History of uk 15

XU ky ivc rihx vfilaF vfsqy!!!

‘XU ky df ÈfhI GrfxF, inaF-pRxflI, rfjnIqk Zfcf, klcr, Dfrimk ivÈvfs aqy vyKx-Xog QfvF.’

1 lfeIP ien df XU ky

(The Making Of The Kingdom) yoNAeIElYX EK^GX^M DA

United BiNA:

EKSQ DQs DQs DQ EeTHAS Th] TOHANo^ UOS DQs BARQ PTA LGDA Hw. EeH POSTK HOi DQ yoNAeIElYX EK^GXYM DQ KAL KZMK BARQ MOYxLI JAikARI ED^DI Hw. KheI VI EeTHASK JAiKARI WKSR MOLK DQ xaCQ BARQ DSDI Hw. EHSlhRIWN WKSR DOECYTI EVYC HO^DQ HN HN EK EeTHAS EVYC KI ELEkWA JAVQ WTQ KI NA ELEkWA JAVQ. MOYk EeTHASK glNAVa NAL S^B^dT LhK PR POSTK DQ EeS EHYSQ EVYC EeTHASK TqR UOPR EJHrQ LhK WEHM VI NHI[ HN PR UOH WkBARa EVYC Ja lwLIVIzN UOPR EzWADA WAUOi KARN UON|a DA VI VRNi KITA EGWA Hw. GRQ R^G DA SARA yoRP Hw. (What's in name) NAM EKVQ[ EPWA? yoNAeIElYX EK^GXYM, EBZEls WAeILz, EBZlN TQ EBZEls. yoNAeIElYX EK^GXYM CAR DQsa DA EJVQ[ Ee^GLw[X, SKAlLw[X VQLz WTQ NDRN WAEeRLw[X EVYC VSDQ LhKa DA EeYK SajQ MOLK DA NAM Hw. NDRN WAEeRLw[X DA SKAlLw[X NAL LGDA EeLAKA yo KQ DA EHYSA Hw WTQ BAKI DA WAEeRLw[X DA EeLAKA WAzAD Hw. EJS No^ WAEeRLw[X KEH^DQ HN. Ee^GLw[X, SKAlLw[X, VQLz WTQ NDRN WAEeRLw[X EeH CARQ DQsa No^ EeYK DQs BiEDWa KeI SAL LYGQ SN WTQ EeS yoNIWN No^ yoNAeIElYX EK^GXYM WAF GRQl EBZlN WTQ NDRN WAEeRLw[X KEH^DQ HN EJHrA DQs DA WAFIsL NAM Hw. EBZlN Ja GRQl EBZlN NAM ESRF Ee^GLw[X, SKAlLw[X WTQ VQLz DQ EeYKpQ DQsa No^ KEH^DQ HN. NDRN WAEeRLw[X DQ NAL EMLi NAL CARQ DQsa DA NAM yoNAeIElYX EK^GXYM Bi JaDA Hw. yoNAeIElYX EK^GXYM DQ ERHAEesIWa No^ EBZEls KEH^DQ HN EJVQ[ P^JAB EVYC REHi VAELWa No^ P^JABI EKHA JaDA Hw. EeN|a MOLKa DQ WAS PAS KeI lAPo VI HN. EeH lAPo VI yo KQ NAL HI S^B^dT HN PR CwNL WAEeSLw[X WTQ WAEeL WAF MwN yo KQ DA EHYSA NHI[ HN. EeN|a lAPoWa DQ WAPiQ KANo^N WTQ SRKARa HN PR EeN|a 'KRAUoN lwRIlRIz' EKHA JaDA Hw. yo KQ EVYC NwsNL EeX^XlI WTQ ESlIJNEsP DA bAV HMQsA EeYKh GYL NHI[ SMjI JaDI. SKAEls WTQ VwLs yo KQ DQ NAGERK Ta HN PR UON|a DI NwsNwLlI SKAEls Ja VwLs HO^DI Hw. NDRN WAEeRLw[X DQ KeI VASI WAPiQ 2 lfeIP ien df XU ky

WAP No^ EBZEls SMjDQ HN KeI LhKI WAPiQ WAP WAEeERs SDAUODQ HN WTQ KeI WAPiQ WAP DhNQ TR|a DQ HI SMjDQ HN. UON|a DI WEJHI ShC UON|a DQ RAJNITK Ja SYEbWACARK EVsVAs UOTQ ENRbR HO^DA Hw. Ee^GLw[X EVYC JNM Lwi VAELWa WAPiI NwsNwLlI WTQ ESlIJNEsP EBZEls HI SMjDQ HN. Ee^GLw[X, SKAlLw[X, VQLz WTQ NDRN WAEeRLw[X EVYC KeI WDARQ EJVQ[ KANo^N, RITI ERVAJ, S^VIdAN, eQKTA VASTQ CRAUoN, PARLIMw[lRI (S^SDI) WTQ SRKAR No^ CLAUOi VALQ EeYKh EJHQ HI HN. PR Ee^GLw[X SKAlLw[X VQLz WTQ NDRN WAEeRLw[X W^DR KeI kAS TR|a DQ FRK VI HN EJVQ[ WJ KYL UON|a DIWa PARLIMw[la WTQ WS^BLIWa thrQ EJHQ K^Ma VASTQ BrIWa MHTYVPoRN KARJa VASTQ JODIWa JODIWa HN. kQXa EVYC W^TRRAslRI PYdR UOPR CARQ DQs WAPh WAPiI lIM gYLDQ HN PR uELYPK VASTQ Cq[H DQsA DI EeYKh lIM HI JaDI Hw. yoKQ W^DR KqMI EVEb^NTA (National Diversity) Th[ EeLAVA NSLI WTQ dAREMK EVEb^NTA (Diversity) DI VI L^MQ SMQ[ Th[ PR^PRA (Tradition) CLI WAUODI Hw.

(Early Britain) PEHLA EBZElN: (Roman Conquest) JQTo RhMN: EeTHAS EVYC WAUODA Hw EK PEHLIWa EVYC EBZEls WAEeL EVYC yoRP DQ KeI DQsa EVYCh[ WAeQ KBILQ (Tribes) EetQ WAi KQ REHi LYGQ SN. SlhNEH^J PoRV-EeTHASK M^DR (Stonehenge Prehistoric Temple) EeS DI GVAHI DQi VASTQ EJSNo^ WJ KYL Ee^GELs K^lRI WAF VwLlsAEeR KEH^DQ HN EeS EeLAKQ EVYC WJQ VI MqJoD Hw. SlhNEH^J eQtQ WAi KQ VSQ yORPI LhKa DI (Monument) PORATN yADGAR Hw. EFR EBZlN No^ ESLlwK KBIELWA NQ EJYETWA EJN|a KhL EVVQKPoRN SYEbWACAR WTQ WAREtK kOsHALI SI. LhKa NQ ESLlwK BhLI BhLiI sORo KITI EJHrI BhLI, VQLz DQ KeI EHYESWA EVYC, SKAlLw[X WTQ WAEeRLw[X EVYC WYJ VI BhLI JaDI Hw. (The Romans) RhMNz: PEHLa Ta EeS sBD No^ SMjh[ EK RhMNz Kqi LhK SN? EeYlLI DA EeYK sEHR EJSDA DA NAM RhM Hw. RhM EelLI DI RAJdANI Hw. EeS sEHR EVYC REHi VAELWa No^ RhMNz EKHA JaDA Hw. PORAiQ SEMWa EVYC RhM EVYC REHi VALQ LhKa DA (Mediterranean) MwXIlRQNIWN W^DR BHOT VYXA RAJ bAG SI. EeS KRKQ EelLI DQ ENVASIWa No^ RhMNz KEHiA WR^b Hh EGWA. EBZElN EVYC PEHLa PEHL (Julius Caesar) JoLIWS SIzR NAL RhMNz WAeQ. Sq SAL BAWD UON|a NQ WAi KQ SKAlLw[X DQ HAeILw[X Th[ EBN|a SARQ EBZlN No^ EJYT KQ RAJ KRN LYGQ. JYDI KBIELWa NQ UON|a No^ HRAUOi VASTQ BrI sKTI NAL MOKABLA KITA. EeYK MsHoR KBILQ DQ LhKa DQ NQTA (Boudicca) BhXISA NAMI RAiI NQ UON|A NAL KAFI ECR LrAeI JARI RYkI. EJSNo^ WAeISINI DI RAiI (The queen of the Iceni) EKHA JaDA SI UOH WYJ KYL DQ Ee^GLw[X DQ PoRBI EeLAKQ DI RAiI SI. BAWD EVYC DYkiI EeLAKQ DQ KBIELWa No^ JD EJYT ELWA EGWA Ta RAJQ HAXRIWN (Hadrian) NQ Ee^GLw[X DQ UOTRI EeLAKQ DOWALQ K^d BiA EDYTI Ta EK SKAlLw[X DIWa POsTA (Picts) VI Ee^GLw[X EVYC NA Vr SKi. DRWSL EVYC SKAEls LhKI VI WAEeRLw[X Th[ WAEeWA HhEeWA EeYK KBILA HI SI. EeS K^d DA thrA EJHA EHYSA WJQ VI DQki No^ EMLDA Hw. 3 lfeIP ien df XU ky

RhMNA DA EBZlN DQ LhKa UOPR KeI TR|a DA PZbAV EPWA. 410 AD EVYC Ee^GLw[X cYXi Th[ PEHLa UON|a NQ HSPTAL, RAJPZB^d DA xaCA TQ KANo^NA DI VAVStA WTQ BrIWa WALIsAN PBELK EeMARTA WTQ WAVAJAeI VASTQ VdIWa VdIWa SrKa BiAeIWa. RhMNa DI BhLI LAETN (Latin) SI. UOS SMQ[ EJHrQ LhKI LAETN BhLI Pr| ELk SKDQ SN UON|a LhKa No^ RAJ PZB^d KRN VALI NqKRI Ja VPAR KRN DIWa SHoLTa PZDAN KITIWa JaDIWa SN. (After the Romans) RhMNA DQ MOLK cYXi Th[ BAWD: JD HqLI HqLI RhMNA DA RAJ KMzhR HO^DA EGWA Ta UOTRI yoRP EVYCh[ KeI HhR KBILQ (Tribes) C^GI dRTI No^ HEtWAUOi VASTQ HMLA KRN LYGQ. EeN|a KBIELWa DQ NAM SN (Jutes) EJUolS (Angles) Ww[GLz WTQ (Saxons) SwKSNz. EeH LhKI UOH (Dialects) UOPbAsA BhLDQ SN EJHrI MGRh[ W^GRQzI zBAN BiN DA WAdAR BiI. cQVI[ SDI EVYC PZESYd RAJQ WARtR DI KMaX HQp EBZlN DQ LhKa DAQ UON|a NAL xYl KQ MOKABLA KRN DQ BAVJoD VI UOH EBZlN DQ DYkiI WTQ PoRBI EeLAKQ UOTQ KABz Hh KQ WAPiA RAJ PZB^d CLAUOi LYGQ WTQ EBZlN DQ LhKa No^ UON|a NQ PYcM WTQ UOTR VYL bJA EDYTA. cQVI SDI DORAN RhM Th[ (Missionaries) dRM PZCARK lhLA (St. Augustine) SQ[l WGYSlIN NAL WAEeWA WTQ UON|a NQ DYkiI EeLAKQ EVYC EeYK NVa dRM (Christianity) KERSCwNlI No^ FwLAEeWA. WAEeRLw[X Th[ WAeQ (Monks) SAdGIRa NQ EBZlN DQ UOTRI EHYSQ EVYC EeS dRM No^ VdAEeWA.

(The Norse Invaders) MOLK NARVQ DQ JQTo: (Norse) NhRS UON|a LhKa No^ KEH^DQ HN EJHrQ yoRP DQ EeYK MOLK (Norway) NARVQ EVYC REH^DQ HN. WYpVI[ WTQ NqVI SDI EVCKAR NhRVQ WTQ SK^XQNQVIWN DQ (Vikings) SMO^DRI XAKoWa NQ eQtQ WAi KQ EBZlN WTQ WAEeRLw[X No^ EJYT ELWA. UON|a NQ Ee^GLw[X WTQ SKAlLw[X DQ PoRBI EeLAEKWa DQ KeI chlQ chlQ RAEJWa No^ VI WAPiQ WdIN KR ELWA. HqLI HqLI Ee^GLw[X EVYC RAEJWa NQ (King Wessex) RAJQ VwSQKS DI KMaX HQp WAPiA EeYKp KITA WTQ (Vikings) SMO^DRI XAKoWa NAL MYtA LAUOi DQ SMRYt Hh GeQ. NqVI[ SDI DQ W^T EVYC (King Alfred The Great) BHADR RAJQ WARtR NQ VAeIEK^Gz No^ HRAEeWA. UON|a No^ SKAlLw[X WTQ WAEeRLw[X EVYC VI HAR DA Mo^H VQkIA EPWA. KeI JQTo VAeIEK^Gz Ee^GLw[X DQ PoRBI EHYSQ EVYC REH^DQ RHQ EJtQ KeIWa tAVa DA NAM UON|a DI bAsA EVYC EPWA HhEeWA EMLDA Hw. UOH kQTI VArI KRDQ SN. StANK LhKa NAL MQL EMLAP RYkDQ SN WTQ W^T EVYC UON|a NQ VI (Christianity) KERSCwNlI dRM WPiA ELWA SI. EGWARVI SDI EVYC UON|a NQ (King Canute) RAJQ KANol DI KMaX tYLQ Ee^GLw[X UOTQ EFR RAJ KITA. UON|a DI zBAN VI W^GRQzI BhLI (English) WTQ SKAlLw[X DI (Gaelic) GAeQLwK BhLI EVYC BhLI JaDI Hw. (The Norman Conquest) JQTo NARMN: RAJQ KANlo Th[ BAWD SwKSNz NQ Ee^GLw[X UOTQ UON|a ECR RAJ KITA EJ^Na ECR S^N 1066 EVYC EXUoK WAF NARM^XI (HOi DQ FRaS DA EHYSA) DQ EVLIWM (William) NQ EeLAKQ No^ WAi KQ EJYT NHI[ ELWA. UOSNo^ JQTo EVLIWM DQ NAM NAL JAEiWa JaDA Hw. EVLIWM NQ HQSEl^G DI LrAeI EVYC Ee^GLw[X DQ RAJQ (Harold) HARhLX No^ HAR EDYTI. JQTo NARMN Ee^GLw[X UOPR KABz Hhi VALA WkIRLA HMLAVR SI. 4 lfeIP ien df XU ky

NARMNa NQ JMINa UOPR KANo^NI TqR UOPR WAPiA HYK KITA WTQ C^GQ RAJ PZB^d DQ NAL NAL KeI NVQ[ KANo^N VI BiAeQ. NARMN FER^C DQs DI zBAN BiI WTQ WAM LhKa DI BhLI WwGLh[ SwKSN UOPR BHOT PZbAVsALI HheI. NARMN WTQ HhR RAJQ EJHrQ UOHDQ NAL RLQ UON|a NQ VQLz WTQ WAEeRLw[X DA thrA EHYSA VI EJYT ELWA. UON|a NQ WJQ SKAlLw[X No^ FTEH NHI[ SI KITA PR UOtQ DQ RAJQ WTQ HhR VYXQ VYXQ JAGIRDAR UON|a DQ SYEbWACAR WTQ UON|a DIWa GTI EVdIWa Th[ BHOT PZbAVT HheQ. EeS SMQ[ EVYC PEHLI VARI EJUoEes LhKI VI yo KQ EVYC WAi KQ REHi LYGQ. JQTo EVLIWM NQ FRaS EVYC REH^DQ EJUos LhKa No^ EetQ VSi VASTQ BHOT HYLA sQRI EDYTI. FLSRoP EVYC KeI sEHRa EVYC EJUos bAeICARA VI VYdi FOYLi LYGA. (The Middle Ages) MdKAL: NARMNa DQ RAJ PZB^d DQ SMQ[ No^ MdKAL Ja (Medieval) MdKALIN SMa EKHA JaDA Hw. EeH SMa 1485 TYK EMYEtWA EGWA Hw. EeS SMQ[ EVYC LGATAR J^Ga HO^DIWa RHIWa. BARVI[ WTQ TQRVI SDI EVYC BEZls WAEeL Th[ WAi KQ dRM yOYda EVYC EHYSA Lw[DQ RHQ. yoRPIWN KERSCIWNa NQ JoRhSLYM WTQ HhR dARMK sEHRa No^ HEtWAUOi VASTQ LrAeIWa KITIWa. (King Richard) RAJQ ERCRX NQ EJSNo^ sQREDL ERCRX VI KEH^DQ SN UOSNQ BHOTA SMa EeS dARMK yOYda No^ KREDWa EBTAEeWA. Ee^GLw[X DQ RAEJWa NQ VwLs, SKAlS WTQ WAEeRwsa UOPR WAPiI daK JMAeI RYkI SI. S^N 1314 EVYC SKAEls (Robert The Bruce) RAJQ RABRl BRoS NQ Ee^GLsa No^ BwNOKBRN DI J^GI MwDAN EVYC HAR EDYTI. EeS MdKLIN SMQ[ EVYC Ee^GELs RAJQ SKAlLw[X No^ EJYT NA SKQ. S^N 1300 EVYC Ee^GELs RAEJWa NQ VQLz DQ sEHzAEDWa No^ gSMAN yOYd KRKQ EJYT ELWA. UON|A NQ SORYEkWA VASTQ UOtQ VYXQ VYXQ EKLQ UOSARQ WTQ P^DRVI[ SDI EVYC VwLs W^DR WAkRI BGAVT No^ VI DBA EDYTA EGWA. S^N 1536 Th[ VQLz EVYC Ee^GELs zBAN KANo^NI KARVAeI VASTQ WTQ DFTRa EVYC LAGo KR EDYTI. EeS (Medieval) MdKLIN SMQ[ EVYC Ee^GELsa NQ FRaS NAL VI L^MIWa LrAeIWa LrIWa EJS No^ (Hundred year war) Sq SALA Lr|AeI EKHA JaDA Hw. Ee^GELsa NQ KeI kAS J^Ga No^ FTEH KITA EJVQ[ (Battle of Agincourt) WwGNKhRl DI J^G EJHrI swKSPIWR NQ (Henry V) HwNRI P^J NAMI NAlK EVYC VI ELkI Hw. BAWD EVYC FRaSISI EFR Lr|Q WTQ HARQ HheQ EeLAKQ VAPS Lw LeQ. (Origins of Parliament) PARLIMw[l DI BOENWAD: MdKLIN SMQ[ sORo EVYC HI PARLIMw[l DI BOENWAD RYkI GeI SI. S^N 1215 Th[ PEHLa Ee^GLw[X DQ RAEJWa DI EK^NI KO TAKT HhiI CAHIDI Hw EeS BARQ KheI KANo^N NHI[ SI. TAKTVR JGIRDAR, NVAB CAHO^DQ SN EK UON|a DI GYL VI SOiI JAVQ WTQ KheI VI lwKS LYGQ Ta UON|a DI MRzI Th[ EBN|a NA LYG SKQ. S^N 1215 EVYC NVABA NQ (King John) RAJQ JqN No^ EeYK S^ND (Sign a Magna Carta Charter) EJSNo^ MGNA KARlA KEH^DQ SN. MGNA KARlA DA MTLB HO^DA Hw EK DA GRQl CARlR (The Great Charter). UOS UOPR HSTAksR KRN LeI MzBor KR EDYTA. EeH CARlR bAVQ[ WAM LhKa DQ FAEeDQ EVYC NHI[ SI PR EeS NAL RAJQ DQ KeI HYK khHQ GeQ SN. RAJA NVABa DI EezAJT EBN|a KheI VI lwKS UOGRAH NHI[ SKDA. RAJA UON|a DI SLAH Th[ EBN|a EKSQ KANo^N No^ BiA Ja BDLA NHI[ SI SKDA. EKSQ KANo^N BiAUOi 5 lfeIP ien df XU ky

