E
Environmental
R e p o r t
Environment + Systems Integration
The YL+P Mining Heritage Library D r u r y
L a n e
M e g a n
|
D u r h a m
I n g h a m
1
B E 0 9 1 1
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w 1 3 0 0 2 0 1 5
Contents. Introduction
3
Part A|Site Evaluation
7
Part B|Environmental Brief Part C|Envelope + Strategies
14 21
P a r t D | S y s t e m s , S e r v i c e s + I n n o v a t i o n 31 Reference + Bibliography 2
41
Introduction
Building along a contour bench Coal Elevator
Drift Mine
Auger mining Rock spoils
Environmental Report This report is to sit in conjunction with The Young Lit and Phil Mining Heritage Library Design Workbook. Some of the topics, diagrams used and text written may overlap other reports.
Slope Mine Miners Elevator
Coal Beds
Shaft Mine Mining Methods Diagram
This report will give further information into the environmental considerations of the site and how the design and functioning aspects of The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library have responded to this. This report wil cover a site evaluation and an environmental brief. It will also explain the innovative environmental strategies and systems integration chosen for this proje
Narrative + Concept Narrative
Massing Diagram
The Young Lit + Phil Library, currently situated in the heart of Newcastle City Centre, is looking to expand with the introduction of a new specialist library. The Young YL+P will sit on the bank of the River Wear, over looking Elvet Bridge from Drury Lane in Durham. Coal mining established county Durham, however, this heritage has been lost in the younger generations. The Lit and Phil Society and The Durham Miners Heritage Group will for a collaboration. This will allow both organisations to expand to a wider audience and will encourage the City of Durham to re-engage with its industrial heritage. It will provide a space for people to learn and share, enriching the overall community. Concept The main concept for The Young lit and Phil Mining Heritage Library is the idea of three spaces derived from the three mining methods, as shown in the diagram to the right. This will inform three rectilinear blocks which will sit indirectly upon on another. The dark board-marked concrete will protrude from the steep terrain, jutting over the River Wear, like coal seams coming out of the ground. The three mining methods also inform how people move through and around the building.
Concept Sketch
3
Introduction | Location The proposed site is in the City of Durham in the North East of England. Situated just off Saddler Street on Drury Lane, The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library will overlook the Elvet Bridge and the River Wear. This site is surrounded by other historical monuments in Durham, such as the Cathedral and the Castle, the perfect place for re-establishing the mining heritage back into the community.
S a d d l e r
S t r e e t
T h e
Y L + P
E l v e t
D u r h a m
B r i d g e R i v e r
C a t h e d r a l D r u r y
4
L a n e
W e a r
E l v e t
Introduction | Orientation
B r i d g e
F e a r n o n W a l k
R i v e r W e a r
r l e d d S a
D r u r y
L a n e
Main Approaches
e t r e S t
1:100 Site Plan Drury Lane The YL+P 5
Introduction | Access + Constraints Trees Drury Lane is situated in the Heart of Durham City, a heavily built up area. It is surrounded by shops, bars and flats and access is limited. There are three points of pedestrian access but as Durham is a heavily pedestrianised City, vehicular access is limited. There are many other constraints to also consider, including, Boundaries, trees and flooding.
Points of Access
Elvet Bridge
Access
Sycamore Root Spread: Large Root Depth: Shallow Height: Approx 22m (min)
Fearnon Walk
Ash Root Spread: Large Root Depth: Fairly Deep Height: Approx 15m (min)
Saddler Street
Diagrams by Christine Mottershead Montages by Olivia Needham
Boundaries
Flood Risk The site is sat on the bank of the River Wear and is very susceptible to flooding. Current level = 0.73m Highest Recorded Level = 3.83m 18/07/09
Rear site boundary. Overlooked by restaurant and beer garden Site boundary. Separating over-looking buildings.
Site boundary. Beyond is empty space and low height buildings.
Views towards the site. Drury Lane access to
Major Directional
the site.
Axis through the site.
6
(River levels station data, 2010)
Part Site Evaluation
7
A
A Solar Data 58.5°
Drury Lane is surrounded on three sides, North, West and South. There is also a large number of trees. This means the site is quite shaded, especially in winter, getting the majority of sunlight from the East in the mornings. Sun Angles Durham Latitude = 55 °N Summer Solstice: 90 - Latitude (°N) + 23.5 = 58.5° Winter Solstice: 90 - Latitude (°N) - 23.5 = 11.5° During the winter the sun reaches its lowest point of around 11.5°. At this point, the site will be receiving little, to no sun. During the Summer, the sun reaches about 58.5°, exceeding the height of the surrounding trees and providing more natural daylight to the site.
11.5°
Ground Level
Lux Levels September Average Lux Levels : 1980 lux November Average Lux Levels : 540 lux The lux levels were taken from a range of positions around the site. They did show lower levels towards the West and North parts of the site and higher towards the South and particularly the East. It is important to consider the information throughout the design stage to provide appropriate internal lux levels. 8
A Solar Data Overshadowing
These diagrams show the sun path throughout the year in regards to the chosen site. They also show how the surrounding buildings overshadow the site. This could be important during the design stage in terms of solar glare and heat gains.
June May\July
January 10 AM
June 10 AM
January 12 PM
June 10 AM
January 3 PM
June 10 AM
April/August
March/September
February/October
January/November December
(Sunpath 55 north, no date)
9
A Wind Data
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
(Wind and weather statistic Durham Tees valley airport/ Teesside, no date)
Above Monthly Wind Data Right Uk Wind Map Far Right Average Wind Data on Site The wind data shows the prevailing wind direction on site throughout the year. This data shows that the average prevailing wind direction is South/ South Westerly. In the summer months, the wind also comes from the North East. Despite this, the site is quite sheltered from the wind by the surrounding buildings and trees. This information will be used as reference when considering the ventilation system for The YL+P Mining Heritage Library. (BRE breathes winds of change into uplift guidelines, 2014)
10
A Topography Drury Lane has a very steep topography with an over height change of 9m from river level to saddler street. The flood risk level is also shown, a flood response system may need to be integrated into the design.
