Cropping and Tillage — February 2021

February 2021 16-page feature

Cropping and Tillage Rare machines Strong demand and supply shortages have created a shortfall for farm machinery.

SEE PAGE 21

Commodity prices promising PAGE 26

Maize !eld days PAGE 20

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PAGE 20—’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021

cropping & tillage

Showcasing latest research ictoria’s premier grains research, V development and extension forum at Bendigo each year delivers new

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This year’s Grains Research and Development Corporation’s Grains Research Update will showcase the latest outcomes from grains research through a dynamic new platform.

Held on February 24 and 25, the event will feature a hybrid format — a limited live audience will be present on site and the update will also be livestreamed.

In a fresh and novel way of drawing out more information from guest presenters and relating it to first-hand experience, an adviser commentary panel will be involved in all sessions.

GRDC grower relations manager (south) Tom Blake said the 2021 Update would be an important platform for extending critical information to Victoria’s growers and advisers ahead of sowing this year’s winter crops. ‘‘Grains research and development efforts are continually generating new knowledge, ideas and recommendations — all of which have the potential to accelerate growers in their endeavours to advance their farming systems and bottom lines,’’ Mr Blake said. ‘‘The Bendigo Update will play a pivotal role in underpinning that fresh thinking with a good understanding of the state of the broader industry, so growers and advisers are well-informed and well-placed to seize on opportunities as they arise.’’

Day one will feature a presentation by

Pat O’Shannassy from Grain Trade Australia, who will discuss the current market drivers and opportunities for Australian grain.

Other day one topics include: the state of play with glyphosate resistance and optimising herbicide performance; tips on fitting new chemistries into the farming system; getting the best results from harvest weed seed control; and reversing the decline of soil nitrogen and organic matter.

Rules of thumb for nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency; Hyper Yielding Crops focus farms; and key insights from pest infestations in 2020 will round out day one.

Day two topics include a cereal disease wrap-up; the latest developments on blackleg infection in canola and yield impacts from foliar fungicide use; soil amelioration practices to alleviate subsoil constraints; and a faba bean agronomy update.

Completing the day two program will be sessions on the latest in pulse diseases; measuring the impact of inoculation with a new rhizobia testing tool; maximising the benefits of growing vetch in farming systems; and new classification and scoring of cereal crop development.

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Fertigation, seed selection and sub-surface drip irrigation will be on the agenda of maize field days this week.

Focusing on maize

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held this week, on Thursday, February 18, and Friday, February 19.

The first will be held on a goFarm property at Katunga and farmers will be able to hear how the new owners are implementing modern technology to boost maize growing.

Nick Raleigh from goFarm will address the group, and Andrew Pollard from Netafim will explain how the introduction of sub-surface drip irrigation can be implemented to require less inputs, including fertiliser.

About 200 ha of the property is under sub-surface drip irrigation.

Mr Pollard will describe how the system gives flexibility for different crops.

Scott Palmer, from SLTEC, will speak on fertigating maize to achieve high yields and seed companies will be represented

by John Auer from HSR and Jason Scott from GenTech Seeds.

Shawn Fletcher, from Defiance Maize Products, will give a market update.

The Katunga field day, at 367 KatungaPicola Rd, will start at 11 am and finish with a light lunch at 1.30 pm.

A second field day will be held at Coleambally on Friday, February 19, from 11 am and will include a visit to David Bellato’s farm.

Speakers will talk about controlling insects in maize, drip-irrigation systems, fertigation and seed choice. ➤ RSVP by February 16 for the Katunga field day to Liz Mann at: lizmann.ag@gmail.com or phone 0427 857 578. Contact Liz Mann for further details about the Coleambally event.

’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021—PAGE 21

cropping & tillage

Giant harvest close to record tonne has been logged and Every each bunker counted, giving us

the official numbers on how big the 2020-21 grain harvest truly was.

In the end, GrainCorp received 12.8 million tonnes of grain, while in Western Australia, CBH brought in 14.2 million tonnes.

