Mengdan yang 531876 by mengdan yang

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIO AIR 2013 MENGDAN YANG

Group member Brian Han & Elsie Zheng Tutor Daniel & Adam

CONTEXT 1

INTRODUCTION

3 9 15 21 22 23 24

A.1. ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE A.2. COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE A.3. PARAMETRIC MODELLING A.4. ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION A.5. CONCLUSION A.6. LEARNING OUTCOMES REFERENCE

3 PART A. CASE FOR INNOVATION

25 PART B. DESIGN APPROACH 25 31 37 43 47 53 55 58

B.1. DESIGN FOCUS B.2. CASE STUDY 1.0 B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0 B.4. TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES B.6. TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL B.7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES REFERENCE

59 PART C. PROJECT PROPOSAL 59 C.1. DESIGN FOCUS 71 C.2. CASE STUDY 1.0 79 C.3. CASE STUDY 2.0 85 C.4. TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT 87 REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION

Hello everyone, my name is Mengdan Yang, also known as Meg. I am an international student from South of China and I went to Ivanhoe Girls Grammar School in Melbourne for two years before come to university. Currently, this is my third year study of bachelor of Environments and I am majoring in architecture. I think architecture is an interesting but challenging courses as it is always combining with different parts of knowledge to finalize the creative and complex outcome.

For digital programming, I have used Rhino in my first year study in Virtual Environ-

ments. I found it is very hard during the design process, because I was unfamiliar with the software. It was more like a tool rather than a design program for me. However the final outcome is almost successful, it also gave me a chance to realize how digital design can help us achieve from a design concept to a real physical project. This was just a simple start of my digital study, the aim of doing design studio air will be developing the technical skill of using Rhino by learning Grasshopper (the algorithm editor integrated with Rhino),in the meantime to help me understand digital and parametric architecture further in depth.

MY PREVIOUS WORK

THE BODYSPACE PROJECT VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT 2011

The brief of this project is to

design a complex geometrical structure which will be fabricated using paper and can be worn on our body. Overall the final model is successful, even though there can be some improvement of model connecting. The outcome of this project is not just the model, but the ability of thinking and creating by practices. Before doing this course, I cannot think to make a lantern based on personal understanding of a natural process. The model looks simple, but the creating process is complex and time consuming. I think it is same for all design and architecture work, the truth is the more time we spend will give us a more satisfied outcome.

It is also an amazing experience to watch every-

one wearing their lantern on Parade at the end. It is exciting that everyone all has different outcome based on a simple brief. I did not known what I can achieve at the end, at the start, it was all about ideas and thinking. Than the concept becomes more complex and require us to transfer the design ideas into a real project. This process included modeling,digitizing and fabrication. This complex process require us to understand different discipline knowledge. In todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture industry, having a new idea is not good enough to achieve an amazing project, the final outcome will be effected by modeling process, digital technique and construction process.

PART A. CASE FOR INNOVATION

A.1. ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE

Much of what we know of institutions, the distribution of power, social relations, cultural values, and everyday life is mediated by the built environment. Dutton, Thomas A. and Lian Hurst Mann, eds (1996). Reconstructing Architecture: Critical Discourses and Social Practices (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 1

ARCHITECTURE AS DISCOURSE

In order to build the basis of our argument for an architectural solution for the Gateway project,

we need to firstly understand the concept of architecture. What is architecture? The definition can be various. The most familiar definition will be described architecture as buildings and physical structure or a piece of art and science of designing. However, these definitions limit the meaning of architecture by focusing on the temporary external appearance of the building and ignoring the ongoing communication process which architecture has to achieve engaged with its surrounding environment, users and everyone participated over long period of time.

In Richard Williams’s article ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’ he claims that architecture as art

is in many respects the default mode of architecture writing. Instead of seeing architecture as some individuals’ personal art work, we are more likely to agree that is a uniquely compromised art. The reason can be - It existing because a client allows it to exist. - The client determines the function of a project and its specification, location and cost. - The architect must work within the limitation of a location. - Work with other professional: engineer, quantity surveyors, building contractor etc. - The idea of authorship in architecture is highly complex. - They are practices that involve social, commercial network and institutions.

Overall, architecture needs to be analysed as discourse , which everyone can be participated with. In the other hand, the consumption of architecture can be based on the understanding of it as sign and its spatial experience. Therefor it will be a better idea to consider architecture as a network of practices and debates about the built environment rather than just focusing on one single aspect such as material, structure or design concept.

PRECEDENT 1

SANAA : DIOR IN OMOTESAN

This building is located in Omotesando, along with Ginza. It is the most important commercial areas in Tokyo constellation of the worlds’ most famous fashion brands. There are many notable works by major Japanese Buidling by Fumihiko Maki and Prada by Herzog and DeMeuron.

According to the special condition of the site, build a functional building will not meet the client’s needs. Ka

and he wants to sell as much Dior as possible”, this is the basic requirement by the client. Even though the ar consider it first and try to achieve it in their own way. This shows the difference between architecture to othe art. Based on these, Sejima come out the design idea of separating the exterior and interior. The exterior is v want to buy pretty goods and feels themselves special, behind the beautiful wall will be the Dior Company’s conflict between their appearance and intention.

Similar to other projects the SANAA office has done, the proposal for this Dior building is minimalist and simpl

elements such as glass to keep the structure looks simple and to allow the interior space be involved within t the Dior building creates a feeling of visual interaction in different degree with the interior of the building by a translucent acrylic coating is placed behind the glass to create a beautiful designable façade according of different opacity of acrylic at each level, the lighting effects seen from outside is varies. Especially at nigh clothing like a beautiful girl. This façade design is according to the architectural principles of SANAA, howev by attracting their customer walking into the store.

