Technology + Construction by Megan Ingham

Te c h n i c a l

R e p o r t

Constructional +Structural Design

The YL+P Mining Heritage Library D r u r y

L a n e

M e g a n

D u r h a m

I n g h a m

B E 0 8 8 8

w 1 3 0 0 2 0 1 5

Contents. Part A

Part C

Wo r k i n g D r a w i n g s

Planning + Interiors 23 | Accessibility 24 | Fire Strategy 26 | Interior Finishes

Part B

Part D

Structure + Envelope

Site Assembly

31| Construction Sequence

Reference + Appendix 2

Part Wo r k i n g D r a w i n g s

A 3

A Introduction Technical Report This report is to sit in conjunction with The Young Lit and Phil Mining Heritage Library Design Workbook. This report will give further detail into the working drawings, structure and envelope, planning and interiors and the construction sequence of this project, explaining the decisions behind the chosen structural system and materiality of the scheme.

S a d d l e r

S t r e e t

E l v e t D u r h a m

C a t h e d r a l D r u r y

L a n e

B r i d g e

Narrative + Concept Narrative

Building along a contour bench Coal Elevator

The Young Lit and Phil is a new specialist library which will be situated in the City of Durham on Drury Lane, overlooking the River Wear and Elvet Bridge. County Durham was established upon a mining industry, however, this part of Durhamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heritage is lost in the younger generations. A collaboration between The Lit and Phil Society and The Durham Miners Heritage Group will allow each organisation to reach a wider audience, whist encouraging County Durham to re-engage with its industrial past. It will provide a stage for each generation to share and explore the mining history of the area, enriching the overall community.

Drift Mine

Auger mining Rock spoils Slope Mine

Miners Elevator

Coal Beds

Shaft Mine Mining Methods Diagram

Massing Diagram

Concept After rigorous research into mining as a whole and within County Durham, a concept was derived from diagramming the three mining methods, as shown on the right. The three methods inform three rectilinear blocks that sit upon one another, protruding from the steep topogaphy like coal seams through the ground. The diagram also informs how people move throughout the building and to the subsequent blocks, internally and externally.

Concept Sketch

E l v e t

A Site Plan

B r i d g e

F e a r n o n W a l k

North Elevation (pg.7)

Section Line (pg.9)

R i v e r W e a r

r l e d d S a

D r u r y

L a n e

Reference Lines Main Approaches

e t r e S t

1:100 Site Plan Drury Lane The YL+P 6

A Elevations 3200 2500

Ground Floor Level: 0.0

-3000

-6000

-8500

1:100 North Elevation Drury Lane The YL+P

24000

22000

20000

18000

4000

2000

Ground Floor Level: 0.0

1:200 Elevations E, N, W, S (Left to Right) Drury Lane The YL+P 7

A Ground Floor Plan A

1 1 2

D r u r y

L a n e

1:50 Ground Floor Plan Library Drury Lane The YL+P 8

1. Safe Storage 2. Librarians Office 3. Reception Desk 4. Issue and Return Point 5. Entrance 6. Private Study Areas 7. Book Shelves 8. Meeting Room 9. Terrace 10. External Walkway

A Technical Perspective Section

2 1

1. External Walkway 2. Library 3. Auditorium 4. Exhibition Space 5. Plant room 6. Entrance from the River 7. Cafe

1:100 Perspective Section Drury Lane The YL+P 9

A Technical Sections 1:20 Roof Detail 1. Alwitra MAG Type Wall Capping 2. Vegetation on an EVA-GRO Sedum Matt 3. 200mm Soil 4. 10mm Filter Membrane 5. EVA-DRAIN R Geocomposite Reservoir/Drainage + Protetction Layer 6. EVA-DRAIN D Geocomposite Drainage + Protection Layer EVALASTIC V Root Resistant Membrane 7. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane 8. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation

1:20 Roof Detail

9. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load Bearing ,Board-Marked Concrete Wall, reinforced with MODIX@ Rebar System 10. 200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete Rain Screen Cladding 11. 200mm Reinforced ADVA@ 455 Concrete Parapet 12. Load-bearing Glulam Pit Props 13. Trellis Panels 14. Vegetation

1 2 11

1:20 Junction Detail 1. Load-bearing Glulam Pit Props 2. Pre-cast Tilted Concrete Capping with a 10mm Lip on Each Side 3. HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation 4. External Mixed Width English Oak Floorboards Finished with a Clear Hard Wax Oil 5. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation 6. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane 7. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Intermediate Floor Slab, Reinforced with MODIX@ Rebar System 8. Internal Mixed Width English Oak Floorboards Finished with a Clear Hard Wax Oil 9. 50mm Concrete screed with Underfloor Heating Distribution Pipes 10. Double-Glazed Window Unit, 2x 6mm Pilkington Activ Clear with 14mm cavity filled with argon gas 11. Pre-cast Concrete Sill with 10mm Lip