The Site
+9000
+6000
Flood Risk
+3500 +2000
0000 +2400 +2200
+2000
+1800
11
+2000
0000
-2000
A Temperature + Rainfall The North East of England tends to have lower temperatures compared to other areas of the UK. The temperatures in Durham can also differ considerably depending on the seasons, peaking at around August time and reaching a low around January. The measurements taken on site were only 2 months apart, however, they differ by 10°c. This is important to consider in terms of heating and cooling systems within The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library, to maintain a constant level of thermal comfort despite seasonal changes.
Temperature Readings
(Office et al., 2012)
September 2015: 15°c November 2015: 4°c
The North East is also one of the wetter parts of the UK, receiving an average of 50mm per month. This could be both an advantage and disadvantage to the design. The rain water could be harvested and used in a grey water system. However, the site is prone to flooding and excessive rainfall could cause damages to the building.
(Durham, United Kingdom weather averages | monthly average high and low temperature | average Precipitation and rainfall days, no date)
12
(Annual precipitation map of the United Kingdom of great Britain, no date)
A Noise + Traffic Elvet Bridge 1
Main Points of Noise + Traffic
This access route to the site is fairly quiet, with little foot fall. This route could be used for vehicle access if necessary.
Elvet Bridge 2 This are is heavily pedestrianised as it is one of the main routes across the river. Quite a lot of noise pollution will come from this direction
River Wear The river is frequently used by rowers, especially in this area, due to the neighbouring boathouse.
Fearnon Walk Fearnon Walk has a heavy foot fall and is often used by walkers, runners and cyclists on a daily basis. This will contribute a lot to the noise levels on site.
Saddler Street Average Noise Levels: 52.5db Drury Lane is a relativity quiet site. This is because Durham is heavily pedestrianised with limited vehicular access. Despite this, pedestrians, cyclists and rowers still contribute to the noise levels on site.
As shown in the diagram above, the main sources of noise come from Elvet bridge and Saddler Street due to them being heavily pedestrianised routes through the City Centre. It it important to take this into consideration during the design process as it will inform the internal arrangement in terms of acoustical requirements and also the positioning of windows and doors.
13
Saddler Street is the busiest of all the access routes as it is the main high street in Durham and also provides access to the major landmarks and University. This area will contribute most to the noise levels on site.
Part
Environmental Brief
B
14
B Environmental Requirements Building Regulations The Young Lit +Phil Mining Heritage Library aims to provide an environment for people to learn and share their knowledge and experiences with one another. There will be a variety of spaces, from a library, to an auditorium to a cafe, each requiring different spacial characteristics to be a comfortable, functioning environment. It will be spread across three ‘blocks’ each sat indirectly above one another, so it is important to consider how spaces sit on top of each other. Also, due to the topography, the sub - basement will be submerged, therefore it is important to consider how this space will both function and be a safe environment for users.
PART F VENTILATION F1 There shall be adequate means of ventilation provided for people in the building. PART L CONSERVATION OF FUEL AND POWER L1 Reasonable provision shall be made for the conservation of fuel and power in buildings by (a) limiting heat gains and losses (i) through thermal elements and other parts of the building fabric; and (ii) from pipes, ducts and vessels used for space heating, space cooling and hot water services; (b) providing fixed building services which— (i) are energy efficient; (ii) have effective controls; and (iii) are commissioned by testing and adjusting as necessary to ensure they use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances; and (c) providing to the owner sufficient information about the building, the fixed building services and their maintenance requirements so that the building can be operated in such a manner as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances.
During the project the Building Regulations Part L, the Approved Documents and the CIBSE Guide Part A will be used to ensure a scheme that is both safe, comfortable and functioning whilst being low impact on the environment. ‘The interaction between people and buildings takes place in a number of ways, and many aspects of the environment are important: • the thermal environment (both inside the building and outside) • the lighting • the ventilation • any noise or vibration.’ (Guide A: Environmental design, 2015)
Room Requirements Floor Ground Ground
Reception Lobby Offices
Thermal Comfort Summer/Winter (°c) 13-25 21-24
Ground Ground Ground Mezzanine Basement Mezzanine Basement Basement Basement Basement Sub-Basement Sub-Basement
Reading Rooms Meeting Room Circulation Space Exhibition Space Toilets x 2 Toilets Auditoria Store Cafe Kitchen
22-25 22-25 13-25 19-23 19-23 19-23 22-25 15 21-25 15-21
General Library Requirements Recommended Winter Temperatures: 19-23°c Recommended Summer Temperatures: 21-25 °c Recommended Air Supply rate: 10 litres per second Recommended Lighting levels: 300-500 lux Recommended Acoustic Performance: 25-35 (Environmental design, 2006)
(SFRANCI3, 2009)
Room Type
15
Lighting Requirements (Lux)
Acoustic Performance (dB)
Air Supply Rate (L.s-1)
200 300-500
40 35
10 10
500 300-500 200 200 200 200 100-150 200 50-200 500
30 - 35 25-30 40 30-35 35-45 35-45 20-30 35-40 40-45
10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 (Environmental design, 2006)
B Outline of Accomodation Minimum Programme Requirements Entrance
Book Deposit Reception Desk Lobby
Servant
Book Self Issue Secure Deposit Point Storage
Main Library
The adjacency diagrams show how the three ‘blocks’ line up with one another and the hierarchy of the spaces. The circulation space, riser and toilets sit above each other for the easement of services. The louder, service or private spaces are kept towards the rear of the building, making the key areas the priority spaces, making the most of the sunlight and views.
Serve
Book Shelves
Archives/ Recording Areas
Librarian’s Issue Points Office Lobby/Seating Area Reception Desk
Shelving Seating/ Study Areas Private Study Areas Librarian’s Office Private Recording Rooms Meeting Room
Circulation Space
Study Area
The three ‘blocks’ each have a different function and different internal atmospheres. This needs to be considered aswell as the requirements data.