I have been to this place two years ago, I feel like this building is a beautiful girl stand along the street and is

believe their customer will feel same as me, and feel like to walk into the store and become special like this ‘ design purpose by showing their design concept as well as meeting their client’s requirement. I think it is a gr

NDO, TOKYO 2003

o, which dedicated to the fashion and housing a and international architecture firms. Such as Spiral

azuyo Sejima says “Mr. Amault is a very rich man, rchitects are not so interested in it, they have to er art, again it is more like a uniquely compromised very beautiful and attractive to their buyers who s intention. Here, the architects want to keep some

le. In her design, Sejima likes to use clear modernist the outside world. Based on a conceptual “skin”, using prism of glass and metal. Additionally, g to the architectural principle of SANNA. Because ht, the building looks like wearing thin lightweight ver I think it also help to achieve the client’s intention

s the highlight of the street with its shining ‘skin’. I ‘Pretty girl’ (Dior store). SANNA office achieves their reat example of architecture as discourse.

PRECEDENT 2

Frank Lloyd Wright :Solomon R. Gugge

Solomon R. Guggenheim museum opened to the public on 1959 and it was designed by Frank Lloyd Wrigh

building to house the Museum of Non-objective Painting, the director of the museum instructed Wright “I wa

This masterpiece was recognized as an architectural landmark immediately as it opened after six month of

Museum can be regard as the most important building of Wright’s late career. As required by the director o to modernism under Wright’s design. It is the unique architecture of space, with its spiral ramp riding to a do a unique forum for the presentation of contemporary art. In the words of Paul Goldberger, “Wright’s buildin architect design a highly expressive, intensely personal museum. In this sense almost every museum of our t

However, regarding to the financial reason, Wright’s proposed ten- story tower behind the smaller rotunda

ture as discourse mentioned before, architecture is an ongoing communication process, if the users canno than change need to be made. In 1990, the Wright building was closed to the public to enable the expans Siegel & Associates. They converted the storage and office into galleries, and improved the exbition capab Wright’s original design. The tower's simple facade and grid pattern highlight Wright's unique spiral design a scape behind the museum. It is now continue to work as a main museum and landmark building in the cen

enheim Museum 1959

ht. In 1943, Weight was commissioned to design a ant a temple of spirit, a monument!”

f Weight’s death. The Solomon R. Guggenheim of the museum, this museum becomes a monument omed skylight, continues to thrill visitors and provide ng made it socially and culturally acceptable for an time is a child of the Guggenheim”

a went unrealized. Refer to the concept of architecot value them in architect’s original design purpose, sion and a major interior restoration by Gwathmey bilities of the museum without detracting from and serves as a backdrop to the rising urban landnter of New York City.

PART A. CASE FOR INNOVATION

A.2. COMPUATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

“ The dominant mode of utilizing computers in architecture today is that of COMPUTERIZATION; ENTITies or processes that are already conceptualized in the designer’s mind are entered, manipulated, or stored on a computer system. In contrast, COMPUTATION or COMPUTING, as a computer-based design tool, is generally limited.” Terzidis, Kostas(2006). Algorithmic Architecture(Bosten, MA:Elsevier),P.xi

COMUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE How computer has engaged within the revolution of design process?How does computer affect the design process? What are the going and incoming changes within design and construction industries? How does computation impact on the range of conceivable and achievable geometries? What does computer contribute to evidence â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and performance- oriented designing? What unique opportunities and innovations it presents and how does these concepts relate to preceding architecture theory? Problem analysis plays an important role in the process of design. It allows us to un-

cover the roots causes, which can help devise the means to solve the problem. However, there is often limited information contained to solve the problem. At this point, the designer need to make difficult tradeoffs between multiple and conflicting goals, and then guess whose outcome cannot be reliably predicted. Relying on intuition and creativity will help to overcome these difficulties. But unlike art, architecture design is an activity that deals with externally imposed constrains which can include site condition, climate, cost, client requirement. These require architecture to conclude the design process by both analysis the problem and be creative at the same time.

Computers as a sign of modernism are effective analytical engines, which can help

designer to improve the efficiency of design process by analyzing problem in a fast and accurate way. However they are machine, they lack the creative abilities and intuition. Hence the evolution of design process will be making human and computer work together as a powerful symbiotic design system, while computer can contribute their superb rational and search abilities and human can contribute all the creativity and intuition needed to find out the most suitable solution of the design.

The evolution of architecture design process is related to digital information revolution

which has a similar scale and influence as the industrial revolution happened before. Using computer during the design process is like share the information between human and computer. It is can be seen as a communication process. However, the challenge will be the difficulties of communicate information from human to computer. In order to deal with this problem, the computational systems has developed to provide different level of assistance to help human design by taking care different part of the design process. For example, if the system was ranged by drafting and modeling, the role of computer will be limited in drawing lines and other geometrical entities. (Such as the different strength of Rhino and Auto CAD) These different types of the system help designer in different area and ways, it is useful to achieve different outcome. Again, the role of communication will become more important between computer and human and also human to human to allow the design information be understood and transferred by everyone participated.

PRECEDENT 3

Frank Gehry :Guggenheim Museum(1

Frank Gehry’s Guggenheium Museum in Bilbao is described as the most known example which captures the

to the industry revolution, the new information age is challenging not only how we design building but also h

“In the conceptual realm, computational, digital architecture of topological, non-euclidean geometric spa

rithms, are supplanting technological architecture.” Since the appearance of computer aided design, whic more professional and accurate way, the technologies have started to have an impact on building design a tect to produce a more complex form and also produce construction drawing into a large scale with details require the architect’s professional knowledge about structure and material. By using this program, architect the final design will become more practical toward the construction process.

As CAD programs made the construction drawing process more accurate and simple to approach, it allow

design which can be located at the required space and engaged with its surrounding environments and pe tionized by collaboration with computer numerical control machines (CNCS). Using Rhino with plug- in editor CNC. This allows the architect design the forms by calculating based on construction efficiency.

The Guggenheim Museum in Bibao is the first implement of this system. After winning the commission with the

to find the way of making the design into a reality. After they realized the existing architecture design progra powerful software(CATIA) which is designed for the airplane and automotive industry. Except the heavy dut very successful based on the more efficient construction way and less building cost.

