Research Paper on ‘Protection of Farmers Livelihood and Prevention of Mass Migration of Farmers to Urban Areas in State of Karnataka, INDIA ’
___________________________________________________________________ DEATH AND MASS MIGRATION OF FARMERS ...... A BURNING CRISIS THAT NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED
Meghana Dutta December 2016
Contents Introduction 1.
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The Problem 1.1 - A background of the State of Karnataka and the Major Water Sources for Karnataka 1.2 - The Parties Involved
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2.
Environmental Ethics - Issues and Concerns
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3.
Agriculture and Economy 3.1- The Classic Economic Divide 3.2- Agriculture and Economy of a Country 3.3- Refugees and it effect on the Rise of Inequality
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Research on Model Village 4.1- Anna Hazare Village in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 4.2- Analysis on Model Village, Gujarat
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4.
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5.
Interviews to get a first hand understanding of the situation at various levels 5.1 - Interviews with Farmers 12 5.2- Interview with Director of Agriculture – Chitradurga District 13 5.3- Interview with Director of Seeds, State of Karnataka 13 5.4- Interview with Secretary for Agriculture, State of Karnataka 14
6.
Present Government Initiatives – 6.1- Subsidies and Incentives . Are they sustainable? 6.2- Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana ( Model Village)
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7.
Doubling a farmers income –
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8.
Recommendations to initiate change and protect the Farmers
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9.
Conclusion
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List of Figures Figure 1 – Rivers of India and their water availability Figure 2 – River Map of India Figure 3- River Basins of India Figure 4 – River Systems and the Drainage Area
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Introduction: Mass migration and suicide of farmers in Karnataka, India, due to water crisis. The area of focus of this paper is the mass migration and suicide of farmers in the state of Karnataka. Five of the last six years in many parts of the state have not received rainfall and have been declared as drought areas. The State of Karnataka has been recognised as the second most drought prone state after Rajasthan in the country, even though we have three of the largest rivers running through the state. Two specific sub areas of focus of this paper is District of Chitradurga which has minimal connection to any water source, with many of its villages having no water source and are completely dependent on Monsoon even for drinking water. The other area of focus is inequitable distribution of Cauvery water between two states during times of drought. The little rainfall, these areas of the state has received, has been during harvest time, and thus has caused more damage than benefit. The continuing years of drought and lack of being informed about the government policies that would have otherwise helped the farmer during these trying times, have lead to the mass migration and suicide of Farmers. The families and more importantly the farmers who were dependent on the water from River basin and monsoons to grow rice for generations, have to now depend on rice from outside as they are unable to cultivate their land due to lack of water. Currently, 22% of India’s population are farmers and more than 50% of the population live in Rural India. If this keeps falling, where will our food come from? For sustenance of the urban population and economy, the farmer’s livelihood must be sustained so as prevent his migration to the cities. 3|Page
Bangalore which is a city in Karnataka, and the IT capital of India, cannot survive on IT alone. It is integral that our Agricultural land and the farmers cultivating the land are protected and are financially stable. 1.1 - A background of the State of Karnataka and the Major Water Sources for Karnataka The state of Karnataka in Southern India, is blessed with many rivers that are running through the state. Three of the eleven largest rivers in India run through the state of Karnataka. Krishna and Cauvery rivers have large catchment basin areas within the state and are the source of water for majority of the state. state. Godavari is the fourth largest river in the country with nearly five times the water availability in comparison to water from the River Cauvery. Shown below are the names of the rivers in India and the water availability availa from each of the rivers.
Figure 1: Source WRIS- Government of India https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-54964bdbb8f416252713081ec88eac96?c 54964bdbb8f416252713081ec88eac96?convert_to_webp=true
The two maps below clearly shows that Karnataka is blessed with many Rivers passing through the state. The Map on the right shows that Krishna, not Cauvery is the largest river in Karnataka. The table below tells us that Cauvery River drain drains 17% of Karnataka whereas Krishna River drains 59% of Karnataka.