Ja BDLi VASTQ RAJQ No^ NVABa DI SLAH LwiI HOi BHOT zRoRI Hh GeI SI. TQRVI SDI DQ W^T EVYC PARLIMw[l UOH JGAH Bi GeI EJtQ RAJA Bwp KQ WEJHIWa SLAHa KRDA SI. MdKLIN EVYC yoRPIWN DQsA WTQ SKAlLw[X EVYC VI PARLIMw[lA SN PR UON|a NALh[ Ee^GELs PARLIMw[l eQNI WDOYTI NHI[ SI. PR HqLI HqLI Ee^GELs PARLIMw[l yoRPIWN DQsa NALh[ BHOT KAMyAB PARLIMw[l Bi GeI. ReIS WTQ JGIRDAR HAUoS WAF LqRX EVYC BwpDQ SN WTQ HAUoS WAF KAMNz EeYK JODI PARLIMw[l SI EJS EVYC sEHRa DQ VYXQ VYXQ VPARI WTQ EKSAN WzARQDAR BwpDQ SN. StANK RITa ERVAzA WNOSAR EFR JYJ KeI TR|a DQ KANo^N grN LYG PeQ. EeH JYJ RAJQ DQ WdIN NHI[ SN HO^DQ. SKAlLw[X EVYC VI EeHI ESSlM SI PR UOtQ ET^N PARLIMw[l HO^DIWa SN EJN|a No^ (estates) EeSlQl EKHA JaDA SI. LqRXz, JNTK WDARQ, PADRI-VRG WTQ KANo^NI WDAERWa NQ NAL NAL HI BHOT cQTI TRYKI KITI. KANo^Na No^ ELkTI RoP EDYTA JAi LYGA. (Changes in the economy) WARtK BDLAu: Ee^GLw[X EVYC NARMN DQ JMANQ W^DR JGIRDARIJa SAM^TVAD Ja RJVArA sAHI VQLQ JGIRDAR JMINa DQ MALK HO^DQ SN WTQ EJHrQ LhKI UON|a DIWa JMINa EVYC K^M KRDQ SN UON|a No^ TNkAHa NHI[ SN ED^DQ SGh[ UON|a No^ thrI EJHI JMIN DQ EDYTI JaDI SI EJS DI PwDAVAR EVYCh[ UOH WAPiA GOzARA KRDQ SN. UON|a No^ UOth[ EHYLi DI VI WzAJT NHI[ HO^DI SI. EeHI ESSlM SKAlLw[X DQ DYki EVYC SI PR SKAlLw[X DQ UOTR EVYC WTQ WAEeRLw[X EVYC JMIN DQ MALK EKSQ KBILQ DA SRDAR (Clans) HO^DQ SN. S^N 1348 EVYC Ee^GLw[X DI WABADI DA TIJA EHYS PLQG NAL MR EGWA EJS No^ (Black Death) BLwK Xwt EKHA JaDA Hw. WEJHA EbWANK SMa EBZlN WTQ yoRP EVYC PEHLI VAR WAEeWA EJS NAL KAEMWa DI KMI MEHSoS Hhi LYGI PR EeS NAL BCQ HheQ GRIB LhKa DI POYc Hhi LYG PeI WTQ UON|a DIWa HALTa EVYC KAFI SOdAR WAEeWA. JAGIRDARI xaCA HqLI HqLI TNkAHa DQi EVYC BDL EGWA. SMAJK JMATa EVYC BDLAu WAEeWA. JMINDARa No^ (Gentry) bYDR PRs WTQ chlQ chlQ JMINDARa No^ (Yeomen) JQuMwN bAV EKSAN Ja sAHI gRAiQ DQ NqKR SYEDWa JAi LYGA. WEJHQ LhK WAPiQ BzORGa NALh[ WzARDARa VLh[ KeI GYLa EVYC WAzAD REHi LYGQ. EeSDQ FLSRoP EVYC MdKLIN (Medieval) SMQ DQ W^T EVYC EVCARLQ TYBKQ DQ LhKa NQ BHOT TRYKI KITI. (The Origins of the Modern State) NVKLIN SlQlA DI BOENWAD: MdKLIN (Medieval) SMQ DQ W^T EVYC Ee^GLw[X DQ Dh ReIS GROYP EJHrQ LAKASlR WTQ yqRK PERVARa DQ EHMAEeTI SN UON|a EVYCKAR 30 SAL L^MI J^G EcrI RHI. EeS J^G No^ VARz WAF Rhzwz KEH^DQ HN EKUO[EK LAKASlR VAELWa DA RAJ ENsAN (Red Rose) LAL GOLAB SI WTQ yqRK VALQ ReISa DA RAJ ENsAN SI (White Rose) ECYlA GOLAB SI. S^N 1485 ReISa DI EeH LrAeI Ta kTM HheI JD (Henry Tudor) HwNRI loXR NQ (Richard III) ERCRX ET^N No^ (Bosworth) BASVRt DI J^G EVYC MAR KQ J^G EJYT LeI. (Henry) EeH EJYT EJYT KQ ((HenryVII) HwNRI SYTVa DQ NAM NAL RAJ KRN LYGA WTQ (House of Tudor) HAUoS WAF loXR RAJV^s DI RVAEeT No^ PZCLT KITA. HwNRI loXR NQ ReISa DI TAKT No^ KMzhR KRKQ SlQl DI TAKT No^ VdAEeWA. 6 lfeIP ien df XU ky

(Language, culture and immigration in the middle ages) MdKAL EVYC BhLI, SYEbWACAR WTQ PZVASIWa DI WAMD: MdKLIN (Medieval) SMQ EVYC Ee^GELs bAsA WTQ KLCR StAPT Hh EGWA SI. WwGLh-SwKSN WTQ NARMN-FER^C DhNa HMLAVRa DA bAsA WTQ KLCR UOPR SajA WSR EPWA SI. VYXQ VYXQ (Cathedral) KwtXRwL (VYX CRC) WAED BiAeQ GeQ EJHrQ EK WJ KYL VI VRTQ JaDQ HN. EJtQ VI KwtXRwL HhVQ UOS JGaH No^ ESYlI DA NAM EDYTA JaDA Hw. NARMNA DQ RAJ Th[ KheI ET^N SDIWa BAWD Ee^GLw[X DQ LhKI WAPiQ WAP No^ (Nation) EeYK KqM SMji LYGQ. 14VI[ SDI EVYC (Geoffrey Chaucer) JwFRI CqSR NQ EeYK L^MI KEVTA (Canterbury Tales) Kw[lRBRI lQLz NAMI ELkI. EeH KEVTA (English Literature) W^GRQzI bAsA DI PEHLI SAEHTK RCNA Hw. EeH KEVTA Kw[lRBRI sEHR EVYC JAi VALQ VYkh VYkRQ LhK EJHrQ UOHNo^ EMLQ UON|a BARQ JAiKARI ED^DI Hw. EeH KEVTA WYJ VI Pr|N VALQ LhKa EVYC BHOT HRMN EPWARI Hw. MdKLIN (Medieval) SMQ EVYC SKAlLw[X EVYC W^GRQzI bAsA DA EVKAS DYkiI SKAlLw[X EVYC BhLI JaDI W^GRQzI bAsA NALh[ BHOT FRK NAL SI. EeH SMa VPARK TRYKI DA VI SMa SI. VPARI JRMNI WTQ EelLI Th[ WAUO[DQ SN. KeI KARIGR LhK EJVQ[ FRaS Th[ (Weavers) JOLAHQ, JRMNI Th[ (Engineer) Ee^JNIWR, (Glass Merchant) sIsQ DQ VPARI EelLI Th[ WTQ (Canal Builders) NEHRa BiAUOi VALQ HqLw[X Th[, WAED Ee^GLw[X EVYC VI WAeQ. S^N 1440 EVYC KheI 16,000 BDQsI LhK (Foreigners) SN EJHrQ Ee^GLw[X DI WABADI DA 1% EHYSA SI.

00 ibRitn ibRitn bhuq purfxy aqy gOrvmeI ieqhfs vflf mfzrn aqy pRÌulq smfj rihx vfsqy bhuq ÉUbsUrq hY. eyQy dy vfsIaF df rfjnIqk, ivigafnk, dsqkfrI aqy swiBafcfr df mfzl dunIaF Br ivc mÈhUr hY. nvyN prvfsIaF nUM ies mulk ivc ‘jI afieaF nUM’ kihx leI sfnUM mfx hfsl hY. ijhVy ies mulk dy vfsIaF ivc iviBMnqf rKdy hoey vI qrwkI ivc ihwsf pf rhy hn. qusIN pwkI qrHF ÈihrI bxn vfsqy jF XU ky dI istIjnÈYp lYx vfsqy iek aihm aqy vcnbwDqf vflf PYslf lYxf hY. pwky ÈihrI bxn vfsqy keI ijMmydfrIaF inBfAuNx ijvyN eyQy dy kfnUMn nUM mMnxf, XUky dIaF kdrF kImqF aqy rvfieqf muqfbk jIvn jIx df aihd kr rhy ho. ijhVy sfzy smfj nUM qrwkIaF vwl lY jfx vfly hn asIN AunHF nUM hmyÈf ‘jI afieaF nUM’ kihMdy hF. lfeIP ien df XU ky tYst pfs kr jfx bfad qusIN XU ky dIaF kdrF kImqF aqy rvfieqf bfry jfx ky XU ky ivc rihx dy kfbl ho jFdy ho. ieh pusqk pVH ky eyQy dy smfj bfry jfx ky Aus ivc Gul iml skdy ho aqy qusIN afpxy BfeIcfry nUM vI bxdf mfx idvf skdy ho. ieh pusqk quhfnUM Auh hr loVIdI jfxkfrI dy idMdI hY ijhVI quhfnUM eyQy dy klcr df, kfnUMnf df aqy XU ky dy ieqhfs bfry smJf idMdI hY. (ibRitÈ susfietI iej PfAUizMz afn PMzfmYNtl vYlXU aYNz pirMsIpl ivc al doË ilivMg ien df XUky Èuz irspYkt aYNz suport.) vYlXU aYNz pirMsIpl afP df XUky; ibRitÈ smfj Kfs aqy mUlDfr isDFqf vflf hY, ijnHF nUM XU ky ivc rihx vfly hr ÈihrI nUM mMn ky afpxIaF ijMmydfrIaF aqy afpxy hwkF nUM prfpq krky mfx krnf cfhIdf hY. ieh mUlDfr isDFq eyQy dy ieqhfs aqy rvfieqf aqy vwzIaF AumIdF anusfr kfnUMn ivc bwJy hoey hn. ibRitÈ susfietI ivc aYkstrImiejm (extremism) aiqvfd jF ientolrYNz (intolerance) qMgidlI jF asihxÈIlqf nUM koeI QF nhIN hY. 7 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ibRitÈ smfj dy mUlDfr isDFq hyT ilKy dI qrHF hn.

• zYmokrysI (gxqMqr) • df rUl afP lfa (kfnUMn ivvsQf) • ienizbUcIal ilbrtI (hr koeI afjfd hY) • tOlrYNs afP doj ibd izPrYNt PyQ aYNz bIlIP. (dUjy DrmF leI sihxÈIlqf hY) • pfrtIsIpyÈn ien kimAUintI lfeIP. (kimAUinwtI vfsqy syvf krnI) ieh istIjn sYrImnI df ihsf hY, nvyN bxy ÈihrIaF nUM ienHF dI shuM cuwkxI huMdI hY. shuM agy ilKy qrHF hY;‘afeI ivl igv mfeI loieltI tU df XUnfeIitz ikMgzMm aYNz irspYkt iets rfeIts aYNz PrIzMm. afeI ivl awpholz iets zYmokrYitk vYlXU. afeI ivl abjrb iets lfaj PyQPulI aYNz PuliPl mafeI izAUtIj aYNz AublIgaÈnj aYj ey ibRitÈ istIjn.’ mUlDfr isDFq (PMzfmYNtl ipRsIpl) sfzIaF ijMMmydfrI aqy afËfdI ijhVI XU ky ivc rihx vfly hr ÈihrI qoN afs kIqI jFdI hY ik Auh ienHF mUl isDFqf nUM mfnqf dyvy.

• irspYkt aYNz Aubya df lfa • irspYkts df rfeIts afP adrj, ienklUizMg dyar rfeIt tU dyar aAUn aOpInIanj • trIt adrj ivd PyarnYs • luwk aPtr XUarsYlP aYnz XUar PYmlI • luwk aPtr df eyrIaf ien ivc XU ilv aYNz df ienvfeIrnmYNt ien rItrn, df XU ky afPrj;• PrIzMm afP bIlIP aYNz irlIjn • PrIzMm afP spIc • PrIzMm Prom anPyar izskirmInyÈn • ey rfeIt tU Pyar trfeIl • ey rfeIt tU joafien ien df alYkÈn afP df gvrnmYNt 00 jykr hux quhfnUM hyT ilKy svflF dy jvfb afAuNdy hn qF TIk hY. i. df aoryjn afP df vYlXUj aMzrstyizMg ibRitÈ sosfietI. ii. df PMzfmYNtl ipRsIpl afP ibRitÈ lfeIP. iii df rYsponsIibltIj aYNz PrIzMm ivc kwm ivd prmfnYNt rYjIzYns. iv df proiss afP bIkMimMg ey prmfnYt rYjIzYNs afr istIjn. pihlF ieMglYNz ny skftlYNz nUM ijiqaf aqy vylË nUM ijiqaf aqy ieh iqMny dyÈ ‘gryt sdfAuNx lwgy. svfl: gryt ibRitn ivc ikMny dyÈ hn?

Auqr: ieMglYNz, skftlYNz aqy vylË. jd ‘ndrn afierlYNz nUM ijq ky gryt ibRitn nfl imlfieaf qF ieh cfry dyÈ XU ky aKvfAuNx lwgf. muZlf ibRitn 8 lfeIP ien df XU ky

iPr ibRitn’

ston eyj smyN ibRitn ivc pihlF hMtr-gYdrrj afey sn. Aus smyN ibRitn aqy kotINnYNt ivckfr smuMdr nhIN sI huMd. hMtr DrqI rfhIN afAuNdy aqy ihrnF dIaF zfrF aqy GoiVaF df vwg hwk ky afpxy nfl lY jFdy. 10,000 sfl pihlF hI ibRitn kontInYNt qoN ieMgilÈ-cYln bx jfx kr ky judf hoieaf sI. ibRitn ivc pihly Pfrmrj 6,000 sfl pihlF afey. ienHF PfrmrF dy bjurg ho skdf sfAUQeIst XUrp ivcoN rihMdy hoxgy. ienHF lokF ny Gr bxfey (hfAUs), mkbry (tuMb) bxfey aqy smfrk icMnH (mOnUmYNt) bxfey. ienHF mOnUmYNtF ivcoN ivltÈfier ielfky ivc iek ‘ston-eyj’ mOnUmYNt hux vI vyiKaf jf skdf hY. ho skdf hY ik ‘stonihj’ ivc Auh lok iksy Kfs mOikaF jF AuqsvF vyly vrqdy hoxgy. keI hor ston-eyj asQfn vI vrqmfn ivc vyKy jf skdy hn ijvyN; skftlYNz dy nfrQ kost Auqy, ndrn XUrp ivc pUrv-ieqhfsk ipMz ‘skfrf brfa afn afrknI’ ijs dI cMgI qrHF dyK Bfl kIqI jFdI hY ijhVf afrkolfijstF nUM ston-eyj dy aMqly smyN ivc rihMdy lokF bfry jfnx dI bhuq jfxkfrI imlI hY. cfr hjfr sfl pihlF lokF nUM broNj Dfq df pqf lwgf. ies smyN nUM broNj-eyj ikhf jFdf hY. lok gol GrF ivc rihMdy sn aqy Auh mridaF dIaF kbrF Auqy smfDF bxfAuNdy sn ijnHF nUM rfAUNz bfrOj kihMdy sn. broNj eyj dy lok luhfrF kMm krn ivc mfhr sn.

AunHF ny keI broNj aqy golz nfl keI nmUMny iqafr kIqy. ijnHF ivc keI qrHF dy tUlj, gihxy aqy hiQafr (vYpnj) afid sn. broNj eyj qoN bfad afiern-eyj af igaf. jd lokF nUM lohy vfly hiQafr aqy hor tUlË bxfAuNx dI jugq afeI. ajy qwk lok gol GrF (rfAUzhfAUiss) ivc iekwTy rihMdy sn, ijnHF nUM iksy ikly ijvyN ‘ihwl Port’ kihMdy sn. aijhy Èfndfr ihwl Port awj vI myizn kYsl (zorsYt) ivKy vyKy jf skdy hn. AunHF idnF ivc afm lokI PfrmrË, krfPt vrkrË jF vorIarË Bfv jMgjU sn. Aus smyN Auh islitk ielfky dI bolI boldy sn ijs nUM gfieilk bolI vI afKdy hnaqy afiern eyj ivc ieh bolI sfry XUrp ivc bolI jFdI sI. vrqmfn ivc ieh bolI vylË, skftlYNz aYNz afierlYNz dy keI ihwisaF ivc bolI jFdI hY. afirn eyj dy lokI ivyvykpUrx klcr (soiPstIkytz klcr) aqy afriQk pKoN (aYkonomI) KuÈhfl sn. AunHF ny ibRitn ivc pihlf iswkf (koien) iqafr kIqf. keI isikaF (koien) Aupr afiern eyj dy rfijaF dy nfm ilKy imldy hn aqy ieQoN hI ibRitn dI ihstrI ÈurU huMdI hY. df romnË The Romans; rom dy jUlIas sIjr ny 55 bIsI nUM ibRitn Aupr nfkfmXfb POjI hmlf kIqf aqy agly sO sfl qwk ibRitn romnf dy aDin nf ho skiaf. 43 eyzI ivc klfzs bfdÈfh ny iPr hmlf kIqf. ies smyN keI ibRitÈ trfeIbj ny mukfblf kIqf ijnHF ivc ikAUn bOizkf df ikAun afP afeIsInI (Boudicca, the queen of the iceni) ijhVI eIstrn ieMglYNz ivc rfxI sI pr romn lwg Bwg sfry ibRitn Aupr kfbj hox vfsqy kfmXfb ho gey. rfxI boizkf ieMglYNz ivc awj vI jfxI jFdI hY aqy Ausdf buwq ivst minstr birwj lMzn ivKy ligaf hoieaf hY ijhVf hfAUs afP pfrlImYNt dy lfgy. skftlYNz nUM romn ijwq nhIN sky. Aqy Aus smyN dy bfdÈfh hyzrIan (emperor Hadrian) ny ieMglYNz dy nfrQ ivc iek kMD bxf idqI qF ik ipkts (Picts) aMdr nf af skx. ies kMD nfl keI QfvF Aupr ikly vI bxfey gey sn. hyzrIan vfl ivc ikly hfAUs-sitwz aqy ivMndolFzf (Fort Housesteads and Vindolanda) aj vI vyKy jf skdy hn. ieh ielfkf sYr supwty vfsqy aqy (XUinsko) df dunIaF ivc mÈhUr adfrf hY. (Unesco) United nations education , scientific and Cultural Organisation world heritage site. koeI cfr ku sO sfl romnf ny ibRitn Aupr hI rfj kIqf. AunHF ny sVkF aqy pbilk ibMlizMgF bxfeIaF, kfnUMn bxfey (Bfv strwkcr afP lfa) aqy keI qrHF dy nvyN plFt aqy jfnvrF nUM ibRitn ivc ilaFdf. ies qrHF qIjI aqy cOQI sdI ey zI ivc hoieaf sI. jdoN ibRitn ivc pihlI vfr kircIan Drm ÈurU ho igaf.

9 lfeIP ien df XU ky

df aYNglo sYksn; Anglo-Saxons romn afrmI ny 410AD ivc ibRitn nUM ies krky Cwz gey qF ik Auh Auh romn iempfier nUM horF mulkF ivc pwkf kr skx. ibRitn nUM ndrn XUrp, ijAUts, aYNglj aqy sYksn ny iPr mwl ilaf. Auh awj vrgI ieMgilÈ boldy sn. ienHF DFVvIaF nfl Gsmfn XuwD hoieaf pr 600AD ivc aYNglo-sYksn ikMgzm bx geI. ieh ikMgizMm isrP ieMglYNz ivc hI sQfpq hoeI sI. iek aYglo-sYksn rfjy nUM swtn-hU ielfky ivc vrqmfn sfPwks dy ielfky ivc kbr bxfeI geI. ies rfjy nUM Kjfny aqy jMgI smfn dy nfl iek smuMdrI jhfj ivc dPnfieaf igaf sI aqy ijs smuMdr nUM mgroN imwtI pf pf pUr idqf igaf sI. ibRitn dy vYst ielfky ijnHF ivc hux df vylj aqy skftlYNz Aupr aYglo-sYksn afpxf rfj nhIN kr sky. aYglo-sYksn jd pihlF ibRitn ivc afey qF AunHF df Drm kircIan nhIN sI. ies smyN kircIan Drm nUM pVHfAuNx vfsqy bhuq imÈnrIaF ibRitn ivc afeIaF. ieh imÈnrIaF afierlYNz ivcoN afeIaF. sB qoN mÈhUr syNt pYtirk hoieaf hY ijhVf afierlYNz df pYtrn syNt hY aqy dUjf mÈhUr syNt, syNt kolMbf sI ijsdI imÈnrI afeIslYNz lonf ivc sQfpq sI ijsnUM aj kwl skftlYNz kihMdy hn. syNt agwsq dI imÈnrI rom ivcoN afeI sI ijnHF ny sfAUQ ielfky ivc kircYintI PYlfeI. syNt agwsq kYNtrbrI df pihlf afrc-ivÈp bixaf. df vfeIikMg; The Vikings; vfeIikMg zYnmfrk aqy nfrvy mulkF ivc afey sn. vfeIikMg ibRitn ivc pihlI vfr 789AD afey Auh smuMdr dy iknfry vsy ÈihrF nUM luitaf aqy keIaF nUM gulfm bxf ky lY gey. iPr Auh hOlI hOlI afpxIaF kimAuintIaF bxf ky eIst afP ieMglYNz aqy skftlYNz ivc rihx lwg pey. ieMglYNz ivc aYNglo-sYksn dI ikMgizMm ikMg alPrz df gryt ny XnfeIitwz kIqI ijsny vfeIikMgs nUM hfr vI idqI. keI DfVvI vfeIikMg ieMglYNz dy eIst aqy nfrQ dy ielfikaF ivc rihx lwgy. ijnHF ielfikaF ivc vfeIikMg rihx lwgy Auh sn ijvyN zfnylfa Danelaw girmjI Grimsby aqy skMnQorp Scunthorpe ieh sfry nfm vfeIikMg dI bolI (language) vfly nfm hn. rihx vfly vfeIikMg lokF ivc Gul iml gey aqy keIaF ny kircIan Drm vI apnf ilaf. aYNglo-sYksn rfjy (ikMgs) sfry ieMglYNz Aupr rfj krn lwgy pr QoVf ku icr AunHF rfj nhIN kIqf jd zYinÈ rfjy rfj krdy sn. zYins rfijaF nUM knwt Cnut jF kfinAUt Canute kihMdy sn. ieMglYNz dy nfrQ ivc vfeIikMg dy hmilaF dy zr kfrn Auh kYinQ mkaYlpfeIn (Kenneth McAlpine) rfjy dI kmFz hyT iekwTy ho gey. ijnHF ÈrqF nfl iekwTy hoey AunHF ÈrqF anusfr skftlYNz iek kMtrI (Country) krky mÈhUr hoieaf. df nfrmn kMnikAust; The Narman Conquest; sMn 1066 PrFs dy nfrQ ielfky vfly rfjy ivlIam (df izAUk afP nfrmMzI) ny ikMg hfrlz ijhVf ieMglYNz ivc sYksnj df rfjf sI AusnUM bYtl afP hysitMg (battle of Hastings) lV ky ijwq ilaf ikMg hfrlz lVfeI ivc mfiraf igaf aqy ivlIam ieMglYNz df rfjf bx igaf ijsnUM lok ivlIam df kMkrr (William the conqueror) kihx lwgy. ies lVfeI dy idRÈF nUM iksy ny bhuq vDIaF buxqI ijsdf nfm (Bayeux Tapsetry) byieaYks tYpstrI ivc pyÈ kIq hY. ies byieaYks tYpstrI nUM aj kwl vI PrFs ivc vyiKaf jf skdf hY. Porn rfjy nfrmn dI ieh ieMglYNz Aupr afKrI kfmXfb ijwq sI. ies ijwq nfl ieMglYNz dy rfj pRbMD aqy ieMglYNz dy soÈl strwkcr ivc bhuq qbdIlIaF afeIaF. normn aqy PirMc rfj pRbMD vfsqy nvIN lYgUeyË bxI ijs kfrn ieMgilÈ lYgUeyË ivc eynf vDIaf suDfr afieaf ijvyN asIN aj aMgryËI boldy hF. drasl ivc normnF ny vylË nUM ijwq hI ilaf sI pr vylË ny AuhI tYrItrI muV ky ijwq leI. skfts aqy normn iPr dony ieMglYNz aqy skftlYNz dy bfrzr Aupr lVy pr normnf ny kuJ ku lYNz ijwqI pr pUry skftlYNz nUM ijwq nf sky.