The big crop from the eastern seaboard was largely expected thanks to favourable rain, but the strong numbers in WA surprised many industry pundits considering the fairly challenging seasonal conditions.

The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics predicted 51.5 million tonnes of grain was harvested across the country overall, with some going to smaller grain stores, such as Emerald Grain and Australian Growers Direct in addition to being stored on-farm for personal use or later sale.

It all adds up to the second biggest harvest on record, only beaten by the 56.7 million tonne 2016-17 harvest.

GrainCorp received 3.5 million tonnes from NSW growers, 3.5 million tonnes from Victoria growers and 955,600 tonnes from Queensland.

These final figures are not entirely accurate because of continued harvest activity after the handing down of the company’s latest 2020-21 report.

In NSW the Parkes, Wyalong and Cunningar regions still had grain to deliver and the Wimmera and central

Victoria regions stayed active for several more weeks.

Local receival sites, such as Elmore and Dookie steamrolled their previous receival records, with Elmore recording a 178,000 tonnes harvest this year compared to the 2016-17’s 159,000 tonnes.

Dookie growers managed to break a decade-long record, beating out 2010-11’s 113,000 tonne harvest with the 135,000 tonne 2020-21 harvest.

Australia’s largest grain exporter, CBH, proudly declared the 2020-21 harvest its safest on record, with a 7.2 All Injury Frequency Rate.

CBH chief executive Jimmy Wilson said the harvest was smaller than usual, but still good. ‘‘The Albany zone weathered the season better than others, even managing to break a season receival record at our Cranbrook site,’’ Mr Wilson said. ‘‘We moved a large amount of grain through our system during the year to meet demand from customers and fulfil shipping requirements. ‘‘This has resulted in the smallest volume of carryover in our system in more than 15 years and significantly improved the loss position of the division.’’

The national wheat harvest has been pencilled in at a monster 31.2 million tonnes, essentially double the 2019-20 crop.

The 2020-21 harvest was the second largest on record.

Machinery demand outstripping supply

By Daneka Hill

f you managed to find a Iyourself tractor last year, count lucky.

If you’ve been madly trying to buy a tractor — it may be late 2021 before you can get your hands on something.

The combination of an excellent season and government instant tax writeoffs in mid-2020 fuelled a noholds-barred buying splurge at agricultural dealerships across NSW, Victoria and Queensland.

Sales — particularly of tractors — achieved levels not seen since the 1980s and finished 2020 well above the 13,000 unit mark.

The Rural Group operates dealerships across Shepparton, Cobram and Echuca where it sells Polaris and New Holland machines straight off the factory line, in addition to all types of second-hand machinery.

Rural Group Shepparton branch manager Chris Pettigrove said the demand seen from June 2020 to now stemmed from the Federal Government’s Instant Asset Write-Off Scheme. ‘‘The market in June was just crazy, it really was, it was the highest I’ve ever seen it and then it sort of . . . kept on going,’’ Mr Pettigrove said. ‘‘It created this shortage of stock worldwide, which was brought on by the huge demand but worsened by the problems in production overseas with COVID-19.’’

The worldwide stock shortage has blown many buyer wait

Rural Group Shepparton branch manager Chris Pettigrove says people are ringing the business constantly looking for mid-range tractors. This New Holland tractor is already spoken for.

times out to six or seven months and created a scarcity of new tractors on the ground in Australian dealerships. ‘‘And of course what happens is with the shortage of new machines the second-hand market as taken off, and there is just nothing available now,’’ Mr Pettigrove said.

‘‘We don’t have what I would call a ‘higher priced’ secondhand tractor in stock, which is amazing because normally we’d have heaps.’’

Mr Pettigrove said a lot of new machinery was being held up at end-of-line production. ‘‘We find a lot of the machinery is being produced and ready to

ship, but there is something missing off it. ‘‘We get the New Holland serial numbers and we can follow them from the factory, and they will just sit there and not go on the boat and we wonder why, but they are just waiting on certain parts and it delays them by months.’’

New Holland’s production chain is spread across Europe, North America and Asia.

