Fisac Variations by Matias Imbern

FISAC VARIATIONS. RETHINKING MIGUEL FISAC BONES SYSTEM

GSD 6423 (Re)fabricating Tectonic Prototypes . Instructor: Leire Asensio A project by: Will Choi - MArch - Matías Imbern - MDesS - Felix Raspall DDes

INTRODUCTION: MIGUEL FISAC

Biography Born in Daimiel (Ciudad Real) in 1913. He obtained his degree at the School of Architecture of Madrid in 1942. His first work was completed that same year: the Holy Spirit Church, built upon the remains of the auditorium of the Student Residence in Madrid. During a trip to Sweden he would discover the works of Gunnar Asplund, which would influence his concept on architecture. Always working with newer materials, his style evolved over time: from abstract classicism he moves toward a greater use of brick, which he would later abandon for concrete, especially pre-stressed concrete, his patented invention. Some of his most emblematic works are from this last period, like the Hydrographical Study Centre or the Jorba Laboratories. He died in Madrid in 2006.

Awards Gold Medal for Spanish Architecture (1994) Antonio Camu単as Award (1997) National Architecture Award (2002)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND 1.1 Design Concept 1.2 Geometric Definition and Structural Behavior 1.3 Fabrication and Assembly 1.4 Scaled Prototype Production 1.5 Case Studies 1.6 Conclusions 2. THESIS STATEMENT 2.1 Genealogy 3. PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Interpolation Module 3.2 Beam 3.3 Girders 3.4 Vertical Supports 4. PROLIFERATION 4.1 Quads 4.2 Fields 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 5.1 Robotic Tool: Foam Hot Wire Cutter 5.2 Cutting Sequence 6. FABRICATED MODELS 6.1 Cast Piece 6.2 Foam Pieces 7. PROPOSAL 7.1 Optional Models 7.2 Final Prototype 7.3 Full Scale Model 7.4 Analysis 8. OUTLOOK 8.1 Design Speculations

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE 8. OUTLOOK

1.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

“The pieces that I have obtained using this architectonic-static means have resulted in sections with forms very like the bones of vertebrates. It’s not that I wanted to make them like bones, it’s just that they turned out that way. That makes you think that, naturally, some parallel exists. You could interpret it as proof that this is the right path, it corresponds to concepts which we see in nature. My collaborators, in many cases, have called these pieces bones, in a pejorative sense, because setting up their production entails numerous difficulties. But without doubt, it could be a way”. “Hormigón y Acero” Magazine nº 79, pág. 36 a 39. 1966.

MAIN GOALS OF THE SYSTEM:

STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY

SUN LIGHTING

-Hollow Core -Thin Concrete Walls -High Inertia -Strong Deformation Resistance

EXPERIMENTATION: 12 PIECES DESIGNED - 9 USED IN FORMED BUILDINGS

WATER DRAIN

1.2 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ::: SECTIONS OF THE ‘BONES’

Cedex Piece

Dimensions in cm.

Sigma Piece

Trapecio Piece

Cerro del Aire Piece

1.2 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ::: CEDEX PIECE

fabrication period 1960-1963 employment Cover maximum span 22m class of reinforcement Twisted Cable weight of the piece [kg/ml] 350 comments

The calculation of the section was made without the superior parasol, as is shown in the schema section (and yet the dowel properties correspond to the totallity of the section) the parabolic trajectories of the cables correspond to the sets of two and three drills while the remainder are straight (of late is has been replaced by a prestressed replica).

VON MISES STRESS ANALYSIS - FEA Fixed supports at beam ends Self-weight

AXONOMETRIC

22m. SPAN

SECTION AT SUPPORT

1.2 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ::: SIGMA PIECE

fabrication period 1967-1971 employment Cover maximum span 17m class of reinforcement Braided Cable / Wires weight of the piece [kg/ml] 107 comments

there is a non-constructed version that makes it possible to illuminate the inner part. In forgings, the light varies between 16 and 20 m. Even reaching up to 25 on cover dependending on the calculation overloads. In the upper board the piece has some cross-linked shaped rivets that improve the adherence between the piece and the compression layer.t

VON MISES STRESS ANALYSIS - FEA Fixed supports at beam ends Self-weight

AXONOMETRIC

17m. SPAN

SECTION AT SUPPORT

1.2 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ::: TRAPECIO PIECE

fabrication period 1968-1971 employment Forging / Cover maximum span 16-20m / 25m class of reinforcement Braided cable / Wire weight of the piece [kg/ml] 180 comments

there is a non-constructed version that makes it possible to illuminate the inner part. In forgings, the light varies between 16 and 20 m. Even reaching up to 25 on cover depending on the calculation overloads. In the upper board the piece has some cross-linked shaped rivets that improve the adherence between the piece and the compression layer.