1997), Bilbo, Spain 1997

e zeitgeist of the digital information revolution. Similar how we manufacture and construct them.

ace, kinetic and dynamic systems, and genetic algoch was used to produce the construction drawing in a and construction practices. This program allow archis. This is not only benefit to the design process, it also t can analysis and design at the same time, hence

w the designer to build up a more complex geometric eople participated. Architecture also has been revolur Grasshopper is architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; typically way to design for

eir curvy model, Frank Gehry and his partner started am may not suffice at this point, they turned to more ty structure issue of the facade, the final outcome is

PRECEDENT 4 ARCHITECT FUTURE SYSTEM: LORD’S MEDIA

Architecture as a new industry been revolutionized by the digital technology in its design process, it is impo to adopt of innovative technologies. As described by Kolarevic (2003) that buildings and ships are similar in more to learn from the shipbuilding industry. For example, Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum will not be a industry regarding to the its heavy structure issue. Another good example of architect made creative use o project- The Natwest Media Centre at the lord’s Cricket Ground in London. “It was manufactured in a sma ed in segments for assembly at the building’s site. The shipbuilder’s expertise in making aluminum yacht hul first semi-monocoque building structure from aluminum.” Today, the manufactured using digitally driven is used in various areas. From the construction process of Th ings have the same potential to be digitally conceived and produce. However, there are also disadvantag for designer, this may limit the creativity of architecture design by creating forms based on the software. In scripting can provides unique opportunity for innovation to enable the designer to customize the software ing. Relate to the Gate Way project, using of Grasshopper plunged in Rhino will give us more opportunity to process.

CENTRE, LONDON,UK 1999

ortant to learn from other profound industries in order n many ways, architects and builders have much achieved without the local steel and shipbuilding of shipbuilder’s expertise will be office Future System’s all shipyard in Cornwall, England, and then transportlls was essential in designing and manufacturing the

he Natwest Media Centre, we can define that buildge of using software that are mainly be programmed n Mark Burry’s book Scripting Cultures, he suggesst that around their own predilections and modes of worko control and develop our design during our design

PART A. CASE FOR INNOVATION

A.3. PARAMETRIC MODELLING

“Post- modernism and deconstructiovism were mere transitional episodes” and parametricism will be “the great new style after modernism” Schumacher, Partrik. 2010. “The Parametric Epoth: Let the style Wars begin.” Architecture’s Journal 231(16):41-45.

PARAMETRIC MODELLING Parametric modeling represents change in architecture design process. In an exclusive text for the AJ, Patrik Schumacher of Zaha Hadid Architects argues that the unified style of architecture for the 21st century will be parametricism.

What is Parametric modeling?

Its ‘ set of equations that express a set of quantities as explicit function of a number of independent variables, known as ‘ parameters’ Weisstein 2003,2150

Negative principle

-Avoid rigid form(lack of malleability) -Avoid simple repetition( lack of variety) -Avoid rigid functional stereotypes -Avoid segregative function zoning

Positive principle

-All form must be soft -All system must be differentiated and interdependent -All functions are parametric activity scenarios -All activities communicate with each other Parametric modeling introduces a fundamental change: “ Marks”, that is, parts of a design, relate and change together in a coordinated way. No longer must designers simply add and erase. They now add, erase and repair. (Woodbury 2010) To achieve this, it requires designer to consider the relationship between each elements, and regarding them as a whole system.

Architecture is not only about designing and constructing a building for the clients, it is need to be regarded as a system of ongoing communication process. This can be the communication between architect and client, communication between users and building even the communication between designer and computer. These results of these communications will influence the outcome of the project while they will help designer to make a further decision during the design process. Refer to the Gate Way Project, I believe that by using of parametric modeling under the concept of architecture as a discourse will produce a notable project. First, understanding of architecture will be contribute to the design idea to this project, then we need to analysis the site and brief to come out a design concept. Then the important part will be put the idea into digital software to find the most suitable solution to this project based on understanding the relationship between each elements. 16

PRECEDENT 5

ZAHA HADIA: BAKO FACTORY, DOWNTOWN BE

Zaha Hadid is one of the pioneer of using parametric design. From her design of Bako factory in Serbia

principle involved in. The overall soft surface is continued around the site. It maximizes the malleability o ture provides a space for people to encounter and allow each function and activities can communica lenge of this project will be the construction process, as the size of the building is much larger than the of manufactory product and construction practice to achieve the final construction.

Based on using parametric modeling, her design are distinctively futuristic, which is characterized by th

structureâ&#x20AC;? with â&#x20AC;&#x153; multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry to evoke the chaos of modern

ELGRADE, SERBIA UNBUILT

a, we can clearly see the parametric modeling of the structure and fit it into the site. This strucation in this whole structure. However, the chalNatwest Media Centre, it will require a high level

he â&#x20AC;&#x153; powerful, curving forms of her elongated n lifeâ&#x20AC;? (Zaha Hadid,2007)

PRECEDENT 6

HERZOG & DE MEURON: CHINA’S NATIONAL

The Beijing National Stadium is another example of using parametric modeling. Construction began on the B was finished in early 2008.As the stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olymocs and Pa for this very important public stadium. The brief is to design a stadium that was “porous” while also being “a c team wanted to achieve an optimum balance between making sure every spectator had a nice view and for the structure is to get everyone close to the main venue, this rise the task of accurate calculation. In order to achieve the optimum design, parametric design is used to work out the sightlines, the bowl geom condition, seismic studies and the design of the façade. To make sure the web of twisting steel sections can cated calculation is engaged by using the software. The random looking ‘nest’ is not simple as it be looked as, it following the rules of geometry and contains 36 k benefit from parametric calculation. AS both the example of parametric design, Guggenheim Museum designed by Frank Gehry has more heavy tional Stadium. This also indicates the innovation ways of making space and sustainability approach.

L STADIUM, BEIJING, CHINA

Beijing National Stadium on 23 December 2003 and aralympics, China wanted to have something new collective building, a public vesselâ&#x20AC;?. The design also creating a good atmosphere. They challenge

metry, natural ventilation to keep the grass in good be fitted together to follow the surface, a compli-

km of unwrapped steel. These outcomes are all

y structure and faĂ§ade compared to Beijing Na-

A.4. ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION

Here are two simple example of my algorithmic exploration, they are based on points, lines and curve. By doing this, I understood the essential feature of an algorithm is that it is made up of a finite set of rules or operations that are unambiguous and simple to follow. By connecting each elements in Grasshopper and defined them in number slide, I understand the concept of definite and effective. According to term of effective, I found it can be both advantage and disadvantage during the design process. When there are many command going on, it will be difficulties to find the problem and make change. At this stage, I think I do not have enough knowledge to deal with the technical problems. And I need to learn more and analysis the relationship between each algorithmic elements. Otherwise, the outcome will not represent the design ideas.