Private Meeting Room
Private Study Areas
Reception and Main Library Space This space will be light and open, providing views across the to Elvet Bridge. This space will have a peaceful atmosphere, perfect for people to learn and discuss.
Auditorium
Presentation Space Seating Storage
Toilets
Accessible
Miscellaneous
Closet
Backstage Area Stage
Seating
Exhibition and Auditorium
Accessible Toilet Circulation
This space will be more formal. The auditorium space will look out over the River Wear. The space will be overlooked by a mezzanine level which will contain both temporary and permanent exhibitions. Toilets will be situated towards the rear on both levels.
Space
Seating Area Bar Small Kitchen Cold Room Food Store
Kitchen
Bar
IT Spaces Seating Area
Listening
Cafe
Spaces
This block will be an underground cafe, accessed from Fearnon Walk to avoid disruption of the quieter areas. It will be a social space, encouraging people to interact with on another.
Cool
Circulation Space Room Food Store
Circulation
Adjacencies
Accessible Lift Stairs
Noise Levels
Storage
Toilet
Toilets Disabled Toilet/ Baby Change Cleaner’s Room Plants Room Bin Store Riser Server
Cafe
Changing Rooms
High
Low
16
B Zones + Requirements Bookshelves and Communal Reading Space
Reception + Staff Areas
Lighting Requirements This space will need lux levels of around 500 lux as people will be reading and writing for long periods of time. To maximise the use of natural light, study spaces and the meeting room will be situated against the windows on the south side. The bookshelves will be kept towards the other side to avoid light damage.
Acoustic Requirements The acoustic levels should be around 25/30dB in the study spaces to allow people to concentrate. In other areas, like the communal reading areas and external deck, noise levels can reach around 40. As the measured decibels on site were only 52.5dB, it should be easy to control internal acoustic conditions.
Thermal Requirements Entrance / Lobby
The required temperature in the library area is 21-25 °c. This floor is quite open, with lots of windows on the south facade to allow natural daylight into the space. This could cause heat gains, or in winter, heat loss. The internal temperature will be regulated by an underfloor heating system and natural ventilation.
Study Spaces + Meeting Room
Ventilation Requirements
Each zone has different environmental requirements.
The space will need to be well ventilated with a good source of fresh air to provide a good working environment, roughly 0.1 litres per second This floor has lots of windows, easily open-able by the users. Along with the patio doors onto the external deck, this should provide the space with a constant supply of fresh air.
Ground Floor The ground floor will be the main access point off Drury Lane. It is the top ‘block’ of the three and will house a lobby and reception area, staff room and office, library space, study spaces and a meeting room. There will also be an external deck and walkway overlooking the River Wear. In general this floor will be lighter and open than the others, the most appropriate environment for the library and study spaces.
Service Requirements There will be some IT facilities and electronic book deposit and issue points on this floor. These will be powered by an IT server which will be situated on the basement level next to the plant room. 17
B Zones + Requirements Lighting Requirements Toilets and Riser
The recommended lux level in a gallery/exhibition space is 200 lux. It also requires North light to avoid solar glare when looking at images and artefacts and also to avoid sun damage. The mezzanine is situated to the North side of the building and there are multiple widows.
Gallery/ Exhibition Space
Acoustic Requirements The exhibition and gallery space overlook the auditorium, therefore the acoustic performance has to be around 30dB. . There is a large window towards the front of this block. Thid could allow noise in from the river and Fearnon Walk. The materials within this space will have to be carefully considered to maximise the acoustic performance
Thermal Requirements The thermal requirements of the exhibition space are 1923°c, this is quite cool in comparison to the auditorium. As they share a space, the internal temperature will have to be controlled by a hybrid ventilation system.
Ventilation Requirements The exhibition space has to have about 0.1 litres per second. Due to the positioning of the items in the exhibition, the windows will not be open-able. A hybrid ventilation system may be required in this space. The toilets are situated towards the rear of this space. They need about 0.05 litres per second. There will be vents directly to the outside to provide a constant supply of fresh air.
Each zone has different environmental requirements.
Basement Mezzanine This floor sits in the upper area of the second block. It houses two accessible toilets towards the rear. The exhibition/gallery space overlooks the auditorium and leads to a staircase towards the front which leads down to the floor below. This area needs to be quiet and the gallery space especially, needs to be appropriately lit.
Service Requirements The two accessible toilets on this level will be situated directly above the toilets on the level below and this kitchen. This allows the drainage facilities to stay together so waste is not carried throughout the building. 18
B Zones + Requirements Lighting Requirements The recommended lux levels in the auditorium are around 100-150. This is relatively low in comparison to the rest of the building. With the large glazed wall at the front of the space, the majority of this will be provided by natural daylight. Louvred blinds will be required to prevent glare from the morning sun.
Toilets, Riser + Services
Acoustic Requirements The acoustic performance of the auditorium is important as it will be one person speaking to a larger group and this needs to be heard from the back of the room. This auditorium wil work better with a low reverberation time to avoid echoes. This will be controlled with the consideration of internal material finishes.
Thermal Requirements
Each zone has different environmental requirements.
The recommended temperature in this space is about 2225°c. There are large amounts of glazing in this room which, depending on the season, could cause heat loss or gains. This will be controlled by underfloor heating and ventilation. It is important visitors are comfortable s they could be sitting listening for long periods of time.
Auditorium
Ventilation Requirements This space requires 0.1 litres per second. There are also toilets towards the rear of this level which require 0.05 litres per second. As this part of the ‘block’ is recessed into the ground, a hybrid system will need to be used to ventilate the space.
Basement The area beneath the mezzanine level will be used for services, for example, male and female toilets, server and plant room. The auditorium will be situated towards the front of the room with a over the river, towards the bridge. There will be storage beneath the bleachers of the auditorium. The affect of solar glare and the acoustical qualities of this space will have to be considered within the design.
