ICON - Intelligent Comfort Office Navigation

N O IC

G I L L E T IN FOR M O C CE I F F O IGAT V A N

T N E G T R N O I T A

All data presented in this work was collected by the authors. Intellectual property of secondary sources was marked as such.

Munich, July 24th 2019 Alexander Andreas Arndt Philipp Ekkehard Hรถlzenbein Sebastian Clark Koth Max Benjamin Zorn

THE

T N E T N O C

I.

INTRODUCTION

II.

ICON

12

III.

RESEARCH

18

IV.

TYPOLOGIES

40

V.

TRANSLATION

70

VI.

OUTLOOK

90

VII.

APPENDIX

94

6

I. D O R T IN

N O I T C U D

THE

M E L B O R P

Contemporary office buildings do not pay regard to individual comfort.

You’re sitting in front of your computer freezing. In the morning you still felt comfortable, the sun was shining in your face, it was comfortably warm, but now your workspace is in the shade, you feel the ventilation’s draught and it’s way too loud. Meanwhile your colleague, who’s felt hot for years, is sitting in the evening sun, complaining loudly about the sunrays, which you miss so wholeheartedly.1 You try to concentrate on your work, which has to be finished urgently, but you’re torn out of your thoughts immediately. It’s the HR guy, who just came back from his yearly Mallorca trip with the boys, who year after year would love to bring the Ballermann to the office and does so by carrying the smell in tow. Luckily, you can operate your window and you take the next few minutes in the fridge willingly.2 You ask yourself how many times you’ve been distracted today. However, you skip this thought instantly, since your work is still in front of you and hasn’t magically finished itself. You wish for another workspace.

The building sector, which will grow tremendously during the next decades, already is 8

one of the world’s main energy consumers and responsible for more than 40% of the world’s carbon dioxide emission.3 With regard to the massive ecological challenges due to climate change, buildings with high energy demands are no longer tolerable.

A huge portion of the consumed energy during a building’s lifespan is indebted to the fact that indoor climate is set to a uniform standard.4 But do these homogeneous conditions fit human comfort? The vast differences between the user behavior with corresponding energy consumption simulated during the planning phase and the actual data measured while running the building, show differently.

Minimizing this performance gap is one of the major tasks in the planning of high-tech buildings.5 These contemporary office buildings are planned with 10% PPD (predicted percentage dissatisfied). Consequently, a tenth of the staff feels uncomfortable at any given time - best case scenario. This is a direct result of above mentioned uniform indoor climates.6 Passively operated buildings on the other

hand do, depending on internal and external heat gains or losses, provide a wider range of indoor climates.7 Even building codes allow this to happen. We therefore want to embrace passive building technology.

Furthermore, indoor climate is not the only thing to change over the course of a day, so does the human comfort range,8 which is again heavily affected by internal and external stresses. Thermal, visual and acoustical influences are of great importance when it comes to the well-being of office workers. Thus, these external factors are to be considered thoughtfully when planning office buildings.

Working environments have undergone constant change over the past decades.

Introduced by the industrial revolution, numerous typologies developed, especially in the 20th century, which articulated themselves architecturally from very closed (Cubicles) to the greatest possible openness (BĂźrolandschaft). The contemporary trend leans towards activity-based layouts, partly to reduce the amount of built office space as about 30% of traditional desks are unoccupied at all times.9 The steady change of workspaces hence

introduces a new, much needed element to a typical workday: movement. The average office worker mainly sits, damaging their bodies lastingly. A forward-looking workspace concept must consequently consider movement as one of its main points.10 If we now look at the fluctuating climates in passive buildings, the user’s varying comfort expectations, the activity-based workplaces and the associated movement altogether, the question arises whether the general well-being of employees can be increased by enabling them to choose their workplace on the basis of activity and comfort.

Already today, office buildings are heavily monitored and large volumes of data is collected (e.g. Henning Larssen’s new Siemens headquarters includes 30,000 data points), however this big data is only used to optimize the building technology. A future workspace concept must make this data accessible to the users as well.

We therefore propose to guide office workers to spaces that fit their activity and individual comfort best.11 This will be made possible by an intelligent, AI-based app.

9

Occupant behavior can be very difficult to predict during the design stage and as Bordass (1995) and Raydan and Turner (2005) observe, occupation may double or quadruple the energy consumption in buildings. Predicting comfort related user behavior is complicated because defining what comfort is, to begin with, is a quite difficult task, or as Brager and de Dear (1998) characterise, a “deceptively simple question”. It is true that people die if they get too hot, cold, wet or dry, but it is also the case that people have reported being comfortable at temperatures ranging from 6 to 30°C (Goldsmith, 1960; Nicol et al., 1999).

1

Bordass, B. (1995). PROBE - Post Occupancy Review of Building Engineering, p. 15. London: Usable Buildings Trust.

Raydan, D. & Turner, C. H. (2005). A learn¬ing experience through applied research in energy efficient design, p. 8. 22nd Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA) International Conference Proceedings. Beirut.

Brager, G. S. & de Dear, R. (1998). Thermal adaptation in the built environ¬ment: a literature review, p. 83. Energy and Buildings.

Goldsmith, R. (1960) Use of clothing records to demonstrate acclimatisation to cold in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 15(5), 776–780. Nicol, J. F., Raja, I.A., Allaudin, A. and Jary, G. (1999) Climatic variations in comfortable temperatures: the Pakistan projects.

Energy and Buildings, 30, 261–279.

„Given the diversity and variability of the outdoor environment – an environment in which people have lived for much of human history – it is perhaps surprising that scientific research should generate such precise conclusions about what comfort is and how it might be provided (Baker, 2004). Is the notion of a universal optimum temperature merely an artefact of the theories and methods of building science?

Alternatively, is that design standards are ‘self-fulfilling’ in the sense that they inadvertently construct and reproduce increasingly standardized concepts and conventions of comfort (Baker, 1993; Humphreys, 1994; Shove, 2004)? If the latter, the ‘need’ for air-conditioning is not a ‘natural’ consequence of the human condition.

It is instead the outcome of a sequence of events through which a particular model of comfort has been reified, naturalized and reproduced (Shove, 2003).“ 4

Chappells, H. & Shove, E. (2005) Debating the future of comfort: environmental sustainability, energy consumption and the indoor environment, Building Research & Information, 33:1, 32-40

Bordass, B. (2009). The Building Services Brief of the Future, p. 3. Facility Perspectives (35).

5

„From an environmental point of view, more flexible interpretations appear to be less resource intensive to maintain both in the short term and in the longer run. It is therefore important to recognize that current policy approaches take current comfort standards so much for granted and that they take them out of the frame. This is severely restricting. By searching for more efficient ways of delivering standardized indoor environmental conditions, energy and environmental policy-makers inadvertently sustain a narrow and therefore uniquely demanding concept of comfort. (…)

Rather than figuring out more efficient ways of maintaining 21–238C in the face of global warming, society should be embarking on a much more searching debate about the meaning of comfort and the ways of life associated with it. In this way, it might be possible to exploit existing diversity and variety both in people’s expectations and in the built environment and so avoid a commitment to an unsustainably standardized future.“ 6

Adaptive comfort theory suggests that, when the occupants are given the chance to adjust their environments, their comfort requirements will have a wider tolerance: “Building occupants’ pleasure, comfort and productivity are closely linked with their real and perceived control over interior environmental conditions.

When occupants have more perceived control over their indoor environment, as is common in naturally ventilated buildings with operable windows, they are more likely to tolerate less-than-ideal conditions.”

2

Humphreys, M., & Nicol, F. (1998). Understanding the adaptive approach to ther¬mal comfort. ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin 14(1), 1–14.