10 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ikMg ivlIam ny sfry ieMglYNz dy ÈihrF aqy ipMzF dy nfm iekwTy kIqy. ijhVy lok AuQy rihMdy sn AunHF bfry iliKaf ik Auh ikMnI jmIn dy mflk hn aqy AunHF kol ikhVy ikhVy aqy ikMny pÈU hn. ijs ikqfb ivc aijhf iliKaf igaf ies ikqfb nUM (Domesday Book) zUmËzy buwk ikhf jFdf hY. zUmËzy buwk ajy vI vyKI jf skdI hY ijsnUM pVHky nfrmnF dy ijwq nfl Aus smy dI ieMglYNz dI susfietI ikwdF dI sI ies gwldf pqf lwgdf hY. hyT ilKy nUM pVHo jykr qusI ies cYptr nUM smJ gey ho.

• df ihstrI afP df XU ky bIPor df romnË.

• df iempYkt afP df romnj afn ibRitÈ susfietI. • df izMPrYNt gruwps dYt ienvyizz aPtr df romnj.

• df iemportYNs afP df normn ienvyjn ien 1066. df imzl eyËj; vfr aYt hom aYNz abroz jyqU nfrmn qoN lY ky sMn 1485 qwk dy smyN nUM imzl eyjj jF imzeIvl pIarz ikhf jFdf hY. ies smyN ivc lgfqfr lVfeIaF lwgIaf rhIaF. ieMgilÈ rfjy ivlÈ, skftlYNz aqy afieirÈ noblimn nfl afpxIaF jmInF dI rfKI leI lVdy rhy. vylË ivc Auh afpxf rfj Bfg sQfpq krn vfsqy kfmXfb rhy. sMn 1284 ivc ieMglYNz dy ikMg ircrz1 ny vylj ivc ivDfn rhudlF (Statute of Rhuddlan) df kfnUMn bxfieaf. ies ivDfn nUM (Statute of Wales) styicAUt afP vylË vI ikhf jFdf hY. ies ivDfn anusfr vylË ieMglYNz ivc sMXukq Bfv aDIn ho igaf. keI kYsl (ikly) ijvyN konvfeI aYNz sfeyrvwn, (Conwy And Caernarvon) vylË nUM kMtrol ivc rwKx vfsqy bxfey gey. pMdrvIN sdI dy awD ivc ivlÈ dI afKrI bgfvq nUM vI dbf idqf igaf aqy iPr vylË ivc ieMgilÈ lfa aqy ieMgilÈ bolI vI lfgU kr idqI geI. skftlYNz ivc ieMgilÈ ikMgs bhuqy kfmXfb nhIN rhy. sMn 1314 ivc jd skfitÈ ikMg brUs dI kmFz hyT afey qF AunHF ny (Battle of Bannockburn) bYtl afP bfnuwKbrn ivc hrfieaf aqy ieMgilÈF koloN skftlYNz ijwq nhIN hoieaf. imzl eyj dy ÈurU ivc, afierlYNz iek afjfd mulk sI. pihlF pihl ieMgilÈ POjF AuQy dy rfjy dI mwdd vfsqy geIaF aqy AunHF iPr afpxy zyrf AuQy hI lf ilaf. sMn 1200 ivc ieMgilÈF ny afierlYNz dy zwbiln kol pyl (pale) dy ielfky Aupr rfj kIqf. keI Kfs lfrzs ny ieMgilÈ rfjy dI hkUmq hyTF rihx mMn ilaf sI. imzl eyjj durfn ieMgilÈF ny bfhrly mulkF nfl keI lVfeIaF lVIaF. keI XUrpIan kirscIan bhfdr ispfhIaF ny ies Drm juwD vfsqy ihwsf ilaf. ieMgilÈF ny PrFs nfl iek lMmI lVfeI lVI. ijs nUM ‘hMzrz XIar vfr’ kihMdy hn BfvyN ieh jMg 116 sfl qwk cldI rhI. sMn 1415 ivc ‘bYtl afP aijMnkort’ bhuq mÈhUr jMg sI. ijsnUM hYnrI pMj ny afpxI QoVI POj hox dy vfbjUd vI PrFs vfilaF nUM ijwq ilaf. sMn 1450 ivc ieMgilÈ PrFs nUM Cwz afey. df blYk zYQ; THE BLACK DEATH; jmInF dI mflkIaq vfsqy nfrmnF iek issitm clfieaf ijhVf ’PAUziljm’ krky jfixaf jFdf sI. ikMg afpxy lfrzs nUM qF jmIn idMdf sI qF ik Auh lVfeI ivc AusdI mwdd krn. lYNzafnrj imwQI igxqI dy afdmI lVfeI krn leI Byjdf sI. keIaF iksfnF (peasants) kol qF afpxIaF jmInf sn aqy keI iksfn rfjy dy aDIn (serf) sn.

AunHF kol afpxy lfrz dIaF jmInF huMdIaF sn aqy Auh AunHF jmInF ivc afpxy Kfx vfsqy PslF bIjdy sn bdly ivc AunHF nUM afpxy lfrz vfsqy hI kMm krnf pYNdf sI. ieho issitm sdrn skftlYNz ivc lfgU kIqf. skftlYNz dy nfrQ ivc aqy afierlYNz ivc jmInf kbIilaF kol huMdIaF sn ijnHF klfnj (clans) kihMdy sn. sMn 1348 ivc, iek ibmfrI ho skdf plyg hI hovy, ibRitn ivc PYlx lwgI. ies ibmfrI dy PYlx nUM ‘blYk zYQ’ (black death) kihMdy hn. iek iqhfeI ieMglYNz dI pfpUlyÈn mfrI 11 lfeIP ien df XU ky

geI aqy ieny ku prisMt lok skftlYNz aqy vylj ivc vI mfry gey. ibRitn vfsqy ieh bhuq burI Gtnf sI. blYk zYQ AupRMq lok QoVy rih gey sn ies df mqlb ik PUz QoVf AugfAuNxf pYNdf sI. Aus smyN kfmy Gwt jfx krky mjdUrI bhuq mihMgI ho geI sI. nvF smfjk Zfcf hoNd ivc afieaf ijnHF ivc bhuqIaF jmInf dy mflk vI Èfml sn ijnF nUM jYNtrI (gentry) afiKaf jFdf sI aqy lok kMtrI sfeIz Cwz ky ÈihrF ivc rihx lwgy. ÈihrF dI amIr afriQk hflq ny imzl klfs nUM jnm idqf. afierlYNz ivc, blYk zYQ pyl (pale) dy ielfky ivc bhuq asr kIqf ijhVf ieMgilÈF dy kMtrol hyT sI. hux ieMgilÈF df ielfkf vI sUMgV igaf. lIgl aYNz puiltIkl cyijj; LEGAL AND POLITICAL CHANGES; imzl eyj ivc hI awj vrgI pfrlImYNt df ZfcF bx igaf sI. ies dy afDfr nUM ikMgj kONsl afP azvfeIjrj ijnHF ivc mhwqvpUrn noblimn aqy crcF dy lIzr huMdy sn. sMn 1215 qwk rfjy kol bhuq Gwt aiDkfr huMdy sn. iesy sfl noblimns ny ikMg jOhn nUM jbrn keI zImfZF nUM pUrn vfsqy mnfieaf. nqIjf ieh hoieaf ik hwkF vfsqy cfrtr ‘cfrtr mgnf krtf’ sQfpq kIqf igaf. ‘cfrtr mgnf krtf’ qoN Bfv iek gryt cfrtr sI. ies cfrtr rfhI rfjf vI kfnUMn aDIn afAuNdf sI. ies cfrtr rfhIN noibltI dy hwkF nUM brkrfr riKaf igaf sI aqy rfjy dy tYks Augrfhux aqy koeI kfnUMn bxfAuNx aqy bdlx Aupr pbMdI lfAuNxf sI. BivwK ivc rfjy nUM koeI PYslf lYx vfsqy afpxy noblimnj dI slfh lYxI pYxI sI. ieMglYNz ivc hux rfjy nUM pfrlImYNt ivc noblimn swdky AunHF nfl slfh mÈvrf krnf huMdf sI. Kfs kr Aus vyly jf rfjy nUM mnI cfhIdI huMdI sI. pfrlImYNt ivc bihx vfilaF dI igxqI vDdI geI aqy do judy judy kmry bxfey gey ijnHF nUM hfAUss kihMdy sn. noibltI, lYNzafnrj aqy ibÈp hfAUs afP lfrz ivc bYTdy. nfeIts aqy Coty lYNzanrj aqy ÈihrF dy amIr lok hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc bYTdy. ies smyN kul pfpUlyÈn ivcoN bhuq QoVy lok vot pfky pfrlImYNt ivc jfx vfly nUM cuxdy sn. iesy qrHF dI pfrlImYNt skftlYNz ivc vI bxfeI geI. skftlYNz dI pfrlImYNt ivc iqMn hfAUs sn ijnHF nUM iestyt ikhf jFdf sI ijvyN ‘df lfrzj’(The Lords) ‘df kfmnj (The commons) aqy df klfrgI (Clergy) afid. ieMgilÈ pfrlImYNt English parliment

hfAUs afP lfrzj Nobilty

hfAUs afP kfmnj noibltI

Knights

nfeIts

Great Landowners gryt lYNzafnrj

Smaller Landlords (smflr lYNzlfrzj)

Bishops

The Wealthy df vYlQI

ibÈps

(Usually from towns and cities) ÈihrF dy amIr lok

skfitÈ pfrlImYNt Scottish Parliment QrI hfAUss jF iestyts Three houses Or Estates 12 lfeIP ien df XU ky

df lfrzj, df kfmnj aqy df klYrgI The lords, The commons and Clergy ieMgilÈ pfrlImYNt aqy QrI hfAUss jF ietyts df ieh Zfcf sMn 1215 dy smyN df hY jd skftlYNz ieMglYNz dy aDIn nhIN sI huMdf. Vrqmnf ivc khfxI hor hY. ies smyN ivkfs vI bhuq hoieaf sI. Aus smyN ieMglYNz ivc jwj srkfr qoN afËfd ho gey sn. jwjF ny iek ‘kfmn lfa’ bxfieaf ijhVf pihlIaF rvfieqF anusfr aqy pihly ley gey PYsilaF muqfbk sI. skftlYNz ivc kfnUMnf ivc QoVf Prk sI ijnHF nUM kozF nfl iliKaf igaf sI. ey izsitMkt iezMttI; A Distinct Identity; imzl eyj ivc nYÈnl klcr aqy iezMttI ivc bhuq suDfr hoieaf vyiKaf igaf. nfrmnf dI ijwq bfad rfjf aqy noblimn ‘nfrmn PirMc boldy sn aqy iksfn ‘aYglo-sYksn bolI boldy rhy. hOlI hOlI ieh donoN bolIaF nUM iekwTf krky iek sFJI bolI ieMgilÈ bxf leI geI. mfzrn ieMgilÈ ivc keI Èbd ijvyN ‘pfrk’ aqy ‘ibAUtI’ nfrmn PirMc bolI dy awKr hn aqy Audfhrn dy qOr Aupr dUjy awKr ‘aYpl’, ‘kfE’, aqy ‘swmr’ aYNglo-sYksn bolI dy awKr hn. awj ieMgilÈ ivc iksy iek Bfv vfsqy do awKr vrqy jFdy hn. iek awKr nfrmn PirMc aqy dUjf awKr aYNglo-sYksn bolI df vriqaf jFdf hY. ijvyN ‘zImFz’ (PirMc) aqy ‘afsk’ (aYNglo-sYksn) df awKr AuhI Bfv dsx vfsqy vriqaf jFdf hY. ieMglYNz ivc sMn 1400 dy sfl ivc iek srkfrI dsqfvyj pihlI vfr ieMgilÈ ivc iliKaf igaf sI aqy ieMgilÈ lYgUeyj rfiel kort aqy pfrlImYNt ivc bolI jfx lwgI. sMn 1400 ivc hI ‘jYPrI cOsr’ ny ieMgilÈ ivc keI kivqfvF AunHF lokF bfry ilKIaF ijhVy kYNtrbrI dI bVI ÈrDf Bfvnf qIrQ-Xfqrf krdy sn. ies kiivqf nUM ‘kYNtrbrI tylj’ df nfm idqf. ijs ivc qIrQ jfqrIaF dIaF gwlF df ibafn sI ijhVy kYNtrbrI afAuNdy sn. ienHF kivqfvF vflI ikqfb df nfm hY ‘kYNtrbrI tylj’. ieMgilÈ ivc ieh pihlI ikqfb hY ijhVI ‘ivlIam kYstn’ vloN pirMitMg prYs ivc piuhlI vfr CfpI geI. ies kivqf ivc ilKiaF keI khxIaF aj vI bhuq pRclq hn. keI khfxaF dy nftk bxfey gey aqy keI khfxIaF tYlIvIjn Aupr vfr vfr dwsIaF geIaF hn. skftlYNz ivc keI lok gfieilk bolI boldy rhy aqy nfl nfl skfitÈ bolI df vI ivkfs huMdf igaf. keI kvI skfitÈ bolI ivc vI ilKdy rhy. ijnHF ivcoN iek df nfm hY ‘jOhn bfrbor’ ijsny ikMg brUs dI dI lVfeI ‘bYtl afP bYnuKbrn’ bfry kivqf ilKI sI. imzl eyjj ivc keI pRkfr dIaF nvIn ibMlizMgf vI AusfrIaF geIaF. ibRitn aqy afierlYNz ivc keI ‘kYsl’ bxfey gey ijnHF dsf mksd DfVvIaF Aupr njr rwKxf aqy afpxf bcfE krnf hI sI. vrqmfn ivc keI KMzr bx gey hn. Bfvy ivMzjr aqy aYznbrf ajy vrqoN ivc afAuNdy hn. gryt ‘kYQrIzl’ ijvyN ‘ ilnikMn kYQrIzl’ vI Ausfry gey ijhnF ivc ajy vI vriÈp kIqI jFdI hY. bhuiqaF kYQrizlF dIaF qfkIaF dy ÈIÈy GusmYly rMg dy huMdy hn ijnHF Aupr AukrIaF bfeIbl aqy kiscIan sMqF dIaF qsvIrF rfhI ieqhfs df pqf lgdf hY. Xfrk minstr dy ÈIiÈaF Aupr ieh ivsQfr nfl vyiKaf jf skdf hY. ies smyN durfn ieMglYNz iek vpfrk dyÈ (Trading nation) sI. ieMgilÈ vUl bfhrly mulkF nUM GwlI jFdI sI. lok ieMglYNz ivc vpfr krn aqy kMm krn vfsqy afAuNdy. keIaF kol spYÈl sikwl sI ijvyN PrFs qoN julfhy (Weavers), ieMnjInIar jrmnI qoN, glfs mYnUPykcrj ietlI qoN aqy nihrF bxfAuNx vfly holYNz qoN eyQy afey. df vfrj afP roijj; The wars of roses; sMn 1455 ivc ‘isvl vfr’ (GrylU jMg) ies krky iCV peI ik ieMglYNz df rfjf kOx hovy. ieh do pirvfrF dy hmfieqI ivc iCVI; df hfAUs afP lMgkfstr aqy hfAUs afP Xfrk. ies jMg nUM ‘vfr afP roijj’ kihMdy hn. ikAuNik lMgkfstr df inÈfn ‘irwz roj’ sI aqy Xfrk df inÈfn sI ‘vfeIt roj’. ieh jMg sMn 1485 ivc ‘bOsvrQ’ rx-Kyqr ivc jf ky muwkI ies nUM ‘bYtl afP bOsvrQ’ kihMdy hn. ikMg ircrz qIjf (hfAUs afP Xfrk), ies lVfeI ivc mfiraf igaf 13 lfeIP ien df XU ky

aqy hYnrI itAUzr (lIzr afP lMgkfstr), ijhVf ikMg hYnrI dUjf rfjf bixaf. hYnrI ny ikMg ircrz dI nIs ailjfbYQ afP Xfrk nfl ivafh krvf ilaf. ijs krky dony pirvfr iekwTy ho gey. hYnrI hfAUs afP itAUzrj df ijnHF df inÈfn ‘irwz roj’ sI, pihlf rfjf bixaf aqy iPr irwz roj dy ivckfr vfeIt roj df inÈfn ieh dsx leI pf idqf ik hfAUs afP lMgkfstr aqy hfAUs afP Xfrk hux ieko hI pirvfr hY. hux hyTF vyKo ik quhfnUM Auqy iliKaf ivcoN svfl smJ afAuNdy hn.

• df vfrj dYt tuwk plys ien df imzl eyjj.

• hOa pfrlImYNt bIigMn tU zIvwlp.

• df vya dYt lYNz afAUnriÈp vrkwz.

• df aiPkt afP df blYk zYQ. • df zIvwlpmYNt afP ieMgilÈ lYgUeyj aYNz klcr.

• df vfrj afP df roijj aYNz PfAUizMg afP df hfAUs itAUzr. 00 df itAUzrj aYNz stUarts; The Tuders and Stuarts; irlIjs kMnPilkts; Religious Conflicts; ‘roj-vfr’ dI ijwq qoN bfad hYnrI swqvF chuMdf sI ik ieMglYNz ivc amn cYn rhy qF ik Ausdf rfj-pRbMD mjbUq hovy. Aus ny jfx buwJ ky ieMglYNz dy sYNtr nUM sfry hwk dy ky pwikaF kIqf aqy ies krky noblj koloN keI hwk Koh ley. Ausny QoVy icr ivc Kjfny nUM Br ilaf. jd hYnrI pMjvF mr igaf qF Ausdf puwqr hYnrI awTvF gwdI Aupr bYTf aqy Ausny vI sYNtr hwQ hor qfkqF dyx df PYslf kIqf. hYnrI awTvF rom dy crc nfloN judf hox krky bhuq mÈhUr hoieaf aqy Ausny Cy ivafh krvfey. hYnrI awTvy dIaF Cy vfeIPs; The six Wives of Henry VIII; kYQrfeIn afP afrfgOn; Catherine of Aragon; kYQrIn spYinÈ ÈihjfdI sI. Auhdy aqy hYnrI dy keI bwcy hoey pr isrP iek ‘mYrI’ hI bcI. jd kYQrIn buwZI ho geI aqy AusnUM hor bwcf nf hox dI afs nf rhI qF hYnrI ny AusnUM zIvors kr idqf qF dUjy vfeIP kolON iek puwqr lY sky ijhVf Ausdy rfj Bfg nUM sMBfl sky. pihlI vfeIP nUM zIvors krn vfsqy rfjy nUM rom dy crc dy pop koloN mnjUrI lYxI pYxI sI. jd pop ny rfjy nUM dUjy ivafh dI iejfjq nf idqI qF hYnrI awT ny afpxf hI iek crc ‘crc afP ieMglYNz’ bxf ilaf. aYn boiln; Anne Bolyn; aYn boiln ieMgilÈ sI. Auhdy aqy hYnrI dy Gr iek DI ailjfbYQ nfmI ny jnm ilaf. aYn dyÈ ivc eynI mÈhUr nhIN sI aqy Auh ivco ivc iksy hor nfl ipafr vI krn lwgI. Auh ‘tfvr afP lMzn ivKy PFsI Aupr ltkf idqI geI. jyn sImor; Jane Seymour: aYn nUM PFsI dyx bfad hYnrI ny ‘jyn sImor’ nfl ivafh krvf ilaf. Ausny hYnrI dI ieCf anusfr hYnrI nUM iek puwqr aYzvrz nfmI idqf pr ‘jyn sImor’ aYzvrz nUMjnm dyx bfad CyqI hI mr geI. aYn afP klyvys; Anne of Cleves; aYn klyvys jrmn dI ÈihjfdI sI. hYnrI ny Aus nfl ivafh rfjnIqk Pfiedy vfsqy kIqf aqy bfad ivc CyqI AusnUM qlfk dy idqf. kYQrfeIn hOvrz; Cetherine Howard; kYQrfeIn, aYn boiln dI BqIjI sI. Auh vI iksy hor nfl ipafr krdI sI aqy AusnUM vI hYnrI ny PFsI Aupr ltkf idqf.