Mr Pettigrove could not single out a particular machine as ‘‘most in demand’’, though he did say square balers had been selling well as farmers transition away from the hard-to-freight round bales. ‘‘Demand is really across the entire board,’’ he said.

A new wave of hobby farmers are buying up the 35 to 80 hp tractors, while big farmers riding high off a good harvest are battling it out for machines in the higher horsepower end.

The under 40 hp range climbed 36 per cent across 2020, compared to the 40 to 100 hp range’s 27 per cent, the 100 to 200 hp’s 26 per cent and the 200 hp-plus at eight per cent.

Tractor and Machinery Association of Australia executive officer Gary Northover said the increase in sales numbers across the nation was due ‘‘almost entirely’’ to the Instant Asset Write-Off Scheme. ‘‘The used equipment market, supported by the Instant Asset Write-Off Scheme, has been strong and finance rates continue to be set at extremely high levels,’’ Mr Northover said.

Between 2019 and 2020, sales in NSW increased by 40 per cent and Victorian sales increased by 22 per cent.

The Instant Asset Write-Off Scheme ends in June.

PAGE 22—’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021

cropping & tillage

Minimise costly spray drift atch, wait and talk to W your neighbours is the message being spread when it

comes to spraying.

In an effort to minimise costly off-target crop damage, the Grains Research and Development Corporation is asking growers to be ‘‘community minded’’ and ‘‘spray aware’’ as rain and warm temperatures create a weed bonanza on many properties.

GRDC grower relations manager Richard Holzknecht said while it was important to control fallow weeds early, it was equally important spraying was only undertaken when weather conditions were just right. ‘‘Growers need to talk with their neighbours to determine the location of any sensitive crops, such as cotton, and ensure they understand label recommendations and permit regulations, particularly those governing the use of 2,4-D labelled products,’’ Mr Holzknecht said.

He warned there were two types of spray drift — physical and inversion — which posed significant risks during summer as day and night temperature fluctuations created inversions overnight and early in the morning.

Physical drift is when spray droplets drift directly from the

Inversion is when cool air formed overnight isn’t allowed to naturally rise by a ‘‘cap’’ created by hot air, resting over the top of the cool air and pushing it down. Fog is the most visible sign of an inversion. Growers should avoid spraying weeds during inversion conditions.

spraying application, carried by winds, and inversion drift is when spray droplets are preserved and scattered at a later time when warm air is held above cool air, creating a trapped atmosphere.

In an inversion, chemical droplets that remain suspended in concentrated form can be carried off your weeds and transported significant distances, destroying any hard work done. ‘‘It is important growers understand the weather

conditions that indicate an inversion is present and avoid spraying during these times,’’ Mr Holzknecht said.

Signs of an inversion include calm, low winds, dust remaining suspended, fog or mist forming in low areas and sounds travelling long distances.

Wind speed should be closely monitored while spraying at least every 15 to 20 minutes, and if the wind drops, spraying should stop.

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produce a droplet size stated on the product label. ➤ Always choose the coarsest spray quality that will provide an effective level of control. ➤ Understand droplet survival. When evaporation is low (low temperatures and high humidity) droplets stay heavier and fall quickly to the ground, but they also survive longer.

When evaporation is high droplets become lighter and liable to physical spray drift. Use larger sized spray nozzles and higher water volume in high evaporation conditions to increase droplet size and spray most efficiently. ➤ Operate nozzles at the pressure they are designed to be deliver at. Changing nozzle pressure can result in smaller droplets and less product hitting the weeds. ➤ Keep operating speed less than 18 km/h with trailer rigs and less than 22 km/h with selfpropelled sprayers. ➤ Known what Delta T is.

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’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021—PAGE 23

cropping & tillage

Fumigate stored grain quickly heck stored grain and fumigate Cnow, is the message from a leading

grain storage specialist.

Agronomist Philip Burrill said growers needed to act immediately to control storage pests before the highly conducive summer temperatures increased the insect populations too far. ‘‘Growers need to be checking storages and organising fumigation now, as storage insects not only destroy your grain but they can hold you back from potential grain sales,’’ he said.