UN Environment and International Energy Agency (2017): Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector. Global Status Report 2017.

3

10

Chappells, H. & Shove, E. (2005) Debating the future of comfort: environmental sustainability, energy consumption and the indoor environment, Building Research & Information, 33:1, 32-40

Nicol, F. & Humphreys, M. (2002, July). Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings, p. 50.

Energy and Buildings, 34 (6).

7

The problem with existing heat balance models to predict a thermal comfort range is that the environment that they base their arguments on may be quite detached from reality. The surveys point out that in real life, the conditions that the occupants find comfortable are actually much more diverse than what the rational models have assumed (Nicol and Humphreys, 2002). Bordass (1990) elaborates on this observation by pointing out that comfort is quite subjective and there are many aspects involved that are difficult to quantify: “nobody desires exactly 21°C 50% RH: this is an acceptable setpoint, but per¬sonal comfort is subjective and depends on individual, time of day, season, task, emotional state, clothing, time since lunch. etc.”.

Nicol (2007) adds the climate as a factor that affects the occupant’s comfort definition.

8

Nicol, F. & Humphreys, M. (2002, July). Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings, p. 46. Energy and Buildings, 34 (6).

Bordass, B. (1990). The Balance Between Central and Local Control Systems, p. 2. Environmental Quality 90 Conference. Solihull.

Nicol, F. (2007). Allowing for thermal comfort in free-running buildings in the new European Standard EN15251. 2nd PALENC Conference and 28th AIVC Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st Century. Crete Island, Greece.

and did not receive ergonomics training, compared with controls (ps < 0.05) (Robertson et al., 2008).“ Engelen, L., Chau, J., Young, S., Mackey, M., Jeyapalan, D. & Bauman, A. (2018): Is activity-based working impacting health, work performance and perceptions? A systematic review, Building Research & Information

„Emerging approaches to comfort consider that: a) occupants will take a more active role in shaping indoor conditions through improved means for personal control (e.g. Leaman and Bordass, 1995; Bauman, 1999; Brager et al., 2004); b) comfort is experienced in the psychological, behavioral and social (or collective) sense, not only physiological (e.g. Baker and Standeven, 1997; de Dear and Brager, 2001; Cole et al., 2008); and c) indoor comfort conditions should be variable and diverse rather than uniform and static. Ultimately, the future of comfort remains “fluid, contested and controversial” and “the range of possible responses is much wider than currently contemplated by energy and environmental policymakers” (Chappells and Shove, 2005, p.33).“ 11

Brown, Z. (2009). Occupant comfort and engagement in green buildings: Examining the effects of knowledge, feedback and workplace culture. Vancouver.

Wyllie, T., Green, M., Nagrath, R., & Town, A. (2012).

Activity based working. Retrieved from http://www.jll.com.au/ australia/en-au/Documents/jll-au-activity-based-working2012.pdf 9

„In one study, participants reported less lower back discomfort when working in an ABW trial space compared with the usual office (p < 0.05), but no changes in discomfort at other body parts, such as neck, shoulders, wrists and hands, and legs (Foley et al., 2016). In another study, general musculoskeletal discomfort over eight body parts was significantly reduced among employees after six months working in a new flexible office workspace with added ergonomics training, and reduced discomfort in the legs, and wrists or hands, among employees who worked in the flexible office space 10

11

.

I I N O IC

N O I T U L O

S E H T

The percentage of people dissatisfied can be lowered by guiding users to work spaces that fit their individual comfort best.

Smart building concepts are on the advance due to increasing automation, including them into the technological revolution. However, todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s concepts do not yet introduce a paradigmatic change, they merely try to optimize what already exists. The main focus here is on the implementation of ever newer, more efficient technology to ensure that simulated energy consumption is achieved.

However, users often act contrary to the assumed behaviour. This divergence creates the performance gap, which in turn leads to a remaining inefficiency even in highly engineered buildings .

As explained in chapter I. Introduction, this can only be counteracted by a user-oriented system. Therefore, we present ICON (Intelligent Comfort Office Navigation), an AI-based framework that makes it possible to enable future users to find a workplace that suits their individual comfort parameters and activities best.

ICON consists of two integral components.

14

On the one hand, the system is based on an AI, which learns from user and building data and makes it possible to find ideal workstations based on current, individual parameters (fig. 1). On the other hand, there is the UI (user interface), which enables users to search for and find these locations (fig.2).

Fig. 1 shows the required input. The building records weather data, indoor climatic conditions such as temperature, illumination, humidity, etc., as well as current occupancy and operating times. The userâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s body data needed to determine their current comfort, including body shell and core temperature, vital values, etc. is monitored. Furthermore, the timetables of the users are synchronized with the system. The interface finally offers the possibility to give feedback.

After opening the app the first screen to appear is the home screen, where the main interaction is the selection of the desired next activity. ICON suggests the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s ideal activity, leaving them the opportunity to

choose any other option freely. It is also possible to view individual body data. Via the lower control panel the user reaches the categories favourite rooms, the schedule and friends.

1

AI

In these tabs the user has further interaction possibilities, like changing schedules or inviting friends to meetings and breaks.

Once the user has decided on an activity, ICON suggests several ways to reach their selected workplace in the next step. These paths are adapted to the individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s current needs, but are different enough to choose from a variety of experiences. Once the user has decided on a way, ICON takes care of the navigation. Arrived at the destination, the user now has the possibility to adjust the remaining time, to change the place, to invite friends or to end the activity. If the occupant decides for the latter, the app asks for a feedback based on 5 stars. If the user is satisfied with the experience, he or she will be given the opportunity to indicate what was particularly good and to leave a short comment. Negative feedback works equivalently. Afterwards, the interface returns to the homescreen with the customized itinerary and the user can now start their next task.

15

E C A F R E NT

I E H T 2

100%

9:41 AM

Board Meeting

Scenic Route Best route to activate

35min

4 min

Shortest Route

creative task best after lunch

Meeting with Alex A.

100%

9:41 AM

10 min

2h30

Fixed appointment 14:00

Project Y

100%

9:41 AM

Best route to keep workflow 1h45

25 min

Social Route

Alex is ready to meet you

Meeting with Alex A.

Best route to meet people 45min

Lunch

9 min

meet client at salad place

Isolated Route

Best route to think

Evaluate Intern 5

15min

check portfolio in mail

7 min

Nature Route

25 meters less than 1 minute

Best route to focus Spaces

9:41 AM

Lighthouse

100%

Schedule

9:41 AM

Board Meeting

Detail

Meeting with Alex

Alex is ready to meet you

Detail

Lunch

meet client at salad place

Evaluate Intern 5 Detail

Detail

100%

Alexander Arndt

meet

Julia Wittman

meet

Sebastian Koth

meet

PH

meet

Elena Luib

meet

Hendrik Ruprecht

meet

Detail

creative task

Plaza

9:41 AM

Detail

Project Y

l’Arc de Triomphe

100%

To do

Detail

fixed appointment

Bonfire

Friends

Detail Detail

check portfolio in mail

9:41 AM

100%

pulse

82/min

blood pressure

123/82

body temperature

36,9°C

skin temperature

32,1°C

metabolic equivalent

1,8met

clothing insulation

0,96clo

Done

Mailman

Detail

Mountain

Detail

Schedule

Friends

Check Mail

65 unread mails

Finish Excel update P&L

Spaces

16

Prepare presentation

for presentation on monday Spaces

Schedule

Friends

Spaces

Schedule

Friends

100%

9:41 AM

100%

9:41 AM

100%

9:41 AM

9:41 AM

100%

9:41 AM

100%

9:41 AM

100%

100%

11:25 AM

Board Meeting

2h30

Board Meeting

Subtitle

Julia W.