14 lfeIP ien df XU ky

kYQrfeIn pfar; Catherine Parr; kYQrfeIn ivDvf aOrq sI ijsny hYnrI dI afKrI Aumr ivc ivafh kIqf. Ausny rfjy df bhuq sfQ idqf pr CyqI hI Auh mr geI sI. hYnrI ny jd dUjf ivafh krvfAuNxf sI qF AusnUM rom dy pop koloN iejfjq lkYxI pYxI sI pr pop ny dUjf ivafh krvfAuNx dI iejfjq nf idqI qF rfjy ny ‘crc afP ieMglYNz bxf ilaf. ies nvyN crc df afrcibÈp rfjf Qfpdf sI rom df pop ieh vI nhIN sI ds skdf ik crc ivc ikwdF kdoN aqy ikhVI pryar krnI hY. ieh sfry hwk hux rfjy dy hwQ af gey sn.

AunHF idnF ivc sfry XUrp ivc rom dy crc aqy romn-kYQWoilk Drm dy suDfr bfry keI qrHF dIaF mUvmYNt cl rhIaF sn. protYstYNtF ny afpxy judy crc bxf ley. Auh bfeIbl nUM lfiqn BfÈf dI bjfey ieMgilMÈ ivc pVHdy sn. Auh hux crcF ivc sMqF awgy ardfs nhIN sI krdy. Auh socdy sn ik iensfn df ivÈvfs iswDf gOz nfl hoxF cfhIdf hY nf ik crcF nfl. solvI sdI dy protYstYNtF dy aijhy ivcfrF kfrn protYstYNtF dI ieMglYNz vylj aqy skftlYNz ivc cVH mc geI. afierlYNz ivc protYstYNt nUM PYlfAuNx kfrn aqy lYNz hYrItYns kfnUMn Qopx kfrn (afirirÈ cIPtynj Irish Cheiftains) afirÈ lIzrF ny bgfvq kr idqI aqy bhuq Gsmfn dI lVfeI hoeI. hYnrI awT dy rfj durfn ‘aYkt afP gvrnrmYNt afP vylj’ anusfr vylj ieMglYNz df ihwsf irhf. ivlÈ dy lIzrF ny afpxy nuMmfieMdy hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc Gwly aqy ivlÈ df lIgl issitm ivc suDfr ilaFdf igaf. aYzvrz CyvF ijhVf kwtV protYstYNt Drm aqy hYnrI awT df puwqr sI Auh hYnrI awT mgroN rfjf bixaf. Ausdy rfj kfl durfn ‘buwk afP kfmn pryar’ iqafr kIqI geI ijsnUM ‘crc afP ieMglYNz ivc piVHaf jFx lwgf. ies buwk nUM awj vI keI crcF ivc piVHaf jFdf hY. aYzvrz Cy sfl rfj krky pMdrF sfl dI Aumr ivc hI mr igaf aqy AusdI hfP isstr ‘mYrI’rfxI bxI. ‘mYrI’ kwtV kYQoilk Drm ivc XkIn rKdI sI aqy Ausny protYstYNtF df bhuq Gfx kIqf aqy iesy krky ieqhfs ivc AusnUM blwzI mYrI krky jfixaf jFdf hY. mYrI vI QoVf icr rfj krky cwl vsI aqy iPr AusdI hfP-isstr ailjfbYQ rfxI bxI ijhVY hYnrI awTvyN dI vfeIP aYn boiln dI sB qoN CotI DI sI. ailjfbYQ pihlI; Elizabeth 1; rfxI ailjfbYQ pihlI protYstYNt Drm ivc XkIn rKdI sI. Ausny crc afP ieMglYNz muV ky afrMB kIqf aqy ‘crc afP ieMglYNz’ afPIÈl crc bx igaf. hr iek nUM lokl-crc ivc jfx leI hukm kIqf igaf pr crc ivc ikhVy Drm dI ikhVI pryar hovy ies Aupr koeI bMdÈ nhIN sI. rfxI ny bhuq isafxp nfl kYQoilk Drm nUM mMnx vfly aqy kwtVvfdI protYstYNtF dy ivcfrF nUM iek dm brfbr kIqf hoieaf sI. ies qrHF Auh kYQoilk Drm aqy protYstYNt Drm nUM iek brfbr rwK ky koeI axsuKfvIN Gtnf nf hox idqI. ailjfbYQ ieMglYNz dy ieqhfs ivc bhuq hrmn ipafrI rfxI mMnI jFdfI hY Kfs krky jd 1588 jd ieMgilÈF ny iek bhuq vwzf jMgI jhfj ‘spYinÈ afrmyzf’ Aupr Pqih pfeI sI. ieh jMgI jhfj spyn vloN ies krky Gwilaf igaF qF ik ieMglYNz Aupr ijwq prfpq krky ieMglYNz ivc kYQoilk Drm muV bhfl kIqf jf sky. df rIPrmyÈn ien skftlYNz aYNz mYrI, ikAUn afP skfts; The Reformation in Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots; skftlYNz ivc vI protYstYNt Drm dy ivcfrF nUM mMnx vfly bhuq lokI ho gey. sMn 1560 lokF dI bhu-igxqI rfhIN crcF ivc pop dI aQfrtI nUM htf idqf igaf aqy romn kYQoilk Drm dIaF gqIivDIaF iel-lIgl kr idqIaF geIaF. protYstYNt Drm df skftlYNz ivc iek crc sQfpq kIqf igaf pr ieMglYNz vFg ies crc nUM styt dy crc df drjf nhIN idqf igaf. skftlYNz dI rfxI ‘mYrI stUart’ ijs nUM afm krky ‘mYrI ikAUn afP skftlYNz’ dy nfm nfl jfixaf jFdf hY, Auh kYQoilk sI. AusdI Aumr isrP iek hPqy dI sI jd Ausdf ipAu mr igaf aqy AusnUM 15 lfeIP ien df XU ky

rfxI bxf idqf igaf. Ausdf bhuq sfrf bcpn df ihwsf PrFs ivc gujiraf. jd Auh vfps skftlYNz prqI qF Aus vyly afpxI qfkq nUM vDfAuNx vfsqy bhuq lVfeIaF ho rhIaF sn. jd Ausdy hwsbYNz df kql kr idqf igaf qF Aus dy kql ivc Ausdf hwQ hox dI Èwk kfrn zrdI Auh ieMglYNz af geI. Ausny afpxf rfj Bfg afpxy protYstYNt puwqr jymj CyvF afP skftlYNz nUM sONp idqf. ikAUn mYrI ieMglYNz dI rfxI ailjfbYQ dI BqIjI sI aqy iehI socky mYrI Auhdy kol geI ik Èfied ailjfbYQ AusdI mwdd krygI. pr rfxI ailjfbYQ nUM jd ieh pqf lwgf ik ‘mYrI’ ieMglYNz dy rfj-Bfg nUM hVwpx df sfijÈ kr rhI hY qF rfxI ailjfbYQ pihlI ny AusnUM vIh sfl kYd ivcx rwiKaf. afiKr ‘mYrI’ nUM PFsI idqI geI ikAuNik Auh rfxI ailjfbYQ pihlI dy rfj Bfg hVwpx dI sfijÈ kr rhI sI. aYksploryÈn, poietrI aYNz zrfmf; Exploration, Poetry And Drama; rfxI ailjfbYQ df smF ieMglYNz ivc dyÈ-BgqI df smF sI aqy lok ieMgilÈ hox df mfx kr rhy sn. ieMgilÈF keI vpfr nUM vDfAUNx vfsqy keI nvyN ZMg apnfey aqy amrIkF dIaF spYinÈ klonIaF nfl afpxf vpfr krnf arMiBaf. sr PrFiss zryk iek Auh kmFzr sI ijsny ‘spYinÈ afrmyzf nUM qihÈ nihÈ kr idqf sI, Auh ieMglYNz dI nyvI dy issitm nUM bxfAuNx vflf pihlf nyvl kmFzr sI. ‘golzn hfeINz’ Ausdf iÈp pihlf jhfj sI ijsny nYvIgyÈn nfl ailjfbYQ pihlI dy smyN sfrI dunIaF tUr kIqf. ieMgilÈ pUrbI amrIkf dy smuMdrI qwtF Aupr sYtl ho ky kflonIaF bxfAuNx lwgy. ieh bsqIvfd lgfqfr cldf irhf Bfvy agly do rfijaF df ieh pqf nhIN sI rfjy ikhVy Drm dy bxngy. ijhVf aglIaF do sdIaF vDdf Puwldf irhf. ivlIam ÈykspIar (1564-1616); William Shakespeare 1564-1616); ÈykspIar stirtPorz-apaOn-aYvn’ ivc jMimaf. Auh plyrfeItr aqy aYktr sI. Ausny keI kivqfvF aqy zrfmy ilKy. Ausdy mÈhUr zrfmy hn ijvyN ‘ey imzsmr nieIts zrIm’, hYmilt, mYkbYQ aqy romIE aYNz jUlIat afid. Ausny keI purfxIaF GtnfvF Aupr vI zrfmy ilKy pr Auh bhuqf rfijaF aqy rfxIaF bfry nhIN ilK sikaf. Auh pihlf rfeItr sI ijsnyafm ieMgilÈ afdmIaF aqy aOrqF bfry bhuq kuJ iliKaf. ÈykspIar aMgryjI df bhuq mfhr sI aqy Ausny aMgryjI ivc keI nvyN awKr ilKy ijhVy ajy vI pRclq hn. Ausdy zrfimaF dIaF keI swqrF hyT ilKIaF hn ijhVIaF khfvqF bxIaF hoeIaF hn.

• bMns mor awntU df brIc (hYnrI pMj) • tU bI ar nft tU bI (hYmilt) • ey roj bfeI aYnI adr nym (romIE aYNz jUlIat) • afl df vrlzj ey styj ( aYj XU lfeIk iet) • df zfrilMg bwzj afP mya (soinwt 18- ÈYl afeI kMmpyar dI tU ey swmr’j zya) bhuq lokF df mfnxf hY ik ÈykspIar afpxy smyN df gryt plya rfeItr hY. awj Ausdy plya aqy kivqfvF nUM ibRitn ivc aqy keI hor dyÈF ivc pVHfieaf jFdf hY. lMzn ivc ‘glob Qytr’ vrqmfn QytrF dI Audfhrx hY ijs ivc ÈykspIar dy zrfmy Kyzy jFdy hn. jymË CyvF aqy pihlf; James VI And 1; ailjfbYQ pihlI ny ivafh nhIN krvfieaf sI ies krky Ausdf koeI jfnÈIn nhIN sI. jd Auh 1603 ivc mrI qF Ausdf BqIjf skftlYNz df jymË CyvF gwdI Aupr bYTf. Auh ieMglYNz, vylj aqy afierlYNz df jymË pihlf rfjf bixaf pRfqUM skftlYNz afjfd dyÈ irhf. df ikMg jymj bfeIbl; The King James Bible; ikMg jymj dy rfj smyN iek ieh prfpqI hoeI ik Ausdy smyN bfeIbl df nvF qrjmf ieMgilÈ ivc hoieaf. ies qrjmyN (trFslyÈn) ‘ikMg jymj vrÈn’ jF ‘df aQorfeIjz vrÈn’ ikhf jFdf hY. ieh bfeIbl df koeI ieMgilÈ ivc pihlF trFslyÈn nhIN sI pr ieh Auh trFslyÈn ijhVf awj vI keI protYstYNt crcf ivc piVHaf jFdf hY. 16 lfeIP ien df XU ky

afierlYNz; Ireland; ies smyN durfn, afierlYNz ivc isrP kYQoilk Drm dy lokI hI rihMdy sn. hYnrI swqvyN aqy hYnrI awTvyN ny pyl (Pale) ielfky qoN vI bfhr vwl afpxf kMtrol vDfieaf aqy ieMgilÈ aQfrtI nUM sfry afierlYNz ivc lfgU kIqf. hYnrI awT nUM ‘ikMg afP afierlYNz’ ikhf jFdf sI. ieMgilÈ-lfas AuQy lfgU hoey aqy lokl lIzrF nUM lfrz lYPtInYNt afP zbiln df hukm mMnxf pYNdf sI. ailjfbYQ 1 aqy jymj 1 dy rfj kfl smyN afierlYNz ivc protYstYNtF dy rfj ivruwDI keI lok hoey aqy keI bgfvqF hoeIaF. ieMgilÈ srkfr ny kYQoilk lYNzafAUnrj qoN jmIn Koh ky skftlYNz aqy ieMgilÈ lokF nUM afierlYNz dy ndrn sUby alstr ivKy rihx vfsqy keI qrHF AuqÈfhq kIqf igaf. aijhI hoeI sYtlmYNt nUM ‘plFtyÈn’ (Plantations) kihMdy hn. skftlYNz dy sfAUQ ivcoN keI nvy afdmI afx ky eyQy rihx lwgy aqy bfkI dI lYNz lMzn dIaF kMpnIaF nUM dy idqI geI. jymj ny iPr aijhI sYtlmYNt afierlYNz dy keI hor ielfikaF ivc kIqI. aijhf krn nfl afierlYNz dIaF aijhIaF muÈklF afAuNx vfly lMmy smyN vfsqy ieMglYNz, skftlYNz aqy afierlYNz ivckfr isrdrdI vDf geIaF. df rfeIj afP pfrlImYNt; The Rise Of Parliament; rfxI ailjfbYQ pihlI pfrlImYNt nUM clfAuNx vfsqy bhuq pRvIn sI. Ausny afpxy rfj kfl durfn hfAUs afP lfrz aqy hfAUs afP kfmnj ijs ivc afm krky protYstYNt Drm dy lokI sn ivc brfbrqf bxfeI rwKI. jymj 1 aqy Ausdy puwqr cfrlj 1, donoN eyny huiÈafr nhIN sn aqy Auh rfjy dy hwkF nUM rwbI hwk (zIvfeIn rfeIts afP ikMg) smJdy sn ik rfjf rwb vloN rfj krn vfsqy Gwilaf igaf hY. Auh socdy sn ik rfjf pfrlImYNt dI slfh qoN ibnHF hI rfj kr skdf hY. jd cfrlj 1 ieMglYNz vylj, afierlYNz aqy skftlYNz df rfjf bixaf qF Auh afpxy ZMgF nfl rfj pRbMD clfAuNx lwgf. jd pfrlImYNt ny ikMg cfrlj1 dy Dfrimk aqy Porn pfilsIaF nfl sihmq nf hoeI qF Auh ibnHF pfrlImYNt qoN hI rUl krn lwg ipaf. Auh igafrf sfl pfrlImYNt dI mnjUrI qoN ibnHF tYks lf ky Kjfny BrI igaf pr skftlYNz ivc trwbl ho jfx krky AusnUM dubfrf pfrlImYNt swdxI peI. df ibginMg afP df ieMgilÈ isvl vfr; The Beginning of the English Civil War; cfrls 1 crc afP ieMglYNz ivc keI qrHF dIaF hor sYrymnIaF vDfAuNxf chuMdf sI aqy iek nvIN ‘pryar-buwk’ iqafr krvfeI. Auh skftlYNz dy crc ‘prYsbfeItyrIan’ ivc jbrI pVHfAux dI gwl krn lwgf aqy bhuq Kqrnfk ivroD hox lwgf. skftlYNz ny afpxI POj iqafr kr leI jd ik cfrls 1 pfrlImYNt dI mwdd ibnHF afpxI POj nUM vI pYsy nhIN sI dy skdf. sMn 1640 ivc Ausny PMz iekwTf krn vfsqy pfrlImYNt iPr swdI. pfrlImYNt ivc bhuq mYNbr kwtVvfdI protYstYNt sn ijhVy crcF ivc sfDfrn qrHF dy isDFq aqy kfnUMNn bxfAuNx dy hwk ivc sn. Auh ikMg dy crcF ivc kIqI jFdI pryar dy hwk ivc nhIN sn.

AunHF ny rfjy vloN kIqy jf rhy crcF dy suDfr nUM glq krfr idqf. ies krky pfrlImYNt ny jo PMz rfjy nUM cfhIdy sn nhIN idqy. BfvyN skftlYNz ny ieMglYNz nUM ijwq vI ilaf sI. cfrls 1 ieMglYNz dy crcF ivc hor Dfrimk rIqF clfAuNxf chuMdf sI aqy Ausny pryar buwk ivc suDfr krky iek nvIN poryar buwk iqafr kIqI sI. iek hor bgfvq ies krky AuWTI ik afierlYNz ivc romn kYQoilk vfly purItn vfilaF dI vwDdI qfkq nUM shfr nhIN sky. ies krky pfrlImYNt ny ieMgilÈ afrmI nUM afpxy aDIn kIqf aqy ies qrHF rfjy dy keI qrHF dy hwk pfrlImYNt dy hwQ af gey. ies dy jvfb ivc cfrls 1 hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc pfrlImYNt dy lIzrF nUM PVHn igaf pr AunHF nUM rfjy dI ies mnÈf dI pihlF hI iBxk lwg geI sI aqy rfjy nUM lIzr pfrlImYNt ivc nf imly. Aus smy qwk iksy monfrk ny pfrlImYNt ivc pYr nhIN pfieaf. pfrlImYNt aqy rfjy ivckfr sMn 1642 17 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ivc isvl vfr iCV peI. kMtrI do ihisaf ivc vwt geI. ijhVy rfjy dI sport krdy sn AunHF nUM ‘kYvIlIar’ kihMdy sn aqy pfrlImYNt nUM sport krn vfilaF nUM ‘rfAUzhYz’ kihx lwgy. aOlIvr krfmivl aYNz df ieMgilÈ rIpbilk.

Oliver Cromwell and the Enlish Republic. sMn 1646 ivc rfjy dI afrmI ‘bYtl afP mfrstn mUr’ ( Battle of marston moor) aqy nysbI (Naseby) dy mYdfnf ivc hfr geI. ieh gwl sfP sI ik pfrlImYNt ny jMg ijwq leI hY. cfrlj nUM pfrlImYNt afrmI ny kYd kr ilaf igaf. rfjf ajy vI pfrlImYNt nfl koeI smJOqf nhIN sI krnf chuMdf aqy sMn 1649 ivc AusnUM PfsI dy idqI geI. hux ieMglYNz rIpbilk bx igaf Bfv ieMglYNz ivc lokF df rfj ho igaf. ijs rfj nUM kfmnvYlQ ikhf igaf ijs df koeI rfjf nhIN sI. ies smyN ieh gwl sfP nhIN sI ik rfj Bfg ikvyN clfieaf jfvy. hux qwk pfrlImYNt dy sB kuJ hwQ vws sI. pfrlImYNt iek jnrl aOlIvr krfmivl nUM afierlYNz ivc Byijaf igaf sMn 1641 ivc bgfvq hoeI sI aqy AuQy roieilst afrmI sQfpq sI. aOlIvr krfmivl ies bgfvq nUM bVI kqlo gfrq mgroN dbfAUNx ivc kfmXfb qF ho igaf pr awj qwk vI Ausdf ieh kfrj iek bihs df ivÈf bixaf hoieaf hY. Xfd rhy ik aOlIvr krfmivl ieMgilÈ rIpbilk df lIzr sI. df skfts ieh nhIN sn chuMdy ik cfrls pihlf nUM PFsI idqI jfvy aqy Ausdy puwqr cfrls dUjf nUM rfjf aYlfn kr idqf ijhVf skftlYNz df rfjf sI. skfts ny ieMglYNz Aupr cVfeI kr idqI. krfmivl ny bYtl afP zMnbr ivc skfts nUM hfr idqI. cfrls 11 df Ek (bohV) dy drwKq ivc luk ky bc igaf aqy iPr Auh corI iCpI PrFs nUM nwT igaf. pfrlImYNt df kMtrol ieMglYNz aqy skftlYNz donF mulkF Aupr ho igaf. afierlYNz ivc jfx qoN bfad AusdI vustr dI cfrls dUjy Aupr ijwq qoN bfad krfmivl nUM nvIN pfrlImYNt df lIzr mMn ilaf igaf. krfmivl nUM lfrz protYktr df drjf idqf igaf aqy Aus ny sMn 1658 qwk rfj kIqf. jd krfmivl mr igaf qF Ausdy QF Ausdf puwqr ‘ircrz’ lfrz protYktr bixaf pr Auh Auh eynf kmËor sI ik Auh afrmI aqy srkfr nUM kMtrol nhIN kr sikaf. BfvyN ibRitn igafrf sfl rIpbilk bixaf irhf pr krfmivl qoN bfad srkfr nUM kMtrol krn vflf koeI hor lIzr nhIN sI idsdf. bhuuq lok mulk ivc ÈFqI (styibltI) chuMdy sn. lok ieh socx lwg pey ik rfjy ibnHF srkfr clxI muÈkl hY. df irstroryÈn The Restroration. meI 1660 ivc cfrls dUjf ijhVf nYdrlYNz ivc pnfh lY irhf sI AusnUM rfjf bxfAuNx vfsqy vfps swd ilaf. AusnUM ikMg cfrls dUjf afP ieMglYNz, vylj, skftlYNz aqy afierlYNz df nfm idqf igaf. cfrls dUjf ny ieh sfP kr idqf ik Ausdf muV ikqy hor jfx df koeI ierfdf nhIN hY. Auh jfx igaf sI ik Auh jo kuJ chuMdf hY Auh sB kuJ nhIN kr skdf ikAuNik AusnUM pfrlImYNt qoN iejfjq lYxI pYxI sI pr pfrlImYNt ny Aus dIaF pfilsIaF dI kdr vI kIqI sI. crc afP ieMglYNz muV afPIÈl crc bixaf ijs ivc romn kYQoilk aqy purItnf dI koeI mrjI nhIN sI cldI. sMn 1665 ivc cfrls dUjf dy rfj kfl smyN lMzn ivc plyg df rog PYl igaf. keI grIb ielfikaF ivc hjfrF lok mfry gey. ies qoN dUjy sfl hI iek iBafnk awg ny Èihr dy nfl nfl bhuq crcF nUM ijvyN syNt pfl’j kYQrIzl nUM vI AujfV idqf aqy syNt pfl’j muV ky Ausfiraf igaf ijsnUM afrcItYkt sr kirstYPr ny zIjfeIn kIqf sI. sYimAul pyips Samual Pepyss) ny ies bfry iek zfierI ivc iliKaf sI ijhVI mgroN CfpI geI aqy ajy vI bhuq pVHI jFdI hY. hfibafs kfrpws (Habeas Corpus) lfiqn BfÈf ivc iliKaf hY ijsdf Bfv (XU mst prIjYNt df prsn ien kort. df aYkt grMtIz dYt no bMn kuwz bI ihlz pirjnr 18 lfeIP ien df XU ky

