MOHAMMAD ZAHIDI
Coventry University
RIBA Part I 2024
Collection Of Selected Works.
MOHAMMAD ZAHIDI.
RIBA Part 1 Architect
Birmingham, United Kingdom
mazahidi98@gmail.com
+44 07517705245
A driven professional, I thrive in challenging environments, excelling in problem-solving. After graduating from Coventry University with a First Class BSc (Hons) degree and RIBA Bronze Medal nominated, I’m ready and excited to pursue the role of a Part 1 Architectural Assistant.
My passion for continuous improvement drives me to deliver exceptional results. I am eager to contribute my skills and enthusiasm to a dynamic team, aiming to make a positive impact and grow personally and professionally.
My work evolves around the traces of human movement and experience, that are carved into the landscape’s outline, through architectural sensibility. Although having a keen eye for architectural design and theory, I also take great care in my personal fine artwork which often influences my architectural projects.
2019 - 2023
EDUCATION
Coventry University
BSc Architecture • RIBA Part I
First Class
First Class Final Project
First Class Across All Academic Years
2021 - 2022
Coventry
2012 - 2019
Universidad Europea de Madrid Madrid
BSc Architecture • Study Abroad Erasmus+
Grade 10/10
Taller De Proyectos G6 Final Project
Heartlands Academy Birmingham
GCSE + A level Qualifications
• Secondary School
EXPERIENCE
2024 - Present
Midian Architecture
RIBA Part 1 Architectural Assistant
- Assist in the development and preparation of architectural drawings and plans.
- Collaborate with architects and designers to create schematic designs and presentations.
- Conduct site visits and assist in surveying and documenting existing conditions.
- Assist in researching materials, building codes, and regulations.
2023 - Present
2023 - 2023
2021 - 2023
Birmingham
- Support in the coordination of project documents and communication with consultants and contractors.
- Utilize software such as AutoCAD, Revit, and Rhinoceros 3D/Sketchup for drafting and 3D modelling tasks.
- Contribute to the design process through brainstorming sessions and design reviews.
- Maintain organized project files and documentation to ensure efficient work flow.
Graphics Design
Freelance
Freelance work on diverse projects, including logo design, branding identity, social media, and marketing collateral.
ADOBE
Digital Edge
Ambassador
Promoting the Digital Edge Awards using strategic marketing techniques and spearheading the creative communities as a creativity leader.
Coventry Architecture Society
Graphic Design Manager
Providing graphics related material for events, workshops and talks for many prestigious offices, including MVRDV, EAA, DEWAN. Hosting software skills workshops.
Remote
Coventry
Coventry
ACHIEVEMENTS
Third Place Prize International Competition • Buildner Competition
RIBA Bronze Medal Nomination
RIBA • Coventry University
First Place Prize National Competition • Concrete Centre
CIOB Award Concrete Project
CIOB • Coventry University
3rd year ‘Year Prize’
Best Overall Performance
• Coventry University
Adobe Certified Professional in Visual Design Using Adobe Photoshop
Adobe
2nd year ‘Year Prize’ Best Overall Performance & Project • Coventry University
Young
DESIGN SKILLS
Autocad
Revit
Rhinoceros 3D Sketchup
Vray Photoshop * Illustrator Indesign
Physical Modelling Sketching/ Drawing Hand Drafting
* Adobe Certified Professional in Visual Design Using Adobe Photoshop
LANGUAGES
Farsi/Dari/Hazaragi Native
Spanish Elementary Level
Persons Award for Ideas Third Prize • Rotary Club of Birmingham
2024 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2021 2017
English Native
2022 - 2024 SELECTED WORKS.
01. To Dwell Is Human Riba Bronze Medal Nomination First Class Final Project 06. Personal Work Fine Art 05. Undergraduate Dissertation Bhuddhas Of Bamiyan First Class 04. Carabanchel Pavilion 10/10 Final Grade 03. Crane’s Fen First Place Prize National Competition 08 28 36 42 46 48 p. p. p. p. p. p. 02. Ethiopian Cultural Centre Third Place Prize International Competition
• SETTING
Once upon an industrial era of smoke and soot; to the present day, of its hidden gems shrouded and mute. Fear its future, for the problems it brings. An era of tech driven depression/ internet pollution and capitalism reign kings.