Eagle’s nest

1:40:24

1:40:24

Rate your experience

35min

Project Y

Rate your experience

Subtitle

Spaces

Julia Wittman

Sebastian Koth

Friends

100%

9:41 AM

Alexander Arndt

Friends

9:41 AM

inviteAlexander Arndt

invite

Julia Wittman

invite Sebastian

Koth

Rooms

100%

100%

9:41 AM

invite

Lighthouse

invite

Bonfire

invite

l’Arc de Triomphe

9:41 AM

Change Lighthouse

Change

Bonfire

l’Arc de Triomphe Change

9:41 AM

100%

9:41 AM

100%

Schedule

9:41 AM

Change

invite

Plaza

Elena Luib

invite

Elena Luib

invite

Mailman

Change Mailman

Change

invite

Mountain

Change Mountain

Change

Change

Spaces

Spaces

Friends

Friends

Spaces

Spaces

Friends

Rooms

Friends

100%

Schedule

Friends

100%

9:41 AM

scroll temperature temperature Icon will ask you quickly Icon whatwill ask you quickly what you liked least, when rating youless liked least, when rating less than 3 stars than 3 stars

What was bad?

Ruprecht

15min

Subtitle

Change

PH

inviteHendrik

Evaluate Intern 5

Change

invite

Change

Plaza

100%

PH

Hendrik Ruprecht

15min

Subtitle

swipe to end meeting

35min

Project Y

Subtitle

Evaluate Intern 5 swipe to end meeting

Spaces

45min

Lunch

Julia W.

Eagle’s nest

2h30

Subtitle

45min

Lunch

100%

11:25 AM

What was bad?

You’ll have a chance to leave You’llahave a chance to leave a comment, what you disliked comment, what you disliked

Friends

17

scroll

.

I II C R A E S E R

H C

THE

S T N E M E R

I U REQ

Norms and guidelines ensure the average user‘s wellbeing. But in a time of evolving work concepts and innovative technologies, these helpful tools are quickly outdated.

Construction standards such as the German ArbStättV or the DIN provide strict guidelines for the surface design of workplaces. In the realm of office work, not only the necessary surfaces of the tables are precisely defined, but also the dimensions of movement and storage area. The required minimal dimensions of a classic office workstation, as shown in fig. 18 on the follwing page, are ≥2,88m2, of which 1,28m2 are table surface. Yet, these guidelines do not correspond with temporary working concepts, which have started placing more emphasis on flexibility and interchangeability.

The actual space consumption, however, must be seen in context and dependent on the activity, but individual preferences and the time component also play a determining role.

Fig. 3 shows how area consumption changes with increasing equipment (≤1,21m2) compared to working on a laptop (0,5m2).

20

This is particularly interesting given that work is increasingly done on the move and that these locations usually only provide a fraction of the required space. While a train passenger usually only has a little more than a third of a square metre of space available, a café offers up to 1.2m2. It is also worth comparing these spaces to innovative group workstations, which are increasingly popular.

Their spatial requirements per participant jumps to ≤11.5m2 (fig.10), as new working methods are accompanied by new furniture.

Furthermore, digital workplaces also have a different area consumption from that specified in the DIN, from very small areas, which can be used for AR simulations, to large VR environments, through which one can also move physically.

Thus, the matrix on the following page contrasts norms and workplace concepts with unconventional settings, offering us the possibility to evaluate the user‘s actual spatial needs.

3

0.5m2 +0.07m2 = 0.57m2 +0.19m2 = 0.76m2 +0.15m2 = 0.91m2 +0.30m2 = 1.21m2

21

4

Individual Work

≥3.3m

5

Group Work

2

Cubicle

8

2.04m2

9

Steelcase Coppice Work 01 16

2.88m

Norm

22

2

Outside Container

1.19m2

10

Starbucks Cafe 17

0.39m

ICE Economy Class

1.15m2

11.5m2

11

Vitra Workstation Joyn

Steelcase Collaborative Workspace 2

18

2.88m

Norm

2

≥1.8m2

19

0.44m2

ICE Economy Class Group

6

Meeting Spaces

8m

2

7

Digital Workspaces

Seagram Building 12

2.5m2

13

Norm

20

1.28m

Norm

Hologram Table / Room

≥2.5m2

14

21

≥2.5m

≥6.3m2

15

2

Transformable Meeting Space

22

≥0.5m

AR environment Spatial

1.35m2

Cobot LBR iisy

CDP

Google Plex BIG 2

1.6m2/2 30.4m

2

23

≤20m2

VR environment Oculus 23

THE

N O I T A G I T S E INV

ICON is, as shown in the chapter II. ICON, a databased system, utilizing both building and user data. This data is, as will be described in chapter IV. Typologies, the prerequisite for a novel human-centric architecture. In order to collect data for a first database on our part, we examined a contemporary office building in Gröbenzell, 16km north-west of Munich where we examined indoor climatic conditions and user behavior.

The building was finished in 2009 and is passively cooled and heated via component activation. The investigated office’s layout is L-shaped and divided in three zones.

Workstation combs, along both façades adjoin open corridors on the inside of the building. Between the two corridors there are set boxes, which contain the office’s meeting rooms. Except for two boxes with skylights, none of them have direct daylight nor fresh air supply, as the building is not mechanically ventilated.

We investigated five of the partitioned workspaces (##18, 20, 23, 29, 33; fig. 24) where ten office workers were present as well as the largest of the meeting rooms (#M3). After a preliminary discussion, we 24

24

23

20

M3 29

18

33

chose these rooms based on the estimated user behavior (eg. frequency of opening and closing the windows), occupation, age, gender and comfort diversity. To measure the indoor climatic conditions, we used two IC-Meters, two TFA KlimaLogg Pro Thermo-/ Hygrometers, one luxmeter and an infra-red camera. Further, we installed six GoPro cameras to observe the office workers’ behavior. To investigate comfort parameters, we handed out two different surveys. The observed employees received a checklist on which they had to enter when they left their

25

Luxmeter Indoor Climate Meter Infrared Measurement Camera

25

workplace, when they came back, where they went, how comfortable they felt before they left and how they felt when they returned, based on a scale from 1 to 6 (1 = very comfortable, 6 = very uncomfortable). At the end of the day, we distributed another survey to all employees present, in which they were asked about more general topics such as the significance of certain parameters regarding their comfort or the level of control over the building.

Hereafter, the data collected will be presented using two exemplary participants.

The participants are particularly interesting because they occupy the same room but, according to their own information, have very different comfort preferences.

The graphs on the following pages (fig.

27-30) visualize the data collected from these two participants. Personal information and their answers to the survey are displayed on the left page, the measured data on the right. The measurements of the IC-Meter and the luxmeter are shown in the lower part of the data figures (fig. 27 & 29). The subjective comfort ratings and the time spent at the desk, in meetings or other places, based on 26

the checklist data are visualized above.

The temperature in room 29 rose steadily during the day, but only by about 1.5°C. Both in the morning from 8:00AM to 10:30AM and at noon from 11:30AM to 2:30PM the temperature hardly changed (≤ 0.25°C).

However, we know Participant 1 was cold in the morning, thus uncomfortable. At 11:30AM he rated his comfort with 4, an hour and a half later at 1:00PM his rating jumped to a 1, even though the indoor temperature did not change. With Participant 2, on the other hand, it’s vice versa. He said he was comfortable in the morning, at 11:00AM he still rated his level with 1, but at 12:15 his well-being changed and he only rated level 3. He stated that it became too hot due to the closed window.