1:20 Junction Detail

11 10

1:20 Ground Detail 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

8 1:20 Ground Detail 1. Mixed Width English Oak Floorboards Finished with a Clear Hard Wax Oil 2. 50mm Concrete screed with Underfloor Heating Distribution Pipes 3. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation 4. Double-Glazed Self-Cleaning Roof Light, 2x 6mm Pilkington Activ Clear with 14mm cavity filled with argon gas 5. Alwitra MAG Type Wall Capping 6. 50mm Pre-cast Concrete Mini Foundation 7. 300mm Diameter Reinforced Load-bearing ADVA@ 455 Concrete column, Cast In Situ 8. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load Bearing Concrete Wall, reinforced with MODIX@ Rebar System 9. 100mm Drainage Cavity10. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane 11. HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation 12. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation 13. 150mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete Internal Wall 14. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Ground Floor Slab, Reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 15. Hardcore Refill 16. 10mm Diameter Underground Drainage Pipe 17. 300mm x 600mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Concrete Strip Foundation, Reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 18. 150mm Diameter Steel Piles 19. 300mm x 300mm x 300mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Concrete Pad Foundation, Reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System

9 10 11

12 13

19 11

15 16

Part

Stucture + Envelope

B 12

B Structural System | Overview Why has this structural system been chosen? The YL+P will be constructed primarily using a concrete wall system. This will be board marked concrete, mostly cast in situ. There are multiple reasons why this structural system has been chosen. The first, to be in-keeping with the concept and narrative. The three blocks needed to represent coal seams protruding through the landscape, therefore a robust, industrial material like concrete would be most appropriate. The horizontal board-marking will enhance the linear, forward motion of the form. The structural wall system used will allow the concrete to be exposed internally and externally, allowing the atmosphere to complement the narrative. The second reason this structural system has been chosen is the restrictive size and accessibility of the site. Drury Lane has limited storage space for materials and no main road access. Casting concrete in situ means that once the mixers, pumps and materials are on site, there is little need for crane hire, constant deliveries and/or manual labour carrying the materials to and from site.

Loads + Forces

Structural Axo

The three blocks are ‘stacked’ indirectly on top of one another. This results in load bearing walls hitting beams before the load is carried to the ground. This results in the three spaces becoming noticeably distinguishable as three separate entities, reinforcing the concept.

External Concrete Wall Cladding Concrete Structural Walls Glazing

Vertical Loads Lateral Loads

Gabion Wall

Ground Pressure

Damp Proof Membrane The roof load is supported by the load bearing walls of the top ‘block’ and carried to the floor/ ceiling slab which sits upon the load bearing walls of the middle ‘block’. The load is then carried to the ground by load bearing walls and the vertical columns situated in the bottom block. Concrete is a material that works well under compression but not under tension of the lateral forces. Steel reinforcement will be required within the structural floors.

Timber Flooring Rigid Insulation

Cantilevers The three blocks are sat indirectly on top of one another, this means there are cantilevers at certain points. A cantilever should not exceed 1/3 of the total back-span. As they are carrying load bearing walls, I have ensured they stay around 1m-2m, roughly 1/5 of the total back-span. 13

(Craigs article, 2010)

B Structural System | Concrete Wall System ‘The Concrete Sandwich’

200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete Rain Screen Cladding

HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation

10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane

300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Intermediate Floor Slab, Reinforced with MODIX@ Rebar System

The concrete Type: ADVA 455 by Grace Concrete Products, intended for ready-mix applications, supplied in liquid form, formulated to meet requirements for ASTM C1017 Type I admixture. (ADVA ® 455 high-range water-reducing admixture, no date) Why: This product was specifically chosen because it is a self-consolidating concrete with high levels of workability and a greater tolerance to water, making it less susceptible to weather changes on site. Curing Time: Approx 7 days (Curing in construction, 2015) Thickness: 200mm - 300mm Fire Resistance: Up to 4 hours (Killoran and MPA - The Concrete Centre, 2009)

100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation

The concrete ‘sandwich’ wall method of construction will be used in this project. This involves two cast in situ reinforced concrete walls, with an insulation layer and vapour barrier between (as shown in the diagram opposite), secured by nonthermal bridging connectors. This method allows the concrete to be exposed both internally and externally and although concrete is already a good material regarding thermal mass, the sandwich method ensures greater thermal efficiency and maintains a comfortable internal environment throughout seasonal changes.

SCC Self-Consolidating Concrete is a non-segregating, high flowing concrete that spread easily into place without the need of mechanical vibration. This means less machinery is required on site, reducing both cost and congestion.

How has structural economy been achieved?

(Click here for more answersConcrete answers series for architects, engineers and developers |, no date)

On reflection it would probably have been more efficient to have the concrete delivered in pre-cast panels, due to the restricted access on site. However, this would’ve sacrificed the consistent board mark texture throughout the scheme, losing part of the concept within the design.

Although in situ concrete construction can be a long process compared to other building methods (due to curing times etc.), Concrete is a relativity cheap material compared to steel and timber construction. In situ concrete can be expensive in terms of appropriate machinery hire, however, due to increased structural integrity, durability and fire safety, concrete is more cost effective in the long term. Also with in situ concrete construction, changes can be made at late stages in the process without causing noticeable problems with time-scale and budget. 14

B Structural System | Concrete Wall System Performance Requirements

Bibliothek. Curno

Fire Safety

Concrete Wall Section Detail

Concrete is one of the best construction materials in regards to fire safety. This building will have solid cast in situ walls and floors throughout, each with atleast 200mm of thickness. This will enable up to 4 hours of fire resistance. This is important as it is difficult for fire services to get to site quickly due to limited access.