ABBIT HOLE •
The current world is driven by a capitalistic direction, internet pollution and tech-driven depression, but there is a place of impermanent nature and creative wonder that can escape this. It encourages adventure and exploration and reminds society of the importance of dwelling as a form of counter-culture. But, what exactly does it mean to ‘dwell’?
To dwell is curiosity.
To dwell is human.
Economic expansion and mass manufacturing were eventually the foundations upon which Digbeth’s architectural language was built. Unfortunately, Digbeth’s current creative communities lie hidden amongst the soot of its industrial past. This meant that there was no place for what Alice would eventually come to ask when she peeked inside the book her sister was reading. “What is the use of a book without images or conversations?” Alice wondered.
Digbeth is like that—a book of words, layered brick on brick with no room for illustrations or dialogue; a painful shift away from celebrating creative diversity and nuances.
This project brings light to this issue; by becoming the rabbit hole to enter Digbeth’s hidden wonderland. Exploring the little interactions between individuals, the timeless experience and happy accidents. Where do you dream your curiosity will take you?
‘‘ ‘‘
• R A DOWN
•
• To Dwell Is Human • • Past • • Present • • Projected Future • No. 01 8
HOW LONG IS FOREVER?
Sometimes, Just One Second
9
The Mad Hatter:
‘Have I gone mad?’
Alice:
‘I’m afraid so. You’re entirely bonkers. But I’ll tell you a secret.
All the best people are’.
Mad
10
• A
Tea
Form following function; stories of the users/community and the architecture to generate relationships and narratives. Such tales have special importance when they resonate back and forth between individual inspiration and the public narrative.
“I wanted to create a place that people could appropriate, that they could take over and it would not, in a sense, constrain them”,
“Much of the strategy was about letting people invent their own way to use the park.” - Bernard.
• PROPOSED SOCIO-SPATIAL PROGRAMS •
Taking design and architecture as an urban actor of a series of persona: 01. The Writer 02. The Reader 03. The Explorer 04. The Science 05. The Artist 06. The Listener 07. The Radical 08. The Spontaneous 09. The Emotional 10. The Loud 11. The Thinker 12. The Aggressive 13. The Loving 14. The Challenger 15. The Playful 16. The Botanist 17. The Curious 18. The Eloquent 19. The Proud 20. The Humble 21. The Traditional 22. The Technical 23. The Illusionist 24. The Social fiction Tea Party •
Parc de la Villette / Bernard Tschumi
11
... And here, in an urban forest, dark and deep, I offer you strength to let go. Down ... down into a rabbit hole where you can find yourself. DIGBETH Smithfield Festival Site Fun Fair SITE HS2 X’ X CITY CENTRE Grand Central Via Duct Via Duct Via Duct Moor Street Station 5 minutewalk New BEE Tram Route River Rea Construction Sites Local Landmarks Vacant Plots, Car Parking, Yards Main Pedestrian Route Urban Perimeter KEY Vegetation Connection URBAN SCALE 1:3000 1 2 3 9 11 10 12 13 14 4 5 6 7 8 Creative Cluster X’ X 1. Steam House 2. The Institute 3. Arthuas 4. Wilds Studios 5. Friends Of Earth 6. Custard Factory 7. Digbeth Dining Club 8. Eastside Projects 9. Rea Studios 10. Junction Works Creative Community 11. Minerva Works 12. Fazely Studios 13. Birmingham City University 14. Millennium Point • Down The Rabbit Hole 12
Engaging with Digbeth’s vibrant community of creative social clusters. Digbeth has a rich mix of a range of creative and interactive interventions. Including many newly refurbished facilities that offer spaces for events, offices and other services, that can be reinforced in the project site as a initiation of innovative continuity.
Digbeth’s DNA is rooted in the industrial revolution, however there’s no doubt it has given way for a growing community of creative individuals that collaberate and share ideas.
CHARACTER PEOPLE Emerging Relationships CREATIVITY
Repetition of silhouettes and geometry of elements that define Digbeth’s built character.
From the visitors to artists, curators, workers and entrepreneurs.
Digbeth’s embracing energy towards innovation, with workshops and studios.