The CO2 values, apart from local fluctuations, decreased continuously during the first 3.5h of the data collection because of the opened window. After closing the former, the level rose again. The two peaks at 3:30PM and 5:30PM are of particular interest: During the afternoon, a meeting with several participants took place in the adjacent meeting room #M3, through which the skylight

26

remained closed. At 3:00PM the meeting was interrupted and the door was opened.

At 5:00PM they finished the meeting and the door remained open.

Nevertheless, this had no influence on the well-being of Participant 1, he gave the best grade of 1 throughout the afternoon.

Participant 2 already indicated average well-being at low CO2 doses, from which no direct conclusion can be drawn between his afternoon discomfort and the rising CO2 levels.

The correspondence between the lux curve and the comfort rating is conspicuous. While it was comparatively dark in the morning (300-800 lux) Participant 1 felt uncomfortable, Participant 2 comfortable. With rising illumination Participant 2 rated increasingly worse, but Participant 1 better. However, no clear connection can be made, because the dataset, especially the subjective rating, is too inconsistent.

27

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

28

175 cm ø 2.40

Do you have control over artificial light?

334 min at desk

Do you have control over blinds?

54 years old

Are the blinds effective in blocking out natural light?

29, South-West facade

Is the level of artificial light too high or too low?

male

Is there too little or too much natural light?

CEO

Significance of daylight for performance

82 kg

Is there significant distraction from background noise?

Is there significant distraction from noise outside?

Significance of noise for performance

Do you have control over heating/ cooling?

Is the temperature in summer too cold or too hot?

Is the temperature in winter too cold or too hot?

Significance of air temperature for performance

Do you have control over ventialtion?

Is there air circulation?

Is the air humid or dry?

Is the air fresh or stale?

Significance of air quality for performance

Comfort Participant 1

27

30 30 3030

40 40 4040

50 50 5050

60 60 6060

70 70 7070

Noise Noise Noise Noise Level Level Level Level in in indB(A) in dB(A) dB(A) dB(A)

5h 34min 5h 34min 5h 34min 34min 5h 1h 42min 1h 42min 1h 42min 1h 2h 42min 29min 2h 2h 29min 2h 29min 29min 45 45 4545

50 50 5050

55 55 5555

60 60 6060

65 65 6565

70 70 7070 Humidity Humidity Humidity Humidity in in in% in % %%

57% 57% 57% 57% 17% 17% 17% 17% 25% 25% 25% 25% 21

20

16:00

17:00

18:00

16:00 16:00 16:00 16:00

17:00 17:00 17:00 17:00

18:00 18:00 18:00 18:00

14:00

13:00

12:00

11:00

10:00

09:00

08:00

200 22

400

50 24

60

900

50

6 1000

25

26

27

2

1000 1200 140

55

800

800

40

700 600

23

600

30

45

500

0

40

20

400

15:00

shades closed

15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00

111 1

111 1

444 4 333 3

444 4

444 4

window closed

14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00

13:00 13:00 13:00 13:00

111 1

111 1

window opened

12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00

11:00 11:00 11:00 11:00

10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00

09:00 09:00 09:00 09:00

25% D M O

17%

2h 29min

333 3 222 2

Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature in in in째C in 째C 째C째C

Comfort Comfort Comfort Comfort

57%

1h 42min

08:00 08:00 08:00 08:00

20 20 2020 21 21 2121 22 22 2222 23 23 2323 24 24 2424 25 25 2525 26 26 2626 27 27 2727 28 28 2828 29 29 2929 30 30 3030

000 0 200 200 200 200 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 800 800 800 8001000 1000 1000 10001200 1200 1200 12001400 1400 1400 14001600 1600 1600 16001800 1800 1800 1800 Light Light Light Light in in inlux in lux lux lux

40 40 4040

5h 34min

D D DDM M MMO O OO

20 20 2020

400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 600 600 600 600 700 700 700 700 800 800 800 800 900 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100 1100 1100 1100 1200 1200 1200 1200 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 Level Level Level Level in in inppm in ppm ppm ppm

28

29

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

30

178 cm ø 2.36

Do you have control over artificial light?

290 min at desk

Do you have control over blinds?

42 years old

Are the blinds effective in blocking out natural light?

29, South-West facade

Is the level of artificial light too high or too low?

male

Is there too little or too much natural light?

Executive Board

Significance of daylight for performance

87 kg

Is there significant distraction from background noise?

Is there significant distraction from noise outside?

Significance of noise for performance

Do you have control over heating/ cooling?

Is the temperature in summer too cold or too hot?

Is the temperature in winter too cold or too hot?

Significance of air temperature for performance

Do you have control over ventialtion?

Is there air circulation?

Is the air humid or dry?

Is the air fresh or stale?

Significance of air quality for performance

Comfort Participant 2

29

30 30 3030

40 40 4040

50 50 5050

60 60 6060

Noise Noise Noise Level Level Level Level in in indB(A) in dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) 70 70 7070 Noise

2h 19min 2h 19min 2h 19min 2h 1h 19min 45min 1h 45min 1h 45min 1h 4h 45min 50min 4h 50min 50min 4h 4h 50min

45 45 4545

50 50 5050

55 55 5555

60 60 6060

65 65 6565

70 70 7070 Humidity Humidity Humidity Humidity in in in% in % %%

26% 26% 26% 26% 20% 20% 20% 20% 54% 54% 54% 54%

3 3 3

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3

21

20

18:00

16:00

15:00

14:00

13:00

12:00

11:00

10:00

09:00

08:00

200 22

400

50 24

60

900

50

6 1000

25

26

27

2

1000 1200 140

55

800

800

40

700 600

23

600

30

45

500

0

40

20

400

18:00 18:00 18:00 18:00

3 3 3 17:00

shades closed

17:00 17:00 17:00 17:00

16:00 16:00 16:00 16:00

3 3 3

15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00

window closed

14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00

2 2 2

13:00 13:00 13:00 13:00

window opened

12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00

1 1 1

11:00 11:00 11:00 11:00

1 1 1

10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00

09:00 09:00 09:00 09:00

54%

08:00 08:00 08:00 08:00

20%

4h 50min

D M O

26%

1h 45min

Comfort Comfort Comfort Comfort

20 20 2020 21 21 2121 22 22 2222 23 23 2323 24 24 2424 25 25 2525 26 26 2626 27 27 2727 28 28 2828 29 29 2929 30 30 3030 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature in in in째C in 째C 째C째C

000 0 200 200 200 200 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 800 800 800 8001000 1000 1000 10001200 1200 1200 12001400 1400 1400 14001600 1600 1600 16001800 1800 1800 1800 Light Light Light Light in in inlux in lux lux lux

40 40 4040

2h 19min

DD DD M M MM O O OO

20 20 2020

400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 600 600 600 600 700 700 700 700 800 800 800 800 900 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 10001100 1100 1100 11001200 1200 1200 1200 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 Level Level Level Level in in inppm in ppm ppm ppm

30

31

S E C N E R E

F E R P E H T

The movement of agents is driven by many factors. These can arise from an activity, such as to perform a task or to interact with people, as well as to reach statically located facilities like the kitchen, toilet, printer, and others. But the observation of the participants also clearly shows that there is no movement motivated by thermal comfort. To a certain extent this insight can be explained by the rigid layout of the workplaces.

On the assumption that ICON can create movement based on comfort, we firstly need to understand the parameters of discomfort of the employees. For this purpose, the survey answers of 25 participants were bundled and compiled (fig. 31). The questions of the survey are divided into four areas on the X-axis. From left to right, the shades of blue backgrounds in the graph distinguish between questions relating to air, temperature, noise and illumination. The Y-axis reflects the answer possibilities of the survey, which range from 1 meaning very little to 10 meaning very much.