Mr Burrill works in the Queensland Department of Agriculture on grains research and is involved with the Grain Storage Extension Project championed by the Grains Research and Development Corporation.

The Grain Storage Extension Project was established to ensure easy access to the latest information about best storage practices and runs a direct hotline to industry specialists on 1800 WEEVIL. Mr Burrill said results from a field trial last season showed the speed with which insect populations in on-farm storage could be increasing by.

The field trial looked at the increase of lesser grain borers during summer in a one tonne bag of wheat.

‘‘Growers need to sample and sieve grain in storage every month,’’ Mr Burrill said. ‘‘I would also recommend using insect probe traps pushing into the grain surface to help find storage pests while they are still in low numbers.’’

He said the key to successful grain fumigation was for growers to ensure they were controlling the full lifecycle of storage pests. ‘‘Remember, if you sieve out five adult beetles in a litre of grain, there could be as many as 450 pests in the grain sample. ‘‘We simply do not see all the eggs, larvae and pupae stages.’’

Steps for effective fumigation: ➤ Pressure test silos to identify air leaks in the container. Repair seals on hatches. Storage with tight seals hold higher gas concentrations and are more effective at killing all insect life-stages.

See: https://storedgrain.com.au/ pressure-testing/ ➤ Phosphine application rates are based on the internal volume of the gastight, sealable silo to be fumigated.

Regardless of how much grain is in the silo whether it is full or empty, the rate is the same. Check the phosphine label dose rate required for the silo volume you

are fumigating. For example, a 100-tonne wheat capacity silo requires 200 phosphine tablets. ➤ Consider using phosphine ‘‘bag chains’’ or ‘‘blankets’’. They may be easier to apply and remove than tablets. ➤ Cool, aerated grain under 25°C requires a longer fumigation time, usually 10 days minimum. Check the grain temperature and the phosphine label. ➤ For larger storages and silos (greater than 150 tonne capacity), aim to use a

recirculation system during the first four to five days of fumigation to distribute gas quickly throughout the grain bulk. ➤ Always refer to fumigation product label directions to ensure safe and correct product use including dose rates, fumigation and ventilation times. ➤ For more information, the GRDC has produced the Grain Storage GrowNotes and also invests in the Stored Grain Information website. To speak with a GRDC grain storage extension specialist, phone 1800 WEEVIL.

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PAGE 24—’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021

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’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021—PAGE 25

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ictoria has experienced one of its biggest grain harvests on record, but the path from farm to port is a slow and crumbling one, according to the VFF. VFF Grains Group president Ashley Fraser said while the big harvest was a fantastic result for growers, it would no doubt put immense pressure on an already strained road and rail network. ‘‘Regional roads continue to crumble and freight trains continue to crawl to port at a huge cost to industry,’’ Mr Fraser said. ‘‘Our freight rail network is critically under-maintained and the urgently needed Murray Basin Rail Project is already two years overdue.’’

The December ABARES crop report predicts the Victoria harvest will tap out at 9300 kilotonnes — the third largest harvest in the country behind NSW (17,601 kt) and Western Australia (14,383 kt). ‘‘On certain sections of track, trains have been reduced to a maximum speed of 20 km per hour,’’ Mr Fraser said. ‘‘Time is money and many operators have made the decision to transport produce on our roads. ‘‘This is forcing more trucks

onto the roads, with the potential for 10,000 B-double trucks of grain using the roads each month.’’

The stalled Murray Basin Rail Project has been given a $200 million boost by the Federal Government, but the half-finished project needed a definitive completion date. ‘‘We need visibility on the assessment of the entire project as well as a timeframe for its full completion,’’ he said.

The scheme, which was designed to upgrade more than 1000 km of track and convert it from broad to standard gauge, is entering its fifth year.

Mr Fraser also called on the Victorian Government to match the Federal Government’s funding promise. ‘‘It is crucial that Victorian farmers and the agriculture industry have the means to efficiently and affordably transport their produce from paddock to port and market,’’ he said. ‘‘The ball is firmly in the court of the Victorian Government and they need to deliver what was originally promised.’’