A.5. CONCLUSION

A.6. LEARNING OUTCOME

-In steading of seeing architecture as art, we are more likely to agree it is a uniquely compromised art which need to engage with everyone participated in. -When use computer to design a project, it is important to understand the difference between computerization and computation. We need to ensure we use computerization to develop our design while computation will limit our idea. -The evolution of design process with computer will be making human and computer work together as a powerful symbiotic design system, while computer can contribute their superb rational and search abilities and human can contribute all the creativity and intuition needed to find out the most suitable solution of the design. -Parametric design can help to calculate the complex part of a geometric shape to allow it been achieved. -By design with computer, it is a good idea to learn from other industry such as shipbuilding which are profound adapted the innovation of technologies.

REFERENCE Anthony Askew, An Introduction to Parametric Design, uk. Accessed on 4 April 2013 from:http://anthonyaskew.wordpress.com/2012/02/29/an-introduction-toparametric-design/ Burry, Mark (2011). Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 8 - 71. Definition of "algorithm" in Wilson, Robert A. and Frank C. Keil eds(1999) in The Mit Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (London: The MIT Press) Yehuda E. Guggenenheim, TheFrank Lloyd Wright Building, New York. Accessed on 3 April 2013 from http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/about/frank-lloyd-wrightbuilding Kalay, Architecture's New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 – 25. Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp. 28 – 62. My Architecture Moleskine, Sanaa/ Kumilo Inui: Dior in Tokyo, Accessed on 4 April 2013 http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/sanaa-kumiko-inui-dior-in-tokyo.html National Stadium ‘ Bird’s Nest” architecture, designbuild, Accessed on 4 April 2013 from: http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/national_stadium/ Patrik Schumacher, 'Introduction : Architecture as Autopoietic System', in The Autopoiesis of Architecture (Chichester: J. Wiley, 2011), pp. 1 - 28. Richard Williams, 'Architecture and Visual Culture', in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 116. Woodbury, Robert F. and Andrew L. Burrow (2006). 'Whither design space?', Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 20 , 2, pp. 63-82. Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 7-48.

PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

B.1.

DESIGN FOCUS

The architectural profession is rapidly embracing digital design technologies developed and applied in the framework of biologically inspired processes. Put simply, nature is the largest laboratory that ever existed and ever will. While biomimicry does not exclude emulating form, we are interested in the processes and systems in which all design resides. Michael Fox (2009). Interactive Architecture(Princeton Architectural Pressosten)

RESEARCH STREAM: BIOMIMICRY

As ‘nature is the largest laboratory that ever existed and ever will’. Our group wants to

use biomimicry as our design approach to explore our design idea of Gate Way Project. Based on the concept of Architecture as Discourse, we would like to design an interactive architecture, ‘a continual and constructive information exchange. As people interact with architecture, they should not thought of as “users” but instead as “participant”. (Michael Fox 2009) project which will inspire and enrich the municipality in a long time period. “The proposed site for the Western Gateway offers a high exposure location to those entering the urban precinct of the municipality, as well as to those travelling along the freeway.” Under the design approach of biomimicry, we have researched the network system of biome, we find out network is an interesting and important system which are everywhere; it can be intracellular with our human body or in ecosystems or within a city, it can also be the social network of our human society. From the idea of network, we would like to make our Gate way Project to show a network system to highlight the significant growth of Wyndham city as part of social network in Victoria. Back to a smaller scale and original points, our design inspiration will be taken from the network system of cell, while they have the same similarity with structure forming of fractal. they both have to be networked together in some optimal way for the system to function, to adapt to grow, to mitigate and to be long term resilient.(Geoffrey West) Our design will show the complexity of the system including the self repeating similarity and emergency system to show the difference. The growth of cell network will represent the growth of Wyndham City.

PRECEDENT 7

CANOPY BY UNITED V

Brief: Canopy is the latest installation work form United Visual Artists commissioned by Cadillac Fairview, Lanterra Developments & Maple Leaf Sports. It is a 90-metre long light sculpture spanning the front facade of the building, using mass production and precise fabrication. Materials : Powder coated steel, anodised aluminium, injection moulded polycarbonate, LED, Code Dimensions: 90 metres x 3 metres Inspired by â&#x20AC;˘ Experience of walking through the dappled light of a forest. â&#x20AC;˘ Form (Thousands of identical modules): abstracted from the geometry of leaves. Performance: During the day, apertures in the modules filter natural light to the street below. After dusk, particles of artificial light are born, navigate through the grid and die, their survival determined by regions of energy sweeping across the structure. Outcome: Canopy as an example of digital design inspired by biological experience and form, evokes and reflects nature by its structure pattern and atmosphere it created at the site.

VISUAL ARTISTS [W]e can expect that [nature] will choose to create at least some complex forms not by laborious piece-by-piece construction but by harnessing some of the organisational and pattern-forming phenomena we see in the non-living world. Evolution, via genetics, can exploit, tame and tune such phenomena; but it does not necessarily generate them. If this is so, we can expect to see similarities in the forms and patterns of living and purely inorganic systems, and to be able to explain them both in the same manner. Philip Ball, Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Patterns â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Shapes, Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2009, p. 17

PRECEDENT 8

THE RESEARCH PAVILION BY IC

Brief: This Research Pavilion is constructed with 60 kilometres of carbon and glass fibre filaments, which winded b programmed robot.