Service Requirements The toilets will sit directly above the kitchen and below the toilets above allowing linear drainage, preventing it travelling around other parts of the building. The server and plat rooms will also be situated on this floor, easily accessed by the fire door on the North Facade. 19
B Zones + Requirements Kitchen
Cafe
Lighting Requirements The lighting requirements are more variable in the cafe area. There is less need for natural daylight as people are doing activities like eating and drinking. As this area is submerged underground and will therefore have mainly atmospheric artificial lighting. The front wall will be glazed to allow views out over the river and natural light in. The kitchen requires lux levels of 500, the kitchen will have no windows so will depend entirely on artificial lighting.
Acoustic Requirements This is a social area where people will interact and have discussions, therefore the decibel level will be higher. With lots of people talking at once, a low reverberation time is required. This will be controlled by the internal material finishes.
Thermal Requirements The cafe space requires temperatures ranging from 2125°c, however the kitchen requires lower temperatures of 15-21°c. The temperature will have to be regulated by a hybrid ventilation system as the block being submerged underground will absorb a lot of the ground heat.
Each zone has different environmental requirements.
Ventilation Requirements The ventilation requirements of this space are 0.1 litres per second for both the cafe and the kitchen. The entrance from Fearnon Walk will provide some natural ventilation, however, as this ‘block’ is submerged, especially the kitchen, it will depend mostly on a hybrid ventilation system.
Sub-Basement This ‘block’ will be recessed into the ground. It will house the cafe. The kitchen will be situated towards the rear, behind the circulation core. As this floor is underground, ventilation will have to be considered. This will be a louder floor than the others, however, the access from Fearnon Walk prevents too much disruption to the other floors.
Service Requirements The kitchen will be situated towards the back of the kitchen, close to the dry riser and beneath other service rooms within the building. This ensures all pipes and fire facilities are within a singe place and do not disrupt other areas in the building. 20
Part
Envelope + Strategies
C
21
C Envelope The choice of envelope is important as it protects the internal from the external elements, sun, wind, noise and rain, as analysed in Part A. It is the job of the envelope to keep the wind and rain out, whilst keeping as much heat in as possible. The choice of materials and their thickness’s determine how comfortable the internal environment is and how well it functions. The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library wil be constructed primarily of board form in situ concrete, both internally and externally. This choice of material was chosen to be in-keeping with the underground mining concept but also because of its excellent thermal and acoustical properties. The wall system will be a ‘concrete sandwich’ system. This will consist of a - 300mm internal load bearing wall - 10mm damp proof membrane - 100mm rigid insulation layer - 200mm external concrete cladding
K-Value/ Lambda Value = Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) The rate at which heat passes through a material. Value provided by manufacturers. R-Value = Thermal Resistance (m2k/W) The ability of a material to prevent the passage of heat. Thickness of Material (m) / K-Value of Material
External Concrete Wall Cladding Concrete Structural Walls
U-Value = Thermal Transmittance (W/m2K) The measure of heatloss through a building component 1 / Total R-Value
Glazing Gabion Wall (office, 2015)
The overall U-value of this wall will be 0.19 W/m2K. This adheres to the Part L guidelines of the building regulations, which states that a wall of a new build should not have a U-Value that exceeds 0.3 W/m2K).
Damp Proof Membrane Timber Flooring Rigid Insulation
22
C Envelope Bibliothek. Curno
400mm reinforced concrete, selfcompacting Iron-Oxide pigmentation, waterproofed, with 60mm integrated thermal insulation
200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete Rain Screen Cladding
HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation
100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco-Cavity Rigid Insulation
300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load-Bearing Wall, Reinforced with MODIX@ Rebar System
The Bibliothek in Curno is situated just outside of Milan. It houses a library and auditorium space. A large concrete corridor cuts through the building. This is both a spatial concept, relating to traditional Roman construction methods, and a zoning technique, buffering noise between the different areas of the building.
10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane
Concrete Wall Section Detail
The ‘concrete sandwich’ wall system will benefit the building in terms of acoustic and thermal performance. Concrete has strong thermal massing qualities, enabling it to store and release heat at a rate that can compliment heating and cooling systems, helping to regulate internal temperatures. Thermal mass is the ability to store heat, insulation prevents heat loss, so the combination of these two enable year-round internal comfort. This is providing solar gain is controlled and night-time ventilation is provided. The inherent mass and dampening qualities of concrete making it a very good sound insulator. This will aid in keeping the external sound out to maintain the appropriate acoustic performance inside. (Heywood, 2013)
Double glazing in strip window, 12mm toughened glass + 16mm cavity + 2x 5mm laminated safety glass; steel profiles, galvanised.
Material Specification 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load-Bearing Wall 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco-Cavity Rigid Insulation 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane 200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ BoardMarked Concrete Rain Screen Cladding
R-Value (m2K/W) 0.3 / 1.13 = 0.27 m2K/W
Manufacturer Grace Construction and packaging
0.1 / 0.022 = 4.54 m2K/W
Ecotherm Insulation
0.01 / 0.034 = 0.29 m2K/W
Grace Construction and packaging
0.2 / 1.24 = 0.16 m2K/W
Grace Construction and packaging
Total Combined Thermal Resistance of Wall = 5.26 m2K/W U-Value = 1 / 5.26 = 0.19 W/m2K
(Bibliothek in Curno, in Detail, ,2012)
23
C Envelope | Glazing
2
3
1:5 Junction Detail (Axo)
1
1
4
1. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load Bearing, Internal Board-Marked Concrete Wall, reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 2. 200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
Concrete Rain Screen Cladding 3. 200mm x 100mm Pre-cast Concrete Lintel 4. 300mm Embedded Steel Screw 5. 200mm x 100mm Pre-cast Concrete Removable Wall Capping 6. Pre-cast Concrete Sill with 10mm Lip 7. Double-Glazed Window Unit, 2x 4mm Pilkington Activ Sunshade Neutral with 19mm cavity filled with 90% argon gas 8. Window Casement 9. HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation 10. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco-Cavity Rigid Insulation 11. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane
9
10
11
6
7
Details can also be found in Tech Report 1 2
3
4 5
8 9 1:5 Window Casement Detail 1. 14mm Cavity Filled with Argon Gas 2. 6mm Pilkington Activ Clear Glazing 3. A Desiccant to Absorb Residual Moisture 4. Plastic Reglet in Concrete 5. Structural Gasket
10
24
11
C Envelope | Glazing ‘The ideal percentage of glazing to achieve a reasonable trade-off between daylighting and heat loss should be between 35% and 55%. Below 20% will result in excessive artificial lighting: above 60% could result in excessive heat loss unless very high performance glazing is used.’ [Bradley.F,C 2007].