A Victorian Government spokesperson said total

investment across all levels of government for the Murray Basin Rail Network was more than $800 million. ‘‘We know how important rail freight is for farmers, freight operators and communities and we have already seen benefits of our investment into the Murray Basin Rail Project, with the Andrews Labor Government returning freight trains to the Mildura and Murrayville to Ouyen lines and the Maryborough to Ararat line,’’ the spokesperson said. ‘‘We’re pleased to see the Commonwealth finally come to the table with their support for the revised Murray Basin Rail Project works and we will work with them to deliver this project for our regional communities as soon as possible.’’

Victorian Shadow Minister for Ports and Freight Roma Britnell said Labor needed to ‘‘start listening’’ to farmers’ concerns. ‘‘The community and industry have been screaming out for significant investment in freight networks for years, but the Andrews Labor Government isn’t listening, and it’s Victorian farmers who will pay the price,’’ Ms Britnell said.

The VFF is calling for freight lines across the state to be upgraded as soon as possible.

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PAGE 26—’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021

cropping & tillage

Strong dollar will impact prices has once again read the tea NAB leaves and delivered a market

be of most interest to grain growers who’ve seen a see-saw of weakening domestic demand, Chinese tariffs and pandemic-fuelled buying internationally level the grain price out to an overall good value.

NAB Agribusiness economist Phin Ziebell said dollar appreciation would likely put pressure on this price as the year continued.

forecast, highlighting the main risk factors producers should be keeping an eye on.

These factors, according to the February 2021 NAB Rural Commodities Wrap, are an appreciating Australian dollar and the volatile livestock price.

The strengthening Australian dollar will

‘‘Underpinning our 2021 forecast is the AUD forecast track, which points to the AUD climbing to USD 0.80 by mid-year and USD 0.83 by the end of 2021,’’ Mr Ziebell said. ‘‘We see global grain prices remaining elevated, but largely counterbalanced by a higher AUD and the demise of basis. ‘‘All this adds up to a forecast for Australian wheat in the low $300/tonne

range, a respectable price especially factoring in good-to-excellent yields in the recent harvest.’’

The AUD is appreciating because of good iron ore prices thanks to a steelintensive Chinese economic recovery, a weakening US dollar and Australia’s own economy outperforming expectations, partly due to good COVID-19 management. ➤ Continued on page 27.

Graphs from the NAB February 2021 rural commodity report.

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’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021—PAGE 27

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NAB’s fertiliser index rose 8.8 per cent in January, a big jump for a commodity liable to big declines. ‘‘While there has been considerable volatility in fertiliser prices of late, producers should perhaps be mindful of upside risks, particularly given the rally in natural gas prices recently,’’ the report advised.

Chinese trade barriers were a feature of 2020 and their continuation, escalation or de-escalation is a key question for Australian farmers in 2021 — one which

cannot be answered. ‘‘With huge crop to move and China imposing 80 per cent tariffs, Australian barley growers have been fortunate to enjoy strong buying activity from Saudi Arabia,’’ Mr Ziebell said. ‘‘While this is only feed barley, the global grain price rally has allowed growers to enjoy reasonable prices.’’

All up GrainCorp brought in 12.8 million metric tons (mmt) of grain this harvest (as of January 11) while in the west, CBH brought in 14.2 mmt (as of December 18) — stronger than expected for the west.

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PAGE 28—’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021

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Upbeat year ahead for grains ustralia’s agricultural A sector is set to enjoy an overall profitable year ahead

— underpinned by high commodity prices, positive seasonal conditions and low interest rates, and despite expected continuing trade tensions with China — according to the latest Rabobank agribusiness outlook.

Rabobank forecasts a strong global demand for wheat keeping prices firm through the year, with rising global demand for feed grain.

Rabobank says a generally profitable 2020-21 season for most Australian farmers will not only kick start recovery from the recent severe east coast drought, but also put the sector in a stronger position to navigate a number of major transitions it will face in the year ahead — the pandemic recovery, reducing reliance on China and increasing sustainability.