Material: Their research of lobster’s exoskeleton forwards them to design a structure that could be made from resins rated glass and carbon fibres laid down by a robot. The glass fibres mainly serve as the formwork for the la while the stiffer carbon fibres are responsible for the load transfer and rigidity. Dimension: 8 metres across, 3 and 1/2 metres tall, 4mm thick

Inspired by: lobster’s exoskeleton The structure of the pavilion was based on their research into the complex layers and load-bearing efficie of a lobster’s exoskeleton, which is made up of layers of chitin a derivative of glcose embedded in a prote matrix. Performance: As a benefit of the structure researching, the Research Pavilion provides a maximum internal space by a shell skin. This was achieved by removing the steel frame after robot’s construction process.

CD AND ITKE

The logics of generative computational systems that integrate material, form and performance in the design process offer ways of proces ing the flow of structural forces and interaction with environmental infl ences on a material construct. Menges, Achim (2012). â&#x20AC;&#x153;Material Computation: Higher Integration in Morphophonemic Designâ&#x20AC;?, Architectural Design, 82, 2, pp. 14-21, p. 20

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PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

B. 2. CASE STUDY 1.0

CASE STUDY 1.0 THE MORNING LINE

From our Case study 1 -The Morning Line, a gesture, a holo-tectonic system. We explode that

the geometry and expression of the design project need to be united. In the ‘The Morning Line’ project, infinitely self-scaling is used to change the unites of the modular around a fixed ratio, the module then can expand and contract in any size or direction. This project also is an example of interactive system, while each module is interactive in multiple ways. The content grows and adapts as the structure changes both physically and in information depth over time. All components are interchangeable, demountable, portable and recyclable. (Matthew Ritchie)

Architecture is an inherently destructive act. It’s the very physical breakdown of materials into

smaller components that are standardized in order to recompose into new stable structures. Computation is also destructive, it breaks things down into language, an abstract and codified system to build and rebuild from the smallest components—ones and zeroes. Re-composition can become automated. (Aranda\Lasch)

by Matthew Ritchie with Aranda\Lasch and Arup AGU Commissioned by Thyssen Bonemisza Art Contemporary Seville, Spain, 2008

UNEXPECTED EXPLORATION MATRIX

Morning Line presents the idea of by using different arrangements or combinations of base geometry to provide the differrent experiment space for the performance. In this exploration, we have created different space by moving and connecting single elements in a different way. The image above shows bridge structures which consist of regular geometry produced by scale ,explode and trim from a pyramid. This outcome expresses the main idea of The Morning line project by destructing structure into small components.

THE MORNING LINE EXTEND

In this case stu another exper geometry. In this explorat •create the py •Set up the ca •Identifying th •Adding the sa •Export the cu to construct a •Apply the sam

The structure p nection to the expected to h

udy, we have explored an extended result from the project Morning Line. The trial version shown above is rimenting of fractal geometries by the application of making recursive system of tetrahedrons in the base

tion, we used a perfect pyramid as our base geometry. The step is listed below: yramid structure on Grasshopper (adding polygons command) alculation in the expression mode and make each side pyramid has equal length he points at the end in order to scale the same geometry to each ends ame concept of pyramid to each face of original pyramid. urves for original geometry and analyses the middle points of each sides and centers of each faces in order four half side pyramid onto the plane. me tetrahedron patterns into the structure.

provide two contrasting spaces as a gateway arc. On one end, it is higher and larger space with strong cone ground while the other end of arc has relatively compressed space with a point support by the ground. It is have different feelin of space when entering two different space.

PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

B. 3. CASE STUDY 2.0

CASE STUDY 2.0 ZA 11 PAVILLION

Our case study 2 ZA 11 is 1:1 scale the flagship pavilion for ZA 11 Speaking archi-

tecture event which designed and fabricated by student located in Cluj, Romania. The objective of the project is to attract passers to the event as well as emerged to be a significant urban attractor to engage with the local society. This is also the objective we want to achieve for our Gate Way Project. However, ZA 11 is focused on slow movement while The Gate Way Project is mainly used to attract participates in a high speed and large scale environment. The highlight and successful point of ZA 11 is that it provides a flexible and comfortable space for users to hold various social events and activities rather than only be a temporary shelter. As this project is done by student from design process to its fabrication, its environmental friendly and low budget feature also make it more successful as a good example of architectural experiment of parametric design.

PARAMATRIC DIAGRAM BY DESINER

As showed above, this project is achieved by advanced use of parametric

design technique; the idea is to use center point to attract the hexagons on the geometry surface to extrude into the center of the object. Under the controlling from exact geometry generation to piece generation, a flexible internal events space is created by assembly logic and actual fabrication. On the right, the matrix shows different exploration outcome based on subdividing lines and hexagons to the center point of the geometry to create free- form ring shape. As the center point of the geometry is also the load bearing point of this structure, it allows the internal space can be created by self- balancing the force coming out from the structure.

OUTCOME

This image above shows the outcome of development based on ZA 11 project. It is similar to their original design except the connecting methods used. For the further development, we would like to create more attract point instead of one at the center. This will create a more complex form as well as show the similarity based on focusing on several attractor in a network system structure.

PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

B. 4.

TECHNIQUE : DEVELOPMENT

TECHNIQUE : DEVELOPMENT 1 In this exploration, the main approach is towards the extrusion of certain patterns on the surface and producing the different result in extrusions by definition of point attractor which it could be a development towards our ideas of generation or the arrangement of molecule structure. Our precedent is studio DLAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s explorations which usd point attractor as a tool to create variations in three aspects, scale of base pattern and overall performance of the texture of design project.

So in terms of doing that, we set up the exploration on two areas, firstly creating variation on base plane by using the point attractor definition. By doing that, we used hexagon structures as our base geometries for the exploration. We were trying to create a hexagon field where point attractors could be placed in and introduce some properties such as points that have an effect of suction on the structural field. By doing that, we tried to filter the lines that less than certain distance to between the vertices of structures and the attractor point. It is like creating a field of influence with certain affective radius. And we used two points as demonstration to create such affects which bring out the results as shown on the image above. On the right, the matrix shows different result by moving the attract point and changing object height.