The aim of the survey was to gain an understanding of the divergence in comfort and to check whether these differences are also 32

related to the location within the office. For this purpose, the answers of the participants were assigned to their respective facade orientation of their workplace. Some questions, such as the effectiveness of sun protection and the perception of the indoor temperature in winter, show large differences in the answers depending on the orientation of the workplace. On the other hand, some questions show negligible differences, such as those concerning disturbance through significant background noise. It can be concluded that some comfort parameters show less divergences, whereas the questions about temperature show large differences in the feelings of the individual participants.

1 South-West

Do you have control over artificial light?

Do you have control over blinds?

Are the blinds effective in blocking out natural light?

Is the level of artificial light too high or too low?

South-East

Is there too little or too much natural light?

Significance of daylight for performance

Is there significant distraction from background noise?

Is there significant distraction from noise outside?

North-West

Significance of noise for performance

Do you have control over heating/ cooling?

Is the temperature in summer too cold or too hot?

Is the temperature in winter too cold or too hot?

North-East

Significance of air temperature for performance

Do you have control over ventialtion?

Is there air circulation?

Is the air humid or dry?

Is the air fresh or stale?

Significance of air quality for performance

31

Trend

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

33

E R U T A R E

P M E T E H T

Notwithstanding the open floor plan and its technical features, the office environment of our investigation displays a broad variety of climate zones from 21 to over 27 degrees Celsius.

32

27.1°C

24.6°C 23.0°C

25.1°C 23.3°C

24.8°C 21.9°C

34

23.4°C

N O I T A N I M U L L HE I

T

The luxmeter revealed data that differs substantially from our first assumptions: On the south-east faรงade, the illumination was dimmed down to a paradoxically low minimum of 32 lux.

33

1

2

1520 lux 418 lux

300 lux 158 lux

1135 lux 203 lux

3270 lux 495 lux 315 lux 45 lux

920 lux 253 lux

254 lux 32 lux

1120 lux 210 lux

1

2

35

T N E M E V O M E H

T

A closer look at our video surveillance underlined our expectations: The users move much more than anticipated before the investigation.

34

36

74

84

89 V.

VI.

14

13

46

59

IV.

15 IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

24

31

28

36

40

36

19 I. II. III. Participant No.

12

This is a fundamental insight, as the Intelligent Comfort Office Navigation system is strongly based on the notion that employees will move from one space to another multiple times a day based on activity and comfort.

I. II. III. Participant No.

No. of movements

As mentioned before, the movement was captured by the cameras as well as the questionnaires. By this, the start and end points of each movement and the duration of the moving and non-moving periods were recorded. The checklist was then validated and the missing data supplemented.

It turned out that none of the observed stayed at a space longer than 136 minutes, the average time spent was around 92 minutes (fig. 35). How much the participants actually moved, only becomes apparent when examining their total number of movements. The recorded minimum was 12 movements, the maximum 40 and the average at around 23 per person and day.

max. time spent at one place in mins 75

110

122

130

136

35

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

37

THE

S G N I D N FI

A broad climatic range is key to the well-being of every individual user in an office environment and should therefore be enhanced.

When designing workplaces, the working surface plays a decisive role. To ensure that the planned environments are not too small, standards such as DIN regulate minimum dimensions. However, these standards describe permanently allocated desk and assume that employees rarely leave their workplace during the day. This is not compatible with new activity-based working environments. We have therefore examined the space consumption of a wide variety of workplace scenarios and, in a self-experiment, checked the minimum space required for working at a desk.

One can conclude that even the smallest areas of less than 0.5 m2 per person are sufficient for temporary workplaces, as they are already used in large numbers in places such as trains, cafĂŠs and lounges. However, the temporary nature of their use and the fact that the work carried out is often combined with other activities (e.g. travelling, drinking coffee, etc.) is important for these spaces.

Other workplaces require significantly more 38

space, for example to encourage creative group work or because they are tied to technical equipment.

For a future architecture based on ICON, this means a complete rethinking of the space program and a diversification of the offered workplace typologies.

As already mentioned before, we focused on two main areas during the investigation, one being the behavior of the passively cooled building and the other being the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s. At building scale, the aim was to investigate the variety of indoor climates within a passively operated building.

During our measurements we were able to record various microclimates, even though the floor we investigated has a comparatively open plan and a low building depth. Both the facade orientation and the shading and opening elements have a significant effect on the interior temperature and brightness.

Since the latter are not automated, it offers

the possibility to observe the direct effect of user behaviour on the indoor climate.

are incompatible with todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s regulations must be part of an ICON architecture.

It is noticeable that the average, subjective comfort data of the users in the various rooms do not differ despite the strongly fluctuating climates, as the participants in the very warm rooms gave comparable grades to those in the cooler ones. However, all participants showed changing comfort ratings over the course of the day. It can therefore be assumed that comfort preferences change greatly throughout the day and that internal parameters are just as important as external ones. This is another indication that a uniform indoor climate is contrary to human behaviour.

In room #33, one of the participantâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s desperate attempts to adapt her workplace to her comfort demonstrates how much the predicted user behavior differs from the actual behavior and how important it is to diversify the indoor climate. When the afternoon sun started blinding her, she closed the blinds, reducing the illumination, forcing her to turn on the lights. To let the warm air in, she opened the windows, but also switched in and out of her jacket repeatedly.

The extent to which individual preferences affect microclimates was demonstrated by the participants in room #18. They closed the external blinds in the morning and sat in a dark room all day without turning on the lights. The measured lux values were significantly below the legal requirements.

Instead of the 500 lux or more recommended for office workplaces by the ASR A3.4, the participants worked at as little as 30 lux. This means that even extreme environments that

Contrary to the assumptions that in classically organized offices only few movements can be registered, underlined by statements of the employees that they would only move rarely, we detected numerous changes of location.

Hence, ICON utilizes existing movements, especially as the comfort grades were on average 0.3 points better after the participants had moved.

39

.

IV O L O P Y T

S E I G O

A M E H C S THE The application of ICON to existing office environments is only the first step. In order to nurture its full potential, architectural design strategies have to be rethought.

ICON can be used in existing buildings and improve the comfort of all individuals. But in order to achieve absolute comfort of all users in an office space, the physical architecture has to be rethought as well. The offices of the past tried to satisfy the comfort of the vast majority with both active and passive measures, but forgot the individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s distinct needs. As already illustrated, ICON offers suggestions for an ideal workplace according to the comfort preferences and the specific daily routine of the user. Hence, it is worth inspecting the quality of these workplaces in closer detail.

The three main influences that significantly define individual comfort are of thermal, visual and acoustical nature. As discussed in chapter II. ICON, the thermal component is taken care of by the system. This means that the architecture of the workspaces, later referred to as Nodes, is derived primarily from the visual and acoustic parameters.

Different work situations, from concentrated 42

and isolated individual work to exposed and dynamic group work, require different environments.

In the matrix shown on pp. 46-47, allegorical concepts are listed which accommodate highly diverse work situations. These are arranged according to the number of participants in the X-axis: From individual and small group work to major events. In addition, the typologies are once again subdivided into focused and dynamic working methods, described by the colors blue for focused and yellow for dynamic work. In this context, Dynamic implies whether communication and exchange with third parties at the workplace is more likely to be advocated or tended to be prevented. The Y-axis describes the degree and type of exposure. For example, as illustrated in fig. 37, a work typology can either be exposed both visually and acoustically, to only one of the two or to no external influence at all. Subsequently, the Nodes are explained in detail and the basis for an

37

interpretation is created. In addition, the Nodes were subjected to an evaluation scale in the categories Focus, Dynamic, Audio and Visual, which is intended to provide an initial indication of the qualities of the possible architectural translation. Since some of the Nodes display certain similarities, their architectural translations may overlap. Those similarities are color-coded on each typology card (pp. 48-71), helping the architect to cluster and translate the Nodes.