Report lead author, Rabobank head of Food & Agribusiness Research Tim Hunt, said despite the turbulent environment facing the world as 2021 got under way, global demand for food and agribusiness products remained ‘‘surprisingly firm’’, while weather patterns were also favouring Australia ahead of

Rabobank is forecasting a better year for prices.

competitors when it comes to production. ‘‘In a current global environment marked by the pandemic, political tensions and trade wars, demand for food and agri products has remained unexpectedly strong,’’ Mr Hunt said. ‘‘And despite the punitive actions of China on Australian agriculture, high agricultural commodity prices, low interest rates and positive seasonal conditions are underpinning a positive outlook for most farmers in 2020-21.’’

The world is a ‘‘turbulent place’’ as Australia’s agricultural

sector enters 2021, the Rabobank report says, impacted by factors including the continuing COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, the completion of Brexit and the emergence of the United States from a tumultuous presidency, as well as continuing trade wars, which are distorting the direction and price of traded goods. ‘‘Market intervention is back in vogue, with grain-exporting countries reconsidering export quota and taxes as they fret over food security, while elsewhere port strikes have impeded trade flows,’’ the report said.

Demand for agricultural

commodities though is being supported, with several major importing countries appearing to be stockpiling to mitigate risk of shortages and by unprecedented support from governments helping to offset the impact of the pandemic on employment and incomes, and therefore spending on food.

Weather has also finally turned in the favour of Australian farmers, the report says, ‘‘with Mother Nature dealing Australian farmers a winning hand’’.

Above-average rainfall in 2020 had set up a very good winter crop along with higher-than-

usual moisture to open 2021 and significantly-increased storages across the MurrayDarling Basin. ‘‘This is improving broadacre farm incomes, boosting locallygrown feed and underpinning better water allocations for irrigators,’’ Mr Hunt said.

At the same time, the report said, while the La Niña weather conditions have been positive for much of Australia, they have ‘‘crimped the production prospects of competitors offshore’’, with large parts of the US, Latin America and eastern Europe unusually dry.

This had helped to significantly tighten international markets and drive up global commodity prices, Mr Hunt said.

While Mother Nature is supporting Australian farmers at the moment, the report says, ‘‘the Chinese Government is in a less generous mood’’, with tensions between the two countries showing no sign of easing. ‘‘Australian barley, wine and timber exports into China remain effectively blocked as we enter 2021, while informal impediments appear to be constraining shipments of cotton and lobsters,’’ Mr Hunt said.

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’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021—PAGE 29

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PAGE 30—’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021

cropping & tillage

Back to basics to battle weeds he old saying ‘‘one year T seeding, seven years weeding’’ is sadly making a

comeback as herbicide resistance continues to reduce the efficacy of previously reliable tools.

The reliance on chemicals has been deemed ‘‘too good to last’’

by WeedSmart, which is encouraging croppers to extend their weed knowledge and adopt a multi-pronged approach.

The industry-led group aims to promote the long-term sustainability of herbicide use on Australian broadacre farms.

WeedSmart’s way of achieving this is a method helpfully called the ‘‘Big 6’’.

The ‘‘Big 6’’ includes practices such as rotating crops and pastures, mixing and rotating herbicides, and double knocking (following a round of herbicide use with a different chemical or non-herbicide tool).

Double knocking is especially important when using glyphosate, which is the world’s most important herbicide.

Any possible resistance to this chemical needs to be stamped out immediately, according to WeedSmart.

WeedSmart’s Cindy Benjamin said no one tool would do the job anymore. ‘‘Just as herbicides alone have failed, so too will harvest weed

WeedSmart says croppers need to diversify their weed control strategies in the face of growing herbicide resistance.

seed control or crop competition if they are not part of a planned and multi-pronged assault on the weed seedbank,’’ Ms Benjamin said. ‘‘This is the underlying principal of integrated weed management.’’