TECHNIQUE : DEVELOPMENT 2

The second stage of our development is to find out the basic elements for our further design of Gate Way Project. Under the research stream of biomimicry , we would like to show the growth process of cell and also the network system achieved by the connection. At this stage, we create six points based on a hexagon, and then create surface from the center point to the edge. This process is can represent the growth of cells as from one point to generate the connection to create a network system. We also used curve attractor here to make difference to show the emergent system with cell system to show the complexity as well as create an eye attractive shape. The matrix showed on right is the design process of trying creating different surface and attractor curve to create the basic form of our design.

PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

B.5.

TECHNIQUE : PROTOTYPES

MATERIALISATION

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY

- CASE STUDY 1

For our fabrication process, we tired two different ways in our case

tabs around the unrolled surface edge, another one is create conn a gap between and connect them together. After the experiment, a more complex form compare to connecting them by creating tab seems more stronger than the tab one, this may because tab is only multiple and through each single surface.

study to connect each element. One is create nector between each piece of surface by leave we found that using connection will produce bs. And also model produce by connector is y one liner connection while connector can be

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY - TECHNICAL DEV

For the experiment of our technical development model, we also tried use two different material to buil

on the original structure, as three surface split to the middle point, this model is produced by using black er one is produced using cardboard. However, both of these two experiments faced connecting proble frame to support the surface. And as the middle point of the structure is very tiny, this make the fabricat more difficult and complex than we expected.

By making different model using different material, we find out that each material has its advantage an

ent performance. Such as plywood is good bending, plaster is good to create a clear surface while car with but weak in supporting the structure load. For our further development, it will be necessary to consid during the design at all the time, we may still need to do more experiment on different material and con ing on the major project performance we want to achieve at the end.

VELOPMENT

ld our model. One is based k and white Perspex. Anothem as there is no structure tion and assembly process

nd disadvantage at differrdboard is easy to control der the fabrication process nnecting methods depend-

PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

B.6.

TECHNIQUE : PROPOSAL

DESIGN PROPOSAL

The outcome we came out after the development is basically combination of de-

velopment 1 and development 2. It represents the idea of growth of Wyndham City by exploring cells growth as a network system. From this model, we can easily image cells growth and split into two and continue grown as a network system. Each hexagon represents each cell which grows from a point then develops to several line to generate a surface. The hollow surface of the elements is also another important idea to show the durable of nature system as a network. We want to achieve a design based on Bomimicry not only the nature form but also how nature existing and its performance in a long time period. Hence we use the hollow surface to allow the nature light come down during the day, the change of shadow pattern will create a sense of feeling dynamic in a day time as well as durable in a long term.

However, this model is not the most successful outcome as its appearance is lacking

of volume and structure support. For our next step, we will continue to push our design argument into a more specific way. Based on the development techniques of case study and research on the cell system, the further development will be engaged with actual site to find the best solution for The Gate Way project.

PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

B.7.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOME

LEARNING O

At this stage of our project, we have developed different outcome through t

on the feedback and presentation last week, we find that our design argume to finalise our outcome. This let us rethink about our concept and research st back to our initial design technique and ideas from case study and develop age) For the next step of our design, we will continue develop follow the cell a more structural form rather than a surface for the Gate Way Project. Howev will also keep the feature of complexity and durable of network system to en local society.

OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOME

the design process. Based ent is not strong enough tream. We decide to go pment. (Shown on the iml growth idea and create ver, the new development ngage with the site and

reference Albert-László Barabási, To Understand Is To Perceive Patterns, Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://vimeo.com/34182381 Canopy by United Visual Artist, Design Playgrounds, Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/canopy-by-by-united-visual-artists/ Dimitrie Stefanescu, Patrick Bedarf, Bogdan Hambasan,ZA11 Pavilion, Archiable, Accessed on 6 May 2013 from http://www.archiable.com/201107/110724_za11pavilion.html Emilie Chalcraft, Research Pavillion by ICD and ITKE, Accessed on 8 May 2013 from http://www.dezeen.com/2013/03/05/research-pavilion-by-icd-and-itke/ Generative Stochastic, Subset System, Accessed on 1 May 2013 from http://subsetsystem.blogspot.com.au/2010_11_01_archive.html Geoffrey WEST on The sameness of organisms, cities, and corporations, Accessed on 8 May 2013 from blog.ted.com/2011/07/26/qa-with-geoffrey-west/ Menges, Achim (2012). “Material Computation: Higher Integration in Morphophonemic Design”, Architectural Design, 82, 2, pp. 14-21, p. 20 Michael Fox and Miles Kemp, Overview, Interactive Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://www.interactive-architecture. com/ Philip Ball, Nature’s Patterns – Shapes, Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2009, p. 17 The morning line by matthew ritchie with arandalash and arup, Designboom, Accessed on 8 May 2013 from http://www.designboom.com/art/the-morning-lineby-matthew-ritchie-with-aranda-lasch-and-arup/ The Morning Line, TAB21, Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://www.tba21.org/pa vilions/103?category=pavilions

PART C. PROJECT PROPOSAL

C.1.

GATEWAY PROJECT: DESIGN CONCEPT

DESIGN CONCEPT

WYNDHAM CITY

BIOMIMICRY

NATUREAL FEATURE

CULTURAL IDENTITY

CELL AGGREGATION

URBAN DEVELOPMENT & POPULATION GROWTH

LIGHT & SHADOWS VOLUMETRIC PERFORMANCE

EYE-CATCHING FORM & SPATIAL EXPLORATION

We chose biomimicry as our design

approach to explore and develop our design idea. Regarding to the brief, the gateway project should be iconic that reflects the natural features and cultural identity of Wyndham city and also it is should be an interactive eyecatching project which can creates the visual awareness for its users who are traveling through this area.

Based on this, our final design

EXPERIENCE

INTERACTIVE PROJECT

is inspired by the process of cell aggregation which symbolize the population growth and urban development of the site, the interactive structure of cells also engaged with growing, adaptive forms to create an effective spatial environment. In our design, the aggregation of structure is demonstrated by grouping individual member of cells together to express the idea of booming urban environment. The concept of adaption is expressed by the form which the grid addressed on an undulating curve. Also beneath the structure we intended to arrange an impressive experience for users to by establishing a sense of volume individual elements.