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Figure 2
Figure 3
Copyright: www.mapsofindia.com
Copyright: www.parisaramahiti.kar.nic.in
The River Map and the River Basin of Karnataka
Figure 4 Source: River Systems in Karnataka, Karnataka Water Resources Department Government of Karnataka. (http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/river_systems.htm#map)
The major rivers in Karnataka after Krishna is the Cauvery River which originates in Karnataka, India and traverses through four states, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Puducherry. The total amount of water available from Cauvery basin which is
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754TMC is divided amongst the four states. During the years where the state receives normal rainfall, there is no dispute over the amount of water that is shared among the states. However due to the lack of rainfall, the agreement that was made 125 years ago is questioned on Ethical Grounds. The dispute goes back 125 years and has currently escalated due to which Karnataka was shut down for almost a week in September. The State is opposing the agreement that was formed in 1904 as currently there is not enough water even for drinking purpose in the state. The point of view, is that the conditions of 1904 does not stand valid today. The main dispute is over the inequality of distribution of water. While Karnataka contributes 462TMC ft, it is allowed to use 270TMC ft. However Tamil Nadu contributes 227 TMC ft but gets 419 TMC ft. In Chitradurga District, no irrigation system has been planned, and the district for the most part depends on the monsoon. An irrigation scheme has been proposed this year, which is only for provision of drinking water. The Ethical question is when there is so much advancement in the city of Bangalore, three hours away, the cries of Farmers is not heeded. 1.2 – The Parties Involved The stakeholders involved are the Farmers, the Politicians, the Bureaucrats in Agriculture, Irrigation, Policy, and Watershed Management. The Politicians in Karnataka are typically corrupt, and not interested in the welfare of the state, unless there is monetary or political benefit in it for them. The Bureaucrats are highly educated individuals. The bureaucrats from the Department of Irrigation, Technology, Agriculture Research, Agro Industries, the Policy Writers and the
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Farmers are the important stake holders that need to come together to rewrite the policy both for emergency situation and for the regular water years. 2. Environmental Ethics - Issues and Concerns “The India Tribune estimated that an Indian farmer kills himself every 12 hours. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), between 1995 and 2009, more than a quarter-million farmers committed suicide.” Ghosh, Palash At the start of my research, I had focussed my study on water crisis and loss of farmers livelihood only due to Cauvery water issue and the sharing of water between the four states. However during the course of study, and after speaking to several people, my study now also focuses on crisis in villages with vast areas of cultivable land, but no water source. The primary ethical issue in question, is even after 60 years of independence, large areas of farmland have no water source and depend entirely on the monsoon. There has been no large scale irrigation plans to connect the Godavari River with the other rivers in Karnataka. There has been no effort to provide a pipe system or open channels for water to flow from Godavari or Tungabhadra to the drought areas of Karnataka. A bad monsoon or an ill timed monsoon leaves the farmers with no yield and huge debts. In the Godavari River, ‘there is surplus water available in the river in 75% of water years after meeting the total water use allocations by GWDT, present and future ground water use, for the moderate environmental flow requirements’ (V. Smakhtin; M. Anputhas) Though there is excess water in the river that is within the State, many parts of the state have no access to drinking water, let alone water for irrigation. Drinking Water
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is sent in trains to remote villages during the drought seasons. It is not just in the state of Karnataka but in India as Professor Raju Das has stated, “70 percent of India’s farmland depends on the monsoon,� (Raju Das is a developmental studies professor at York University in Canada). The second ethical question is the state truly concerned about the farmers livelihood? If the state truly is concerned, why has the discussion always revolved around the Cauvery River and farmers affected by the Cauvery River? As per my knowledge and interpretation, the places around Cauvery River. serve as vote banks for the politicians and thus if they protect the share of water and reduce the water that is to be released to Tamil Nadu, which is the adjoining state, the politicians vote bank is guaranteed. The third ethical question is several excellent schemes have been rolled out by the Government of India in support of the farmers. However the scheme holds no value, if water is non existent. Why does the Government of India and the concerned authority in Irrigation department, fail to understand that ensuring availability of Water Source to farmers is non-negotiable. All other schemes are negotiable. No amount of subsidies can equate to the significance of water. Water is still not a fundamental right for many of the villages. In the last six years, five years in many parts of Karnataka have been declared as drought. This coupled with lack of access to government policies, that helps the farmer during these trying times, leads to the mass migration and suicide of Farmers. The issue of providing a water source, storing of water for drier months is not taken with the same vehemence as policies are made for subsidizing cost of seeds, fertilizer etc. The fundamental problem is the non recognition of water as the key element in the sustenance of farmers and food