The Bibliothek in Curno is home to a library and auditorium space, situated just North East of Milan. The use of robust concrete walls to create a long corridor that cuts through the building is a spatial concept relating to traditional Roman architecture. It also serves as a structural backbone to the building whilst improving its fire safety and acoustical buffering between various zones.

Structural Loads The form is quite complex, with multiple cantilevers involved. A reinforced concrete structural system is strong and more than capable of coping with these structural loads. Cantilever re-bars will run through the concrete; this is an invisible structure, allowing for an uninterrupted aesthetic.

Sustainability Concrete is an appropriate material for sustainability in terms of resource availability, thermal mass, durability and reflectivity. Also concrete construction has very minimal waste as the amount of concrete can be produced dependent on the requirements of the project and if the building is to be demolished, the material can be crushed and recycled.

400mm reinforced concrete, selfcompacting Iron-Oxide pigmentation, waterproofed, with 60mm integrated thermal insulation

Health + Safety During construction, concrete can be one of the safest and simplest materials to work with. This is assuming appropriate PPE is worn at all times to avoid concrete burns. Long term, concrete is strong, durable and fire resistant, increasing the overall safety of the building.

Quality of Space

Double glazing in strip window, 12mm toughened glass + 16mm cavity + 2x 5mm laminated safety glass; steel profiles, galvanised.

Once the building is in use, it is important visitors are in a comfortable, efficient environment. Concrete increases thermal efficiency of the building, allowing internal temperatures to be regulated. It also relativity waterproof and has excellent acoustic qualities, appropriate for a library environment.

Durability Concrete can increase the life span of a building double or triple that of other construction materials, it does not rot, rust or burn. It may be susceptible to dirt or colour change, however, this will be in-keeping with the mining concept.

(Bibliothek in Curno, in Detail, ,2012)

B Ground Works + Foundations | Ground to Floor Detail 1 1

2 3 4 5

9 10

12 13

7 8 14

15 16

9 19

See specification on page 11 1:5 Ground Detail (Axo) 1. Hardcore Refill 2. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load Bearing Concrete Wall, reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 3. 100mm Drainage Cavity 4. 150mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete Internal Wall 5. 10mm Diameter Underground Drainage Pipe 6. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane 7. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation 8. 50mm Concrete screed with underfloor heating distribution pipes 9. Mixed Width English Oak Floorboards Finished with a Clear Hard Wax Oil 10. 300mm x 600mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Concrete Strip Foundation, Reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 11. 150mm Diameter Steel Piles 12. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Floor Slab, Reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System

B Ground Works + Foundations The key decisions that informed this detail

Further Considerations... Ecology

Building regulations Part A state: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;A1. (1) The building shall be constructed so that the combined dead, imposed and wind loads are sustained and transmitted by it to the ground: (a) safely; and (b) without causing such deflection or deformation of any part of the building, or such movement of the ground, as will impair the stability of any part of another building.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

By excavating the landscape, the ecology and wildlife on the site may be disrupted, the green roof will re-introduce these habitats and encourage more to grow.

Sustainability

(SFRANCI3, 2009)

The use of concrete for all the ground works means there will be minimal to no waste and if demolished, the material can be crushed and reused.

Due to the mining history of Durham, the ground will have to be thoroughly surveyed before ground works begin. The Drury Lane site has a very steep topography and to allow level access from both Drury Lane and Fearnon Walk, the building will be recessed into the ground. This will involve a large amount of excavation and underpinning of the surrounding buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foundations. Sheet piling will be used to support the earth whilst the ground works and basement are cast in place.

Underground services Before excavating, the area will have to be surveyed for underground pipes etc. If piles are needed, they will have to be situated appropriately to avoid any underground services.

As the structural system consists of continuous load bearing concrete walls, the load will be carried down to a reinforced concrete strip foundation, on which a reinforced concrete slab will sit. Depending on the soil condition and the roots of the surrounding trees, piles may also have to be used to transfer the load to more stable ground.

Ground Contamination The ground will have to be tested before construction for any toxic substances. The ADVA@ 455 concrete mix does not contain any added chlorides and will not contaminate the soil or cause harm to existing ecology or wildlife.

Situated close to the River Wear, this site is prone to flooding. Hardcore and underground drainage pipes will be put in place to remove excess water from the soil. Also between the load bearing concrete wall and rigid insulation layer, there will be a drainage cavity. This will allow any water, that has been absorbed by the concrete and/or entered from above ground, to exit via the underground drain pipes.

Insulation Although the soil is a very good thermal insulator, the cavity will also contain 100mm rigid insulation to minimise heat loss from the basement level.

How is Level Access Insured?

Damp Proofing

Using the topography of the site, both entrances will have level access. The ground slab will be submerged lower than the ground level, ensuring a flush surface, providing level access at both the Drury Lane and Fearnon Walk entrances.

The North East has a very damp climate, it is important that the basement is thoroughly water tight. A damp proof membrane will run along the inside of the drainage cavity to prevent the insulation and/or internal walls from getting damp.