FOCUSING ON HEXAGAON STRUCTURE

Refer to our previous design outcome in part B Deign Approach, we decided to continue use the hexagon grid as our cellular structure due to the spatial efficiency. As hexagon is one of the flexible shapes that do not lose space when attaching with other members, hexagon grid could perfectly express the adaptive cellular shape within the network and growing forms of social network.

Cellular structure

AGGREGATION

ADAPTION

* INCRESING POPULATION * BOOMING URBAN DEVELOPMENT

*GROUPING TOGETHER FOR BETTER PERFOMANCE * SACRIFIED IN SHAPES

GROUPING CELLS INTO NETWORK AS HEXGON GRID

ADAPTED HEXAGON INTO CERTAIN FORMS

CITY GROWTH

OVERALL FORM FINDING According to the site condition, the appropriated loca-

tion for the project is found marked between two major highway paths and across over Princes Freeway to Melbourne CBD. For the two side road, one is entrance point to Wyndham city, another one is access from the Geelong to city. Hence the project can be valued not only by people travelling from Geelong to Melbourne, and also it is addressed at intersection point between highways to mark the entering of new area for everyone drives passes. Moreover, the form of the gateway is stretched and extruded so the drivers on the both side of road could observe the structure.

The diagram shown under represents the process of find-

ing the general form of the structure. Here is the refined curve ready to present the growing movement of molecular structure. In order to create a stainable structure, we decided to extrude the geometry to create structure so that each members of cell could hold each other into a compressive form. This allows our design be stable by holding itself (connecting between each element) and transforming load along the curve to foundation. The extention part of the curve also gives a strong sense of connecting between the Gate Way Project and the site. The strong connection make the project perform as a whole with its surrounding environment. It also expresses the idea of Architecture as discourse by connecting each participant together to achieve the final outcome.

ARC "GATEWAY"

EXTENSION

form

EXTERIOR FORM - AGGRAGATION & ADAPTION

As conclude in part B, we wanted to continue develop the technique of attracting points.

Here, we applied attracting points to hexagon grid to allow the shapes to be deformed. The attracting process represented the aggregation of cells, at the same time, reforming expressed the idea of adaption during cell growth process. Here, the exterior form is strongly related to our design approach Biomimicry as well as the idea of developing city. Vertically, we introduced the stable arched form which can produce the visual experience under the structure. And along the side, it is stretched to an extensive form that maximizes the street view on both two sides of Princes Freeway for users.

These images on right express the exterior form forming process. In the area encircled,

the hexagon grid strongly responsed to the attracting points, and be deform to the shape which will continue cover the area without overlapping or losing space. Again, it shows the flexibility of hexagon grids helped the structure to perform in a more spatial efficiency way.

BASIC GRID

AGGRAGATION

IMFLUENCED BY ATTRACTING POINTS

ADAPTION IMFLUENCED BY ATTRACTING POINTS & FORM 66

INTERIOR FORM -LIGHT & SHADOW The interior form of our project is defined by light and shadow. Refer to the idea of du-

rable nature; we expect our design can be durable during the day and also long period time. To achieve this, we introduced the concept of light and shadow to create a special experience for users. Firstly, we set the highway as a central focus line; the light direction is focusing on the main road. Each module loft to this direction and contribute to this lighting experience. Secondly, we set the modules into two groups with different lofting height to give a variety experience inside and show the complexity of cell structure.

The direction shown on the image shows how lighting influenced the interior lofting direc-

tion and defined the form. Each of those elements became the basic units, which consist to the module form. When people drive through, they can feel that they are in central position and variable lights drop down from the top through the whole Gateway.

BASIC UNITS

CENTRAL FOCUS LINE : FREEWAY

PROJECT SITE MAP

PART C. PROJECT PROPOSAL

C.2.

GATEWAY PROJECT: TECTONIC ELEMENTS

THREE LAYER STRUCTURE

SURFACE : SMOOTH REFLECTS BASIC UNITS WITH AGGREGATION.

THE HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE

EXTRUDING PART INFLUENCED BY LIGHT

The structure of our design can be divide into Three layers, the smooth surface, the hexagonal structure and extruding part influenced by light.

HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE

MODULE STRUCTURE : INDIVDURAL CELLS HAS OWN STRUCTURAL STABILITY TO HOLD THE WHOLE.

CELL S PROVIDES " VOLUME" TO THE FORM

CONSTRUCTION

STEEL FRAME

STEEL FRAME WITH LIGHTWEIGHT PANEL

At the earlier stage of our design, we considered the real material and structure based on three layer structure, which the middle layer (hexagonal structure) will be the main loading bearing part to form the whole structure. We thought we will use steel frame and lightweight prefabricated panel to form our structure. For the joints, we decided to use steel plates to connect panels.

FABRICATION

R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R4 R5

R13

R12

R15

R14

R17

R16

R19

R18

R21

R20

The fabrication of our model is complicated and time consuming. In order to show the deformed of hexagon grid in a certain way, we have to scale up our physical model to show detail and also as material experiment. Firstly, we divide our digital model into 21 rows (As shown above). Then, we divide each row into single cells structure. By considering to minimizing the complexity of our model construction process, we then divided each element in to two parts instead of three layers. To avoid overlapping, we took one part from the unrolled surface separate from the main surface. Lastly, we made tabs for each unrolled surface. (eg. Shown on right) 75

RETHINKING CONSTRUCTION METHODS

FRO

METHOD 1. STEEL FRAME

LAYER 1 SMOTH SURFACE (MADE FROM LIGHTWEIGHT PANEL

LAYER 2 MAIN STRUCTURE ELEME (MADE FROM STEEL)

LAYER 3 EXTRUDING PART (MADE DROM LIGHTWEIG

METHOD 2. PREFARBICA

OM MODEL MAKING WITH LIGHTWEIGHT PANEL

ENTS

T GHT PANEL)

USE STEEL PLATES TO CONNECT PANNEL

ATE LIGHTWEIGHT INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS (BASIC UNITS)

After the experiment of constructing physical model, we find out that each row can stand up and hold the load themselves due to “arch structure”. Therefore it will be much easier to use prefabricated material to construct each cells structure and then connect them together just like what we did with the physical model. By doing this, it can save cost of expensive material such as steel and also it save time and money on transportation (less heavy material) and installation process. The benefit of lightweight prefabricate elements will also reduce the errors as constructing three layers will be much more calculation work to be done before installation. While prefabricate elements only need to think about the connection between each individual structure. Same methods used in our final physical model.