VON MISES STRESS ANALYSIS - FEA Fixed supports at beam ends Self-weight

AXONOMETRIC

25m. SPAN

SECTION AT SUPPORT

1.2 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ::: CERRO DEL AIRE PIECE

fabrication period 1970 employment Cover maximum span 7-10-14m class of reinforcement Single line wire weight of the piece [kg/ml] 180 comments

This is a piece that was patented as prestressed and built as post-tensioned, which explains some of its peculiarities. It has a double dowel (2 meters long) and a system of single line post-tensioning of the freyssinet class. The problems of the resting of the pieces over the girder are solved like in the prestressed pieces. The post-tensioning wedges arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t on sight, rather being hidden with mortar.

VON MISES STRESS ANALYSIS - FEA Fixed supports at beam ends Self-weight

AXONOMETRIC

14m. SPAN

SECTION AT SUPPORT

1.2 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ::: CEDEX PIECE DETAILS

POST-TENSION SYSTEM - 22M. SPAN

STRUCTURE FAMILY 1

LOADS BEHAVIOR

STRUCTURE FAMILY 2

1.3 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY ::: PRECAST CONCRETE -Vicente Peiro System -Metalic Formwork

1.3 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY ::: 2 STRATEGIES -Voussoirâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crane, multiple components assembled one by one (scaffolding is used) -Pre-assembly creating a single beam component (no scaffolding)

1.3 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY ::: POST-TENSION -Ricardo Barredo System -The anchorages are exposed

1.3 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY ::: SUPPORTS -Special pieces of the system -Transfer the load from the horizontal beam to the vertical plane

1.4 SCALED PROTOTYPE PRODUCTION ::: CEDEX PIECE -CNC Milling: Blue Foam 3in. Mold -Rockite Cement

1.5 CASE STUDIES ::: HIDROGRAPHICAL CEDEX CENTER - MADRID, 1960 -Uniform Interior Lighting -Modular (voussoir) Structure

1.5 CASE STUDIES ::: BARREDO HOUSE - MADRID, 1963 -Variable section

1.5 CASE STUDIES ::: TEJADA HOUSE - MADRID, 1967 -Variable plan

1.6 CONCLUSIONS ADVANTAGES: -Structurally efficient: Lightness (hollow pieces) / Long spans. -Post-tensioned concrete avoid cracks, making it waterproof. -Hollow pieces act as natural insulation. -Complex interior forms improve acoustic problems of concrete. DISADVANTAGES: -The joints between the acrylic and the concrete, and between the different modules are difficult to seal. - Water that has penetrated the interior of the modules is really difficult to remove. -The thermal insulation is not enough for current standards. LIMITATIONS: -No flexibility for different light condition requirements. Under Fisacâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s system all the interior space has the same an homogeneous natural illumination, making the system difficult to accommodate different programmatic functions. -The system is also too rigid to adapt it to geometries that are not orthogonal. This condition also creates difficulty in using the system with diverse programmatic functions. -The maximum size of the voussoirs was driven by the technology at that time, related with the machinery and the concrete performance.

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE 8. OUTLOOK

2.1 GENEALOGY

FISAC‘S GOALS OF THE BONES SYSTEM: STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY + SUN LIGHTING + WATER DRAIN NEW FEATURES USING DIGITAL TOOLS:

FLEXIBILITY + ADAPTABILITY We propose to expand Miguel Fisac’s Huesos System by using digital design and fabrication tools. The main goal is to develop a mass-customizable system that can deal with wider and more complex range of structural, programmatic and organizational requirements. FLEXIBILITY: In contemporary architecture where mixed-use buildings are gaining more importance as a way of dealing with programmatic complexity, the system should be able to create different natural light conditions in order to expand the range of functions that can coexist under it. ADAPTABILITY: The system also needs to be able to adapt itself to complex geometry without losing its structural efficiency. This condition will also increase its applicability.

These new features have the objective of extending the range of possible uses of the system as a way of dealing with the problems that caused the obsolescence of the original system. OPPORTUNITIES: 1. DIGITAL DESIGN: Parametric Models 2. FABRICATION TOOL: Robotic Formwork [Hot Wire Cutter]: Ruled Surfaces 3. MATERIAL: High-Tension and Self-Compacting Concrete Mixtures.