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production. No amount of money or help from the government can provide a solution if water is not part of their action plan. The fourth Ethical question is the inequity of income and resource allocation of the farmers in the rural and the consumers in the cities. The inequitable distribution of water between the rich and the poor is of great concern to India as the divide between them is constantly on the rise. There are no short term policies introduced by the government to reduce water consumption of microbreweries for example, or limit the water supply to households based on number of people even during times of crisis. With reducing number of people willing to continue in the field of agriculture due to the difficulties they have to face, the produce per person, for increasing population is reducing instead of increasing. Another ethical concern is deteriorating health of farmers and their families. One of the reasons for this is the unregulated use of pesticides which are sprayed on the farms without any protection. The lack of money with farmers, and no formal education makes them take misinformed decisions and thus reduces the health of their soil and the yield. Agriculture and the Farmers Economy 3.1- The Classic Economic Divide – Between the Food Processors and the Farmers In most scenarios, the Retailers and the Food Processing Industries dictate the price as the landholding of each of the farmers is too minute for them to have a say in the price. The Retailers are getting richer and most of the farmers are getting poorer. The pace of development that we have seen in Urban India has not been witnessed in Rural India. Education and Technology has not reached all the farming community, and thus economy has not risen in Rural India. ‘The fact that seasonal
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vegetable like bottle gaurd (Giya) is available for Re one a kilo just 50 kms away from Delhi but in Delhi it is never less than Rs 40 a kg. Where does this Rs 39 go? Neither the farmer is benefiting nor the consumers and some middlemen are making money day in day out to the detriment of farmers and consumers.’ (K.R. Sudhaman)
3.2- Agriculture and Economy of a Country “The rising urban-rural income gap accompanied by unfulfilled expectations creates political tensions. Growth in agriculture and the rural nonfarm economy is needed to reduce rural poverty and narrow the urban-rural divide”. (The 2008 World Bank World Development Report (WDR2008)) Agriculture has been the backbone for the Indian economy for many years. Though other industries have taken over, agriculture is still the way of life for a large percentage of the population. Majority of the food cultivated is consumed within India by the 1.2 billion people. If food cultivation is affected, and India has to rely on import of food, food prices will rise and the economy of the entire country will be affected.
3.3- Rural Migration to Cities and the Rise of inequality between the Formal and the Informal Sector As per the sensex nearly a fifth of the population lives in the informal sector in Bangalore. Bangalore is the capital of Karnataka. The lure of making more money in the city in comparison to the Rs 200 (3 dollars a day) brings thousands of people into the city, only to end up in the slums. While many of the slums have no water or sewerage connection, thousands of litres are allocated for industries such as Pepsi and Coke. The richest top 1% hold 53% of India’s wealth, which has increased from 36% in just 16 years. The corporate philosophy of profit and efficiency at any cost, has caused not just the rising inequality but has become a grave environmental
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concern due to the non sensitivity by many corporates in responsible and ethical practices towards the environment. 4. Research on Model Village 4.1- Ralegan Siddhi Village, Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra In the 1950’s there was neither water for irrigation nor drinking water in Ahmednagar. However under the leadership of Anna Hazare who is a highly respected social activist, villagers dug trenches along contours to collect water from the hills. The water stored was then channelized to public well. It was then pumped back to streams in the hill and allowed to slowly be released so as to increase the water table level in the village. No villager has been allowed to dig a borewell as of 2016. His village is considered a model village and is studied by many. A village that was under acute poverty was transformed by Watershed development, banning of alcohol, education, and cultivation of non water intensive crops. In twenty five years poverty has been eradicated in the Village.