B Envelope | Junction Detail 1

1:5 Junction Detail (Axo)

1. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load Bearing, Internal

Board-Marked Concrete Wall, reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 2. 200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked

Concrete Rain Screen Cladding 3. 200mm x 100mm Pre-cast Concrete Lintel 4. 300mm Embedded Steel Screw 5. 200mm x 100mm Pre-cast Concrete Removable Wall Capping 6. Pre-cast Concrete Sill with 10mm Lip 7. Double-Glazed Window Unit, 2x 6mm Pilkington Activ Clear with 14mm cavity filled with argon gas 8. Window Casement 9. HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation 10. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation 11. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane

See specification on page 11 1 2

4 5

8 9 1:5 Window Casement Detail 1. 14mm Cavity Filled with Argon Gas 2. 6mm Pilkington Activ Clear Glazing 3. A Desiccant to Absorb Residual Moisture 4. Plastic Reglet in Concrete 5. Structural Gasket

10 18

B Envelope

Public Library. Eke

Specific Material Considerations

Performance Requirements Relevant Building Regulations to Consider C2 – The walls, floor and roof shall protect the building and the people who use it from ground moisture, precipitation, condensation and spillage. D1 – Precautions will be taken to prevent the insulation placed between the walls from becoming permeated and releasing harmful fumes into occupied areas. E2 – Although this section applies to dwellings, it will be appropriate for the building to be designed in such a way that noise cannot travel through internal walls and floors into the quiet work areas. L1 – The building will be designed to avoid heat gains and losses, it will be energy efficient and conserve as much fuel and power as possible. (SFRANCI3, 2009)

The Young Lit and Phil Mining Heritage Library will be situated on the bank of the River Wear. The climate in this region is mostly cold and damp, therefore the envelope has to not only cope and protect the building but also help maintain a comfortable, functioning internal environment. The board marking on the concrete is for aesthetic purposes, to be inkeeping with the mining concept, however, it also softens the form and prevents as much dirt from showing on the building skin. The above building regulations were also considered when designing the secondary structure.

(Desmet, 2010)

The board-marked concrete texture of Juliaan Lampen’s Eke Public Library runs through the interior of the building as well as the outside. This is done by adding timber boards to the inside of the shuttering before pouring, leaving impressions in the concrete. It adds texture and atmosphere to the building, something that would be appropriate for the YL+P.

A 200mm board-marked concrete rain screen cladding will be used to protect the building from the weather conditions. Between this skin and the internal load-bearing concrete wall there will be a 100mm of rigid insulation and damp proof membrane. The concrete skin will absorb thermal mass, however the insulation will prevent further heat loss and help maintain internal temperatures. To avoid cold bridges, specialist wall ties have been selected. HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie are designed specifically for concrete ‘sandwich’ wall systems as they have a high strength and very low thermal conductivity. The concrete cladding will be cast in situ to accommodate for the board-marking, hence why it has a greater thickness. 19

Structure The board-marked concrete external wall will be attached to the internal load bearing wall using wall ties, the external skin will carry no loads itself.

Acoustics On of the reasons concrete was chosen is because it has very good acoustical qualities. This is needed to accommodate for the library and auditorium spaces within the building.

Fixings Openings within the skin, as shown in the detail, will appear as if they are sitting within a solid concrete mass. This will involve removable pre-cast elements, connected with screws that sit flush with the surface (as shown in the window detail).

Regulatory Factors The concrete walls, along with the rigid insulation and damp proof membrane will maintain a suitable internal environment.

B Envelope | Roof Detail

2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10

4 See specification on page 11

5 6 7

1:5 Roof Detail (Axo)

1. Alwitra MAG Type Wall Capping on Parapet 2. Vegetation on an EVA-GRO Sedum Matt 3. 200mm Soil 4. 10mm Filter Membrane 5. EVA-DRAIN R Geocomposite Reservoir/Drainage + Protection Layer 6. EVA-DRAIN D Geocomposite Drainage + Protection Layer EVALASTIC V Root Resistant Membrane 7. 10mm FLORPRUFE@ 120 Damp Proof Membrane 8. 100mm ECOTHERM@ Eco Deck Rigid Insulation 9. 300mm ADVA@ 455 In situ Concrete Load Bearing ,BoardMarked Concrete Wall, reinforced with MODIX@ Re-bar System 10. 200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete Rain Screen Cladding 11. HK Standard Low-Conductivity Wall Tie for 100mm Insulation

B Envelope Performance Requirements

Sharrow Primary School. Sheffield

The roof of The Young Lit and Phil Mining Heritage Museum will be an extensive green roof system. This is to re-introduce an encourage habitats to grow to compensate for the ground excavated. This will also make the building less imposing on the views of the surrounding buildings. The extensive green roof system will also help mitigate flooding, this will help the seasonal flooding the site suffers from. As the building will be only one story (2.5m high) from the Drury Lane entrance level, the roof will be accessed using a ladder when maintenance is needed. For safety reasons, a 0.5m parapet will run the entire edge of the roof and a harness must be worn at all times. The green roof will absorb rain water through to the drainage layer. The water will then get carried to a gutter and down pipe to a water catchment system and reused within the building for cooling and flushing. A key precedent that uses this system is Sharrow Primary School in Sheffield. (Sharrow primary school, Sheffield, 2010)

Bauder Lightweight Extensive Green Roof System

This unique primary school overcomes its lack of outside space by incorporating a green roof. The green roof offers space to both play and learn, with an extensive variety of plants and wildlife. It is the first schools in the country to have been declared a nature reserve. Sharrow primary School has now also been declared Sheffield’s greenest school with multiple energy saving systems. These include ground source heat pumps, photovoltaic panels and a rainwater harvesting system. Water that is absorbed by the green roof is channelled to be used for flushing toilets. This is a system that would be incorporated into the YL+P, making the overall building more environmentally and economically friendly.

