilient communities in the context of their region. These studios explore the relationship of design across spatial scales, from individual buildings to regional infrstructure in ways that consider the impact of such intervention on interdependent human settlements.

Master of Science in Architecture,Urban and Regional Design ARCH 702 : Climate Resilient & Sustainable EcoDistrict in NYC New York Institute of Technology School Of Architecture Spring 2015 Editors : Jeffrey Raven, Andrew Heid, Evelyn Thomas, Rongxin Na