FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN MEMBER STATES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE-Interim Report

FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN MEMBER STATES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE Preparatory Study for the 17th Session of the Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Spatial Planning (CEMAT) Interim Report

Tarpinė ataskaita

Bucharest 3 – 4 November 2017 Palace of the Parliament

Agenda

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Process & methodology

2

Status/ Questionnaires

3

Definition

4

Typologies

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Preliminary conclusions / main findings

Next steps 2

Purpose

(1) support the preparation of the 17th Session of the Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Spatial Planning (CEMAT) (2) Providing recommendations in order to streamline spatial development policies and to support the sustainable capitalization and protection of local resources through integrated approaches based on functional areas

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Approach

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Status

1st stage

2nd stage

Documentation and desk research

Identification of FA typologies

Defining the methodology

Synthesis and theoretical approach

Analysis of studies, reports, resolutions, framework documents developed at CEMAT, European, national and regional/ local level

Questionnaire sent to Member States

Preparatory meeting and working sesions

Proposal of FA definition, criteria and typologies

3rd stage

FA Atlas Mapping of FA in Europe based on the proposed classification

Description of each category/ typology Good practice examples

4th stage

Principles and recommendations Principles and recommendations on spatial development policies Development Guide for functional areas relevant measures and projects Glossary Support the elaboration of the resolution on FA

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25 Member States filled in the questionnaire

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Definition

FA is the area or region that functions as a unitary system from a political and / or social and / or economic point of view. In other words, the FA is defined by the internal system of interactions and relationships and covers, in whole or in part, the territory of several administrative-territorial units that cooperate and are linked / united by economic, communications, transport activities, etc.

FA vs FUA

(1) territories that cluster around urban centres and concentrate systemic relations

(2) territories delineated according to one or more defining criteria (for example, geographic or socioeconomic peculiarities) that determine the cohesion and nature of internal and external interactions.

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FAs are defined by 3 main dimensions

FAs imply the existence of governance mechanisms, of a system of cooperative relationships resulting from a common goal (solving common problems or capitalizing on local potential) and functional relationships, in which mobility and communications play a particularly important role.

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Governance is essential

In the sense of the study, governance refers to the coordinated actions based on continuous negotiation between local, regional, national and sometimes international actors to implement coherent and effective development policies by encouraging bottom-up initiatives.

Governance – accountability – monitoring and evaluation

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Why collaborate?

• • • • • • • • •

• •

Local socio-economic development Controlling development (sprawl, investment location etc.)

Economic specialization/ restructuring Increase investment attractiveness and own capacity for investment (infrastructure, flagship projects etc.)

Tourism and joint marketing Opportunity to solve urgent or long-lasting common problems Protection and capitalization on natural and cultural heritage Exploring new funding opportunities or an advantage in funding Strengthen the position of the institution/ municipality/ county/ region at national and/ or European level Reputational and political reasons ………………

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Criteria for classification Some MS also mentioned the administrative criterion for the delineation of functional areas, identifying functional areas as regions or other administrative structures defined at national and local level. In the study, these areas were not treated separately, as one of the premises for the proposed definition states that the functional areas and their corresponding systemic relationships transcend administrative boundaries.

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13

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Functional areas defined on complex criteria

Complex functional areas are territories where, although the main central factor (urban centre, major natural environment, services of public interest, common challenges and not only) is often differentiated, the complex relationships within the area and with the external environment call for an integrated approach to spatial development management that ensures cooperation between all relevant stakeholders.

Areas of territorial cooperation (Crossborder cooperation areas and transnational macro-regions)

Functional urban areas and urban systems

Functional rural areas

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Functional Urban Areas in Member States

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Functional Urban Areas in Romania

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Functional Rural Areas in Romania

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Cross Border Areas in Romania

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Functional areas defined mainly on social criteria

Functional and cohesive areas defined mainly by social criteria have been identified with the aim of reducing disparities and providing satisfactory living conditions, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. These areas are treated as integrated planning areas (e.g. in Turkey) and can be classified as specific functional areas for socio-economic regeneration/restructuring. This category may include sparsely populated areas, at risk of poverty or conflicts, where all these challenges have been crucial in establishing intraterritorial relations, forms of association and cooperation, as well as appropriate management mechanisms.

The social criterion is multivalent and, aside from generating specific FA, plays an important role in defining complex and economic areas.

specific functional areas for socioeconomic regeneration/restructuring

Correlation with complex and economic FAs

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Population Density in Member States

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Functional areas defined mainly on economic criteria

Although there is no consensus on the definition of functional economic areas, it is worth noting the importance of studying economic markets that are based on different types of economic flows and specializations.

The definition of functional economic areas depends on the local context and must be formulated according to a certain economic dimension on which the specificity / specialization of the area is established.

An important interest on economic functional and cohesive areas was noticed when analysing the questionnaires.

Clusters and innovative regions

Areas under industrial restructuring

Free economic/ trade areas

Touristic areas

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Clusters identified in Member States

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Economic Functional Areas in Romania

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Functional areas defined mainly on heritage and landscape criteria The landscape is a development engine that can increase the level of attractiveness of a region, the degree of belonging of the population to the territory and/ or the quality of life. The landscape itself is a model of an integrated approach over the territory, and it cannot be separated from other infrastructures. For these reasons, the structuring of functional areas according to landscape values is considered relevant in the current socio-economic, cultural and political context. When structuring territories according to heritage and landscape values, 2 categories were taken into account: (1) Landscapes protected by applicable law and (2) Landscapes with locally/ informal recognized special value

Areas with important natural heritage (natural landscape)

Areas with important cultural heritage (built landscape)

Areas with complex cultural heritage (multifunctional landscape)

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Natural and Cultural Protected Areas in Member States

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Natural and Cultural Protected Areas in Romania

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Functional areas defined mainly on geographical criteria

With regards to geography, the term region is used to understand the differences that exist between geographical areas. The formal (homogeneous) region that can be assimilated to potential functional areas is characterized by uniform spatial distribution of one or more natural or built elements. Territorial coherence may be related to aspects such as population and economic activities or elements of the natural environment such as climate or landforms. Where they overlap and a management/governance mechanism (even informal) can be identified, cohesive areas meet the criteria of functional areas.

Mountain areas

Delta areas

Island areas

Coastal areas

River catchment areas

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Mountain and Island Areas in Member States

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Mountain Areas in Romania

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Coastal Areas in Romania

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Reccomendations

• Priorities in using functional areas as instruments for development

A. Identifying and defining functional areas • B. Identifying and using endogenous potential • C. Providing support for the development of functional areas • D. Ensuring Territorial Governance based on cooperation

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Reccomendations

• How can functional areas act as an efficient instrument for the creation and implementation of spatial development policies?

• What is the most suitable framework for sharing knowledge and best practices related to functional areas?

• Taking into account the great diversity of functional areas across CoE Member States, can we find common principles to guide the delineation and development of FAs?

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