‘This system is an A+ rated Bauder waterproofing system with 120mm of PIR insulation which achieves a U value of 0.2W/M2K beneath the 1200m2 biodiversity wild-flower roof constructed on a concrete deck. Additionally, this system aids in resolving water run-off problems and assisting in the control of storm water, humidity, noise, heat and pollution.’ (SHARROW PRIMARY SCHOOL, 2012)

(Key features, no date)

Part

Planning + Interiors

C 22

C Accessibility Performance Requirements

Vehicular Access

Internal Circulation

Relevant Building Regulations to Consider K1 – Stairs shall be designed in a safe way to allow people to move between floors of the building. K5 – Provisions will be made to prevent powered doors from trapping people and will be easily opened in the event of a power failure. M1 – The building will be designed in such a way to allow people access and use of all facilities.

B r i d g e

e r R i v

r l e d d S a

E l v e t

r W e a

e t r e S t

(SFRANCI3, 2009)

Access to the site is already limited in regard to vehicles and disabled access. The Young Lit + Phil Mining Heritage Library will provide disabled access at both Drury Lane and Fearnon Walk entrances. The entrances are clearly marked with a change of material and are at-least 1000mm wide with level access.

D u r h a m

C a s t l e

Car Park Access from Car Parks Movement Through Building Lift and Stairs

The disabled access will continue throughout the building with the use of a 2000mm x 2000mm lift shaft, suitable for wheelchairs. There will be two sets of stairs within the building, each with handrails at 1000mm high and 50mm from the wall. The stairwells will be at-least 1300mm wide with tread and riser dimensions fit to building regulations, a 1500mm landing every 9 rises. The concrete staircases will contrast with the timber floor to aid the visually impaired.

Public Access

Saddler Street

This route provides disabled access to the library from the town centre (Saddler Street)

In regards to vehicular access, there are tunnels to the North West of the site that leads directly to a accessible car park and delivery area. This also provides an entrance for wheelchairs and pushchairs. On the mezzanine level there will be two unisex accessible toilets and another on the basement level which also doubles up as a baby changing facility. Each of these accessible toilets will be 2000mm x 1500mm. 23

If necessary, small vehicles can access the site via this route. Fearnon Walk

C Fire Strategy Performance Requirements Relevant Building Regulations to Consider B1 – The building shall be designed so that in the event of a fire, there will be early warnings and appropriate means of escape to a safe place outside of the building. B2 – The internal surfaces will be appropriately designed to resist the spread of fire. B3 – The building will be designed so that in the event of a fire, the structural integrity of the building will not be affected. B5 – There will be appropriate means of access for fire services in the event of a fire. (SFRANCI3, 2009)

To accommodate to B1 of the building regulations, there will be smoke detectors in each room of the building, with an extra heat detector in the kitchen. The will be a fire escape on each floor (bar the mezzanine) at-least 1500mm wide, leading directly to either Fearnon walk or Drury Lane. A distance no larger than 27m to travel to reach a fire door (18m from the mezzanine to the stairwell) (please see diagram 23 in B1 of the approved documents). The ceilings and walls will be concrete, a very fire resistant material that should last up to 4 hours and will not allow flames to spread. The Oak floorboards will be treated with Flame-Stop@ II, a non-toxic water-based fire retardant that gives timber a class A fire rating. It should be applied every 5 years and will not affect the structural integrity of the material like pressure treating does. Fire engines will be able to access the site indirectly from Elvet Bridge. A fire hydrant will also be provided on site due to the limited access. There will also be a riser room next to the elevator, running through the centre of the building containing fire hydrants.

Large Areas with Vehicle Access Routes from Areas Potential Stopping Places for Fire Services Site Boundaries As the vehicle access to site is limited, it is important to have a strategy in place in the event of a fire.

Fire Access on Site During Construction

The approved documents give guidance on the maximum distance a person must travel to reach a fire exit and the width of the escape stair, depending on the population. This guidance is in conjunction with the building regs and should be taken into account when designing the YL+P.

(HM Government, 2013)

C Fire Strategy | Fire Plan The maximum escape distance on the ground floor will be 9m to the entrance doors. People towards the back of the room will be able to exit out onto the external deck which will also lead off to the Drury Lane assembly point. With primarily concrete finishes, people will have more than enough time to travel this distance with ease. The distance will be largest on the mezzanine level as this floor does not have a fire exit, however there is a secondary escape staircase. The average population inside of the building will be approximately 100 people per floor, all doors will be 1500mm wide, appropriate to building regulations.

Ground Floor Fire Plan with Approximate Travel Distances Dry Riser

2.5m 9m 11m

2.5m

Fire Exits

19m

Lifts and Stairs Route to Closest Fire Exit Route to Closest Escape Stair

C Internal Finishes Expected Performance Requirements

Interior Finshes Precedents

Fire Safety The internal spaces will primarily be concrete, a fire resistant material that will last up to 4 hours. The timber floors will be treated with a fire retardant and the furniture bought will have fire safety certificates. The escape routes will be appropriately marked with signs and lighting and a difference in material will aid the visually impaired. All internal doors will also be lined with imtumescent strips to prevent the spread of fire.