anlfaPuwlI) Bfv iksy nUM ibnHF aprfDI Tihrfey koeI kYd nhIN kr skdf. Aus aYkt nUM hfibafs kfrpws (Habeas Corpus) kihMdy hn. sMn 1679 ivc ‘hfibafs kfrpws aYkt’ kfnUMn bx igaf. ieh kfnUMn awj vI bhuq kfrgr hY. hfibafs kfrpws lfiqn BfÈf dy Èbd hn ijnHF df mqlb hY ‘XU mst prIjYNt df prsn ien kort’. Bfv iksy nUM ksUrvfr TihrfAuNx qoN pihlF AusnUM kcihrI ivc pyÈ krnf jrUrI hY. ieh aYkt ies gwl dI grMtI idMdf hY ik gYr-kfnUMnI ZMg nfl iksy nUM vI kYd nhIN kIqf jfvygf. Hr kYdI df hwk hY ik pihlF Ausdf PYslf kort kry. cfrlj dUjy dI sfieMs ivc bhuq idlcspI sI. nYcrl nflj vDfAuNx vfsqy iek rOiel susfeIietI sQfpq kIqI geI. rOiel susfeIietI sMsfr ivc sB qoN purfxI sfieMstiPk susfeIietI hY. sr iesfk inAUtn aqy sr iezmMz hYlI iesdy muZly mYNbr sn. sr iezmMz hYlI ijsny dwisaf sI ik ’rItrn afP df kOimt ‘ aqy ies kOimt nUM ‘hYlI’j kOimt’ afiKaf jFdf hY. iesfk inAUtn (1643-1727) Isaac Newton (1643-1727) iesfk inAUtn eIsrn ieMglYNz dy ielfky ilMnikMnÈfier ivc pYdf hoieaf sI. jd Ausny kYmbirj XUnIvristI ivc pVHnf ÈurU kIqF qF AusdI ruwcI sfieMs ivc vD geI aqy ies ivÈy df bhuq DnI ivdvfn bixaf. ies df CpIaF rcnfvF ijvyN; ‘iPlfsPIa nYcrils’ (Philosophiae Naturalis) pirMsIpIaf mYQmYitkf (Mathematical Principles of Natural philosophy) ijs qoNN sfry XUnIvrs dI grYivtI (iKwc) bfry pqf cldf hY ik sfrf XUnIvrs iksy iKwc afsry KVHf hY. inAUtn ny ieh vI iswD kIqf sI ik vfeIt lfeIt rynvo dy swqF rMgF nfl bxI hY. AusdIaF KojF awj dy smyN ivc vI bhuq mhqwv pUrn hn. ey kYQoilk ikMg; A Catholic King; cfrls dUjf dy koeI aOlfd nhIN sI. Auh sMn 1685 ivc mr igaf aqy Ausdf Brf jymj ijhVf kYQoilk sI Auh ieMglYNz, vylj aqy afierlYNz df jymj dUjf rfjf aqy skftlYNz df ikMg jymj swqvF bixaf. jymj ny kYQoilkF nUM afrmI dIaF AuWcIaF nOkrIaF Aupr lf idqf. ies qrHF jymj dUjy ny pfrlImYNt dy aYgrImYNt qoN ibnHF aYkt afP pfrlImYNt nUM qoV idqf aqy Ausny crc afP ieMglYNz dy kuJ ibÈps nUM kYd vI kIqf. lok ies gwl qoN BYBIq hox lwgy ik rfjf iek vfr iPr ieMglYNz ivc kYQoilk Drm clfAuNxf chuMdf hY. ikAuNik AusdIaF donoN DIaF protYstYNt Drm ivc XkIn rKdIaF sn qF ieh jfx ky lok kuJ DIrj Drdy ik CyqI hI ieMglYNz df rfjf muV protYstYNt ho jfvygf. CyqI hI jd jymj dUjy dy Gr puwqr hoieaf qF lokF df XkIn Auz igaf ik hux ieMglYNz ivc protYtstYNt rfjf nhIN bxygf. df glorIas rYvUlUÈn; The Glorious Revolution; jymj dUjy dI vwzI DI ‘mYrI’ afpxy BqIjy ivlIam afP aOryNj ijhVf nYdrlYNz df protYstYNt rfjf sI, nfl ivafh ho igaf. sMn 1688 ivc Kfs protYstYNtF ny ivlIam nUM ieMglYNz Aupr hmlf krn nUM ies vfsqy ikhf ik Auh ieMglYNz df rfjf bxy. jd ivlIam POjF lY ky ieMglYNz afieaf qF Ausdf iksy ny vI mukfblf nhIN kIqf aqy jymj dUjf PrFs nUM nwT igaf. ivlIam ieMglYNz, vylj aqy afierlYNz df ivlIam qIjf rfjf bixaf aqy Auh skftlYNz df ivlIam dUjf rfjf khfieaf. ivlIam ny ‘mYrI’ nfl rl ky rfj kIqf. rfjy ny pfrlImYNt nUM pUrI qfkq dy idqI hoeI krky ies kfl ivc koeI lVfeI JgVf nhIN hoieaf. pfrlImYNt nUM pqf cl igaf ik rfjf ieklf hI rfj nhI krdf , Ausdy nfl pfrlImYNt vI hY aqy eysy krky ies smyN nUM ‘glorIas rYvUlUÈn’ kihMdy hn. jymj dUjf iPr rfjf bxnf chuMdf sI aqy PirMc afrmI dI mwdd nfl afierlYNz Aupr hmlf kr idqf. sMn 1690 ivc bYtl afP bOeIny (afierlYNz) Battle of Boyne ivc ivlIam ny jymj dUjf nUM ijiqaf. ies ijwq nUM afierlYNz ivc ajy vI mnfieaf jf irhf hY. ivlIam ny afierlYNz nUM muV ky ijwq ilaf aqy jymj11 PrFs nUM dOV igaf. romn kYQoilkF Aupr bhuq pfbMdIaF lfeIaF aqy kYQoilkF nUM srkfrI nOkrIaF nhIN sI idqIaF jFdIaf. 19 lfeIP ien df XU ky

skftlYNz ivc jymj 11 dy hmfieqI sn. jymj11 dI hmfieq ivc iek hiQafrbMd bgfvq hoeI aqy ieh bgfvq CyqI hI ikwlIkrYNkI (Killiecrankie) dy mYdfn ivc dbf idqI geI. sfry skfitÈ srdfrF (Clan) nUM hukm hoieaf ik Auh suMh cuwk ky ivlIam nUM afpxf rfjf mMnx. mYkzonl ijhVf suMh cuwkx ivc lyt hoieaf aqy sfry mfr idqy gey. ies kfry kfrn keI skfitÈ lokF df srkfr ivc XkIn nhIN irhf. ikMgs afP ieMglYNz, vylj aYNz skftlYNz. hyT ilKy vFg rfjy keI qrHF dy tfeItlF nfl jfxy jFdy sn. ijhVy ieMglYNz aqy skftlYNz ivc bfkI XUnIan nfloN vKry sn. ieMglYNz vylj aYNz afierlYNz skftlYNz jymj 1

jymj CyvF

jymj 11

jymj swqvF

ivlIam qIjf

ivlIam dUjf

skftlYNz ivc keI ieh hI socdy rhy ik jymj dUjf rfj krn vfsqy Xog sI. keI Aus nfl PrFs ivc aYksfeIl bx ky gey. aqy keI gupq ZMg nfl jymj dUjy dI hmfieq krdy rhy. jymj dUjy dy hmfieqIaF nuM jYkobfeIt (Jacobites) kihMdy hn. hyTF cYk kro jykr svfl afAuNdy hn; • hO aYNz vfeI irlIjn cyNjz zUirMg ids pIarz.

• df iemportYNs afP poietrI aYNz zrfmf ien df ailjfbYQ pIarz.

• abfAUt df ienvolvmYNt afP ibRitn ien afierlYNz. • df zIvlpmYNt afP pfrlImYNt aYNz df afnlI pIarz ien ihstrI ivn ieMglYNz vfj ey rIpbilk.

• vfeI dyar vfj ey irstroryÈn afP df mfnortI. • hO df glorIas rYvUlUÈn hYNpnz.

00 ey globl pfvr; A Global Power; kMnstIicAUÈn monfrkI; Constittional Monarchy; -df ibwl afP rfeIts; -The Bill of Rights; ivlIam aqy mYrI dI qfjpoÈI vyly iek zYklyryÈn afP rfeIt iqafr kIqf igaf. ies zYklyryÈn anusfr hux rfjf pfrlImYNt qoN ibnHF koeI vI tYks vDf nhIN sI skdf. pfrlImYNt aqy rfjy ivckfr pfvr afP bYlys iblkul bdl geI. sMn 1689 ivc ibwl afP rfeIts anusfr rfjy nfloN pfrlImYNt dy hwk vwD gey. hux pfrlImYNt dy hwQ vs sI ik aglf rfjf kOx hovygf Auh isrP protYstYNt Drm df hI rfjf bx skdf hY. nvIN pfrlImYNt hr iqMn sfl bfad cuxI jFdI sI. bfad ivc pfrlImYNt dI cox swq sfl bfad kr idqI aqy hux ieh cox hr pMj sfl bfad kIqI jFdI hY. monfrk hr sfl pfrlImYNt koloN afrmI aqy nyvI vfsqy PMzF dI mMg krygf. ies bdlfE df mqlb ik srkfr TIk ZMg nfl clfeI jf skygI. monfrk nfl azvfeIjrj jF minstr slfh mÈvry leI hoxgy aqy Auh hfAUs afP kfmnj aqy hfAUs afP lfrz ivc voitMg shI ZMg nfl pvf skxgy. pfrlImYNt ivc do gruwp hoxgy iek ivwgs (Whigs) aqy dUjf torIj (Tories) vrqmfn dI kMnjrvyitv pfrtI ajy vI keI vfr torI krky khI jFdI hY. ieh pfrtI pflytYks df smF ÈurU huMdf hY. 20 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ieh smyN PrI prYs vI kIqI geI. inAUjpypr aYNz adr gvrnmYNt pblIkyÈn sMn 1695 qoN ijhVy srkfrI kMtrol qoN bfhr sn. sfiraF nUM gvrnmYNt dy kMtrol qoN mukq kr idqf igaf. hux AunHF nUM inAUjpypr Cfpx vfsqy koeI lfieisMs nhIN sI lYxf pYxf. inAUjpypr Cfpx vfsqy lfieisMs nf lYx dI loV Kqm hox nfl keI nvyN inAUjpypr Cpxy ÈurU ho gey. glorIas rYvUlUÈn smyN kMnstIicAUÈnl monfrkI bxI. monfrkI iPr vI bhuq Kfs sI pr rfjf iksy pfilsI jF koeI aYkÈn pfrlImYNt dI iejfjq ibnHF nhIN sI lY skdf. ivlIam 111 qoN bfad rfjy nfloN minstrF hwQ ijafdf hwk af gey sn pr ieh koeI zYmokrysI nhIN sI. ijhVy afpxy ielfky dy aYm pIj nUM vot pf skdy sn AunHF dI igxqI bhuqI nhIN sI. isrP Auh lok vot pf skdy sn ijnHF kol koeI prfprtI jF iksy prkfr df bhuqf DMn huMdf sI. voimnF nUM qF vot pfAuNx df hwk vI nhIN sI. koeI kMnstIcUÈI qF iksy iek amIr dy kMtrol hyTF huMdI sI. aijhI kMnstIcUÈI nUM ‘pfkt boro’ ikhf jFdf sI. horF kMnstIcUÈIaF ivc ijQy votr bhuq Gwt huMdy sn AunHF nUM ‘rOtn boro’ afiKaf jFdf sI. ey groieMg pfpUlyÈn; A Growing Population; ieh smF sI jd ibRitn aqy afierlYNz qoN keI lok ijvyN amrIkf jF hor mulkF iv sFBIaF klonIaF ivc jf ky vsx lwgy aqy keI ibRitn ivc hI itky rhy. sMn 1556 imzl eyjj dy smyN pihlf ijAU lMzn ivc af ky visaf. sMn 1680 aYNz 1720 ivc keI irPUjI ijnHF nUM huigAUnwts (Huguenots) PrFs qoN af vky vsy. Auh protYstYNt hox krky PrFs ivc AunHF Aupr qÈdwd kIqf jFdf sI. ijnHF ivcoN bhuqy pVHy ilKy aqy sfieMsitst aqy sikMlz vrkr aqy Auh bYkF, vIivMg aqy krfPt vrkr sn. df aYkt aOr trItI afP XUnIan ien skftlYNz; The act or treaty of union in Scotland; ivlIam aqy mYrI mgroN ikAUn ‘aYn’ bxI aqy Ausdy koeI aOlfd nhIN sI. ies qrHF ieMglYNz, vylj, afierlYNz aqy skftlYNz df aglf rfjf kOx hovygf ies bfry kuJ pqf nhIN sI. sMn 1707 ivc aYkt afP XUnIan ijs nUM trItI afP XUnIan anusfr gryt ibRitn dI ikMgzMm bxfeI aqy sB nUM pRvfn cVI. BfvyN hux skftlYNz iek ieMzIpYnzYMs mulk nhI sI irhf. skftlYNz ivc AuQy df lIgl issitm aqy ‘prYsbfeItyrIan’ crc AuvyN df AuvyN cldf irhf. df prfeIm minstr; The Prime Minister; jd sMn 1714 ivc ikAUn aYn mr geI pfrlImYNt ny jrmn dy jorj1 nUM ikMg bxf idqf. ikAuNik Auh Auh aYn df bhuq lfigE protYstYNt irÈqydfr sI. jYkobfeIts ny iek bgfvq kr idqI ik jymj dy puwqr nUM rfjf bxfieaf jfvy pr ies bgfvq nUM CyqI hI dbf idqf igaf. jorj1 ieMgilÈ bhuq cMgI nhIN bol skdf ijs krky AusNnUM afpxy minstrF Aupr inrBr rihxf pYNdf sI aqy ijhVf minstr bhuq isafxf sI qF Aus nUM prfeIm minstr bxf idqf igaf. pihlF prfeIm minstr ‘sr rfbrt vflpol’ sI ijhVf sMn 1721 qoN 1742 qwk bixaf irhf. df rfiblIan afP df klfn; The Rebelllion of the Clans; sMn 1745 stUart ikMg jfrj1 dy puwq dy QfvyN jfrj 11 nUM muV rfjf bxfAuNx dI koiÈÈ kIqI ijhVf cfrls iezvrz stUart (bOnI pirMs cfrlI) jymj df grFzsMn sI, slftlYNz ivc afieaf. skftlYNz dy hfeIlYNz dy ielfky ivc klfn ny iek POj iqafr kIqI. cfrlI pihlF pihlF ijiqaf aqy iPr jfrj 11 ny AusnUM bYtl afP kolozyn (Cullden) ivKy hrf idqf. sMn 1746 ivc cfrls bc ky PrFs inkl igaf. kolozyn (Cullden) lVfeI klfnF dI qfkq bhuq Gt geI. skftlYNz cIPtyn lYNz lfrz bxfey jFdy sn pr jykr Auh rfjy dI mwdd krdy sn. klfnmYn krfeydfr bxy aqy lYNz df ikrfey idMdy sn. iek ieh kMm ÈurU hoieaf ik ijsnUM hfeIlYNz klIarYNs (High Lands Clearances) kihMdy sn. keI 21 lfeIP ien df XU ky

skftlYNz dy lYNzlfrzF ny afpxy Kyq AujfV idqy ijs nUM krfPt (Crafts) jfxy jFdy sn ikAuik Auh pÈU ByzF rwKxy chuMdy sn. ies qrHF 19vIN sdI dy muwZ ivc vfpiraf. ies smyN bhuq lok amrIkf cly gey. rfbrt brnj 1759-96; Robert Burns (1759-96) skftlYNz ivc rfbrt brn nUM ‘df bfrz’ (kvI) afiKaf jFdf sI. rfbrt brn skfitÈ poiet sI. Ausny skfitÈ bolI aqy Kfs ieMgilÈ ivc kivqfvF ilKIaF. Ausny muV suDfr ky keI rvfieqI (tradional) lok gIq vI ilKy. Brn df sB qoN vDIUaF gIq ‘aflz lFg sieIn’ (Aulz lFg sfeIn) ieh gIq ieMglYNz XU ky aqy hors B bfhrly mulkF dy lokF vloN Aus smyN bVy ÈONk nfl gfieaf jFdf hY jd lok nvF sfl mnfAuNdy hn. ies sYrImnI nUM skftlYNz ivc (Hogmanay) hogfmfny kihMdy hn. df ieMnlfeItnmYNt; The Enlightment; 18vIN sdI durfn nvIN pfiltYks, nvIN PlfsPI aqy hor sfieMs ivc bhuq qrwkI hoeI. ies qrwkI nUM ‘df ienlfeItnmYNt’ (The enlightenment) kihMdy hn. ienlfeItnmYNt’ (The enlightenment) bfry socx vfly sfry skfitÈ lok sn. afzm simwQ ny jo afriQk ZFcf sQfpq kIqf sI ijs nUM aj vI vriqaf jf irhf hY. zyivz ihAUm ny jo ihAUmn nycr bfry disaf sI ivdvfn aj vI Ausy nUM drsfAUNdy hn. jymj vwts dy stIm-pfvr nfl ieMzstrIal rYvUlUÈn afieaf. ‘df ienlfeItnmYNt’ (The enlightenment) df sB qoN vDIaF pirMsIpl sI ik puiltIkl aqy irlIjs bIlIP sfiraF nUM afpo afpxf rKx dI iejfjq imlI aqy srkfr nUM iksy Aupr jor nfl Qfpx dI iejfjq nhIN sI. aijhf XU ky ivc hux vI kIqf jFdf hY. df ieMzstrIal rYvUlUÈn; The Industrial Revolution: 18vI sdI qoN pihlF XU ky aYgrIklcr hI nOkrIaF df iek sfDn sI. kpVy dIaF keI ieMzstrIj lwgIaF hoeIaF sn. ijnHF vfsqy lok GrF ivc kMm krky kpVf aqy lys iqafr krdy sn.

18vI aqy 19vI sdI ivc ibRitn ivc df ieMzstrIal rYvUlUÈn afieaf. ibRitn sB qoN pihlF mulk bixaf ijhVf ieMzstrIalfeIj hoieaf aqy ieh qF hoieaf ik stIm pfvr nUM vrqoN nfl nvIaF qoN nvIaF mÈInF bxIaF. aYgrIklcr aqy keI loVmMd pdfrQF dI mYnUPYkcirMg kIqI, Bfv bxfeIaF. ieh bhuq vDIaF aqy bhu igxqI ivc bxIaF ijs vfsqy kolf aqy rfa mtIarl PYktrIaF vfsqy cfhIdf sI. ies krky bhuq lok kMtrI sfeIz Aupr jf ky kol mfeIinMg df kM krn lwgy. bysmysr nfmI iek mnuwK dy iqafr kIqy ZFcy nfl bhuq kolf kwiZaf jfx lwgf ijs nfl lohf bxfAUNx dI ieMzstrI vDI. Llohf bnx nfl iÈp-iblizMg aqy rylvya bxfAux dI ieMzstrI ÈurU ho geI. ies qrHF hux mYnUPYkcirMg ibRitn ivc myn jfb ho geI. ircrz afrkrfeIt (1732-92); Richard Arkwright (1732-92); sMn 1732 ivc jnimaF afrkrfeIt pihlF pihl bfrbr sI. ieh isr vfsqy ivwg bxfAuNdf aqy vfl rMgdf sI. jd ivwg ivkxoN Gwt ho gey qF Auh tYkstfeIl vwl ho quiraf. Ausny pihlI kfrzz mÈInF ivc vDIaF bdlfE kIqy. kfrizMg issitm PfeIbr qoN Dfgf bxfAUxdf sI. Aysny GoVy nfl clx vflI mÈIn-iml vI iqafr kIqI. ies nfl przwkÈn vwD geI. iPr Ausny stIm ieMjn nfl mÈInF clfeIaF. afrkrfeIt ny bhuq munfPy vfly kM clfey aqy PYktrIaF nUM bhuq lfB hoieaf. iqafr mfl nUM hux ieDr AuDr iljfx vfsqy cMgy sfDnf dI loV sI. imzl aqy nfrQ ieMglYNz ijhVf ieMzstrIal ielfkf sI ies ivc nihrF PYktrIaF, ÈihrF aqy port qwk smfn phuMcfAUNx vfsqy iqafr kIqIaF geIaF. ieMzstrIal rYvUlUÈn smyN kMm kfr krn dI hflq bhuq mMdI sI. kfimaF dI hPfjq vfsqy koeI kfnUMn nhIN sI. ijhnF nUM bVy Kqrnfk QfhF ivc Dwky nfl kMm krfieaf jFdf sI. bwcy vI kMm krdy 22 lfeIP ien df XU ky