CITY SCALE 1:10000
Hole •
13
UNIT 1 OFFICE SPACE 16m2 6 PEOPLE UNIT 2 EXHIBITION SPACE 50m2 18 PEOPLE UNIT 1+2 WORKSHOP SPACE 70m2 24 PEOPLE UNIT +++ ??? SPACE +++m2 +++ PEOPLE 4.62m 4m 4m 2.3m 2.3m 4.62m FUN VOLUME 45% FUN VOLUME 25% FUN VOLUME 100% Initial Grid Design Linear 2-Dimensional Movement Stronger Connections Diagonal 3-Dimensional Movement Tetrahedral Design Spontaneous Movement Extracted Honey-Comb Spontaneity + Modularity !!!!!!!!!% FUN VOLUME 00 • 01 • 02 • 03 • 14
‘So, Curiosity Can Take Over Like A Parasite’
‘BUT WHY MODULARITY YOU SAY???’
• A Parasite •
Initial simple grid design didn’t follow along the curiosity narrative. Connections are important within the site as well as creating the interesting journey/ circulation across. We are always curious of what’s around every corner; A tetrahedral design brings spontaneity to this. However, extracting the honeycomb from the tetrahedral design; it offers both spontaneity and modularity.
Now, following along the honey-comb strategy, with hexagonal units split into several parts. Voids are carved across the solids to provide circulation. Finally, frames are scattered across to allow for modular growth and provide a playful character.
Intended to be adaptable inside a modular building system, with a multi-faceted approach that includes a range of possibilities for various growing scenarios, from single use to multi-purpose.
Hexagonal Glulam Columns Connected To Varied Arched Beams. Sectional Model Of One Module/Unit Prefabricated Thin Rammed Earth Cladding. Prefabricated Modular Sandwich Panels. Construction Components Can Be Repeated Onto Outdoor Structural Frames To Create Newer Inhabitable Spaces. 04 • 05 •
15
Just as stories are best told with everyone closely together, relationships embody this essence. The journey across the site becomes much more than a route.
We nurture by nature. Connect with one another, share our curiosity, listen to little voices carried by warm winds astir, create undying moments and foster timelessness within our own little worlds.
• THE ARTIST • • 1:200 FIRST FLOOR PLAN • A B
16
• THE ARTIST
• 1:200 GROUND FLOOR PLAN
relationships between the proximity of each spaces should
• Our Stories
•
•
A B
• 17
A 18
Repetition of silhouettes and geometry of elements that define Digbeth’s built character. These elements are used to provide a subtle visual connection between the wall system design and to the site. The layer of curiosity and interest is evoked by its sense of impermanence and of a monumental structure standing on far-away land. Giving an ambiguous feel of nostalgia.
B
• Character Variation • 19
The units, which follow the model of prefabricated, flat-packed kits, are made to be disassembled for later reuse and recycling. The buildings’ sustainable and CO2-reducing construction method will also make use of glulam and CLT timber for its structural and environmental performance.
+3.07m +0.00m +3.37m OUTDOOR +6.74m +7.58m A 1 B EXTRACTION • PREFABRICATION • • DELIVERY • • ASSEMBLY USE • DISASSEMBLY
• Building Blocks • • CONSTRUCTION DESIGN STRATEGY • BUILDING LIFE CYCLE BUILDING COMPONENTS Structural Prefabricated Building Elements & Delivered Construction Columns SKIN Life Span 30 300 years Life Span 20 50 years Glulam Beams Sandwich Panel Aluminium Parapet Capping Panel Rammed Earth Panel Building Use Disassembly Materials Recycled, Reused or Built in timber, made for disassembly. Building with sustainably sourced timber enables CO2 reductions, faster construction and minimized waste through prefabrication, flatpack transportation, quick and efficient assembly, and a healthier indoor climate. 20
OUTDOOR 2 STUDIO STUDIO LOUNGE TERRACE 3 4 21
• Who Stole the Tarts? •
Character areas build up the narrative of the experiences; the Artist of its creative studios, the Botanist of its natural wonder and the Curious of its contagious connectivity.
Every turn of a every corner tells a tale, different but ever so subtly connected ... attracted.
• GROUND FLOOR B
22
The river breathes a powerful presence, nurtured among the botanical pavilions. A gaze into the distance, whose heavy hand you follow. Skip across, a disobedient heart, pursue the horizon, a little lost, a little more like Alice.