Acoustics Concrete is a good material in terms of acoustic quality. Within the library and auditorium space soft furnishings will be used to lower the reverberation time and provide a better acoustical environment.

Shanghai Arts Space

Impact + Slip Resistance In conjunction with section K of the building regulations, especially K1, K2 and K4, stairwells and openings will be designed in such a way to prevent impact and/or slip. Each stair case will have a hand rail 1000mm high, 50mm from the wall and each stair will have an anti-slip strip along the edge of the going. A 1500mm landing will be provided every 10 rises to prevent a serious fall. Furthermore, all windows will be recessed towards the outer wall, preventing collisions.

Sustainability The interior spaces will use the most of natural daylight with priority spaces situated towards the south facing windows. With the concrete sandwich wall reducing the overall heat loss, this scheme will be relatively energy efficient and sustainable.

Therme Vals

Cleaning + Maintenance All the windows will have Pilkington Activ Clear glazing systems which have self cleaning technologies. However, if further maintenance is required, especially on the larger areas of glazing towards the front of the building, this can be done by using and extendible cleaning device via access on Fearnon Walk. This will have to be done by a person trained to do so.

Service Integration Some services will be hidden within a light concrete suspended ceiling, whilst others will be exposed to enforce the industrial feel. They will all travel between floors via an internal riser. Lighting will be situated within shadow gaps and hanging light bulbs.

Community Centre, Copenhagen

C Internal Finishes

12mm FibreC Concrete Suspended Ceiling with Integrated Services. This lightweight concrete is perfect for a suspended ceiling. Hanging from steel ties it provides a 500mm cavity for services. The light colour also provides a lighter environment. Vintage Industrial Loft Exposed Bulb Mini Pendant 1-Light This style of light-bulb was chosen to be in-keeping with the concept. Exposed lightbulbs relate to the minerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s safety lamp Bespoke Study Spaces Constructed from Mixed Width English Oak Floorboards Finished with a Clear Hard Wax Oil The bespoke study spaces will be made of the same timber used for the flooring. This is to give the sense of continuation. The timber panels will relate back to the makeshift timber structures within the mine shaft. This wood will be treated in the same way as the floorboards to provide fire resistant. Bespoke Pre-cast Concrete Reception Desk and Book Shelving The solid objects in the YL+P such as the bookshelves and reception desk will be robust pre-cast elements. They will look like they are part of the overall form, almost as if they are carved out of the space. They will be cast in the same concrete as the walls to ensure the same colour and finish.

The YL+P will have a very minimal palette of materials consisting of concrete walls, contrasting timber floors and a light concrete suspended ceiling. Appropriate lighting will give the spaces a strong sense of atmosphere

Mixed Width English Oak Floorboards Finished with a Clear Hard Wax Oil

C Internal Finishes

Oak floorboards will contrast with the concrete and make the space feel softer and warmer. It will also improve the acoustical quality of the room. The timber will be treated with a hard wax oil. This will protect the wood from wear and tear whilst enriching its natural tones. It will also be treated with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Flame-Stopâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to increase the fire resistance.

78X24mm Oak Santador with a Dark Groove The internal doors will be timber. This will offer a difference in texture and colour to aid the visually impaired.

200mm ADVA@ 455 In Situ Board-Marked Concrete

Double-Glazed Window Unit, 2x 6mm Pilkington Activ Clear with 14mm Cavity

The board-marked concrete will extend throughout the internal spaces. This will encourage atmospheric qualities, thermal and acoustical qualities.

This glazing system prevents heat loss as the cavity is filled with argon rather than air. The Activ Clear range is also a self- cleaning glass, therefore, less maintenance is required.

Shadow Gap with Xacoto Linear LED Light Strips To increase the sense of atmosphere, the main artificial light source will come from a shadow gap at the top of each wall. These LED strips will be hidden within the shaddow gap.

Load-Bearing Gabion Wall, 1m x 1m Gabion Baskets The gabion wall will lead people in from the fearnon walk entrance. It will act as a load bearing wall whilst providing a dappled light affect. The gabion baskets will extend up the external wall along Drury Lane.

C Internal Finishes On each floor there will be a bespoke piece of furniture, below are the diagrams and details for each one.

Ground Floor Library Bespoke study space

Basement Auditorium Auditorium Seating

Sub-Basement Cafe Listening Booth

Part Site Assembly

D 30

D Construction Sequence

1. The Site Before construction begins, you must have planning permission and the site must be fully surveyed to avoid running into unforeseen problems later in the project. This should be done by specialist surveyors. A construction sequence is drawn out to provide an order and strategy for all contractors to follow on site. They also must be aware of any constraints or health and safety issues that may come apparent in stages of the project.

The access to the Drury Lane site is very restricted, especially to large trucks and deliveries. The map below shows potential access and delivery points around the site. There will be a temporary site on the opposite side of the river, on an unused car park. Large deliveries can be transported across the river by floating devices, controlled by a pulley system.

Site Long Stay Areas Access Routes Route Across Short Stay Areas

D Construction Sequence 2. Preparing the Site

3. Preparation for Works

- Before work begins portacabins will be set up for site workers on the opposite side of the river on an unused car park.

- Once the site is fully cleared, the site can be marked out for the foundations and drainage.

- Materials for preliminary stages arrive on site.