4.2- Hiware Bazar, Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra This village currently boasts of 60 millionaires. In 1972, due to the droughts, a large percentage of the village migrated and the economy of the village was greatly affected. Water harvesting and management was taken on top priority along with education, drip irrigation, crop selection and power generation. Currently, deep wells beyond 40 feet are not allowed, and only open wells between 15 to 25 feet are constructed. Many of the villagers who had left in 1972 also returned to the village in the late 1990’s once water security was ensured.
What was common in both the model villages, was that the change was a result of vision and dedication of one person. A single person with a vision, and minimal
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support from the government, has shown the country that a village can be transformed. Ethically, once we know the solution is possible, effort should be undertaken to transform more villages and move them out of poverty. However this has not been so.
5- Interviews to get a first hand understanding of the situation at various levels 5.1 - Interviews with Farmers Over the course of this study, I had an opportunity to discuss these issues with various farmers, farmers who still have holdings, and farmers who have migrated to the city. Though the parents of the most of these people have held on to their land in the villages, the children have moved to the cities and have taken on jobs such as drivers, house help etc. whilst staying in the slums. As per their statement, the loans they take for cultivation and the time and money spent on labor, is too much of a financial risk as returns are unpredictable. As per their statement they are worried about being burdened to repay the loan with high interests in the case of a bad water year. The farmers, who have stayed back in the villages and are still making an effort to cultivate, are not able to make ends meet and many take up temporary government jobs which is just enough to sustain their livelihood. The farmers are mostly uneducated, and many of them dream of educating their children and send them to the cities, so their lives can be better than their own. As an environmental issue, many of the lands with fertile soil have been abandoned. On the other hand the increase in squatter settlements in cities, with open defection has become breeding grounds for many of the air borne diseases which are rapidly spreading in the cities.
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5.2- Interview with Director of Agriculture – Chitradurga District Chitradurga District is one of the major districts in Karnataka with 1037 Villages, 6 taluks and 189 Gram Panchayats. Out of the total 7,70,702 hectares of land, 4,18,500 hectares are cultivable. Majority of the cultivable land is dependent only on the monsoon. However till date, even after repeated intimations from the Director of Agriculture to the Government, there are no irrigation plans. The only answer he receives from them, is it is not feasible. As per the director, in the beginning of the June to August season in 2016, 90% of the cultivable land for this season had sowed their seeds. However due to the lack of rains, there was no yield. The compensation given by the Government is Rs 6,800 per hectare (100 dollars) which is so miniscule, that it will discourage farmers from making an effort to cultivate the following year. Under his leadership, he is making every effort to reach out to the farmers to educate them on growing less water intensive crops, build small farm ponds, crop rotation and preparation of organic herbicides. He is making an effort in educating them to help in increasing the soil health and the water holding capacity of the soil. However, the ethical question here is, there are more than 1000 villages, and he has limited resources both in terms of man power and in terms of funds and very little access to technology which would help him reach out to more farmers in a shorter time frame.