The purpose of these concepts is to provide the ICON architect with an associative design basis in order to set up a user-oriented space program. The omnipresent goal is to respond to the wishes of all users and to dimension the spaces norm-independently. Consequently, the spatial program can be detached from assumptions and rigid, partly outdated guidelines. The elaboration of the diagrammatic space program is explained further in chapter V. Translation and supplemented by a final Outlook in chapter VI.

43

X I R T A M E H

T

Individual Focus 39

44

Dynamic

Small Group Focus

Dynamic

Big Group Focus

Dynamic

45

THE

R U E N Â L F

While being exposed to the environments he is passing through, the Flâneur himself pursues a contemplative, introverted activity. This ambivalence offers the Flâneur the possibility of focussing on his thoughts and personal needs, detached from obligations provided by his surroundings.

Focus

+

Audio

+

Dynamic Visual

46

o

+

N A AILM

M E H T

Focus

-

Dynamic

+

Visual

+

Audio

+

Similar to the Flâneur, the Mailman is a restless wanderer with strong visual and aural influences. The task itself is strongly connected to the act of movement. Nevertheless, the difference lays in the act of communication and occasional dialogues, which makes the Mailman the dynamic sibling of the Flâneur.

47

E N A E CR

TH

Elevated on a high spot, the Crane operator has the undimmed overview over the surroundings. Unreachable for others, he or she can focus on the main task without any distractions or acoustic influences, making the Crane the ideal spot for concentrated and contemplative work.

Focus

+

Audio

-

Dynamic Visual

48

-

+

E S U THO

H G I L THE

Focus

o

Dynamic

+

Visual

+

Audio

o

The main task of a Lighthouse is the communication of hazardous coastlines or reefs to maritime vessels. Due to its exposed and elevated position, the Lighthouse sets up a szenario of great visual value. As the task itself is of a communicative nature, the Lighthouse becomes a hybrid of focused and dynamic work patterns.

49

E H C I HE N

T

The layout of the Niche is defined by its specific user. The nature of the Niche makes it a spot of short and spontaneous work, serving a variety of tasks. Due to its mixture of acoustic influences and an encapsuled setting, it can be used by both the communicative dynamic and the acribically focused worker.

Focus

+

Audio

+

Dynamic Visual

50

+ -

H C L E GU

TH

Focus

-

Dynamic

+

Visual

-

Audio

+

The visual extent of the gulch is just as limited as its capacity of offering a concentrated work environment. Its potential lays rather in its dynamic setting, generating velocity through density. Hence, the essence of its architectural interpretation is the promotion of movement.

51

E V A C E H T No other typology offers such a strong potential of unimpeded individual work like the Cave. With its rock-solid enclosure, sheltering it from both sonic and visual interruptions, the remote Cave becomes the ideal environment for fast progressing and diligent activity.

Focus

+

Audio

-

Dynamic Visual

52

-

E N I L E N O

H P E TH

Focus

-

Dynamic

+

Visual

o

Audio

-

Although the user shields him- or herself from exterior distractions, communication is key to the progression of the task and is what gives the Phoneline its distinct characteristics. Nevertheless, architectural interpretations of the Phoneline are very diverse, offering a wide range of zero to limitless visual impacts.

53

T A O B G N I

W O R THE

While still in an exposed position to outside influences, the rowingboat is isolated from its surroundings. Whereas the communication between the members of the small team can work perfectly, the isolation in itself offers a focused and goal-driven environment.

Focus

+

Audio

+

Dynamic Visual

54

-

+

O R T S I B E H

T

Focus

o

Dynamic

+

Visual

+

Audio

+

The bistro offers the possibility of a spontaneous and informal sit-in.

While being exposed, the user has an unlimited overview of the things happening around him or her. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s the idea of being together while working alone or in a small group that attracts people to this highly casual setting.

55

T S E N LE‘S

G A E THE

Unreachable for all kinds of further social interaction, the Eagle‘s Nest serves a clear purpose for a defined number of individuals.

Its exposure to weather makes the Eagle‘s Nest an environment of changing set-ups. The opportunity of focussing while being taken care of is what makes the Eagle‘s Nest particularly attractive.

Focus

+

Audio

-

Dynamic Visual

56

+ +

E G D I R B E

TH

Focus

-

Dynamic

+

Visual

+

Audio

+

The Bridge in its raw definition as a structure spanning and providing passage over a space, defines a place of dense, frequent and directional movement. Through its elevation a Bridge is often also a position of good visual sight. The motion is critical to the architectural interpretation of the Bridge.

57

THE

E R I F BON

The gathering of people around a Bonfire is spatially defined by the centerpoint of the fire and the inward facing positions of the small group circling it. Turning their back to any surrounding, the visual field of the small group is limited to the inside of their circle. Merely the surrounding acoustics are perceived.

Focus

+

Audio

+

Dynamic Visual

58

-

N E D R A G R

E E B THE

Focus

o

Dynamic

+

Visual

+

Audio

+

The Beergarden is a fusion of intimacy within a vast open space of high fluctuation. The application of the Beergarden is therefore defined by its users, enabling both focused and dynamic, enclosed and amenable communication within smaller and larger groups. The accessibility of catering gives the Beergarden its finishing touch.

59

O O L G I E H

T

Similar to the Bonfire, the small group inside an Igloo also faces inwards to the fire as the focal point. While the work and communication between the group members may be similarly focused and internal, it is completly shielded from the outside. The Igloo is thus akin to the cave and its specific characteristics.

Focus

+

Audio

-

Dynamic Visual

60

-

N O G A T N E EP

TH

Focus

+

Audio

o

Dynamic Visual

+ o

Striving for the central space, all sides of the Pentagon remain in constant exchange with each other. Nevertheless, with its connotation as the military command center, the Pentagon remains the heart of operation for many further institutions. Therefore, the Pentagon is to be understood as a dynamic, but focused allegory.

61

M U I D E STA

TH

One of the oldest typologies for gathering and entertainment, the Stadium is among the most effective forms of visual and acoustic connectivity. While among the big group of people the Stadium is very communicative, the overall activity of watching the event remains focused.

Focus

+

Audio

-

Dynamic Visual

62

-

R A Z E BA

TH

Focus

-

Dynamic

+

Visual

+

Audio

+

With the amount of people, the multiple stands as well as the visual and acoustical impressions, the Bazar acts as a place full of diversity and exchange. It allows both social interaction and big group gatherings. Unlike the Stadium the Bazar in its horizontal layout creates equal areas without hierarchy.

63

THE

T I M SUM

The Summit has much more to offer apart from its extensive views: It provides enough space for a large group of people while setting up a scenario of little distractions. The Summit thus is an allegory for a focused environment with little sonic disturbances and visually comforting sceneries.

Focus

+

Audio

o

Dynamic Visual

64

o

+

C R A L A H P

M U I R T E H

T

Focus

+

Audio

+

Dynamic Visual

+ -

The circulation around the Triumphal Arc is what makes this typology both dynamic and focused at the same time. Its momentum results in vast communication between the ever-changing users in the near.

The Arc remains exposed to onlookers, giving it its high ranking in the categories Audio and Visual.

65

D N A E ISL

TH

The Island offers sufficient space for a large number of people.