The glazing system used in The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library is Pilkington Activ Sunshade Neutral. The system will consist of 2 x 4mm panes with a 16mm cavity filled with 90% Argon gas. This product is a self-cleaning that resists solar glare.
The % of surface area covered by glazing in The YL+P is 29%. This is lower than the recommended value, however, this is due to the fact that parts of the building are submerged. Although this may mean more artificial lighting in these spaces, it will make up for it in heat loss.
Product Details Light Transmittance: 0.42 Solar Heat Rejection: 68% U-Value: 1 W/m2K Self Cleaning: Yes
% Glazing
Glazing Quantity (m2)
%
This system was chosen because it provides a good light transmittance, allowing natural dayight into the spaces, whilst reducing heat loss and solar glare. It is also self-cleaning, which means reduced maintenance. Compared to other glazing systems, such as, polycarbonate and normal double glazing, this system has higher thermal resistance and lower U-Values.
m2
(Pilkington ActivTM clear, 2016)
Facade
Facade
1:200 Elevations E, N, W, S (Left to Right) Drury Lane The YL+P 25
C Envelope | Glazing ADF = W x O x T / A(1 - R^2) ADF = Average Daylight Factor W = Glazed Surface Area O = Angle of Visible Sky T = Glazing Transmittance A = Total Surface Area R = Reflectance of Surfaces
1
2
3
4
ADF = 2.4% W = 55 O = 45 T = 0.42 A = 528 R = 0.4
The recommended ADF for this area is 1.5 - 5%. Artificial lighting will be needed to compensate for this on overcast days.
2
ADF = 4.3% W = 48.5 O = 30 T = 0.42 A = 168 R = 0.4
The recommended ADF for this area is 1.5 - 5%. The natural light in the exhibition space will be more than sufficient to limit the use of artifiical light.
ADF = 4.1 % W = 48.5 O = 45 T = 0.42 A = 264 R = 0.4
The recommended ADF for this area is 1.5 - 5%. Due to the large amounts of glazing in this space, it is flooded with natural light, decreasing the need for artificial light.
ADF = 1.7% W = 33 O = 48 T = 0.42 A = 425 R = 0.4
1
The recommended ADF for this area is 0.6 - 2%. Therefore, even though this is a relatively low ADF, cafe areas do not require high lux levels.
3
4
26
C Envelope | Heat Loss Total Seasonal Heat Loss
L1 Reasonable provision shall be made for the conservation of fuel and power in buildings by─ (a) limiting heat gains and losses─ (i) through thermal elements and other parts of the building fabric
It is important to have continuous insulation throughout the walls and floors of the building. This prevents cold bridges and heat loss within the building. The diagram below shows the placement of insulation with The YL+P. The insulation used is 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Cavity Rigid Insulation. ‘Eco-Cavity provides a cost effective means of reducing CO2 emissions and compliance with Building Regulations/ Standards.’
W
Relevant Building Regs
(SFRANCI3, 2009)
(Partial fill cavity wall insulation, no date)
Heat Loss Calcutation U-Value x Surface Area x Temperature Difference
The graphs to the right show the heat loss (W) in summer and winter. They show that the majority of heat lost is from the East and South façades, especially in winter, with values up to 1330W. This is due to the fact they are more heavily glazed. Although these façades create the largest amounts of heat loss, they also provide the most solar gains, natural daylight and spectacular views across the River Wear. However, the calculations do not take into account any apertures in the facade or any ventilation systems. It is also presuming there is a uniform rate of heat loss through each surface of the building.
W
Heat Loss Through Each Facade
27
Continuation of Insulation
C Envelope | Heat Gains There are many factors that cause heat gains within the building whether it is solar gains, thermal massing, human activity or electrical appliances. The diagram opposite shows where the most internal heat gains will occur. The areas shaded darker mean increases heat. It is important to consider minimising or controlling these heat gains to provide a comfortable internal environment. Human Activity Reading: 58 W/m-2 Sitting/ Standing: 58-70 W/m-2 Walking: 116-221 W/m-2 Eating: 70-100 W/m-2 Cooking: 81-134 W/m-2
People in different areas of the building will produce different amounts of heat, depending on the activity taken place and the number of people in the room. The library and cafe area will have a larger number of people occupying them and
these areas have a smaller area than the auditorium, therefore, these areas will have more internal heat gains. Also, activities such as cooking produce nearly double the amount of heat as sitting does, another contributing factor to these spaces having larger internal heat gains. Services + Appliances Electrical appliances and services, such as the plant room, also produce a lot of heat. The underground cafe and kitchen will expel a large amount of heat due to cookers etc and the use of artificial lighting, being underground. This can be controlled. Low energy lighting will be used, for example, LED strips in shadow gaps rather than high watt light bulbs, reducing the amount of heat emitted. To reduce the heat gains from artificial lighting, LED tape will be incorporated into the shadow gaps. The specific one that will be used is 12V DC Single Colour Flexible LED Tape. Compared to a standard 60 Watt light bulb which can produce excessive amounts of heat, this lighting is only 1.5 Watts. These strips also come with a variety of colour temperatures, so there wont necessarily be harsh white light commonly associated with LED’s. (auroralighting, 1999)
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C Envelope | Thermal Mass Almost half of The Young Lit + Phil Library will be submerged into the ground. This again has been chosen for multiple reasons. The first being the concept. The three dark concrete ‘blocks’ are meant to portray coal seams protruding from the ground, out and over the River Wear.
Thermal Mass A material that is selected and/ or used based upon its ability to store heat; useable thermal mass will have high thermal capacity.