Economic models done in 2006 showed integrated weed management (IWM) had strong potential to out-perform herbicide-only systems, regardless of the weed in questions. ‘‘Herbicides provide high level

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control and are considered an essential component of broadacre cropping systems, however, other tactics that specifically target weeds that have escaped herbicide control are what makes IWM systems more profitable in the long-run,’’

Ms Benjamin said. ‘‘It will always be a numbers game and IWM consistently wins, usually by a considerable margin, primarily due to lower weed seedbank numbers and conservation of the highly effective herbicide resources for tactical use over time.’’

When developing an integrated weed management plan it is useful to collate historical information about past weed control activities, test weeds for herbicide resistance and create a plan with your agronomist.

It is ideal to include three of more of the ‘‘Big 6’’ tactics in each crop, fallow or pasture phase. ‘‘Diversity is key,’’ Ms Benjamin said. ‘‘Some people prefer to have a set cropping sequence while others choose the crops in response to seasonal or market conditions, but either way it is important to look for ways to add as much diversity to your farming system as possible and to keep downward pressure on weed numbers at every opportunity.’’ ➤ For more information about managing herbicide resistance, visit: www.weedsmart.org.au

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’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021—PAGE 31

cropping & tillage

Know the risks before sowing head of the upcoming sowing A season, Victorian grain growers are being urged to identify the disease

risk in their paddocks before seeding.

Agriculture Victoria senior research scientist Grant Hollaway said a proactive disease management strategy was key to protecting yield. ‘‘There are a few important steps to take at this time of year to avoid crop diseases and production losses, such as identifying paddocks at risk of disease and avoiding planting them to vulnerable crops,’’ Dr Hollaway said. ‘‘It’s crucial to be aware of soil-borne and stubble-borne diseases that might be present — growers can do this by checking paddock history and considering using a soil test to inform which diseases are likely to affect crops in 2021.’’

In the absence of disease control, soiland stubble-borne diseases can often decrease grain yield by 25 per cent.

When considering paddock selection for cereals, growers should consider soilborne diseases, such as crown rot, rhizoctonia and nematodes, and stubbleborne diseases, such as yellow leaf spot in wheat and net blotches and scald in barley.

Dr Hollaway encourages growers to complement their nutritional testing with a PREDICTA B test.

The DNA-based soil testing service helps grain growers identify which soilborne and stubble-borne pathogens pose a significant risk to their crops before seeding, so steps can be taken to minimise risk of yield loss.

PREDICTA B is a service delivered by the South Australian Research and Development Institute (the research division of the SA Department of Primary Industries and Regions), through Grains Research and Development Corporation investment.

Soil samples provided for PREDICTA B testing should include stubble, to identify the risk of stubble-borne diseases, such as crown rot.

By using PREDICTA B, combined with advice from an accredited agronomist, disease pathogens can be detected and managed before losses occur.

Dr Hollaway will be presenting at the upcoming PREDICTA B 2021 Root Disease Risk Management Course in Echuca on Tuesday, February 23. ➤ For more information about the event, visit: grdc.com.au/events/list/submitted/ 2020/predictab-2021-root-disease-riskmanagement-course-echuca ➤ For more information on crop disease management, visit: extensionaus.com.au/ FieldCropDiseasesVic

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PAGE 32—’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021

cropping & tillage

Marni Riordan from Gippsland Seed Services discovered the pest in an Orbost maize crop.

A fall armyworm. Newly hatched larvae are lightly coloured with a darker head, then develop white stripes lengthwise as they darken and grown to about 34 mm in length.

Source: University of Georgia

Hungry pest reaches Victoria all armyworm has been F detected in Victoria for the first time, found in an Orbost

maize crop.

The rapidly spreading pest was found by Gippsland Seed Services production manager Marni Riordan, who had placed traps to check for fall armyworm. ‘‘At Gippsland Seed Services, we crop maize, sweet corn and popcorn for seed, all of which fall armyworm could have a large impact on,’’ Ms Riordan said.

‘‘When it was reported north of the Victorian border, we wanted to know when it was in Victoria, so we can best change our practices to manage the pest.’’