PART C. PROJECT PROPOSAL

C.3.

GATEWAY PROJECT: FINAL MODEL

VIEWS

VIEWS ON PRINCES FREEWAY

VIEWS ON SIDE HIGHWAY

PERFORMANCE & EXPERIENCE

The smooth surface of the Gateway Project connect to site context, the extension curve of the form follows the site typology to create fluidity and continuity. It makes our project become part of the landscape, when people drive through they will have a sense of belongingness by interacting with the project. The most interesting and highlight part of our design is the lighting experience. Users can experience the amazing shadows of cells with multi-layers from different extruded height. By experiencing the shadow of variable cell structure, users will relate it to the natural environments and city growth. Also they will realized that they are entering into a wonderful new city area.

FINAL PHYSICAL MODEL

Our final physical model is made from 1mm thick Card Board. In order to show the deformed hexagon gri

in detail, the scale of our final model is 1:100. And it is about 1000 mm in length, 300mm-600mm in width an 100mm-300mm in height.

Generally, the model is successful as it is stable and can transfer its load into the base. However, as it is a b

model, there are some connection errors. These errors is mainly caused by the thickness of construction ma rial (1mm Card Board), as the Card Board gets its own hardness, it is difficult to bend when the piece gettin smaller. This reminds us it is necessary to find balance between structural elements and material performan The successful of the final physical model is that we learned a new construction method from model makin process. The physical model is not only good at load performance; the light experience we expected in o design can also be achieved by changing the light resource at different spot upon the model. Overall, it is good physical model which helped us express our design idea and the advantage feature of flexible hexa gon grid structure.

id nd

big ateng nce. ng our sa a-

PART C. PROJECT PROPOSAL

C.4.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

In conclude, through this semesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study I have learnt not only the computation-

al architecture technique- grasshopper, I think the most important outcome is the experience of design decision making process especially working with parametric design program with group members. In the early stage of our design process, our group had produced some good development in grasshopper based on case study and did a few good prototypes of the digital model. It seemed as a very good start. However because we mainly focused on studying Grasshopper, we were weak in forming a strong design argument. This can also happen due to less researching of design approach. Unlike some other group which had a strong design argument, our part B design development was interrupted by not following a logical thinking process. At that stage, it was hard to take a further step. It is lucky that we latterly find a reasonable connection between our design idea and digital model development. Finally, we combined everything we learnt to produce our final design outcome.

Generally, it was successful as it is the combination of several outcome what we find interesting and what we put a lot effort into. Such as focusing on form changing based on attracting points or playing with flexible hexagon grid. Working in a group also let us achieved some unexpected result by communication ideas and exchanging opinions with each other. Hence the advantage of us can maximum the opportunity of unexpected amazing work. Overall, by doing studio air I have learnt architecture as discourse in theory and then develop and explore this concept into our design by using parametric design technology. This experience will be very useful for my further study of architecture in theory, computational technology and also the most important thing in design decision making process.

reference Anthony Askew, An Introduction to Parametric Design, uk. Accessed on 4 April 2013 from:http://anthonyaskew.wordpress.com/2012/02/29/an-introduction-toparametric-design/ Albert-Lรกszlรณ Barabรกsi, To Understand Is To Perceive Patterns, Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://vimeo.com/34182381 Burry, Mark (2011). Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 8 - 71. Canopy by United Visual Artist, Design Playgrounds, Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/canopy-by-by-united-visual-artists/ Definition of "algorithm" in Wilson, Robert A. and Frank C. Keil eds(1999) in The Mit Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (London: The MIT Press) Yehuda E. Dimitrie Stefanescu, Patrick Bedarf, Bogdan Hambasan,ZA11 Pavilion, Archiable, Accessed on 6 May 2013 from http://www.archiable. com/201107/110724_za11-pavilion.html Emilie Chalcraft, Research Pavillion by ICD and ITKE, Accessed on 8 May 2013 from http://www.dezeen.com/2013/03/05/research-pavilion-by-icd-and-itke/ Geoffrey WEST on The sameness of organisms, cities, and corporations, Accessed on 8 May 2013 from blog.ted.com/2011/07/26/qa-with-geoffrey-west/ Generative Stochastic, Subset System, Accessed on 1 May 2013 from http:// subsetsystem.blogspot.com.au/2010_11_01_archive.html Guggenenheim, TheFrank Lloyd Wright Building, New York. Accessed on 3 April 2013 from http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/about/frank-lloyd-wrightbuilding

Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of ComputerAided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 – 25. Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp. 28 – 62. Menges, Achim (2012). “Material Computation: Higher Integration in Morphophonemic Design”, Architectural Design, 82, 2, pp. 14-21, p. 20 Michael Fox and Miles Kemp, Overview, Interactive Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://www.interactive-architecture. com/ My Architecture Moleskine, Sanaa/ Kumilo Inui: Dior in Tokyo, Accessed on 4 April 2013 http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/sanaa-kumiko-inuidior-in-tokyo.html National Stadium ‘ Bird’s Nest” architecture, designbuild, Accessed on 4 April 2013 from: http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/national_stadium/ Patrik Schumacher, ‘Introduction : Architecture as Autopoietic System’, in The Autopoiesis of Architecture (Chichester: J. Wiley, 2011), pp. 1 - 28. Philip Ball, Nature’s Patterns – Shapes, Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2009, p. 17 Richard Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 116. The morning line by matthew ritchie with arandalash and arup, Designboom, Accessed on 8 May 2013 from http://www.designboom.com/art/the-morning-lineby-matthew-ritchie-with-aranda-lasch-and-arup/ The Morning Line, TAB21, Accessed on 23 April 2013 from http://www.tba21.org/pa vilions/103?category=pavilions Woodbury, Robert F. and Andrew L. Burrow (2006). ‘Whither design space?’, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 20 , 2, pp. 63-82. Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) pp. 7-48.