The Huesos Family was systematized by creating a parametric 6-point system that can reproduce several pieces. This system allows for gradual variation between pieces and specific control of its performance.

6 CONTROL POINTS SYSTEM

2.1 GENEALOGY ::: ASSOCIATIVE MODEL

COORDINATES OF THE SIX MAIN POINTS AND BENDING CONTROL

WALL THICKNESS AND FILLET RADIUS

FINAL SECTION

CEDEX

SIGMA

CERRO DEL AIRE

TRAPECIO

2.1 GENEALOGY ::: TOPOLOGICAL VARIATION -Connections in two directions -Suppression of linear supports FISAC ORIGINAL SYSTEM

FISAC VARIATION

FISAC VARIATION 01

3. Linear 3. 3. Linear Linear Array Array Array (Surface) (Surface) (Surface) 3. 3. Linear Linear Array Array (Surface) (Surface)

2. Linear Array (Beam)

4. Linear Support 4. Linear Support

3. Linear Array (Surface) 3. Linear Array (Surface)

2. Linear 2. 2. Linear Linear Array (Beam) 1. Basic Array (Beam) Array (Beam) Hueso Piece 2. 2. Linear Linear Array (Beam) Array (Beam) 1. Basic 1. 1. Basic Basic Hueso Piece Hueso Piece Hueso Piece

2. Linear Array (Beam)

1. 1. Basic Basic Hueso Piece Hueso Piece

ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

4. Point Support

FISAC VARIATION 01

4. Point 4. 4. Point Point Support Support Support

4. 4. Point Point Support Support

3. Linear Array (Beam) 3. Linear 3. 3. Linear Linear Array (Beam) Array (Beam) Array (Beam) 3. 3. Linear Linear Array (Beam) Array (Beam)

2. 2D Array (Beam)

4. Point Support 4. Point Support

3. Linear Array (Beam) 3. Linear Array (Beam)

2. 2D Array (Beam)

1. Basic Hueso Piece

2. 2D Array 2. 2. 2D2D Array Array (Beam) 1. Basic (Beam) (Beam) Hueso Piece 2. 2. 2D2D Array Array (Beam) (Beam) 1. Basic 1. 1. Basic Basic Hueso Piece Hueso Piece Hueso Piece

1. Basic Hueso Piece

1. 1. Basic Basic Hueso Piece Hueso Piece

1. Basic Hueso Piece

2. Linear Array (Beam)

ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

2. 2D Array (Beam)