- It is important even at this stage that all workers are wearing PPE and taking appropriate safety precautions.

- A pontoon and pulley system will then be erected to allow materials to be transported to site across the river.

- Small diggers and hoists arrive at site. Small diggers can access the site via the tunnels to the North East. The hoist will be situated on the non-moving pontoon.

- Secure fencing will be put up around the entire site and certain access points will be closed off. This will ensure a safe working site that the public cannot enter. - The site will then be cleared of all trees and vegetation. This will be done by specialists and the waste material will be taken off site via the pontoon.

D Construction Sequence 4. Ground Works + Excavations

5. Ground Supports -As excavation continues, sheet piling and other ground supports will be put in place to avoid the surrounding land from collapsing.

- Along with the diggers, skips begin to arrive on site, ready for the excavation waste. -The small diggers will be used to begin excavation work. The waste material is removed from site as quickly as possible via the pontoon, to avoid a cluttered site.

- Because the site is in close proximity with the surrounding buildings, the foundations may need to be underpinned. This is to avoid affecting the structural integrity of any other building, or breaching the party wall act.

- The retaining wall at the bottom of the site will be removed. Appropriate supports will be put in place to avoid any land slides on to the river path.

D Construction Sequence 6. Foundations + Sub- Structure

7. Internal Walls, Stairs + Lift - Scaffolding is erected in preparation for the building increasing in height.

- All waste must be removed from site before the next stage can begin. This is to keep the site tidy and compliance with the CDM regulations.

- It is important to get the lift and stairs cast in place first as this offers easy access through all floors during construction.

- The ready-mix concrete, small concrete mixers and pumps will arrive on site via the tunnels and/or river.

- Shuttering gets put in place, with appropriate board marking techniques.

-First the piles will be drilled into the ground, before the strip and slab foundations are poured.

- The internal load bearing walls are cast. The concrete is poured slowly and allowed to cure slightly between pours.

- Shuttering form-work is then erected in preparation for the basement walls to be cast.

- Rather than casting all of the internal walls at once, the building is cast ast three blocks, one after another. This allows the loads to be carried effectively.

- Insulation and damp proof membranes are put in place between each layer of wall being cast. - The gabion wall is also put in place.

D Construction Sequence 8. Intermediate Floors

9. External Walls

- Once the basement walls are cast in place, the floor of the middle â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;blockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; can be cast.

- The external board-marked rain screen cladding will also be cast in situ.

-To cast a solid concrete floor slab, there will have to be an abundance of support to carry the load of the wet concrete

- Wall ties will be cast into the internal walls. This attached to the rigid insulation and damp proof membrane.

- Reinforcement will be put in place before the casting will begin.

- Shuttering will be constructed surrounding the internal walls and reinforcement will be put in place.

- This process will continue for each of the floors. As the building increases in height, so will the the scaffolding. Shuttering will be prepared at each stage.

- The concrete will the be poured, the ends of the wall ties will be cast into the walls holding them in place.

- It is important the scaffolding is compliant with CDM regulations and has appropriate bracing.

- Pre-cast elements will be put in place, i.e on the underside of the cantilevers.

D Construction Sequence 10. Roof + Glazing

11. Internal Fit Out

- Once all three blocks are cast, the roof can be cast. This again will require an abundance of support to carry the weight of the wet concrete.

- The building is not water tight and the internal fixtures and fittings can be installed. - The services will be installed first to avoid damages to internal finishes. For example, boiler, ventilation system and electrical services. Toilets will also be installed at this stage.

- Once the roof is is cured, the green roof system can be installed and planted. - The building must be water tight before the internal finishes and fittings can be installed.

- Specialist contractors should be brought in to install these systems so they meet the building regulation standards.

- The machinery needed to install the glazing will arrive to site via the the tunnel access.

- The internal floors and suspended ceilings will be installed next.

- Glazing will be installed by people trained to do so.

- Final furnishings will go into the building

D Construction Sequence 12. Building in Use The building is now ready for use by the public.

Illustrations

References

Bibliothek in Curno, in Detail, n. 52, 11 Beton, 2012 pp. 1296 - 1300 ADVA ÂŽ 455 high-range water-reducing admixture (no date) Available at: https://gcpat.com/construction/en-us/Documents/DC-67-ADVA-455.pdf (Accessed: 21 February 2016).

Desmet, T. (2010) Juliaan Lampens. Available at: https://issuu.com/toomas/docs/juliaan_lampens (Accessed: 24 February 2016).

Curing in construction (2015) Available at: http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/curing-in-construction (Accessed: 21 February 2016).

Sharrow primary school, Sheffield (2010) Available at: http://www.buildingcentre.co.uk/case_study/ sharrow-primary-school-sheffield (Accessed: 24 February 2016).

Killoran, D. and MPA - The Concrete Centre (2009) O Brooker BEng CEng MICE MIStructE concrete buildings scheme design manual A cement and concrete industry publication extracts based on BS 8110 for use with the handbook for the IStructE chartered membership examination. Available at: http://www. concretecentre.com/pdf/ccip_16167%20concrete%20buildings%20scheme%20extract%20final.pdf (Accessed: 21 February 2016).