The second reason is to provide access to the building from Fearnon Walk by providing a level change. This also means that the building is low lying at the Drury Lane entrance, preventing obstructions to the surrounding buildings.
Density x Specific Heat
(Kwok and Grondzik, 2006)
Lastly, being submerged underground is an efficient way of low energy design in terms of regulating thermal comfort. This is known as earth sheltering. This method takes advantage of the more stable underground temperatures. It aims to reduce heat loss and cooling loads resulting in a warmer environment in winter and cooler in summer. In a similar method to ground source heat pumps the earth in summer is cooler than the air above ground and vice versa.
Heavy weight buildings heat up + cool down slowly. The heavy weight concrete walls used in this design will have a high thermal mass. This means the building has the capability to store heat, then release it slowly back into the building. Thermal mass will not heat the building, it will help regulate the internal thermal environment. Heat is absorbed both directly and indirectly from both the sun and internal heat gains from occupants and equipment.
Due to the steep topography, this is a good method to use. However, to make this method of construction effective and functional it is important to consider also how an underground space is lit and ventilated. It is also important to keep it well insulated to prevent heat from leaking back into the soil. Earth sheltering is known to be quite an expensive construction method, moreover, this money will be saved in the long run on the reduced dependency on heating and cooling systems.
There could be up to 12 hours between the maximum external temperature and the maximum internal temperature. This usually means that the maximum internal temperature will be during the night-time when the building is not in use. Therefore, for thermal mass to be efficient, it requires night time ventilation to cool the heat being released. Although thermal mass is almost the opposite of insulation, they work well together. The concrete will store the heat and the insulation will prevent the heat from escaping, encouraging good year-round internal thermal comfort. (Heywood, 2013)
(Heywood, 2013)
(Heywood, 2013)
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C Envelope | Green Roof
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2
3
10
11
12
13
14
Details can also be found in Tech Report 4 The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library will have an extensive green roof system. This has been chosen for a number of reasons. The first, so the views of the surrounding buildings are not too disrupted; in terms of the Drury Lane level, the building is low lying, reaching only 3m. The surrounding buildings look onto the roof, a green roof would be easier on the eye. The second reason is to re introduce and encourage ecosystems and habitats they may be affected by excavating the land for construction. Lastly, a green roof prevents heat loss and encourages thermal mass. A green roof with a thickness of around 500mm will delay the passage of heat by about 12 hours, helping to regulate internal thermal comfort. A layer of insulation will be incorporated with this to prevent further heat loss.
1:5 Roof Detail (Axo)
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1. Alwitra MAG Type Wall Capping on Parapet 2. Vegetation on an EVA-GRO Sedum Matt 3. 200mm Soil 4. 10mm Filter Membrane 5. EVA-DRAIN R Geocomposite Reservoir/Drainage + Protection Layer 6. EVA-DRAIN D Geocomposite Drainage + Protection Layer EVALASTIC V Root Resistant Membrane 7. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane 8. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation 9. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load Bearing ,Board-Marked Concrete Wall, reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 10. 200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete Rain Screen Cladding 11. HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation
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(Heywood, 2013)
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7 8
9
10
11
Part Systems, Services + Innovation
D 31
D Systems + Services This section will discuss the innovative techniques used to service the Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library. These techniques will contribute to an overall more energy efficient building. Each system will be explained and justified accordingly.
Green Roof The roof structure will consist of an extensive green roof. This will encourage a variety of ecosystems to thrive, replacing those lost in construction. It will also accommodate views of the surrounding buildings, whilst decreasing heat loss through the roof. Lastly it will contain a drainage system allowing the rainwater to be harvested and re-used within the scheme.
Cable Trays
Thermal Massing As my build is primarily concrete, thermal massing will help regulate internal temperatures. Heat will be stored within the concrete walls during the day and released at night.
Service trays will carry the wires and cables throughout the building, the industrial aesthetic will compliment the mining concept behind the scheme. The ventilation ducts and water pipes will sit within cavities created by suspended ceilings. All pipe and cable work will move between floors via a riser located at the back of the building.
Ventilation A hybrid system will ventilate the various spaces. The underground levels (cafe and auditorium) will struggle with only natural ventilation. Cooling tubes will be used to bring fresh air in from the outside, assisted by fans to push the air around the room. As they are buried within the earth, this will help regulate the temperature during varying seasons. As the are heats it will rise to the upper levels which will draw cooler air from below, this is a natural stack ventilation. Combining this with fans makes it a hybrid ventilation system. 32
Light The varying levels require different daylight factors. I have organised the programme so that areas that require similar lighting requirements will be together. Depending on lightning requirements, different lighting strategies will be used. For example, the upper floors will be majority side lighting, offering maximum natural light. The auditorium will have shelf lighting, preventing solar glare and the cafe level will have to be mostly artificial lighting as it is underground. All floors will be supplemented by artificial lighting, it will be either subtly incorporated into shadow gaps or be decorative features within the space.
Water Harvesting As the Durham climate is wet, the rain water will be drained through the green roof, to a water tank below the ground. This water can then be filtered and reused within potable systems and cooling systems. It can be used as a reserve or supplementary resource.
Energy Production The plant room will be located on the lower floor of the auditorium. This will contain a combined heat and power system. This system recovers the excess heat from electricity production and then used for heating and cooling.
Heating System Ground source heat pumps will provide hot water to the building. In summer months, underground temperatures will be cooler than overground and vice versa in winter. A high density polythene pipe will be capable of either absorbing or dumping heat.
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D Systems + Services | Energy Source Placement of Services
The Combined heat and Power System A combined heat and power system will be used as the main source of power within The YL+P. Combined heat and power system is an on-site electricity production system that are designed to recover excess heat in the form of hot water or steam to be used also within the building in heating and cooling systems. Innovative systems such as CHP’s can be almost twice as efficient as other power sources as they convert approximately 80% of the fuel they consume into electricity and useful heat. Another advantage is that because power is produced on site, the building does not have to be connected to the local grid. This means that the building will not be affected by disruptions that may be caused by this, power cuts etc. The CHP System
Suspended Ceilings
Riser A riser room will span all four floors to allow services to pass through the floors. This is important especially for ventilation and fire purposes, with some of the building be submerged underground.