1. Basic Hueso Piece

FISAC VARIATION 01 FISAC VARIATION 01

3. Linear Array (Surface)

FISAC VARIATION FISAC VARIATION0101 FISAC ORIGINAL SYSTEM

FISAC VARIATION 01

FISAC VARIATION 01 FISAC VARIATION 01

4. 4. Linear Linear Support Support

FISAC VARIATION FISAC VARIATION 01 01

4. Linear 4. 4. Linear Linear Support Support Support

FISAC FISACORIGINAL ORIGINALSYSTEM SYSTEM

FISAC VARIATION FISAC VARIATION 0101 FISAC ORIGINAL FISAC SYSTEM VARIATION01

FISAC ORIGINAL SYSTEM FISAC ORIGINAL SYSTEM

4. Linear Support

FISAC ORIGINAL FISAC ORIGINAL SYSTEMSYSTEM

FISAC FISAC ORIGINAL SYSTEM FISACORIGINAL ORIGINALSYSTEM SYSTEM

FISAC VARIATION FISAC VARIATION 01 01

FISAC ORIGINAL SYSTEM

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE 8. OUTLOOK

3.1 INTERPOLATION MODULE

NEW FISAC PIECE OPERATION

Widening

EFFECT

Voluminous presence

CALIBRATION

DEVIATION

NORMATIVE

DEVIATION

1.25

1.60

1.75

2.00

0.00 - 1,60

0.00

1.00

Extension

Modulation of direct light

1.00 - 2.00

Tilting

Modulation of indirect light

-54 - 54

Deepening

Increased stiffness

.65 - 2.10

Fattening

Increased stiffness

.05 - .25

0.50

0.85

1.25

1.50

0.05

0.10

0.15

54° 2.10

1.75

1.35

1.00

0.65

54°

28°

0°

0.20

0.25

GENEALOGY FISAC

INTERPOLATION MODULE

Connects to Fisac Piece

Section 02

s ct

ie cP

Fis

Section 01

3.2 BEAMS

BEAM

Variable Deepening

Material Optimization

0.70 - 2.10

Elevation Curvature

Adaptability

0° - 40°

Plan Skewing

Adaptability

1.50

1.00

BEAM

1-2

6.00

9.00

6.00

2.10

1.00 - 2.10

1.50

VAULT

0°

2.00

Increased Stiffness

30.00

1.30

Constant Deepening

24.00

1.50

1.50 - 9.00

6.00

1.50

Extended Space

3.00

1.50

Cantilever

DEVIATION

1.50

6.00 - 30.00

1.50

Increased Space

NORMATIVE

1.00

Span

DEVIATION

1.00

CALIBRATION

30°

EFFECT

30°

OPERATION

EXAMPLE BEAM BEAM ARCHING

CONNECTION TO GIRDER

SECTION DEFORMATION ALONG SPAN

3.3 GIRDERS ::: SINGLE GIRDER

GIRDER

Constant Deepening

Increased Stiffness

1.00 - 2.10

Variable Deepening

Material Optimization

0.70 - 2.10

Elevation Curvature

Adaptability

0° - 40°

Plan Curvature

Adaptability

6.00

0°

1.00

BEAM

0% - 10%

12.00

3.00

9.00

2.10

3.00 - 12,00

39.00

1.30

Extended Space

30.00

ARCH

3.00

Cantilever

1.50

12.00

1.50

12.00 - 39.00

DEVIATION

1.50

Increased Space

NORMATIVE

1.00

Span

DEVIATION

1.00

CALIBRATION

30°

EFFECT

30°

OPERATION

GENEALOGY GIRDER Con

nec

ts to

Fisa

c Pi

ece Con

nec

Section 01

GIRDER PIECE

ts to

Section 02

n Co

s ct

ird

Pie

to cts

r rde

Section 04

Pie

Section 03

Fisa

c Pi

ece

3.3 GIRDERS ::: DOUBLE GIRDER

DOBLE GIRDER CALIBRATION

Plan Aperture

Pocket

0% - 20%

NORMATIVE

DEVIATION

30.00 10%

20%

0-2 1 branch

Skylight

0° - 40°

3.3% 0%

0°

1.00

Section Aperture

10%

3.00

0% - 10%

2 branches

3.3%

34°

Increased stiffness

30°

Plan Curvature

0 branch 3.3%

14°

Structural Bifurcation

1.00

Plan Branching

DEVIATION

6.00

EFFECT

3.00

OPERATION

3.4 VERTICAL SUPPORT ::: TETRAPOD

BONE PYRAMID

Quads Delimitation

6.00 - 15.00

Increased Stability

1.50 - 6.00

Rotation

Quads Vinculation

4.00 - 7.00

4.00

Widening

12.00

1.50

6.00

4.00

Extension

15.00

5.00

2.00 - 4,00

DEVIATION

10.00

Clearance

NORMATIVE

3.00

Elevation

DEVIATION

3.00

CALIBRATION

3.00

EFFECT

2.00

OPERATION

3.75

VARIATIONS: BASE DIMENSIONS. HEIGHT, PERFORATIONS’ SHAPE

3.4 VERTICAL SUPPORT ::: COLUMNS

BONE COLUMN Increased Clearance

3.00 - 6.00

Transition

Increased Branches

20% - 66% 2.00

1.00

Widening

Opened Branches

0.40 - 1.00

Fattening

Increased Stiffness

0.70 - 2.10

Material Efficiency / Disequilibrium

0째 - 40째

Doble Girder Support

Skewing

Branching

NORMATIVE

1.50

0.25

0.40