aqy AunHF nfl ivhfr vI vwizaF vFg hI kIqf jFdf. keI vfr bwicaF nUM vwizaF nfloN vI vwD kMm krfeiaf jFdf. ies smy bfhrly dyÈF ivc kflonIaF vI bxfeIaF jfx lwgIaF. kYptn jymj kuwk ny astrylIaF dy smuMdr dy iknfry df aIBafn kIqf aqy keI kflonIaF iqafr kIqIaF geIaF. ibRitn df kynYzf Aupr kbjf ho igaf aqy eIst ieMzIaF kMpnI ny ieMzIaF dy kfPI ihwsy Aupr kbjf vI kIqf. sdrn aPrIkF ivc vI kflonIaF bxfeIaF geIaF. ibRitn ny sfrI dunIaF ivc ivpfr krky afpxy iqafr kIqy pdfrQ DVf DV bfhr Gwly. ÈUgr aqy qmfkU nfrQ amrIkf aqy ivst ieMzIj qoN afAuNdf aqy tYkstfeIl tI (cfh) aqy spfeIiss ieMzIaF aqy ieMzonyÈIaF qoN afAuNdI. bfhroN sfmfn mMgvfAuNx vfsqy keI vfr keI qrHF dIaF muÈklF vI pYNdIaF ikAuNik AunHF dyÈ ivc PrFs vI iesy qrHF vwD irhf sI. syk zIn mfhomyt (1759-1851) Sake Dean Mahomet (1759-1851) mfhomyt sMn 1759 ivc jnimaF aqy bMgfl (ieMzIaf) ivc vwzf hoieaf. Auh bMgfl afrmI ivc kMm krdf sI aqy sMn 1782 ivc ibRitn ivc afieaf. jd Auh sMn 1786 ivc afierlYNz ivc igaf qF AuQy iek afierÈ kuVI jyn dYlI nfl Aus vyly Ps igaf jd Auh ieMglYNz vfps afAux lwgf sI.sMn 1810 Ausny jorj strIt lMzn ivc ‘ihMdosqfn’ iek kfPI hfAUs KoilHaf. ieh ibRitn ivc sB qoN pihlf ‘krI hfAUs’ sI. mfhomt aqy AusdI vfeIP ny isr nUM ÈFpU nfl DfAux df kfrovfr vI ibRitn ivc ÈurU kIqf. df slyv tryz; The slave Trade; iek smyN slyv tryz bhuq vwD geI sI. jd ik ibRitn ivc slyvrI iel-lIgl sI pr 18vI sdI ivc bfhrly mulkF ivc bhuq vwD geI sI aqy iesy krky ibRitn aqy amrIkf nUM bhuq pRBfvq vI kIqf. muwZ ivc slyv ivst aPrIkf ivcoN ibRitÈ iÈpF ivc bVy gMdly mhOl ivc ilafey jFdy sn. Auh amrIkf aqy kYrIbIan dyÈF iljfey jFdy ijQy AunHF nUM qbfkU aqy AugfAux df kMm krvfieaf jFdf. AunHF nUM bhuq mfVy GrF ivc rwiKaf jFdf. ies duKdfeI hflq nUM BogidaF keI slyv qF nwTx lwgy aqy keI ny afpxy mflkF dy iKlfP bgfvq kr idqI. ibRitn ivc keI aYsy mnuwK vI sn ijnHF ny slyv tryz df ivroD kIqf. sMn 1700 ivc iek aYNtI-slyvrI gruwp bixaf aqy Ausny pfrlImYNt nUM bynqI kIqI ik aijhI tryz nUM bMd kr idqf jfvy. ivlIam ivlbrPors ijhVf eyivMjlIkn kirscIan aqy pfrlImYNt df mYNbr sI Ausny ies kfnUMn nUM bdlx vfsqy afpxf BrvF rol adf kIqf. sMn 1807 ivc Auh hor abolIÈinstF (ijhVy slyv tryz df ivroD krdy sn) nfl imlky lokF dI soc nUM slyv tryz dy ivroD ivc krn vfsqy bhuq kfmXfb hoieaf. sMn 1833 ivc ibRitÈ iÈpF aqy portF Aupr slyv nUM ilafAuNxf bMd ho igaf aqy iemfnsIpyÈn aYkt (slyvrI qoN Cutkfry vfl aYkt) pfs ho igaf aqy slyvrI sfry ibRitÈ iempfier ivcoN Kqm ho geI. roiel nyvI AunHF iÈpF nUM PVdI ijhVy slyv lY ky jFdy sn aqy slyv tryzrF nUM sKq qoN sKq sjfvF vI idMdy. sMn 1833 ivc koeI 2 imlIan vrkr ieMzIaF aqy cIn ivcoN mMgvfey qF ik slyv tryz nUM bMd kIqf jf sky.

Auh kYrIbIan dyÈ ivc gMny Augfx dy KyqF ivc kMm krdy; KfnF (mfeInj) ivc sfAUQ aPrIkf ivc aqy afrmI ivc kYnIaF ivc kMm krn lwgy. ‘ien 1807 iet bIkym iel-lIgl tU tryz slyvj ien ibRitÈ iÈp afr ibRitÈ ports aYNz ien 1833 df iemfnYsIpyÈn aYkt aboilÈz slyvrI QrUafAUt df ibRitÈ iempfier.’ df amrIkn vfr afP ieMzIpYnzYNs: The American war of Independence: sMn 1760 qwk nfrQ amrIkf ivc ibRitÈF dIaF bhuq kflonIaF sn. kflonIaF bhuq amIr aqy afAUnrj dy pUrIaF kMtrol ivc sn. kflonIaF dy keI mflk Dfrimk afjfdI vfsqy nfrQ amrIkf gey. Auh pVHy ilKy sn aqy afjfdI ivc ivÈvfs rKdy sn. ibRitÈ srkfr kflonIaF Aupr tYks Tokxf cfhuMdI sI. kflOnI dy mflkF ny afpxy Aupr iswDf hmlf smiJaf aqy ibRitÈ srkfr nUM ds idqf ik Auh AunHF icr tYks nhIN lf skdy ijMnF icr AunHF nUM pfrlImYNt 23 lfeIP ien df XU ky

df mYNbr nhIN bxfieaf jFdf. pfrlImYNt ny gwlbfq nfl kuJ tYks lfAUx dIaF koiÈÈF kIqIaF pr ieh JgVf vwDdf hI igaf. kflonIaF aqy ibRitÈ Porss ivckfr jMg iCV peI. sMn 1776 ivc 13 amrIkn kflonIj ny afjfdI df ibgl ies krky vjf idqf ik AunHF df rfj krn df afpxf hwk hY. sMn 1783 ivc kfloinst ny ibRitÈ Porss nUM ijwq ilaf aqy ibRitn ny kflonIaF nUM afjfd kr idqf. vfr ivd PrFs; War with France; 18vI sYNcrI durfn ibRitn ny PrFs nfl keI lVfeIaF lVIaF. sMn 1789 ivc PrFs ivc iek rYvUlUÈn afieaf aqy PrFs ny ibRitn dy iKlfP jMg df aYlfn kr idqf. inpolIan ijhVf PrFs df iemprr bixaf sI ny jMg nUM cflU rwiKaf. ibRitn dI nyvI ny PrFs aqy spYinÈ donF PlItF nfl lVI aqy sMn 1805 ‘df bYtl afP trfPflgr’ ijq leI. aYzmfeIrl inlsMn trfPflgr PlIt df ieMncfrj sI ijhVf lVfeI ivc mfiraf igaf. inlsMn df kolm (QMm) trfPflgr sukyar lMzn ivc AusdI Xfd ivc lfieaf igaf hY. Ausdf iÈp ‘aYc aYm aYs ivktrI’ nUM portsmfAUQ ivc vyiKaf jf skdf hY. ibRitÈ afrmIvI PirMc vfilaF nfl lVI. sMn 1815 ivc ‘bYtl afP vftrlU’ ivKy PrFs dI lVfeI Bfv iemprr inpolIan dI hfr nfl Kqm hoeI ijhVI izAUk afP ivilMgtn dI kmFz hyT lVI geI sI. ivilMgtn nUM ‘df afirn izAUk’ krky jfixaf jFdf hY ijhVf mgroN prfeIm minstr bixaf. df XUnIan PlYg; The Union Flag; hYnrI awT dy smyN afierlYNz ivc AuhI rfjf sI ijhVf Aus smyN ieMglYNz aqy vylj ivc sI pr afierlYNz afjfd kMtrI hI irhf. sMn 1801 afierlYNz: ieMglYNz, skftlYNz aqy vylj nfl rl igaf. ieMglYNz, skftlYNz, vylj aqy afierlYNz dy myl df ieko iek inÈfn XUnIan PlYg bixaf. ies nUM aksr ‘XnIan jYk’ afiKaf jFdf hY. PlYg Aupr krfiss ieMglYNz, skftlYNz aqy afierlYNz df inÈfn vjoN lfey gey hn. XU ky dy afPIÈl PlYg arky awj vI vriqaf jf irhf hY. df XUnIan PlYg Aupr iqMn krfiss hn: • df krfs afP syNt jorj pYtrn syNt afP ieMglYNz iej ey irwz krfs afn ey vfeIt grfAUNz .

• df krfs afP syNt aYnzrU pYtrn syNt afP skftlYNz iej ey zfiegnl vfeIt krfs afn ey iblU grfAUNz. df krfs afP syNt pYtirk pYtrn syNt afP afierlYNz iej ey zfiegnl irwz krfs afn ey vfeIt grfAUNz. iqMnF dyÈF dy krfs iml ky ‘XUnIan jYk’ bixaf hY. vylj df vI iek afPIÈl PlYg hY ijs Aupr zrYgn df inÈfn hY. ivlÈ PlYg dI zrYgn XUnIan jYk ivc nhIN hY ikAuNik XUnIan jYk iqafr krn qoN pihlF hI vylj ieMglYNz dy aDIn sI. df ivktorIan eyj: The Victorian Age; sMn 1837 ivc ikAUn ivktorIaF aTfrF sfl dI Aumr ivc XU ky rfxI bxI. Ausny pUry 64 sfl sMn 1901 qwk rfj kIqf. sMn 2013 qwk ies pusqk dy ilKx qwk dy smy qwk rfj krn leI ieh sB qoN vwz irjn sI. iesdy rfj nUM ivktorIan eyj ikhf jFdf hY. ies smyN qfkqvr ibRitn ny bfhrly mulk ivc bhuq kfmXfbI hfsl kIqI. XU ky aMdr imzl klfss dy suDfr vfsqy keI qrHF dIaF skImF clfeIaF geIaF qF ik grIb lokF nUM afriQk qOr Aupr KuÈhfl bxfieaf jf sky. df ibRitÈ iempfier: The British Empire: ivktorIan smyN ivc ibRitÈ iempfier sfry ieMzIaF, astrylIaF aqy aPrIkf dy iek vwzy pfrt Aupr kfbj ho igaf. ieh iempfier sfrI dunIaF ivcoN sB qoN vwzf iempfier sI ijsdI •

24 lfeIP ien df XU ky

pfpUlyÈn koeI 400 imlIan lokF dI sI. bhuq lokF nUM XU ky nUM Cwz ky bfhrly mulkF ivc rihx vfsqy AuqÈfhq kIqf jFdf irhf. sMn 1853 aqy sMn 1913 dy durfn koeI 13 imlIan ibRitÈ istIjn kMtrI Cwz gey sn. dunIaF dy hor dyÈF ivcoN lok ibRitn ivc afAuNdy rhy.

Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr sMn 1870 qoN lY ky sMn 1914 qwk koeI 120,000 rÈIan aqy poilÈ ijAUj prYsIkUÈn qoN bcx vfsqy eyQy afey. bhuq sfry lMzn dy ielfky eIst-ieMz aqy mfnicstr aqy lIz ivc jf vsy. iempfier ivc rihMdy keI mulkF ijvyN ieMzIaf aqy aPrIkf qoN dy lok ieQy pVHn jF kMm krn leI af gey. ‘ibtvIn 1853 aYNz 1913 aYj mYnI aYj 13 imlIan ibRitÈ istIjn ilPt df kMtrI.’ tryz aYNz ieMzstrI: Trade And Industry: ibRitn gryt tryizMg nyÈn bx igaf. srkfr PrI tryz dIaF keI qrHF dIaF poilsIaF ijvyN keI qrHF dy ieMmport tYks Gwt jF htfAuNx lwg peI. iek Audfhrx ijvy sMn 1846 ivc ‘rIpIilMg korn lfas’ (korn lfa nUM BMg krnf) afid. ies qrHF krn nfl swsqy dfxy afAuNxy bMd ho gey. ies suDfr nfl ibRitÈ ieMzstrI nUM qrwkI ies krky imlI ik kwcf mfl swsqy Bfa nfl dyÈ ivc afAuNx lwgy.

PYktrIaF ivc kfimaF dI hflq suDrI. sMn 1847 ivc aOrqF aqy bwcy kul ikMny GMty kMm kr skx leI idn dy 10 GMty nIXq kr idqy. Kfimaf vfsqy vDIaF Gr bxfey jfx lwgy.

Trfsport ilMk bxfieaf igaf qF smfn aqy lokF vfsqy afvfjfeI sOKI ho jfvy. ies qoN pihlF ik ivktorIaF rfxI bxy ipqf aqy puwqr jorj aqy rfbrt stIPnsMn ny ryl df ieMjn iqafr kIqf sI aqy ivktorIaF eyj ivc rylvy lfeInf df jfl ivCfieaf igaf. sfry ibRitÈ iempfier ivc rylvy clfeI geI. hor vI keI pfisE qoN qrwkI hoeI ijvyN ieMnjInIar iesfmbrz ny keI birwj bxvfey. iesfmbrz ikMgzMm brUnyl (1806-59): Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-59) brUnyl portsmfAUQ (ieMglYNz) qoN afieaf sI. Auh iek ienjInIar sI ijs ny twnls, birwijj, rylvy lfeInj aqy iÈp bxfey sn. gryt ivstrn rylvy nUM bxfAUNxf AusdI ijMmydfrI sI. ijhVI ibRitn ivc sB qoN pihlI aqy vwzI rylvy lfeIn sI. ieh lMzn dy pfizMgtn styÈn qoN ÈurU ho ky sfAUQ ivst afP ieMglYNz, ivst imzlYNz aqy vylj qwk ivCfeI geI sI. brUnyl vloN bxfey gey keI birwj lokI ajy vI vrqdy hn. ‘df kilPtn swspYnÈn birwj, zIjfeInz bfeI iesfmbrz ikMgzMm brUnyl spYinMg df aYvwn jorj.’

19vIN sdI ivc ibRitÈ ieMzstrI ny sfrI dunIaF ivc pRBfv pfieaf hoieaf sI. dunIaF Br ivc bxfieaf jFdf lohf kwiZaf jFdf kolf aqy kOtn klfQ df awDf ihwsf XU ky ivc bxfieaf jFdf. XU ky iek afriQk mMzI bx geI sI. sMn 1851 ivc iek sB qoN vwzI aYgjIbIÈn ijs ivc mÈInF, stIl aqy glfs nfl bxIaF ibMlizMgF, hwQF nfl bxfey pdfrQ kirstl pflys ivc hfeIz pfrk ivKy rwKy gey. hor dyÈF ny vI smfn rwiKaf pr bhuqf ibRitn df hI mfl aYgijpt kIqf igaf sI. df krImIan vfr: The Crimean war: sMn 1853 qoN sMn 1856 qwk ibRitn ny trkI aqy PrFs nfl rl ky krImIan vfr rÈIaF dy ivruwD lVI. ieh pihlI jMg sI ijsnUM mIzIaF ny KbrF, PotoaF aqy jMg dIaF storIaF nfl KUb prcfiraf. hflq bhuq gMBIr sn aqy bhuq sfry solIjIarj ibmfrI nfl mr gey ikAuNik Auh lVfeI dy mYdfn nfloN hspqflF dy BYVy pRbMDF kfrn mfry gey. ikAUn ibktorIaF ny ies lVfeI ivc bhfdrI ivKfAuNx vfilaF vfsqy ivktorIaF krfs dyx df asYlfn kIqf. ieh krfs POjIaF dI vIrqf dI pRsMsF krn vfsqy idqf jFdf sI. PloirMs nfeIitMgyl (1820-1910): Florence Nightingale (1820- 1910): PloirMs nfeIiTMgyl ieMgilÈ mfipaF dy Gr ietlI ivc pYdf hoeI sI. 31 sfl dI Aumr ivc Auh jrmn ivc jfky nrs bxI. sMn 1854 ivc Auh trkI ivc jfky imltrI hspqfl ivc geI aqy AunHF 25 lfeIP ien df XU ky

jKmIM POjIaF df ielfj krn lwgI ijhVy krImIan vfr ivc jKmIM huMdy. Ausny aqy AusdIaF sfQx nrsF ny hspqfl ivc nYqkqf df bhuq suDfr kIqf. sMn 1860 ivc syNt Qfms hspqfl lMzn ivc Ausny nrsF nUM tryNz krnf arMiBaf. Ieh afpxy qrHF df pihlF skUl sI aqy ajy vI nrsF nfeIitMgyl dy afDfr Aupr hI nrsF nUM tryNz kIqf jFdf hY. nfeIitMgyl nUM mfzrn nrisMg df PfAUNzr jfixaf jFdf hY. afierlYNz ien df 19vI sYNcrI ivc: Ireland in the 19th Century: ijMny hflq cMgy XU ky hor BfgF ivc sn Auqny cMgy hflq afierlYNz ivc nhIN sn. do iqhfeI lok isrP KyqI vfVI df ikwqf hI krdy sn ijhVy CotIaF CotIaF jmInF dy mflk sn. bhuq lokF df gujfrf aflUaF Aupr inrBr sI. sdI dy awD ivc aflUaF dI KyqI kudrq dI mfr nfl Krfb ho jfx kfrn dyÈ ivc kfl pY igaf. koeI iek lwK lok BuwK aqy ibmfrI nfl mfry gey aqy koeI zyZ ku lwK hI dyÈ coN bfhr cly igaf. keI XUnfitz styts nUM cly gey aqy bfkI ieMglYNz af gey. sMn 12861 qwk ilvrpUl, lMzn, mfnicstr aqy glfsgo vrgy ÈihrF ivc bhuq afieirÈ lok afx ky rihx lwgy.

19vI sdI ivc df afieirÈ nYÈnl mUvmYNt pYdf hoeI. ijvYN PYmIan pUrI afjfdI chuMdy sn aqy keI ijvyN cfrl stUart parinl hom-rOl chuMdf sI ijs krky afierlYNz iXU ky ivc rhy aqy afpxI pfrlImYNt bxfvy. df rfeIt tU vot: The Right To Vote: amIr imzl klfs dy lokF df ÈihrF ivc bhuq asr rsUK sI aqy Auh afpxy hwQF ivc hor rfjnIqk pfvr lYxy chuMdy sn. ‘df rIpfrm aYkt afP 1832’ anusfr vot pfAux vfilaF dI igxqI vwD geI sI. ies df aYkt ny prfxy ‘pfkt aqy rOtn bOros’ nUM Kqm kr idqf sI. (pfTk jI Xfd rhy ik ‘pfkt bOro’ Auh huMdIaF hn ijhVIaF iksy iek amIr afdmI dy hukm nfl cldIaF hn aqy ‘rOtn bOro’ Auh huMdIaF ijnHF ivc msF igxqI dy votr rihMdy hox) aqy pfrlImYNt vfsqy ÈihrF aqy tfAUnF vfsqy hor sItF rfKvIaF kIqIaF geIaF. ies qrHF pwkI qrHF rfjnIqk pfvr ivc bdlfE afieaf ijhVf kMtrI sfeIz qoN ijhVf tfAUnF vwl ho igaf pr vot ajy vI amIr lok hI pf skdy sn. ies mqlb ik vrikMg klfs dy lokI vot nhIN sn pf skdy. ijhVy afm lok ibnHF prfprtI vfly aqy kfmy lok hn AunHF dI vot bxfAuNx vfsqy iek muihMm cl peI. ijhVy Ies gwl nUM cuwkx vfly sn AunHF nUM cYirst ikhf jfx lwgf ijnHF ny pfrlImYNt nUM iek prtIÈn Br ky idqf. pihlF lgdf sI ik Auh kfmXfb nhIN hoxgy pr sMn 1867 ivc iek hor ‘rIPfrm aYkt’ bixaf. aqy ies nfl arbn ielfky pfrlImYNt vfsqy hor aYm pIj dIaF sItF df aYlfn hoieaf aqy vot pfAux vfilaF dI prfprtI dI sImF bhuq Gtf idqI. pr iPr mjortI lok vot nhIN sn pf skdy pr voimn qF vot pf hI nhIN sI skdI. ijafdf votF bxn nfl polotIÈn nUM hux iPkr lwg igaf ik AunHF ny ijafdf vot lYx vfsqy bhuq lokF nUM kMnvYNs krn dI loV pYxI hY. rfjnIqk pfrtIaF bhuq lokF nfl sMprk krn vfsqy keI qrHF dy hwQ kMzy vrqx lwg pey. XUnIvrsl ‘sPryj’ (df rfeIt afP aYvrI azwlt myl afr voimn tU vot) aglI sYNcrI ivc vI krmÈIl hoey. ‘ien 1867 dyar vfj aYnadr aYkt. ids krIeytz mYnI mor arbn sIts ien pfrlImYNt aYNz rIizAUs df amfAUt afP prfprtI dYt ipAUpl nIzz tU hYv bIPor dyh kuwz vot.’ hor XUrpIan mulkF nfloN ibRitn dI pfrlImYNt ivc voimnF nUM mrdF nfloN bhuq Gwt hwk sn. sMn 1870 qwk jd koeI aOrq ivafh krvfAuNdI sI qF AusdI sfrI kmfeI, prfprtI aqy sfry pYsy Ausdy Gr vfly dy ho jFdy sn sMn 1870 aqy 1882 dy pfrlImYNt dy aYkt anusfr voimnF nUM afpxI kmfeI aqy prfprtI rwKx dy aiDkfr iml gey sn. 19vI sdI dy aMq aqy vIhvIN sdI dy arMB ivc bhuq aOrqF ny afpxy hwk hor vDfAux vfsqy keI Xqn kIqy Kfs krky ik AunHF nUM vot pfAuNx df hwk idqf jfvy. AunHF ny ‘voimn swPryj mUvmYNt’ clfeI aqy Auh ‘swPrygyitz’ khfAux lwgIaF. 26 lfeIP ien df XU ky