The child peaks the corner, awaiting happy accidents.
FLOOR • A • FIRST FLOOR • B A
23
Architecture that fosters community and connection is a transformative force, weaving the fabric of society together. It goes beyond mere structures; it becomes a conduit for human interaction and shared experiences. Elements like communal gardens, inviting plazas, and shared facilities facilitate meaningful encounters, sparking conversations and friendships. By emphasizing human-centric design and inclusivity, this approach to architecture serves as a catalyst for a vibrant and tightly-knit community, where people feel connected to each other and to the spaces they inhabit.
A
Painting Studio
Botanical Arts & Crafts Studio River Bridge
Views of the site opens up as vertical and horizontal movement across the botanical pavilion provides continuously changing views out over the landscape.
24
• Alice’s Evidence
Bridge Botanical Pavilion
• 25
Such adventurous designs challenge conventions, pushing the boundaries of what is possible, and beckoning us to embark on a journey of discovery and exploration, both within and beyond ourselves. In this dynamic dance of architecture and adventure, we find a world united by creativity, where each building hosts a story of human ingenuity and the quest for boundless horizons.
Elevation view from High Street Deritend B4100. The main vehicular and pedestrian street towards the City Centre.
26
27
Tree Symbolism Of Community Gathering And Sharing Of Stories.
Fragmenting And Overlapping Leaf Elements For Cultural Interactions .
Arranging Intimate Spatial Engagement.
Shaping Voids And Varying Pocket Landscapes.
Introducing Vegetation.
Ethiopian Cultural Centre
+++ THIRD PLACE PRIZE +++
Addis Ababa , Ethiopia.
Context
Ethiopia - a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic country. A manifestation of socio-cultural differences of over eighty-two ethnic groups that inhabit the land for ages. Each of them manifests their own respective values, ideals, arts, rituals, songs, stories, literature, moral and spiritual wisdom.
Proposal
Ethiopian Cultural Centre is a proposal that aims to establish a community-driven cultural centre workplace focused on Ethiopian-themed visual arts across various fields. It seeks to organise enjoyable educational and entertainment events for people of all ages and backgrounds within the Ethiopian communities. Run by local individuals with the assistance of external organisation such as UNICEF.
Goal
Floor Plan Resolution.
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
Buildner Competitions
The goal is to provide a re-imagined workplace for the mutual understanding among Ethiopian communities and their neighbours, fostering collaboration and showcasing positive aspects of their cultures. Instilling a sense of pride and community involvement among Ethiopians, facilitating their integration into the broader borough and mitigating feelings of isolation, loneliness, and low self-esteem.
Site
The site is located approximately 5km from the capital city, Addis Ababa, along the border of the Suba Menagesha Forest. An environment fit to enforce intimate community interactions and creative pursuit among its harmonious surrounding.
No. 02 Place Prize 3rd
28
29
Some residents have never had the opportunity to utilize their creative and practical skills, such as sewing, pottery, weaving, batik making, cooking, musical talents, and more, even though they possess these abilities. This project will play a crucial role in bringing these skills to fruition, aiding in employability, and supporting individuals in establishing their small businesses, including participation in local arts and craft markets.
The Culture Workshops (01 & 02) serves as both a means of fundraising to support youth workshops and covering expenses like venue rentals, marketing, annual festivals, exhibitions, and the trade of Ethiopian arts and crafts. Ultimately, the initiative benefits anyone interested in learning about Ethiopian cultures and traditions.
Virtual collaboration spaces (03) designed to facilitate real-time collaboration among members of the community, regardless of their physical location. Creating a shared and interactive online workspace, fostering a sense of connection, teamwork, and productivity.