0.65

0.40

0.35

0.40

DIFFERENT HEIGHT

DEVIATION

6.00

Extend

DEVIATION

3.00

CALIBRATION

4.50

EFFECT

3.00

OPERATION

SAME HEIGHT

2.00

1.00

0.40 1.00

DIFFERENT HEIGHT

VARIATIONS: BASE GEOMETRY, TRANSITION GEOMETRY, BRANCHES GEOMETRY

3.4 VERTICAL SUPPORT ::: LANDSCAPE

OPERATION

EFFECT

CALIBRATION

Plane

3.00

LANDSCAPE CONDITION

3.00

Bump

Clearance

21.00

3.00

1.00

30째

4.00

30.00

1.00 - 3.00 3.00

6.00

30째

21.00

3.00

2.00

5.00

3.00

5.00 - 15.00

2.00

Smooth Transition

7.50

5.00

Ramp

16.50

3.00

9.00

15.00

INTERIOR VIEW

BIRDSEYE VIEW

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE 8. OUTLOOK

4.1 QUADS

QUAD OPERATION

EFFECT

CALIBRATION

Arching X

Longer Span

0 - 14.5

Arching Y

Longer Span

0 - 10.0

Arching XY

Longer Span

0 - 14.5 0 - 10.0

Thinning

Decreased material use

Deforming

Plan Variation

NORMATIVE

DEVIATION

4.1 QUADS ::: ASSOCIATIVE MODEL

INPUT GEOMETRY PARAMETERS

ATTRACTOR DISTANCE CALCULATION BEAM SECTION

TRANSVERSE GIRDER SECTION GENERATION

FINAL SECTIONS GIRDER SECTION GENERATION

GENERATION

4.1 QUADS ::: FLAT

QUAD CATENARY ARCH

VARIATIONS

SMALL APERTURES NONE

VARIATIONS

APERTURES BEAM ENLARGEMENT BOTTOM WIDTH

VARIATIONS WIDER APERTURES BEAM BOTTOM WIDTH FLANGE EXTENSION

4.1 QUADS ::: CATENARY ARCH

QUAD CATENARY ARCH

VARIATIONS NONE

VARIATIONS BEAM BOTTOM WIDTH

VARIATIONS BEAM BOTTOM WIDTH FLANGE EXTENSION

4.1 QUADS ::: CATENARY DOME

QUAD CATENARY DOME

VARIATIONS BEAM BOTTOM WIDTH

VARIATIONS BEAM BOTTOM WIDTH FLANGE EXTENSION

VARIATIONS BEAM BOTTOM WIDTH FLANGE EXTENSION FLANGE ROTATION

4.1 QUADS ::: HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

QUAD HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

VARIATIONS FLANGE EXTENSION FLANGE ANGLE

VARIATIONS FLANGE EXTENSION

VARIATIONS FLANGE EXTENSION FLANGE ANGLE

4.2 FIELDS ::: VARIATIONS

SINGLE QUAD

PROPAGATING

TWISTING

FIELD

WARPING

SLITTING

COILING

STACKING

PROPAGATING

WARPING

4.2 FIELDS ::: VARIATIONS

SLITTING

TWISTING

COILING

STACKING

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE 8. OUTLOOK

5.1 ROBOTIC TOOL. FOAM HOT WIRE CUTTER ::: DESIGN

5.1 ROBOTIC TOOL. FOAM HOT WIRE CUTTER ::: FABRICATION

5.2 CUTTING SEQUENCE ::: ASSOCIATIVE MODEL

INTERPOLATION PIECE SECTIONS INPUT

ALIGNMENT, CORE HOLE AND LATERAL KEYS GEOMETRY

CURVES DISCRETIZATION

BOUNDING BOX (STOCK) CALCULATION

GIRDER PIECE SECTION INPUT

SIMULATION AND RAPID CODE GENERATION

5.2 CUTTING SEQUENCE

1 - BOTTOM

2 - TOP

3 - INTERIOR

FINAL PIECE

4 - LATERALS /KEYS

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE

6.1 CAST PIECE ::: ROCKITE

6.2 FOAM PIECES

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE 8. OUTLOOK

7.1 OPTIONAL MODELS ::: VAULT

7.1 OPTIONAL MODELS ::: DOME

7.1 OPTIONAL MODELS ::: HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

7.2 FINAL PROTOTYPE ::: 14x8 = 112 PIECES

1,5

0,8

Dimensions in meters

7.2 FINAL PROTOTYPE ::: EXHIBITION

7.3 FULL SCALE MODEL ::: 30x10 = 300 PIECES

2,8

9,6

Dimensions in meters

7.4 ANALYSIS ::: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR

BEAM POST-TENSION

GIRDER POST-TENSION

SUPPORT

7.4 ANALYSIS ::: LIGHT CONTROL

INDIRECT LIGHT

DIRECT LIGHT

7.4 ANALYSIS ::: WATER DRAIN

LATERAL DRAIN CENTRAL DRAIN

1. BACKGROUND 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROLIFERATION 5. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUE 6. FABRICATED MODELS 7. PROTOTYPE 8. OUTLOOK

8.1 DESIGN SPECULATIONS ::: HOUSE

DOMESTIC SCALE

AIRPORT SCALE

8.1 DESIGN SPECULATIONS ::: CANOPY

DOMESTIC SCALE

AIRPORT SCALE

8.1 DESIGN SPECULATIONS ::: SHOPPING CENTER

DOMESTIC SCALE

AIRPORT SCALE

8.1 DESIGN SPECULATIONS ::: AIRPORT

DOMESTIC SCALE

AIRPORT SCALE