aYmylfeIn pYNkhrst (1858- 1928): Emmeline Pankhurst (1858- 1928): sMn 1858 ivc aYmylfeIn pYNkhrst mfnicstr ivc jnmI.sMn 1858 ivc Ausny voimn PrYcfeIj lIg bxfeI. ies lIg ny ivafhuqf aOrqF nUM lokl alYikÈn ivc ijqfAux vfsqy bhuq koiÈÈF kIqIaF. sMn 1903 Ausny voimn vfsqy Èosl aqy puiltIkl XUnIan bxfeI (WSPU) ieh pihlF gruwp sI ijnHF nUN swPrygyitz ikhf jFdf sI. gruwp ny isvl izsEbIzIieMs df hwQ kMzf afpxy hwk prfpq krn vfsqy vriqaf. AunHF ny afpxy afp nUM iekwiTaf krky QF QF GrF hwtIaF dy ÈIÈy qoVy aqy sVkF Aupr AUDm mcfieaf. aYmylfeIn dy nfl keI aOrqF ny BuwK hVqfl kIqI. sMn 1918 aOrqF ny pihlI ivÈv jMg ivc mdd kIqI sI, Aus dy afDfr Aupr aOrqF nUM 30 sfl qoN Aumr vflIaF nUM vot pfAUx df aiDkfr idqf aqy pfrlImYNt vfsqy cox lVn df vI aiDkfr idqf. sMn 1928 aYmylfeIn dI mOq qoN QoVf icr pihlF aOrqF nUM mrdF dI Aumr anusfr 21 sfl dI Aumr vflIaF nUM vI vot pfAux df hwk iml igaf. df iPAucr afP df iempfier: The Future Of The Empire: Bfvy sMn 1920 qwk qwk ibRitÈ iempfier vwDdf igaf pr lyt 190vIN sdI ivc keI vfr ies dy iPAucr bfry keI gwlF ivcfrIaF jf rhIaF sn. iempfgier nUM vDfAux cfhvfn kihMdy sn ik iempfier kfrn ibRitn df vpfr bhuq vDdf hY. keI hor socdy sn ik iempfier bhuq vwz ho igaf aqy sFbxf muÈkl ho irhf hY iempfier keI mulkF ivc musIbqf inwq vwD rhIaF hn ijvyN ieMzIaF, nfrQ ivst PrMtIar afr sfAUQ aPrIkf ivcoN hor kuJ nhIN prfpq hox vflf. mjOrtI lok hfly vI iempfier nUM cMgf smJdy sn. sMn 1899 qoN 1902 df boar vfr ny iempfier bfry muV ivcfr krn vfsqy mjbUr kr idqf. ibRitÈ sfAUQ aPrIkf ivc nYdrlYNz qoN sYtlrs ijnHF nUM ‘boar’ kihMdy sI, nfl lVn lwgy. boar ny bhuq Gsmfn XuwD liVaf aqy ieh lVfeI iqMn sfl lwgI rhI. lVfeI ivc bhuq bMNdy mry aqy keI ibmfrI nfl mr gey. boierj nfl sQfnk lok vI sn ies krky keI isafxy socx lwg pey ik kI iempfier vDfAuNxf cfhIdf hY jF nhIN. Jd iempfier dy keI ihisaf ny qrwkI kIqI qF AunHF ny ibRitn koloN afjfI aqy svY-rfj krn df hwk lY ilaf. iePfk nfl 20vI sdI dy dUjy ihwsy ivc iempfier dy keI mulkF nUM kfmnvYlQ ivc joV ilaf igaf ijnHF nU vI afjfd kIqf igaf sI. ‘df boar vfr afP 1899 tU 1902 myz df izskMÈnj abfAUt df iPAUcr afP iempfier mor arijMt.’ ruwzXfrz ikpilMn (1865-1936): Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936): sMn 1865 ivc ruwzXfrz ikpilMg ieMzIaF ivc pYdf hoieaf aqy ieMzIaF, XU ky aqy XU aYs ey ivc irhf. Ausny XU ky aqy ieMzIaF bfry poiemj ilKIaF. AusdIaF poiemj aqy nfvlF ivcoN piVHaf jFdf hY ik ibRitÈ sdf leI ieMzIaF ivc rihxgy. sMn 1907 ivc AusnUM iltrycr df nobl prfeIj idqf igaf. AusdIaF kivqfvF ‘df jst 50 storIj aqy df jMgl buwk ijhVI ajy vI bhuq mÈhUr hY. AusdIaF ijhVIaF poiemj ijhVIaF ajy vI bhuq sulfhIaF jFdIaF hn AunHF dIaF lfeInF hyT ilKy qrHF hn. ieP XU kYn kIp XUar hYz ivn afl abfAUt XU afr lUijMg dyar aYNz blyimMg iet afn XU. ieP XU kYn trwst XUrislP ivn afl imn zfAUt XU bwt myk alfAUisMs Pfr dyar zfAUitMg tU. ieP XU kYn vyt aYNz nft bI tfierz bfeI vyitMg afr bIieMg lfeIz abfAUt zFt zIl ien lfeIj afr bIieMg hytz zFt igv vya tU hyitMg aYNz ijt zFt luwk tU guwz nfr tfk tU vfeIj (ieP, ruwzIXfrz ikpilMg) cYk dYt XU aMzrstYNz: 27 lfeIP ien df XU ky

df cyNj ien df bYlys afP pfvr ibtvIn pfrlImYNt aYNz mnfrkI. ivn aYNz vfeI skftlYNz joafienz ieMglYNz aYNz vylj tU bIkMm gryt ibRitn. df rIjnj Pfr ey irbIlIan ien skftlYNz lYz bfeI bonI pirMs cfrlI. df afeIzIafj afP df ienlfeItnmYNt. df ieMmpfrtYNs afP df ieMzstrIal rYvUlUÈn aYNz zivlpmYNt afP ieMzstrI. df slyv tryz aYNz ivn iet vfj abOilÈz. df groQ afP df ibRitÈ ieMmpfier. hO zYmokrysI zIvlpz zUirMg ids pIeIarz.

00 df 20vI sYNcrI: The 20th Century: df Pst vrlz vfr: The First World War: df arlI 20vIN sdI ivc ibRitn df smF bhuq afÈfvfdI sI. iek bhuq vwzy aqy mihMgy ieMmpfier, bhuq vDIaF nyvI, vwD rhI ieMzstrI, vDIaf rfjnIqk ZFcf, ijs nUM globl qOr Aupr iek suprpfvr ikhf jFdf sI. ies smyN soÈl prfgrYs vI bhuq hoeI sI. ijhVf aniemplfeIz huMdf sI AusnUM Bwqf imldf sI, buwiZaf nUM pYnÈn lwgI, skUlF ivc bwicaF nUM PrI mIl idqf jfx lwgf kuJ aijhIaF Kfs gwlF nUM sQfpq kIqf igaf. kMmF kfrF leI kfimaF dI syPtI vfsqy nvyN kfnUMn, ÈihrF leI nkÈy iqafr kIqy gey, agy qoN ÈihrF ivc gMdgI nf PYly aqy zIvors aqy sYpryÈn qoN bfad mfvF aqy bwicaF vfsqy Kfs mwddF df ieMqjfm kIqf igaf. lokl gvrnmYNt nUM cuixaf jfx lwgf aqy aYm pIj nUM qnKfhF idqIaF jfx lwgIaF qF ik ijafdf qoN ijafdf lokI rfjnIqI ivc af jfx. aijhf vDIaf pRbMD jd XUrpIan dyÈF ivc lVfeIaF iCViaF qF lwg Bg Kqm hI ho igaf. 28 jUn 1914 afstrIaf dy afrcizAUk PrFj PrzInMd nUM kql kr idaf igaf. ies kfrn krky lVfeI vDdI vDdI Pst vrlz vfr (1914-1918) ÈurU ho geI. Pst vrlz df iek kfrn hor vI ieh sI XUrp ivc nYÈnilXm df bhuq rOlf pY igaf. ijs krky imltrIiejm, ieMpIUarilXm kfrn XurpIan do ihisaf ivc vMizaf igaf. dony ihwsf iek dUjy dy ivruwD ivc lVn lwgy aqy Pst vrlz vfr df sYNtr XUrp bx igaf pr ieh iek globl vfr sI ijhVI sfrI dunIaF ivc PYl geI. ibRitn nfl keI dyÈF dIaF alfeIzz pfvr sI ijvyN PrFs, rÈIaF, jfpfn, bYljIam, srbIaF aqy mgroN grIs, ietlI, rumfnIaF aqy XUnfeIitz styts vI nfl rl igaf sI. sfrf ibRitÈ ieMmpfier hI lVfeI ivc Ps igaf Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr koeI lwK ku ieMzIan afrmI ibRitÈF vfsqy keI dyÈF ivc lVI aqy koeI 40,000 lok mry ijhVy ivst ieMzIj, aPrIkf astrylIaF, inAUjIlYNz aqy kYnyzf dI afrmI vI ibRitÈF nfl lVy. alfeIz sYtrl pvfr ijvyN jrmnI, df afsto-hMgyrIan iempfier df aotomYn iempfier aqy blgfrIaF nfl lVy. lwKF lok mry aqy jKmI hoey ijnHF ivc do imlIan qF isrP ies iek vfr ivc ibRitÈ kYjUaYltI hoeI. ibRitÈ atYk sOmI Aupr sMn 1916 ivc pihly idn ivc hI 60,000 ibRitÈ kYjUaYltI hoeI. Pst vrlx vfr sMn 1918 nvMbr ivc svyry 11 vjy Kqm hoeI ijs ivc ibRitÈ aqy alfeIz dI ijwq hoeI. df pfrtIÈn afP afierlYNz: The partition of Ireland: sMn 1913 ivc ibRitÈ gvrnmYNt ny afierlYNz nUM ‘hom rUl’ vfsqy afpxf vfiedf idqf. prpojl ieh sI ik afierlYNz afpxI pfrlImYNt bxfvygf pry XU ky df hI ihwsf rhygf. ‘homrUl’ ibl pfrlImYNt ivc pyÈ kIqf igaf. nfrQ afierlYNz ivc ieh protYstYNtF vlo Aupoj kIqf igaf. ijnHF ny ‘hom-rUl’ nUM qfkq nfl nf pfs hox dI DmkI idqI. Pst vrlz vfr iCV jfx krky ibRitÈ gvrnmYNt ny ies bfry iKafl krnf Cz idqf. afieirÈ nYÈnilst ieMqjfr krnf nhIN chuMdy sn aqy sMn 1916 ivc afieirÈF ny zbiln ivc ibRitÈ gvrnmYNt dy ivruwD bgfvq kr idqI ijsnUM ‘df eIstr awp-rfeIijMg’ kihMdy sn. imltrI lfa dy aDIn awp-rfeIj’ krn vfly lIzrF nUM PFsI Aupr ltkf idqf igaf. iPr afierlYNz ivc ibRitÈ afrmI aqy pulIs ivruwD gurIlf-vfr iCV peI. sMn 1921 ivc iek pIs-trItI’ sfeInz kIqI aqy sMn 1922 afierlYNz do kMtrIaF bx igaf. nfrQ ivc kul Cy kONtIaF ijs ivc protYstYNt rihMdy • • • • • • • •

28 lfeIP ien df XU ky

sn XU ky nfl rhIaF aqy ijs df nfm ‘ndrn afierlYNz’ rwiKaf igaf. bfkI df ihwsf isrP ‘afieirÈ PrI styt’ khfieaf igaf. ies ihwsy dI afpxI gvrnmYNt sI aqy sMn 1949 ivc rIpbilk bx igaf. afierlYNz dy donF ihisaf ivc keI aYsy vI lok sn ijhVy nfrQ aqy sfAUQ afierlYNz dy do ihwsy bxfAUNxy nhIN chuMdy sn. Auh ajy vI afierlYNz nUM iek afjfd kMtrI vyKxf chuMdy sn. ies qrHF sflF bwDI mq-Byd kfrn ndrn afierlYNz aqy hor QfvF Aupr tYrr GtnfvF hox lwgIaF. ijhVy iek afjfd kMtrI chuMdy sn aqy ijhVy XU ky nfl rihxf chuMdy sn AunHF dy afps ivcI Psfd nUM ‘trwbl’ kihMdy sn. df ieMtr-vfr pIarz: The Inter-war Period: sMn 1920 ivc bhuqy lokF df rihx sihx cMgf ho igaf. bhuqy ÈihrF ivc nvyN Gr bxfey gey aqy purfxy GrF dI iemprUvmYNt kIqI geI. Bfvy kuJ vI sMn 1929 ivc dunIaF ivc mMdhflI PYl geI aqy XU ky dy kuJ QfvF ivc byrujgfrI vwD geI. sMn 1930 ivc PYlI mMdhflI XU ky dy keI QfvF Aupr Gwt vwD ipaf. ‘iÈp-ibMlizMg’ ijhVI muwK ieMzstrI sI Ausdf kMm mwTf pY igaf aqy hor ieMzstrI ijvy kfrF bxfAuNx df kMm, aYroplyn bxfAux df kMm vwD igaf. jd kImqF igr geIaF qF ijhVy kMm krdy sn AunHF kol Krcx vfsqy ‘mor-mnI’ ho geI. sMn 1930 aqy sMn 1939 ivc koeI iek imlIan qoN do imlIan lok kfrF dy mflk bx gey aqy keI nvyN Gr Ausfry gey. grfhfm grIn aqy aYviln vfhg vrgy rfeItrF ny afpxIaF ilKqF rfhIN ies smyN klcr nUM vI bhuq viDaf. afriQk bfry ilKx vflf jOhn mynfrz kIan ny afriQk msilaF nUM hwl krn vfsqy keI nvIaF iQAUrIaF ilKIaF. sMn 1922 ivc bI bI sI ryzIE arMB ho igaf. sMn 1936 ivc vrlz rYgUlr tYlIvIjn srivs vI arMB hoeI. df sYikMz vrlz vfr: The Second World war: sMn 1933 ivc jrmnI ivc azwlP ihtlr pfvr ivc afieaf. Ausdf ivcfr sI ik Pst vrlz vfr smyN alfeIz ny jo pfbMdIaF Aus jrmn Aupr lfeIaF hn Auh jfiej nhIN hn. Auh jrmn lokF vfsqy hor mulkF nUM afpxy aDIn krnf chuMdf sI. Auh trItIaF nUM muV ky nfgoÈIeyÈn krn lwgf. jMgI smfn vI DVf DV bxfAuNx lwg ipaf. aqy afpxI qfkq nUM lfgy Èfgy mulkF Aupr ajmfAuNx lwgf. ibRitÈF ny hor lVfeI nUM tflxf cfihaf. Jd sMn 1939 ivc jrmn ny polYNz nUM ijwq ilaf qF ibRitn aqy PrFs ny rl ky Aus Aupr hmlf kr idqf.

Aus smy lVfeI isrP, aYikss pfvr (Pfsitst jrmnI aqy ietlI aqy iempfier afP jfpfn iek pfsy) aqy alfeIz ivckfr sI. XU ky dy alfeIz dyÈ sn ijvyN PrFs, polYNz, astrylIaF, inAUjIlYNz, kynyzf aqy XUnIan afP sfAUQ aPrIkf. afstrIaf aqy cYkoslfvIaF nUM kbjy ivc lY ky ihtlr ny iPr polYNz dy cVfeI krn qoN pihlF bYljIam aqy nYdrlYNz nUM vI kbjy ivc ilaf. iPr sMn 1940 ivc jrmn vfilaF ny alfeIz nUM hrf idqf aqy PrFs QfxI awgy vDy. aijhy muÈklF Bry smyN ivc ivnstn cricl prfeIm minstr aqy jMg df ispfh islfr bixaf. jd PrFs jrmn dy aDIn ho igaf qF ibRitÈF ny PrFs ivcoN ibRitÈ aqy PrFs dy POjI iek bhuq vwzy nyvl vYsl nfl PrFs qoN bfhr kwZ ley. keI mwCyiraF dIaF byVIaF nfl aqy hor sfDnf nfl koeI 300,000 zMnkrk dy bIcF ivcoN bfhr kwZ ley gey. ies durfn bhuq jfnF aqy jMgI smfn df nuksfn hoieaf. ijhVy POjI bfhr kwZ ley gey AunHF nfl ibRitn muV ky jrmn nfl lVn dy kfbl ho igaf. ies bcfE vfly AupryÈn nUM ‘df zMnkrk siprt’ kihMdy hn. sMn 1940 dy jUn mhIny dy aMq ivc sMn 1941 jUn qwk jd jrmn rÈIaF nfl lV irhf sI. Aus smyN iempfier aqy ibRitn iekwlf hI nfjI jrmnI nfl liVaf. ihltr ibRitn nUM ijwqxf chuMdf sI, ies qoN pihlF ik Auh trUp ieMglYNz nUM gwly Auh bfeI eyar kMtrol hfsl krnf chuMdf sI. jrmn ny ibRitn Aupr bhuq bMb suwty pr ibRitn dy jMgI hvfeI jhfjF ny jrmnF dy pyÈ nf jfx idqI aqy jrmn dy eyar bYtl nUM ijwq ilaf. ijsnUM ‘bYtl afP ibRitn’ ikhf jFdf hY. sMn 1940 dI smr ivc ijhVy Kfs hvfeI jhfjF 29 lfeIP ien df XU ky

nUM vriqaF igaf sI AunHF dy nfm sn ‘df sipt Pfeir’ aqy ‘hrIkyn’ afid sn ijhVy ibRitn ivc hI zIjfeIn krky aqy bxfey gey sn. eyny kMtrol qoN bfad vI jrmn hvfeI jhfj rfq vyly lMzn aqy hor ÈihrF ivc bMb suwtx ivc kfmXfb huMdy rhy. ies aYkÈn nUM ‘biltj’ kihMdy hn. kvYtrI nUM iblkul Zfh ZyrI kr idqf igaf sI pr hor ÈihrF df vI bhuq nuksfn kIqf igaf Kfs krky lMzn df ielfkf ‘eIst ieMz’ nUM. eyny nuksfn qoN bfad vI XU ky dy lokF ivc jrmn dy ivruwD ivc bhuq joÈ pfieaf jfx lwgf. ‘df biltj siprt’ nUM ibRitn dI qrwkI vfsqy awj vI vriqaf jFdf hY. ivnstn cricl (1874-1965): Winston Churchill : (1874-1965): ‘ivnstn cricl ibst non Pfr ihj lIzriÈp afP df XU ky zUirMg df sYkMz vrlz vfr’ cricl iek rfjnIqk lIzr df puwqr sI sMn 1900 ivc kMnjrvyitv dy aYm pIj bnx qoN pihlF Auh iek POjI aqy jrnilst vI sI. meI sMn 1940 Auh prfeIm minstr bxy. Ausny nfjIaF nUM afpxf afp surMzr nhIN kIqf aqy aOKy smyN ivc Auh ibRitÈ lokF vfsqy iek pryrnf sroq nyqf bixaf. sMn 1945 ivc Auh jnrl ailkÈn hfr igaf pr sMn 1951 ivc iPr prfeIm minstr bixaf.

Auh EnF icr aYm pIj irhf ijMnF icr sMn 1964 ivc Auh ailkÈn ivc cox lVn leI nhIN KiVaf. sMn 1965 ivc AusdI mOq qoN bfad Ausdf afdr nfl styt iPAUnrl kIqf igaf. awj qwk Ausdy kMmF dI pRsMsF kIqI jFdI hY aqy sMn 2002 ivc AusnUM ‘df grytYst ibRitn afP afl tfeImj’ df iKqfb idqf igaf. lVfeI dy durfn Ausny bhuq DVwlydfr spIcF kIqIaF ijnHF nUM qusIN awj vI sux skdy ho. ijvyN: ‘afeI hYv niqMg tU afPr bwt blwz, toafiel, tIarj aaYNz svYt’ ---myry kol Kun krVI imhnq, hMJUaF aqy psIny qoN ibnHF hor kuJ dyx vfsqy nhIN hY. sMn 1940 ivc cricl jd prfeIm minstr bixaf qF AusdI hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc pihlI spIc dy kuJ aMÈ pVHo; ‘vI ÈYl PfeIt afn df bIcc, vI ÈYl PfeIt afn df lYNizMg grfAUzj, vI ÈYl PfeIt ien df PIlzj aYNz ien df strItj, vI ÈYl PfeIt ien df ihwlj, vI ÈYl nYvr surMzr .’ (sMn 1940 zMnkrk bIcc Aupr ho rhI lVfeI smyN dI hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc spIc dy bol) ‘nYvr ien df PIlz afP ihAUmn kMnPilkt vfj so mwc Eaz bfeI so mYnI tU so iPAU’ sMn 1940 ivc hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc spIc jd bYtl ‘afP ibRitn’ smyN.jd ibRitn nUM zIiPMz krdf sI TIk Ausy smyN ibRitÈ imltrI ‘aYikss nfl aqy hor PrMtF Aupr vI lVdI sI. isMGFpur ivc jfpfnIaF ny ibRitÈF nUM hrfieaf aqy iPr brmf nUM kbjy ivc lY ky ieMzIaF nUM vI vMgfiraf. dsMbr sMn 1941 ivc jd jfpfn ny amrIkf dy bys ‘prl hfrbr’ Aupr bMb suwt idqf qF amrIkF vI lVfeI ivc kuwd ipaf. iesy sfl ivc ihtlr ny sovIaq XUnIan Aupr hmlf kr idqf ijhVf ieqhfs ivc sB qoN vwD jbrdsq hmlf sI. bhuq Gsmfn df XuwD hoieaf aqy donF pfisaF df bhuq nuksfn hoieaf. sovIaqF dI POj ny jrmn POjF nUM ipCy nUM Dkyl idqf aqy jrmnF dy gV df BfrI nuksfn vI hoieaf. nfrQ aPrIkf aqy ietlI dIaF ijwqF ijwq ky alfeIz Porss df hux hwQ jrmnF dy Aupr sI. jrmn sovIaq ivc vI hfr gey. ie vfr sovIaq dI support amrIkf ny kIqI sI. ies df Bfv ik alfeIz hux bhuq qkVy ho gey ik Auh ivstrn XUrp ivc ihltr dI qfkq nUM hrf skxgy. 6 jUn sMn 1944 ivc alfeIz Porss nfrmMzI ivc Auqry (ies sfky nUM ‘zI-zya’ ikhf jFdf hY nfrmMzI dy 30 lfeIP ien df XU ky

bIcF AUpr ijwq qoN bfad alfeIz porss PrFs QfxI jrmn phuMc geIaF. sMn 1945 ivc alfeIz Porss ny jrmn nUM pqkI qrHF hfr idqI. jfpfn dy iKlfP jMg agsq 1945 ivc amrIkF ny afpxf nvF bxfieaf, hIroÈImF aqy nfgfsfkI ÈihrF Aupr suwitaf. arinst rwdrPorz dI sfieMsdfnF dI tIm ivc mfncYstr aqy kYmbirj XUnIvristI dy pihly do sfieMsdfn sn ijnHF pihlF ‘spilt df aYtm’ kIqy aqy mYnhYtn amrIkf ivc jf ky aYtm bMb bxfieaf. afiKrkfr lVfeI Kqm ho geI. aYlMgjMzr PlYimMg (1881-1955): Alexander Fleming(1881-1955): skftlYNz ivc jMimaf aqy tIneyj ivc lMzn cly igaf ijQy Aus ny zfktrI pfs kIqI. sMn 1928 ivc Auh ienPlUMjf (df PlU) bfry rIsrc krdf sI jd Ausny ipnsilMn dI kfZ kwZI. ijsnU agy jf ky sfieMsdfnF ijvyN hOvrz PlorI aqy arinst cyan ny hor zIvlpz kIqf. sMn 1940 ivc ipnsilMn DVf DV bxfieaf igaf aqy sMn 1945 ivc pLYimMg nUM mYzIkl ivc nobl prfeIj imilaf. ipnsilMn aj vI bYktyrIal ieniPkÈn vfsqy vriqaf jFdf hY. cYk df XU aMzrstYNz; • vwt hYpnz zUirMg df Pst vrlz vfr.