List Of Spaces:
Ground Floor Plan 1:150 1m 10 12 13 A1 B1 06 09 10m 30m 20m 40m
00. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Culture Workshop - Making Space Culture Workshop - Sharing Space Virtual Collaboration Environment Private Offices Manager’s Office Communal Lounge Communal Kitchen Mini Farm Interaction Experience Toilet Storage Reception/ Information Point Courtyard ‘‘Pick-Your-Own’’ Farm 30
01 10 11 12 12 A2 B2 02 03 04 05 07 08 09 50m 70m 60m 80m 1:125 +7.85 +7.10 +3.15 +0.00 - 0.54 31
A1 X1 1 8 9 4 5 6 7 X1 X2 Detail Section 1:50
Section Large Overhangs For Shade 2 3 Communal Lounge 32
Axo
Design + Sustainable Construction
The proposal seeks to embrace a climate-responsive design by considering local weather conditions, promoting natural ventilation, and utilizing shading techniques. Opt for locally sourced sustainable materials such as rammed earth and reclaimed wood to support the environment and local economies. Prioritizing energy efficiency with passive solar design and renewable energy sources like solar panels. Implementing water conservation measures, and waste reduction strategies for an overall eco-friendly approach.
The architecture seamlessly blends high-tech engineering principles with indigenous knowledge and locally available materials, showcasing a pragmatic approach that celebrates and complements the locality. By marrying new technology with traditional wisdom, the design creates an elegant and durable structure; a cross combination of timber beams and steel frame roof structure. Notably, the buildings utilize materials abundant in the region; rammed earth walls as a sustainable and cost-effective building solution that provides natural insulation, and aligns with cultural styles. Lightweight aluminium roofing offers an environmentally friendly solution for quick construction and high durability, minimizing maintenance through its sustainable, energyefficient, and recyclable properties.
1. 450mmx600mm Concrete Perimeter Foundation
2. 450mm Thick Rammed Earth, Concrete Raised By 150mm
3. 500mmx100mm Timber Top Plate, Tied Down To Rammed Earth
4. Timber Shading Panels
5. 50mmx300mm Timber Beam (X2), Angled at 15/20 Degrees
6. 50mmx50mm Steel Beam Cross Framework(X2)
7. Pigmented Corrugated Aluminium Roof Sheets
8. 200mm Concrete Floor Slab
9. 100mmx500mm Timber Ridge Beam
10. 50mmx150mm V-Shaped Timber Pillars (X2)
10 X2 A2
Underground Water Storage
Natural Ventilation
Rain Water Collection
Communal Kitchen
33
1:125 +7.85 +7.10 +3.15 +0.00 - 0.54 1:125 +7.85 +7.10 +3.15 +0.00 - 0.54 Section 1:125 1m 10m 30m 20m
Reception
Private Offices Culture Workshop - Making Space 40m South-West Elevation 1:125 B1 34
Mini Farm Interaction Experience
/ Information Point
In the post-pandemic era, the workshop spaces are created for easy reconfiguration and tailoring for cultural preferences, events to promote inclusivity, collaboration, and a positive workplace experience for all members. Spaces are arranged at intimate proximity to one another, bordered between outdoor courtyards , offering alternating changes of pace between work and relaxation.
The Culture Workshop is split into two spaces; the making space and the sharing space. The making space involves cultural engagement, active learning and creative interaction between members. Whereas, the sharing space highlights the opportunity for activities that require active listening and attention, such as storytelling, exhibition and symposiums.
50m 70m
Courtyard
60m 80m B2
Courtyard Culture Workshop - Making Space
35
Crane’s Fen
+++ FIRST PLACE PRIZE +++
The Ouse Fen Nature Reserve, UK.
Brief
To design a sustainable concrete structure within a former quarry that allows both humans and wildlife to successfully share the same environment, providing a platform for biodiversity and opportunities for visitors to engage with and learn about the natural and geological environment. The setting for the structure is any publiclyaccessible location within the Ouse Fen Nature Reserve, near Cambridge.
Bio-diversity is nurtured by the water body elements of the site.
NATIONAL COMPETITION
The Concrete Centre
The architectural form captures the water’s essence through its combination of rhythmic fluidity and continuity of movement. Voids are present across the roof to embody the aspect of water droplets, providing visual connection to the sky and allowing light to filter through, whilst protecting from rain in areas of activity.
Cranes Fen is composed of a fluid path that integrates as a continuation of nature; engaging with the water bodies, providing various activities along the way.
No. 03 Place Prize
1st 36
37
4 Fluidity Of The Water body Continuation Of Movement 38
The Cafe is a node of relaxation that provides a visual connection to the natural environment.
The scenic journey created between the cafe and the workshop allows for an atmospheric fluctuation between elements of light, wind and nature.