Their progress and survival is defined by their capability of working as a whole - thus substantially defining its architectural interpretation: The large group commits to focused work with little visual distractions.

Focus

+

Audio

o

Dynamic Visual

66

-

A Z A L P E H T Focus

-

Dynamic

+

Visual

-

Audio

+

The Plaza circles around a focal point, offering space for a get-together of an indefinite count of people. Its acoustical exposure is substantial, whereas the visual focus dimms out exterior influences.

Just like an urban Plaza, its architectural translation is defined by the paradoxically sheltered openess.

67

THE

E R U T C E L

A large crowd giving full attention to a single person or purpose that is what gives the Lecture its distinct attributes. In order to develop its full potential, the Lecture has to be blocked from disturbing views and bothering noises. No other typology has the capacities of the Lecture which often makes it a crucial component.

Focus

+

Audio

-

Dynamic Visual

68

-

T N E LIAM

R A P THE

Focus

-

Dynamic

+

Visual

+

Audio

-

The Parliament is home to vivid and enduring debates. Open to the public, it is a space of mulitple interactions that is both visually and acoustically exposed. Notwithstanding the large quantity of people and their respectively high fluctuation, the Parliament serves a clear purpose that it maintains until the very end.

69

.

V A L S N A R T

N O I T LA

S T N E G A E

TH

The architects of tommorrow need to know their agents.

So far, user-oriented designs have been based on the analysis of the context of usage and the definition of requirements, but above all on the experience of architects.

Users were therefore confronted with the finished building, which in the following had a decisive influence on their behaviour and daily routines. For an architectural design that is truly user-friendly, however, more than just rigid assumptions and dilatory evaluations are required. After all, these have the disadvantage of always having been surveyed at only one specific point in time. They are therefore not adaptive - a disadvantage that can be eliminated today by the linkage of existing data and the implementation of participatory software.

In modern office buildings, building-specific data is collected and tracked around the clock. In this way, the desired climates can be constantly maintained, while intelligent shading systems align themselves with the sun and react to wind. The same applies to the user: thanks to modern technologies such as smartphones and watches, which have long since become an integral part 72

of our everyday lives, movements, pulse, body temperature, calorie consumption and numerous other body-specific data are collected and stored. ICON provides for the linking and effective use of building and body data in order to be able to respond to the preferences of its users while consuming less energy - and to do so in real time. By storing the data, a holistic user profile can be created, including preferences and wishes that depend on the time of day. ICON then predicts the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s behaviour and reacts intelligently to it even before discomfort occurs.

By linking the user-relevant data and creating complex user profiles, it is possible for the first time to react intelligently to real requirements that are detached from standards and to ensure maximum user satisfaction in existing buildings. But what does a future architecture look like that is already geared and formulated to its users in the design process? One that is not based on standards and guidelines, but on real user feedback?

In order to get to the bottom of this

39

Participant 1

question, we quickly return to the participants from chapter III. Research: Various users, their preferences and body specific raw data have already been presented and discussed. In order to translate this into an adequate architecture, however, we need a component that did not appear in our data collection due to the lack of a user interface: feedback in real time.

We therefore created the agents based on the profiles of the participants and their specific comfort development over the course of the day: Real characters, who were supplemented with associated data and are presented in this manual as stereotypical prototypes - a step that would be carried out by the software itself as a result of the implementation of ICON and thus relieved of the architect.

Agent A

In the following, the meaning of agents and the handling of their profiles will be discussed in more detail. Their day-dependent schedules, including acoustical, visual and climatic preferences will be investigated. For a user-oriented design, the agents become the central element on which all subsequent decisions and assumptions 73

must be based. Unlike earlier architectural designs, where the user is confronted with the building, the architecture developed by ICON confronts the building with the user - it is entirely based on actual needs, requirements and desires.

In the course of the survey, body specific data such as age and weight were considered.

The participants were asked to rate various parameters such as noise, temperature and fresh air according to their preferences.

Based on this, the participants were supplemented with associated parameters and set up as agents in the adjacent fig. 40. In addition to information such as size, age and weight of the agents, which play an important role for ICON in the development of user profiles and can be linked to basic comfort parameters, the adjacent Business Cards of the agents (fig. 40) also contain their individual climatic comfort range. Taking a closer look at the Business Cards, we see differing acceptances for the various climates ranging from cold (dark blue) over neutral (pink) to hot (red). These are decisive for the following timetables of the agents.

74

40

AGENT A

AGENT B

AGENT C

AGENT D

Jr. Manager 31 183 cm 76 kg

Employee 34 187 cm 82 kg

AGENT E

AGENT F

AGENT G

AGENT H

Assistant 45 167 cm 72 kg

IT 40 183 cm 78 kg

AGENT I

AGENT J

Intern 25 155 cm 42 kg

Office M. 37 167 cm 115 kg

CEO 54 175 cm 82 kg

Jr. Manager 28 167 cm 46 kg

Executive 42 178 cm 87 kg

Executive 37 164 cm 65 kg

75

S E L U D E H C

S E H T 41

COLD

COOL

NEUTRAL

WARM

HOT

In order to be able to set up a user-oriented room program including climatic requirements, we need to further investigate the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s wishes. Hence, the timetables of our research participants were translated into the timetables of the agents. They were then supplemented by the previously presented work typologies as well as intermediate activities and movements. In addition, the typologies were adapted to the climatic preferences of the respective agent at a 76

specific point of time. In this model, temperature remains independent from degree values, but is merely based on the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s real-time average temperature and the Adaptive Theory.

As the room schedule of the design is dependent on the climatic, acoustical and visual preferences of the users, we need to visualize an examplary day of our agents.

Therefore, fig. 41 on the left shows the entire timetable of all ten agents for one particular day - in this case the day of our data collection. Due to the sheer number of activities, movements and work typologies, the illustration does not show all information in detail. Rather, it is supposed to give a quick overview of all climatic conditions provided and their respective commonness of occurrence.

To look at our agents in detail, fig. 42 on the right shows an excerpt of the overall itinerary, more precisely the morning hours of Agents A to D. A short glimpse on the schedule already leads us to valuable first assumptions: For example, Agent B requires a much cooler environment than Agent A - especially during the early morning hours.

42

AGENT A

AGENT B

Movement // Activity // kitchen

AGENT C

Movement //

0750 0758

Activity // walk

Movement //

0814 0829

Activity // kitchen

Movement //

0900 0910

Work // beergarden

0845 1105

Movement //

Movement // Work // crane

AGENT D

0758 0857

Movement // Work // mailman

0829 0834

Work // beergarden

0910 0945

Movement // Activity // talk

0834 0838

Movement // Work // bridge

0838 0846

Movement // Activity // talk Movement // Activity // kitchen

0857 0914

0846 0851

Movement // Work // gulch

Movement // Activity // toilet

0945 0955

Movement // Work // cave

0955 1030

0851 0907

Movement // Movement // 0914 0930 Movement // Activity // phone call Movement //

0930 0931

Activity // talk

0907 0909

Movement // Work // igloo

Movement // 0909 0914

Work // beergarden

1030 1135

Movement // Activity // walk

0914 0920

Movement //

77

D I R HE G

T

In the next step of the architectural translation, we rationalized the snapshot of an exemplary daily routine of the evaluated agents, in order to unite the individual requirements of thermal and functional usage.

For this purpose, we created a square grid with 25 fields and filled it with the typologies (fig. 46). One field remains unused in the centre, which diagrammatically represents the vertical freedom that can act as a placeholder for an atrium or other functions in the later design. The basic form of a square also serves as a simplification of a complex form in later implementation and is not binding for the elaboration of the architecture, but an area-efficient approach to structure the individual typologies and unite them into an overall fabric.