Fall armyworm was reported in the Finley region last December — also stumbled upon in a maize crop.

It is a serious threat to a wide range of industries, including grain, rice, cotton, vegetables and sugarcane.

The moth species is native to the tropical regions of the

Americas, but has spread quickly after being detected in Central and Western Africa in 2016, ranging across sub-Saharan Africa, reaching the Indian subcontinent and making it into China and South-East Asia by June 2019.

In 2020 the moth was discovered in Australia for the first time, entering Queensland via the Torres Strait Islands from Papua New Guinea.

The fall armyworm moth is a strong flyer and will travel

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hundreds of kilometres on storm fronts.

The larvae stage of this moth is where they cause the most destruction, eating into grasstype crops with a particular preference for maize.

The Commonwealth, states and territories have already agreed the fall armyworm cannot be feasibly eradicated in Australia, and so is here to stay.

You can minimise risk by putting in place biosecurity bestpractice actions such as ‘‘come

clean, go clean’’; controlling weeds and volunteer plants in fallow paddocks, along fence lines and around buildings; monitoring crops regularly for signs of armyworm damage; reporting anything unusual to 1800 084 881; and keeping records.

It is expected most of the moths in Victoria will die from the cold in winter, but will be replaced by a new batch of travellers every spring-summer.

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’Cropping and Tillage’, February, 2021—PAGE 33

cropping & tillage

Maximising returns ith more irrigation water available W this year, growers are looking to maximise returns from their summer

crops.

Key researchers, growers and industry representatives gathered in Wandella on January 28 to discuss the latest research results from maize and sorghum trials. ‘‘The research site has grown this year to incorporate summer grain and forage crops,’’ Irrigated Cropping Council executive officer Charlie Aves said. ‘‘Our partnership with FAR Australia continues with research into grain maize as part of the GRDC Optimising Irrigated Grains project. ‘‘This year we are also collaborating with Murray Dairy to assess maize and sorghum for silage production under different irrigation strategies. ‘‘Pioneer strike trials are on site again and this year Pacific Seeds have a trial on forage sorghum varieties.’’

The maize trial is in its second year, researcher Damian Jones said. ‘‘The research provided some interesting results that will assist growers to optimise yield and quality of their maize crops,’’ he said.

This maize trial site is part of a GRDC project and aims to maximise the profitability of irrigated farming systems in the Murray and Murrumbidgee region, south-east South Australia and Tasmania.

Led by FAR Australia in collaboration with the Irrigated Cropping Council, it is part of a wider set of investments being made by GRDC in irrigated cropping systems.

Herbicides may persist on’t set yourself up D for failure by not learning the soil

Crops from a trial site near Kerang were on show at a recent field day.

persistence of your herbicides, recommends the Grains Research and Development Corporation.

Grain growers are being encouraged to keep residual herbicides front of mind when controlling weeds this summer, as what is applied now will have an impact on winter crop choices.

GRDC weeds manager Jason Emms said predicting how long herbicides would persist in the soil was an ongoing challenge for growers who were often mindful of this factor. ‘‘Many herbicides can persist in the soil for extended periods of time,’’ Mr Emms said. ‘‘Herbicides for residual weed control need to provide weeks or months of persistence in the soil to achieve their desired weed control objectives.’’

Many elements influence the time it takes

for herbicides to break down.

As a general rule, if the top 10 cm of soil isn’t moist then little herbicide degradation is occurring.

With the Bureau of Meteorology flagging that the peak of the La Niña weather event has already been and gone, growers should avoid betting on wet conditions to wash away chemicals.

Other breakdown factors to consider are: soil temperature, microbial activity, soil type, soil pH, soil organic matter and the chemistry of the herbicide used and how it degrades.

The GRDC has a comprehensive resource to help growers, agronomists and farm advisers when planning herbicides on the GRDC Herbicide Behaviour webpage. ➤ Visit the page at: https:/ /grdc.com.au/resources-andpublications/resources/ herbicide-behaviour

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