5.3- Interview with Director of Seeds The Director of Seeds is responsible for providing hybrid seeds at subsidy to the farmers. He is also responsible for educating the farmers on insuring their crops, so that in case of no rains, their investment on crops and fertilizers is returned. The Director is also highly aware of the practices the farmers should adopt and has
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studied the model villages in Maharashtra. His department also works closely with the Institute of Agriculture to develop more feasible solutions that can be adopted with minimal financial investments. As per the director each student enrolled in the Agriculture Department of Studies has to spend a few months in a village to understand the issues and concerns of a farmer. This is an excellent initiative by the Government of India. My interpretation is that though his department is aware of what should be done, and what can be done, not much is being done. Nor are all the stakeholders meeting on a regular basis to work together to implement the known good farming practices. 5.4- Interview with Secretary for Agriculture in State of Karnataka I have received excellent cooperation from the Secretary of State for Agriculture. in After discussion with Secretary, I got an insight into the farmers plight due to the loss of rain, and the areas that were most affected this year. The focus of paper shifted from the Cauvery River to Chitradurga, primarily because of the discussion with him on the worst affected areas in Karnataka due to water issues. He has committed to all support from his end to help me continue with my efforts to be involved to make a difference to the farmers lives. Currently the officials at high level including the Secretary of State for Agriculture are working on creating a Special Agriculture Zone that would be leased out to multiple corporates. However this in my opinion is unethical, as corporatizing Agriculture production would only lead to loss of income of farmers, as corporate would only look at maximizing the profits at any cost. Currently, though the farmers are under financial strain, the government is still ethical in India by not charging the farmers for electricity or water. The loans to farmers taken from government are also given at minimal interest, and many a times interest is waived off if there is a bad water year.
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Corporatizing arable land by government, would only encourage more farmers to move to the cities, which is the environmental ethic in question in the first place.
6.
Present Government Initiatives 6.1 Subsidies and Incentives - are they sustainable?
There are many policies by the Government of India that enables the farmer from the time of purchasing seeds to harvesting, including providing machinery for rental and reaching out to them to educate them about organic practices of farming. The government also has initiatives for construction of farm ponds and small irrigation projects. However with a population of 1.2 billion of which more than 50% of the people live in villages, the initiatives are not sustainable as logistics for implementation is challenging. The information of the initiatives firstly does not reach every farmer. Second, for most of the initiative a percentage of the investment has to be first put by the farmer. Many of the farmers are so poor, that they are not able to invest even the small amount that is required to avail the benefits. Thirdly, the most important initiative which should be taken on top priority is large irrigation plans along with uncomplicated watershed conservation methods, which is not the main focus in the government incentives. Based on the above three questions, the incentives of the government will not benefit the poorest of the farmers. Thus economy of the farmer cannot be looked at singularly, and redevelopment of village should be taken as an integrated development with agriculture as one of the prime economies of the village.
6.2 – Government Initiative- Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana ( Model Village)
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The primary objective of this initiative is to prevent distress migration from villages to cities. This scheme also works on direct connect between farmers and the urban markets. The elimination of the middle man, would ensure a fair price for the villagers. This also encourages the villages to work together as a cooperative so that the development can be more pronounced and they can have a voice to dictate the price. The Model Village has 4 main areas of focus which are Sustainability , Community Involvement, Technology and Connectivity. Though this has been introduced a couple of years ago, it has made a difference to only a few villages. Implementation is one major issue and area of concern, and secondly working out the action plans via an integrated approach has also lead to many delays and roadblocks in moving forward. In my discussion with the Director of Agriculture, when the idea of mapping so information on each farmland such as, history of crops he has cultivated over the years, soil health was proposed, he acknowledged it would greatly help them as it takes them a minimum of two months to put together the information they manually collect and prepare. It also does not give them an analytical tool to determine and plan the crops within their jurisdiction so as to maximize profit and maintain soil health. There is a fundamental environmental ethical issue, in terms of an issue of priorities. The issue of implementation has not been given much thought. Water, Technology and action plan for its implementation, if tackled first can enable the other excellent initiates by the government to be utilized.