Some services will run through suspended ceilings, providing electricity, wifi, etc to the whole floor. Some services like ventilation ducts and cable trays will be exposed to enhance the industrial feel of the building.
Exhaust
Exhaust Air Fuel
Air Fuel
Waste Heat Boiler Hot Exhaust
Plant Room
Air
The plant room will be situated below the mezzanine level. This is out of the way but easily accessible from the inside and also the outside through the adjacent fire door.
Fuel
Turbine Engine
Auxillary Boiler Hot Water Converter
Heating + Domestic Hot Water
Absorption Chiller
Cooling Water
Steam
Generator
Electrical Energy
Diagram from (Kwok and Grondzik, 2006)
Because this is a small site, the micro-turbine CHP will be used. They can burn a number of fuels and the heat is taken out of the turbine for heating and cooling systems. They come in range of 30 - 350 kW and are 65 - 75% energy efficient. The disadvantage with CHP systems is the noise and vibrations. Measures to stop this affecting the rest of the building will have to be taken into account, along with air inlets into the plant room. 34
(Kwok and Grondzik, 2006)
D Ventilation System
Combined Stack Ventilation This passive ventilation strategy relies upon air buoyancy. It relies on the fact that warm air rises and draws cooler air in from the outside. The air brought in through the earth cooling tube, assisted by fans will warm up as it enters the space. As it warms, it will rise. It will travel through the floors via the open circulation core as it gets warmer until it is expelled through apertures in the top block. As the warm air rises, cool air will be drawn in through the earth cooling tubes. This method allows the upper blocks to be mainly naturally ventilated, increasing the energy efficiency of the building and contributing to a healthy, more comfortable internal environment.
Due to half the building being submerged, an innovative hybrid ventilation system will have to be used. This will be designed in the most energy efficient way whilst maintaining a good internal comfort. The hybrid system will be a combination of cooling tubes with assisted fans and natural stack ventilation. It will be the lower floors taking advantage of the mechanical ventilation, whereas the upper floors will be limited to mainly natural air flow.
Earth Cooling Tubes Earth cooling tubes provide the internal spaces with fresh air from the outside by drawing it in through underground pipes. The wind will push air through the tubes, however, because it is a relatively sheltered site, mechanical fans will assist in drawing air through the pipes and around the inside spaces, hence becoming a hybrid system. This innovative solution also allows secure night time ventilation to maximise thermal mass.
Open Circulation Core allows air to travel between floors.
(Heywood, 2013) (Kwok and Grondzik, 2006)
(Kwok and Grondzik, 2006)
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D Lighting Strategies Daytime Lighting Strategies During the day time, the need for artificial lighting is lower as the main source will be natural light. Some areas do not meet the lux requirements and therefore require artificial lighting. These areas mainly include service areas and stairwells, due to the lack of windows. Some lighting will be manually turned on and off by the users if they feel it is needed, for example, in the study areas. These areas are shown in Orange.
Ground Floor
Basement Mezzanine
Basement
Sub-Basement
On
Off
Controlled Manually
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D Lighting Strategies Nightime Lighting Strategies The library and auditorium will be open during the evening, however the area expected to be most occupied is the bar and cafe area. This means energy can be conserved by lights only being on when needed. The cafe area requires lower lux levels, therefore less artificial lighting will be needed, also creating a more ambient atmosphere. The main artificial lighting used in the space will be LED strips recessed within the shadow gaps. These will be activated at the time of day when lux levels reach a certain low point. There will also be exposed pendant bulbs throughout the spaces. These will only be turned on when the day light lux levels are particularly low.
Pendant Lights or Down Lights
LED Strips in Shaddow Gaps
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D Heating + Cooling System | GSHP Ground source heat pumps will be used to heat or cool the water that is pumped around the building via an underfloor heating system. This system uses the temperature of the soil to heat the building in winter and cool it in summer. Due to the large mass of soil, ground temperatures fluctuate much less than air temperatures do. During the warmer months, the ground temperature is much cooler than the overground temperature and vice versa in winter. Depending on the fact that air always wants to be cold, tubes made of high density polyethylene either dump or absorb heat from the surrounding soil. Ground source heat pumps can be quite expensive and hard work to install as they involve excavating below the frost line. However, because a considerable amount of ground is already being excavated for the building itself, it provides a good opportunity for this system to be put in place and contribute to a more energy efficient building. (Kwok and Grondzik, 2006)
(Kwok and Grondzik, 2006)
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Concrete Floor Slab
100mm Rigid Insulation
The hot or cold (depending on the season) water will be pumped through underfloor piping contained within a concrete screed, sat between the oak floorboards and 100mm insulation layer. The hot water running through the piped heat up the screed and hot air is slowly released into the spaces.
50mm Screed with Heating Pipe
English Oak Floorboards
D Heating + Cooling System
Secion of Intermediate Floor
The hot water is brought in through the ground source heat pump or the combined heat and power system. By the time this water is travelled through the building, the heat will have been absorbed. The cool water exits the building, back into the underground polyethylene tube to absorb more heat. This method of heating is much more energy efficient than other sources such as standard boilers. The underground heating system sits on top of a 300mm concrete floor slab. This will have a high thermal mass and will absorb and store a lot of the heat, absorbing it slowly throughout the day.
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D Green Roof + Rain Water Harvesting Sharrow Primary School. Sheffield
An extensive green roof system will be used in The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library before. As explained in Part C, this is for a number of reasons. However, this system will be exploited in a further manor. A rainwater harvesting system will be combined with the green roof system. As the North East has a very wet climate, as shown in Part A , a green roof system combined with water catchment system will not only reduce the common risk of flooding to the surrounding area, but also increase the energy efficiency of the building. This innovative combination will collect water which can be used within the building for heating, cooling and potable resources, such as flushing. This water will be a secondary source, used to supplement. It cannot be relied on as the soul source of water. The green roof will absorb rain water. The water will then get collected in the drainage layer and carried to a gutter. A down pipe will take the water to a water catchment system where it will be stored before being filtered and used within the building. A precedent that uses this system is Sharrow Primary School in Sheffield.