The Workshop hosts family friendly seasonal activities including: Feed the birds, build a bird box, pond dipping, up cycling nature, wild life surveys etc.
1 2 3 X X’ Ground Floor Plan List Of Spaces: 1. Cafe 2. Souvenir Shop 3. Information Point 4. Nature Workshop Fluidity + Movement
0m 1m 5m 10m 39
1. Neoadvance Igu Glazing, Sky Light
2. Roof Light Frame With Fixing Screw And Cover Trim
3. Steel Brackets Fixed To Concrete Structural Beam
4. Concrete Cladding Tiles, With 1:40 Gradient
5. Single Ply Fully Adhered Roof Membrane Over Insulation. Lapped With Vapour Control Layer. Gradient To Be Applied At 1:40
6. Hanson Fibrecrete Macro Mix Precast Roof Slab. 150mm
7. Vapour Membrane Hot Welded To Flashing Strip
8. Hanson Ecoplus Mix 7 Concrete Structural Beam, 150mm
9. Kingspan Tr26 Thermaroof, Flat Roof Insulation Board, 110mm
10. Direct Bearing Precast Screw Tie To Provide Lateral Restraint.
11. Hanson Ecoplus Mix 7 Structural Column. 120mm
12. Lkab Gypsol Xs Rustique Screed. 50mm
13. Prooftherm High Performance Insulating Screed With Pumice Aggregate At Required Thickness.
14. 2.5mm 1200 Gauge Permagard Damp Proof Membrane
15. Kingspan Thermafloor Tf70 High Performance Floor Insulation Board. Bes 6001 Certified. 150mm
16. 3max Mst-Bar Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Concrete Reinforcing Bars. Precast Fixings. Aci 440 Compliant
17. Steel Bracket With Bolts
18. Glulam Beam
19. Timber Decking With Cross Battens
20. British Steel Recycled External Handrail
21.
2
Easypile
Elite Mix Precast
1 1. Section Detail 2. Elevation 3. Section X-X’ 40
Curtain Wall 22. Hanson
Concrete Ecocrete
Capping Beam.
0m 1m 5m 10m Approx. 1200mm 900mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 16 9 1 3 41
Carabanchel Pavilion
+++ GRADE 10/10 +++
Carabanchel, Madrid, Spain.
Brief
The aim is to develop an information pavilion on the new forms and solutions for living, as aspects derived from the current and future pandemics, as a global architectural device.
It is therefore a question of influencing reflection on the way of life, which influences aspects such as, for example, apart from those raised, the new family configurations or the house as an extension of the world of work.
No. 04
1 2
UEM 42
ACADEMIC WORK
1. Physical Model 2. Isometric View 3. Section x -x’ 3 43
1 4 2 44
Playing with the aspects of modularity and a parametric design, using origami as a transitional medium to materialise the idea into an architectural piece.
The pavilion hosts a community workshop in which ties to the concept of the structure’s ability to grow in any desired direction due to its simple modular design of repeating units. The structure essentially transforms into an architectural parasite that can extend across, feeding in visitors and taking them to many other possible directions.
1. West Elevation
2. Ground Floor Plan
3. Interior
4. Exploration
5. South Elevation
5 3
45
SCAN TO READ FULL DISSERTATION
ABSTRACT
This paper examines narrative and identity to signify the Bamiyan Buddhas’ existence to the local people, the Hazara population in their struggle with generational persecution. Taliban iconoclasm severed connections between tangible cultural heritage and its stakeholders. Discussing the cultural sensitivity of reconstruction to the Hazara, the wider nation and the international community. However, restoration is seen to discredit the legitimacy of the preservation of cultural heritage. Considering the collective struggle of the Hazara as a defining source to empower the Buddhas’ niches as a void for imagination and memory. How individuals choose to relate and assign meaning and significance to the past is very diverse and difficult to anticipate.
Nonetheless, the fact that many existing stakeholders appear to be enthusiastic about the Buddha monuments indicates that there is a lot of momentum. This should help with identifying a direction for the post-conflict narrative. The assimilation of meaning is re-claimed by the presence of a void within the niches of the Buddha. Despite, the erasure of their culture and belittling of their identity, Hazaras are fierce in their pursuit of recognition and continue to play an active role in the future-making of the Buddhas’ legacy.