Key features (no date) Available at: http://www.bauder.co.uk/green-roofs/non-accessed-green-roofs/ lightweight-low-maintenance/plug-planted-roofs (Accessed: 24 February 2016). Shanghai Arts Space Archi-Union architects completes curving concrete arts space (2015) Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/19/archi-union-architects-fu-space-arts-centre-west-bundshanghai-sweeping-concrete-walls/ (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

Bibliothek in Curno, in Detail, n. 52, 11 Beton, 2012 pp. 1296 - 1300

Therme Vals (2009) Available at: http://minimalissimo.com/therme-vals/ (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

PART 1 general citation and commencement 2009, c. Available at: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/ uploads/br/BC_Consolidated_Bldg_Regs.pdf (Accessed: 14 January 2016).

Mairs, J. (2015) Sophus SĂ¸bye designs shingled community centres in Copenhagen. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/15/sophus-sobye-arkitekter-flerbrugerhus-dds-sondermarken-community-centre-copenhagen-denmark-shingles/ (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

HM Government (2013) MAIN CHANGES MADE BY THE 2013 AMENDMENTS. Available at: http://www. planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_AD_A_2013.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2016) Craigs article (2010) Available at: http://www.mbjeng.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Craigs-article. pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

HM Government (2013) MAIN CHANGES MADE BY THE 2013 AMENDMENTS. Available at: http:// www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_AD_A_2013.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

Click here for more answersConcrete answers series for architects, engineers and developers | (no date) Available at: http://www.selfconsolidatingconcrete.org (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

Bibliography ADVA ÂŽ 455 high-range water-reducing admixture (no date) Available at: https://gcpat.com/construction/en-us/Documents/DC-67-ADVA-455.pdf (Accessed: 21 February 2016).

In-situ concrete (no date) Available at: http://www.ccanz.org.nz/page/In-Situ-Concrete.aspx (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

Curing in construction (2015) Available at: http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/curing-in-construction (Accessed: 21 February 2016).

Craigs article (2010) Available at: http://www.mbjeng.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Craigs-article.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2016). Solutions, A.G.B. (2011) Integration - Architek green building solutions. Available at: http://architek. com/products/integration (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

Click here for more answersConcrete answers series for architects, engineers and developers | (no date) Available at: http://www.selfconsolidatingconcrete.org (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

in Detail, n. 52, 11 Beton, 2012 pp. 1296 - 1300 PART 1 general citation and commencement 2009, c. Available at: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/ uploads/br/BC_Consolidated_Bldg_Regs.pdf (Accessed: 14 January 2016). Ching, F.D.K. (2008) Building construction illustrated. 4th edn. United Kingdom: Wiley, John & Sons. Portal, P., Communities and Government, L. (2015) Approved documents. Available at: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/ (Accessed: 26 February 2016). Air or argon gap air or argon gap - double glazing Info (no date) Available at: http://www.double-glazing-info.com/Choosing-your-windows/Air-or-Argon-gap (Accessed: 26 February 2016). Baden-Powell, C., Hetreed, J. and Ross, A.B. (2011) Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pocket book. 4th edn. United Kingdom: Architectural Press. British ready-mixed concrete association (BRMCA) part of the mineral products association (MPA) (no date) Available at: http://www.brmca.org.uk/safety.php (Accessed: 26 February 2016). What makes concrete a sustainable building material? - the concrete network (no date) Available at: http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/greenbuildinginformation/what_makes.html (Accessed: 26 February 2016).

Appendix | Precedents

http://www.bdonline.co.uk/the-mac-arts-centre-by-hackett-hall-mcknight/5013850. article

Appendix | Windows + DPM

https://gcpat.com/construction/en-us/Documents/Florprufe_120_Datasheet.pdf

https://www.pilkington.com/en-gb/uk/products/product-categories/self-cleaning/pilkington-activ-range/pilkington-activ-clear

Appendix | Green Roof + Parapet

https://elp.northumbria.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-4000277-dt-content-rid-5650882_2/ courses/2015YL_BE0888BNN01/Alwitra_Green_Roofs.pdf

http://www.bauder.co.uk/green-roofs/non-accessed-green-roofs/lightweight-low-maintenance/plug-planted-roofs

Appendix | Fire Treatment, Piles + Reinforcement

http://www.flamestop.com/cart/fire-retardant-spray-for-wood.html

http://www.piled-foundations.co.uk/services/

http://materials.crasman.fi/materials/extloader/?fid=5297&org=2&chk=9f75bb29 http://www.peikko.com/product/p=MODIX+Rebar+Coupler

Appendix | Insulation

http://www.ecotherm.co.uk/our_products/flat_roof_insulation/eco-deck.aspx

Appendix | Concrete +Wall Ties

https://gcpat.com/construction/en-us/Documents/DC-67-ADVA-455.pdf

http://hkties.com/products/hk-standard-system/standard-5-inchtie-st125/ 45

Appendix | Internal Finishes

http://www.rieder.cc/us/en/main/products/fibrec-product-info/technical-data/

http://www.homary.com/uk/lighting/ceiling-lights/pendant-lights/vintage-industrial-loftexposed-blub-mini-pendant-1-light.html?currency=GBP&gclid=CL-Ui9eFkcsCFWQq0wodcEsG3w

http://www.devoran-garden-gabions.co.uk/proddetail.php?prod=gabion1mx1mx1m

Appendix | Internal Finishes

http://www.woodflooringengineered.co.uk/flooring/english-oak-flooring

http://www.strategiclighting.com/view-product.asp?ProductID=424 47