When arranging the individual typologies, we zone our grid in three different ways 43

78

44

(fig.43, 44, 45). Fig. 43 shows the zoning of a communicative dynamic and central area and a rather uncommunicative outer ring for focused work. The second approach of zoning the square divides the raster into quadrants, which are based on the evaluation scale of the acoustical and visual influences of the typologies (fig. 44). The quadrants differentiate between + for the relevance of acoustics and visual influences and - for the absence of these. The acoustical influences are mentioned first in all quadrants, so +would represent typologies with acoustical, but little to no visual exposure.

The third illustration (fig. 45) refers to the arrangement of the individual workplaces at the edge of the grid, while group work predominantly takes place in the center.

This division of typologies is based on the assumption that large groups with many 45

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individual comfort preferences may have a smaller cumulative variance of thermal comfort than single workstations, which only consider the comfort of one individual.

In the following (Fig. 47), this grid of typologies was multiplied and assigned to different thermal zones. Hot as the relatively warmest zone and Cold as the relatively coolest zone and Neutral as an unaffected average value of the entire building for each given situation. Other factors of physical comfort, like humidity, CO2 level, illumination etc. were not considered in order to simplify the strategy, but could just as easily play a differenciating factor while planing the climate zones. The vertical arrangement of these zones follows the same principle of the grid, that is the diagrammatic simplification of what is to be conveyed.

The spatial arrangement in the later design will vary in their articulation, if critical factors such as location, usable area, required thermal variance, sky orientation etc. are added. The time schedules of the agents (fig. 41 & 42) can now be applied to the five defined climate zones. In fig. 48, all typologies that the agents did not use during the day of investigation were removed from 80

the grid. The different levels correspond to the climate zones shown in fig. 47. The result is a three-dimensional snapshot of the agents including their thermal preferences and usage, or more precisely: a human centric, comfort-oriented architectural program for an activity based office environment.

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Movement must become the integral parameter while planning future offices.

If one uses the developed theoretical construct as the base of an ICON-supported architecture, it becomes apparent that an important component for the architectural translation is missing. Looking at the schedules of the agents, it becomes apparent that the movement of the agents throughout the day will be a fundamental part of their daily routine. The movement can not only enable the change into another climate zone and the related adaptation of the individual preference. It also fosters communication and is beneficial to the office userâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s health.

In the following, the movement of two agents will be illustrated. We considered agents A and B, who correspond to the translation of the participants already discussed in chapter III. Research. Fig. 49 shows Agent A, whose daily routine takes place exclusively in neutral and warm climate zones. Only the direct connection between the individual typologies is shown. Accordingly, fig. 50 visualizes the working day of Agent B. Agent B enjoys significantly colder climates than 82

Agent A and completely avoids the hot zone.

Both agents work at 15 different locations throughout the day.

The agents do not always spend the same amount of time at each location. The duration of the task or meeting and the well-being are decisive factors. On the following page, fig. 51 and 52 compare the time they spent at different typologies. The higher the column, the more time spent at the respective typology.

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The shared use of typologies, overlays and intersections of Agent Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s and Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s paths can be seen in fig. 53. However, the paths from one workplace to the next are much more complex than the drawing implies through a direct line. Secondary functions and movements for the sake of movement, as well as any form of recreation, are not shown.

ICON should also be capable of offering solutions to react to comfort parameters within these areas. So the agents should also have the possibility to choose a path suitable to their preferences while moving, as shown in chapter II. ICON. In addition, the relatively short time it takes to travel from one place to the next through different climate zones can be of great relevance for thermal well-being and health.

Fig. 54 and 55 therefore present the agentâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s daily routines listed in detail, in which the ancillary functions and movements are also located climatically.

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When upscaled, by adding all agents to the equation, the movement mapping can generate an understanding of how frequently the typologies are used. Fig. 56 shows that certain typologies, especially in the neutral climate zone, are particularly popular, while the extreme ends of the climate scale accommodate few visitors. It is assumed that the agents, just like the participants, move after 2:16 hours at the very latest (fig. 35).

The knowledge of the frequency of use raises the question of the actually required usable space and closes the circle to the initial research of Spatial Requirements (fig. 4 - fig.

23). If the required area of each typology is calculated according to the minimum required area for short-term stays per agent in the respective typology (p.26-27), the grid starts to morph into area ratios as shown in fig. 57. Like this, the ICON-architect gets a first impression of the agents- and case-based spatial requirements, detached from norms and guidelines.

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ICON will lead to a movement-enhancing architecture that has the well-being of the individual as its highest goal.

In the previous chapters, the potential of ICON to significantly influence the design process was demonstrated. By using agentbased data and thus having the focus on the individual, the comfort preferences of users are addressed from the outset. To achieve this, ICON must be further developed beyond its status as a theoretical concept.

First of all, a functioning application prototype must be developed in beta version. An initial implementation of this prototype in existing buildings can provide real user feedback by allowing users to answer questions about their comfort. It must be examined what the correct frequency and scope of these surveys should be in order to keep the user satisfied. The outcomes of the surveys lay the foundation for an extensive data pool from which ICON can gradually learn and reason comfort behavior. The data processing is algorithmically examined for similarities, which, with the further use of ICON, gradually leads to the emergence of user profiles in which similar comfort 92

preferences are clustered. In addition, the prototype undergoes improvement cycles through feedback and analysis.

Once a certain extent has been reached in the user pool, a final version of ICON could be developed, which is then less dependent on direct answers from its users, but can complete the individual comfort preferences based on previously collected data. This means that even on the first working day, when ICON does not yet have feedback from a user, the right comfort preferences can be anticipated and thus the appropriate rooms can be allocated. The decisive factor for this is a big data analysis that runs continuously in the background. It must be ensured, however, that the goal is not to generate an absolute preference distribution that is universally valid, since this would involve the danger of only taking a percentage of people into account again. Staff nevertheless will be highly diverse. ICON therefore still focuses on the individual, but behavior and comfort preferences can now be anticipated.

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With regard to the design strategy, this means that from this point on the agents for which the design is made do not necessarily have to be known, since the user profiles of the ICON data set can be used as a basis.

As soon as the first ICON-based buildings were built, the evaluation iterations would be repeated accordingly.

In the long run, ICON would develop an architecture that has the well-being of the individual as its highest goal. This playbook has shown that working shifts from a static matter to a dynamic working day and therefore the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s movement is the focal point. This supports activity-based architecture - but resting upon comfort. In addition, a movement-oriented architecture counteracts health damage caused by continuous sitting. Further, it puts the user in direct contact with various colleagues and thus strengthens the sense of communal belonging throughout the office staff.

Whereas the identification today is linked to an assigned and static workplace, by embracing movement ICON enables the identification with the building and its community as a whole.

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MU-SBX-RESERVE-1492.jpg?format=1500w 10 https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/workplace/

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13 https://www.baumeister.de/glaszelte-in-dem-silicon-valley-googleplex/ 96

14

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https://graef-office.de/wissenswertes/

19 https://www.google.de/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour ce=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjmhfrl8qziAhWJ66QKHcdJA-PIQjRx 6BAgBEAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.b-europe. com%2F-%2Fmedia%2FMediaRepository%2FFiles%2FCar

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21 https://selfassemblylab.mit.edu/transformable-meeting-spaces 22 https://spatial.is/ 23 https://www.stockkicks.com/product_detail.php?c=htc%20expands%20vive%20

financing%20program%20get%20a%20 headset%20and%20vr%20pc%20interest%20 free&p=37 97