7- Doubling a farmers income – The vision of Government of India is to ‘Doubling the farmers economy’. This can be a vision that is feasible if and only if the irrigation schemes are rolled out first. As per my conversation with the Director of
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Agriculture- Chitradurga District, each State has been asked to work on an Action plan for two model villages, where in they work out their approach to double the farmers income. For Chitradurga District, the Director echoed my thoughts which I have mentioned earlier, that no amount of action plans will be good enough if the villages are not provided a water source from any of the major rivers in its vicinity. As per the Director, he would rather have the government remove all subsidies and initiatives, all insurance and free metering, in exchange for a major irrigation project so that water reaches his jurisdiction. He further goes on to say, let the government tax the farmers in return for irrigation plans. He has prepared an entire book, listing out all his plans and schemes he proposes, that he plans to submit to the Secretary of Agriculture. But he is clear, that the Action Plan he has prepared will be relevant only if the irrigation scheme is rolled out first. When 70% of the farmlands in India are dependent on monsoons, it is ethically questionable why the government does not heed to the voices of many of the Directors of Agriculture across the country? It is said by many there is very little political gain by doubling a farmers income. There is more political gain by addressing them and giving false promises during their times of distress. It should become the Urban Public’s responsibility to make every effort to ensure their voices are heard as, the louder voices coupled with water conservation measures and good organic farming practices, would be the start of self sustainability of every village.
8- Recommendations to Initiate change to protect the Farmers Is it possible to remove the poverty of farmers? My answer is yes
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Is it possible to double the income of the farmer? My answer is again yes and we have model villages within India to learn from Is it the Ethically right thing to do? Yes as the farmers are the backbone for any country’s survival Is it Environmentally beneficial? If we can look at the available cultivable land with fertile soil that has already previously been cultivated, we can protect the existing forests from being cut for providing more land for production of food for the ever increasing population. It is Environmentally and Ethically right to reduce the income equity between the rural farmer in poverty and average middle class man in urban area. In the recent years, a village took an initiative to divert water from nearby forest into their village. Due to the water loss from evaporation, they installed pipes from the forest till their village. The cost of the pipes were borne by an IT company as a Corporate Social Responsibility. The collective working of the Public and the Private Sector is what will enable the implementation of the Model Village and aspiration of doubling the farmers income. Government alone cannot and will not be able to reach out to the over 50% of the 1.2 billion population who reside in villages. By private partnership, I mean making use of the CSR funding along with volunteers from the Private Firms. Only money, without volunteers would also not help the cause of reaching out. If policy by the government can provide manpower from the government so as to guide and introduce natural and traditional methods of collecting and storing water, many corporate firms can fund these projects and NGO’s can assist in implementing the same. Environmental Policy should be introduced so as to restrict usage of water by the privileged and reduce the inequality of water distribution during times of drought. This can be done through introduction of high pricing beyond a certain consumption
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of water. Also as part of the Corporate Social Responsibility, the Corporates should be sensitized to the condition of the Rural Economies by mandatory adoption of a village by each corporate. Policy should be introduced to protect the farmers from the middlemen. There should be an initiative from the government to ensure minimum price the farmer should receive for his yield. Funds should be allocated for research on mapping technologies and how the information can be utilized for preventing environmental degradation of the lands, and improving the overall air quality quotient of the villages. All institution should mandatorily engage students in agriculture , the farmers, and their significance so as to sensitize them about the gravity of the issue.
9. Conclusion “Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.� (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
Water is and should be a fundamental right for every citizen in the country. It is disheartening to see the wasteful and excess usage of water by the rich in the urban areas, while there is no water to drink in the villages. It is also disheartening to see the continued Environmental clearance that large developments and Industries receive with no understanding on whether the natural resources in the state can sustain these new developments.
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By 2050, India is expected to increase the population from 1.2 billion to 1.6 billion to become the largest populated country in the world. India’s food production has not kept pace with its population growth. If urgent and drastic measures are not implemented, India will face crisis not just in shortage of food, but with environmental issues associated with increased squatters in urban areas, with increase vector borne diseases. Agriculture, Rural Economy and Urban Quality of Life are completely reliant on each other. We cannot escape the reality, that the only way for the ecosystem and the health of the cities to be sustained is by protecting the farmers. Doubling their income and mitigating their migration is the only answer for a Sustainable India, both Environmentally and Ethically.
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