(Sharrow primary school, Sheffield, 2010)
Bauder Lightweight Extensive Green Roof System
Sharrow Primary School in Sheffield is the first school in the country to be declared a nature reserve. This unique primary school overcomes its lack of outside space by creating a roof garden. Over time a wide variety of plants and wild life have formed habitats here, creating the perfect place to both play and learn. The primary school has also now been declared the greenest school in the area, making use of a combination of energy reducing systems. This includes ground source heat pumps, a rainwater harvesting system and photovoltaic panels. Water that is absorbed by the green roof is channelled to a storage and filter unit and used within the building for flushing toilets.
‘This system is an A+ rated Bauder waterproofing system with 120mm of PIR insulation which achieves a U value of 0.2W/M2K beneath the 1200m2 biodiversity wild-flower roof constructed on a concrete deck. Additionally, this system aids in resolving water run-off problems and assisting in the control of storm water, humidity, noise, heat and pollution.’ (SHARROW PRIMARY SCHOOL, 2012)
(Key features, no date)
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References + Bibliography
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References
Illustrations Sunpath 55 north (no date) Available at: http://www.jaloxa.eu/resources/daylighting/docs/sunpath_55_north. pdf (Accessed: 27 February 2016).
River levels station data (2010) Available at: http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/river-and-sea-levels/riverstation.aspx?StationId=8288&RegionId=3&AreaId=7&CatchmentId=33 (Accessed: 13 January 2016).
BRE breathes winds of change into uplift guidelines (2014) Available at: http://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/ guest_blog/bre_breathes_winds_of_change_into_uplift_guidelines_4532 (Accessed: 27 February 2016).
Guide A: Environmental design (2015) Available at: http://www.cibse.org/getattachment/Knowledge/CIBSE-Guide/CIBSE-Guide-A-Environmental-Design-NEW-2015/Guide-A-presentation.pdf.aspx (Accessed: 28 February 2016).
Wind and weather statistic Durham Tees valley airport/Teesside (no date) Available at: http://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/teesside (Accessed: 27 February 2016).
Environmental design (2006) 7th edn. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.
Office, M., Road, F., Exeter, PB, E. 1 3 and Kingdom, U. (2012) Annual 2010. Available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2010/annual (Accessed: 27 February 2016).
PART 1 general citation and commencement (2009), c. Available at: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BC_Consolidated_Bldg_Regs.pdf (Accessed: 14 January 2016).
Annual precipitation map of the United Kingdom of great Britain (no date) Available at: http://www.british-towns.net/weather/uk-annual-rainfall (Accessed: 27 February 2016).
office, C.R. (2015) How to calculate U value. Available at: http://www.ccfltd (Chudley et al., 2010).co.uk/ Trade-Support/Calculating_U_Values (Accessed: 29 February 2016).
Bibliothek in Curno, in Detail, n. 52, 11 Beton, 2012 pp. 1296 - 1300
Clegg, P. and Bradley, K. (2007) Feilden Clegg Bradley: The environmental handbook. Edited by Ian Latham and Mark Swenarton. London: Right Angle Publishing.
Sharrow primary school, Sheffield (2010) Available at: http://www.buildingcentre.co.uk/case_study/sharrow-primary-school-sheffield (Accessed: 24 February 2016).
Pilkington ActivTM clear (2016) Available at: https://www.pilkington.com/en-gb/uk/products/product-categories/self-cleaning/pilkington-activ-range/pilkington-activ-clear (Accessed: 29 February 2016).
Heywood, H. (2013) 101 rules of thumb for low energy architecture. London: RIBA Enterprises.
Partial fill cavity wall insulation (no date) Available at: http://www.ecotherm.co.uk/our_products/cavity_wall_insulation_which_provides_maximum_insulation_with_the_minimum_of_thickness/eco-cavity.aspx (Accessed: 1 March 2016).
Kwok, A.G. and Grondzik, W.T. (2006) The green studio handbook: Environmental strategies for schematic design. Amsterdam: Architectural Press.
auroralighting, 2016 (1999) 12V DC single color flexible LED tape. Available at: http://us.auroralighting.com/ Lighting-Products/Indoor-Luminaires/LED-Tape/Standard-LED-Tape/12V-DC-Single-Color-Flexible-LED-Tape. aspx (Accessed: 2 March 2016). Heywood, H. (2013) 101 rules of thumb for low energy architecture. London: RIBA Enterprises. Kwok, A.G. and Grondzik, W.T. (2006) The green studio handbook: Environmental strategies for schematic design. Amsterdam: Architectural Press. Bibliothek in Curno, in Detail, n. 52, 11 Beton, 2012 pp. 1296 - 1300 SHARROW PRIMARY SCHOOL (2012) Available at: http://www.bauder.co.uk/assets/s/h/sharrow-school-casestudy-bauder.pdf (Accessed: 3 March 2016).
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Bibliography .Guide A: Environmental design (2015) Available at: http://www.cibse.org/getattachment/Knowledge/CIBSE-Guide/CIBSE-Guide-A-Environmental-Design-NEW-2015/Guide-A-presentation.pdf.aspx (Accessed: 28 February 2016). Environmental design (2006) 7th edn. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. PART 1 general citation and commencement (2009), c. Available at: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BC_Consolidated_Bldg_Regs.pdf (Accessed: 14 January 2016). Clegg, P. and Bradley, K. (2007) Feilden Clegg Bradley: The environmental handbook. Edited by Ian Latham and Mark Swenarton. London: Right Angle Publishing. Heywood, H. (2013) 101 rules of thumb for low energy architecture. London: RIBA Enterprises. Baden-Powell, C., Hetreed, J. and Ross, A.B. (2011) Architect’s pocket book. 4th edn. United Kingdom: Architectural Press.
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