• df pfrtIÈn afP afierlYNz aYNz df iestybilÈmYNt afP df XU ky aYj iet ieh tuzya • df aYivMts afP df sYkMz vrlz vfr 00 ibRitn isMs 1945: Britain since 1945: df ivlPyar styt; The Welfare State: BfvyN XU ky jMg ijwq leI pr kMtrI afriQk pKoN bhuq kmjor ho geI sI. lok bdlfv chuMdy sn. lVfeI durfn aYjUkyÈn bfry bhuq nvyN nvyN ZMg Aupnfey gey aqy lokI hux vfeIzr soÈl rIPfrm chuMdy sn. sMn 1945 ivc lokF ny lybr gvrnmYNt cuI. nvF prfeIm minstr klImYNt aYtlI bixaf. ijsny bIvirwj irport rfhIN nvyN ivlPyar issitm bxfAuNx df Brosf idqf sI. sMn 1948 ivc aYinAUirn (Aneurin) (Nye) bIvyn hYlQ minstr ny nYÈnl hYlQ srivs ÈurU kIqI aqy sfiraF dI muPq hYlQ nUM bxfeI rwKx df pRsqfv pfs hoieaf. nYÈnl issitm afP bYnIiPt ‘soÈl suikAuirtI’ idqy jfx lwgy qF ik pfpUlyÈn ‘kryizl tU df gryv’ qwk protYkÈn iml sky.

Rylvy, kol-mfeInj, gYs, vftr aqy ibjlI nUM nYÈnlfeIj kIqf igaf. sMn 1947 kflOnIaF nUM islP-gvrn dy hwk dy idqy gey. ieMzIaF, pfiksqfn aqy sIlon(sRI lMkf) dy nfl nfl nON kMtrIaF aqy aPrIkF dIaF keI kflonIaF nUM afjfd kr idqf igaf. kYrIbIan aqy pYsyiPk nUM agly 20 sflF ivc afjfd kIqf igaf.

XU ky ny afpxf inAUklIr bMb iqafr kIqf aqy ‘nfrQ aYtlYitk trItI afrgynfeIjyÈn (NATO) ivc Èfml ho gey. keI kOmF nfl myl imlfp kIqf igaf qF ik sovIaq XUnIan nfl tfkrf kIqf jf sky. sMn 1951 qoN sMn 1964 qwk ibRitn ivc kMnjrvyitv gvrnrmYNt rhI. sMn 1950 bhuq KuÈhfl mulk irhf jd ik jMgF qoN bfad afriQk qOr Aupr bhuq qrwkI hoeI aqy lokF dy kMmF kfrF vfsqy bhuq shUlqF imlIaF. Aus smyN dy prfeIm minstr ‘hfrolz mYkimln’ Aus smyN ‘ivMz afP cyNj’ ijhI spIc nfl bhuq mÈhUr hoieaf aqy Aus ny iempfier dy keI hor mulkF nUM afjfd kr idqf. klImYNt aYtlI (1883-1967): Clement Attlee (1883-1967): sMn 1883 ivc klImYNt aYtlI lMzn ivc jnimaF. Ausdf ipqf suilstr sI aqy aYtlI ny afksPorz XUnIvristI ivc pVHidaF birstr bx igaf. Aus ny afpxf soÈl vrk Cwz ky eIst lMzn ivc lybr df aYm pI bx igaf. Auh ivnstn cricl df vfr tfeIm smyN kolIÈn gvrnmYNt df izptI prfeIm minstr huMdf sI. Auh sMn 1945 qoN sMn 1951 prfeIm minstr sI aqy Auh lybr pfrtI 31 lfeIP ien df XU ky

df pUry 20 sfl lIzr irhf.ijvyN kol aqy stIl ieMzstrI nUM aYtlI ny nYÈnlfeIj kIqf. nYÈnl hYlQ srivs bxfeI aqy Ausny bIvirj dy keI ivlPyar dy kMm pUry kIqy. aYtlI ny kMmF kfrF aqy kfimaF bfry keI cMgy kMm kIqy. ivlIam bIvirj (1879-1963): William Beveridge (1879-1963): ivlIam bIvirj (iPr lfrz bIvirj) mfzrn ieknoimst aqy soÈl rIPfrmr sI. Auh ilbrl aYm pIj sI aqy hfAUs afP lfrz ivc ilbrl pfrtI df lIzr sI pr Auh sMn 1942 ivc iek irport ijhVI Ausny ilKI sI ijsnUM ‘soÈl ieMnÈoirMÈaYNz alfeIz srivss’ non aYj bIvirj irport. sMn 1941 ivc vfr tfeIm gvrnmYNt vloN df irport kimÈnz kIqI geI sI. Ies ivc disaf igaf sI ik ikvyN pMj ‘jfieteIivlj’ afP vFt, izjIj, iegnoirMs, skylr aqy afeIizlins aqy nvyN ivlPyar iestyt df muwZ bMinaF. afr ey btlr (1902-82): R A Butler (1902082): ircrz afstn btlr (iPr lfrz btlr) sMn 1902 ivc pYdf hoieaf sI. sMn 1923 ivc Auh kMnjrvyitv aYm pI bixaf. sMn 1941 ivc jd Auh aYjUkyÈn dy zipfrtmYNt df hYz bixaf Aus qoN pihlF Auh srkfr ivc keI pujIÈnF Aupr kMm krdf irhf. sMn 1944 ivc Ausny aYjUkyÈn aYkt pyÈ kIqf ijsnUM ‘btlrj aYkt vI ikhf jFdf hY. ies aYkt rfhIN PrI skYNzrI aYjUkyÈn ieMglYNz aqy vylj ivc kr idqI. pr prfeImrI aqy skYNzrI dI zIvIjn kfrn ies dy ibRitn dy keI ielfikaF ivc lfgU hox vfsqy keI muÈklF afAuNdIaF hn. zfeIlfn Qoms (1914-53): Dylan Thomas (1914-53): zfeIlfn QOms vylj df poiet aqy rfeItr sI. Auh aksr afpxy lyK pbilk aqy bI bI sI tYlIvIjn Aupr suxfAuNdf. Ausdf mÈhUr plya ‘aMzr df imlk vuwz’ keI vfr ryzIE Aupr suxfieaf igaf. ijsnUM pihlI vfr sMn 1954 ivc AusdI mOq qoN bfad Kyilaf igaf aqy AusdI poiem ‘zU nft go ijMtl ientU dYt guwz-nfeIt’ ijhVI Ausny afpxy mr rhy Pfdr Aupr sMn 1952 ivc ilKI sI. Auh 39 sflF df ho ky inAU-Xfrk ivc miraf sI. AuQy Auhdy nfm Aupr keI monUmYNt Ausdy brQ-plys svwnjI ivc lwgy hoey hn aqy iek stYcU dfeIlfn Qoms sYNtr ivc vI lwigaf hoieaf hY. mfeIgryÈn ien post-vfr ibRitn: Migration In Post-War Britain: sYkMz vrlz vfr mgroN ibRitn nUM muV afbfd krn vfsqy iek vwzI cxOqI sI. kfimaF dI bhuq loV sI. ibRitÈ gvrnmYNt ny afierlYNz, aqy hor XUrp dy ihisaF ivcoN XU ky nUM muV ky Ausfrn vfsqy AuqÈfhq kIqf. sMn 1948 ivst ieMzI ivcoN vI keI lok ieQy kMm krn vfsqy swdy. sMn 1950 dy durfn ajy vI kfimaF dI XU ky ivc Èortyj sI. iPr hor iemIgryÈn dy bUhy KolHy. dsqkfrF ny ivigafpn krky keI ,ulkF ivcoN kfmy swdy. Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ivst ieMzI ivc sYNtr KolHy gey aqy kfimaF dI bwsF clfAuNx vfsqy rIkrUtmYNt kIqI geI. ieMglYNz dy nfrQ dy ielfky aqy imzlYNz ivcoN tYkstfeIl aqy ieMnjInIar PrmF ny ieMzIaF aqy pfiksqfn nUM kfimaF dI Bfl krn leI keI eyjMt Gwly. Lwg Bg 25 sfl qwk ivst ieMzI, ieMzIaf, pfiksqfn (mgroN) bMglfdyÈ qoN lokI eyQy kMm krn afey aqy ibRitn ivc hI sYtl ho gey. soÈl cyNj ien df 1960: Social change in The 1960s: 1960 df dhfkf soÈl cyNj vflf dhfkf mMinaf jFdf hY. ies dhfky nUM ‘sivMigMg iskstI’ ikhf jFdf hY. ibRitÈ PYÈn , isnymf aqy imAUjk ny bhuq qrwkI kIqI. Aus smyN do bhuq pfpUlr gruwp sn ijvyN ‘df bItlj’ aqy ‘df roilMg stonj’ afid. lokF dI gujr cMgI hox lwgI aqy bhuiqaF ny kfrF aqy keI hor cIjF nUM KrIidaf. ies smyN keI Èosl lfa nUM vI ilbrfeIjz kIqf igaf Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr zfievors bfry, aqy aborÈn bfry ieMglYNz vylj aqy skftlYNz ivc duhrfieaf igaf. aOrqF dy kfrjÈIlL QfvF dI hflq suDfrI geI. AunHF idnF ivc ieh afm gwl sI jd koeI aOrq ivcfh krvf lYNdI sI qF 32 lfeIP ien df XU ky

AusnUM nOkrI Cwz jfx leI ikhf jFdf sI. pRFqU pfrlImYNt ny iek kfnUMn bxf ik aOrqF vfsqy ieAUkl pya aqy mflkf vfsqy ieh iellIgl kr idqf ik jykr Auh ilMg bdly izskirmInyt kry qF jurmfnf ho jfvygf. sMn 1960 vflf sfl vI iek tYknologI dI prfgrYs vflf vrHf sI. ibRitn aqy PrFs ny iek supsoink hvfeI jhfj ‘kMnkorz’ bxfieaf. nvyN stfeIl dIaF aqy AucIaF AucIaF ibMlizMgF afrcItYktF ny bxfeIaF. ijnHF vfsqy kMnkrIt aqy stIl vriwaf igaf. ‘dyar vfj aYnadr suprsoink kmrÈl eyarlfeInr kflz df tupolyv ivc PilAU pYsMjrj PlfeIts ibtvIn 1977078 hOaYvr, Pfr df prpojj afP XUar tYst XU Èuwz lrn df mYtIarl aYj rIprizAUs hyar.’ ieMzIaf pfiksqfn, bMglfdyÈ (ijhVf sMn 1960 ivc bixaf) aqy ivst ieMzIj qoN bhuq lok eyQy kMm krn aqy rihx vfsqy ies krky afey ik srkfr ny ieMmIgrysn ivc Zyl dy idqI sI. eyQy afAuNx leI ieMmIgrMt nUM koeI ibRitn nfl afpxy pUrbF krky koeI sMbMD drsfAuNxf pYNdf sI. sMn 1970 dy ÈurU ivc ibRitn ivc koeI 28,000 ieMzIan afryjn isrP jgMzf ivcoN afey.

00 sMm gryt ibRitÈ ienivnÈn afP df 20 vI sYNcrI: Some Great British Inventions of the 20th Century: ibRitn ny dunIaF nUM keI vMzrPuwl kfZF kwZ ky idqIaF hn. ijnHF ivc hyT ilKIaF igxIaF jf skdIaF hn. df tYlIvIjn: The Television: sMn 1920 ivc tYlIvIjn skftlYNz dy vfsI jOhn lOgI byarz (1888-1946) ny bxfieaf sI. sMn 1932 ivc Ausny lMzn aqy glfsgo ivckfr iek pihlI tYlIvIjn brfzkfsitMg kIqI. rfzr: Radar: rfzr vI skftlYNz dy vfsI sr rfbrt vwtsMn-vwt (1892-1973) ijsny disaf ik vYrI df hvfeI jhfj ryzIE vyvs nfl pqf lgfieaf jf skdf hY. sB qoN pihlf kfmXfb rfzr sMn 1935 ivc tYst kIqf igaf. rfzr bfry hor Koj kridaF sr brnfrz lovl (1913-2012) ny astronomI ivc hor prfpqIaF kIqIaF. Aus ny iek ryzIE tYlIskop jorizl bYNk Jordell Bank cYsÈfier ijly ivc bxfieaf ijhVf sfrI dunIaF ivcoN vwzf aqy ajy vI vriqaf jf irhf hY. ey itAUirMg mÈIn: A Turing Machine: ey itAUirMg mÈIn mYQymYtIkl ihsfb nfl aYln tUirMg (1912-54) vloN bxfeI geI hY ijhVf sMn 1930 ivc bhuq ihsfbI mnuwK sI. ies iQAurI nfl kMiPAutr sfieMs aqy mfzrn dya kMipAUtr iqafr hoe y hn. df skfitÈ iPjIÈIan aqy rIsrcr jOhn mkilAUz (1876-1935) shfiek KojI sI ijsny dfeybItIj bfry ieMnsiln iqafr kIqf sI. df swtrykcr afP df zI aYn ey mOlyikAUl: The Structure of the DNA Molecule: df swtrykcr afP df zI aYn ey mOlyikAUlsMn 1953 ivc XunIvristI lMzn aqy kYmbirj XUnIvristI ivc liBaf igaf. ies nfl keI sfieMstiPk KojF hoxIaF sMBv hoeIaF Kfs krky dvfeIaF bxfAuNx aqy kirmInl nUM PVn vfsqy durlwB Koj sI. PrFiss kirwk (19162004) AunHF ivc iek sI ijnHF nUM nobl prfeIj idqf igaf sI. Auh ibRitÈ sI. df ijwt ieMjn: The Jet Engine: df ijwt ieMjn ibRitn ivc sr PrYNk ivwtl (1907-96) vloN sMn 1930 ivc iqafr kIqf igaf. Auh ibRitÈ eyarPors ivc iek ieMnjInIar aPsr sI. sr kirstoPr kOkirl (1910-99) ny sMn 1950 ivc ‘hUvrktfPt iqafr kIqf. 33 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ibRiutn aYNz PrFiss ny kMnkorz bxfieaf ijhVf dunIaF Br ivc ieko hI suprsoink pYsMjr hvfeI jhfj sI. aqy sMn 1976 ivc Auh pYsMjr Zox lwg ipaf sI. sMn 2003 ivc AusnUM Auzx qoN htf ilaf igaf sI ikAuNik Aus dy hvf dy asr nfl DrqI Aupr bhuq nuksfn huMdf sI. df hYrIar jMp ijwt: The Harrier jump Jet: df hYrIar jMp ijwt iek hvfeI jhfj hY ijhVf vrtIkl Bfv iswDf Aupr nUM Auz skdf hY. ieh XU ky ivc hI zIjfeIn kIqf igaf sI. sMn 1960 jymj guwzPYlo (1937) ny kYÈ izsipnisMg (ey tIaYm) ‘aOtOmYitk tYlr mÈIn’ jF kYÈ-poafieMt . sB qoN pihlF ey tI aYm bfrkly bYNk ny ielPorz aqy lMzn Èihr ivc sMn 1967 ivc bYNkF dy bfhr rwiKaf. afeI vI aYP (ien vItro PrtIlfeIjyÈn) QrYpI: IVF (in vitro fertilisation) theropy: sMn 1925 ivc iPjoloijst sr rfbrt iezvrz ny ienPritlittI leI trItmYNt iqafr kIqf. gInfEloijst pYtirk sitpto (1913-88) ny dunIaF dI pihlI tYst itAUb bybI dI pdfieÈ aolzhfm Èihr ivc lMkfÈfier ivc sMn 1978 ivc sMBv kIqI. sMn 1996 do ibRitÈ sfieMsdfnF sr eIan ivlmwt (1944) aqy kIQ kYmibl (1954) dono tIm dy hYz sn ijnHF ny iek kfmXfb mfimlj dI kloinMg (cloling) bwcI ÈIp dI kIqI. ieh Koj agy jf ky Kqrnfk spIsIs nUM kloinMg krn aqy keI mYzIkl pRbMDF vfsqy kMm afeI. sr pItr mYnsPIlz (1933) iek ibRitÈ sfieMsdfn aYm afr afeI (MRI) df shfiek KojI sI (MRI) qoN Bfv mYgnYitk rYjoinMs iemyj) skYnr dI kFz kwZI. Ie kFz zfktrf aqy rIsrcr vfsqy mnuwK dy aMdr ibmfrIaF nUM vyKx aqy dvfeI dy asr bfry jfxkfrI imldI sI. df ienivMtr afP vrlz vfeIz ivwb: The Inventer of World wide web: sr itwm brnr-lIa (1955) ibRitÈ sI ijsny WWW iqafr kIqf ijs nfl iek sYikMt ivc koeI vI ienPrmyÈ sfrI dunIaF ivc ByjI jf skdI hY. ieh srivs 25 dsMbr sMn 1990 ivc ÈurU hoeI. prfbilm ien df iekonomI ien df 1970: Problem in the economy in the 1970s: sMn 1970 dy aMq ivc lVfeI qoN bfad afriQk Pfiedy vfly idn Kqm hox lwg pey. cIjF dIaF prfeIsF aqy rfa mtIarl dIaF kImqF ivc vfDf hoieaf aqy nfl nfl hI keI hor mulkF dy mukfbly pONz dy rytF ivc vI Gftf vfDf afAuNx lwgf. ies nfl mulk ivc ‘bYlyNs afP pyimMt’ nhIN rhI. ijhVI cIjF ieMport (Bfv mulk ivc afAuNdIaF sn) kIqIaF jFdIaF sn Auh Aus nfloN mihMgIaF pYNdIaF sn ijMnI kImq bfhrly mulkF koloN imldI sI. keI pYktrIaF ivc strfeIk kfrn tryz XUnIanF aqy srkfr ivc keI qrHF dy mq-Byd hox lwgy. lokI ieh socx lwgy ik XUnIan hux eynI pfvrPuwl ho geI hY ijhVI XU ky dI ieMzstrI nUM qbfh kr rhI hY. sMn 1970 df smF afierlYNz ivc anirst kfrn vI Krfb hI irhf. sMn 1973 ndrn afierlYNz dI asMblI nUM BMg kr idqf igaf aqy ndrn afierlYNz zfieirktlI XU ky dI srkfr vloN gvrn kIqf jfx lwgf. sMn 1969 qoN bfad pUrf dhfkf ndrn afierlYNz dI trwbl kfrn koeI 3,000 lokI mry. mYrI pItrj (1939-): Mary Peters (1939-): mYrI mfnicstr ivc pYdf hoeI aqy afpxy bcpn ivc hI ndrn afierlYNz ivc jf ky rihx lwgI. sMn 1972 dI EilMpk gymj ivc Ausny pYNQflon (Pentathlon) ivc golz mYzl ijiqaf. ies dy mgroN Ausny aQlItF leI pYsy iekwTy kIqy aqy voimn ibRitÈ EilMpk tIm dI mYnygr bxI. Ausny ndrn afierlYNz dI sports aqy tUirjm vfsqy bhuq prcfr kIqf ijs krky AusnUM sMn 2000 ivc ‘zym afP df ibRitÈ iempfier’ bxfieaf igaf.

XUrp aYNz df kfmn mfrikt: Europe and the common market: sMn 1957 ivc ivst jrmnI, PrFs, bYljIam, ietlI, lgjmbrg aqy nYdrlYNz mulkF ny rl ky XUrpIan ieknoimk kimAUintI (eIeIsI) bxfeI. pihlF pihlF XU ky eIeIsI nfl joafien nhIN 34 lfeIP ien df XU ky

sI krnf chuMdf pr hOlI hOlI sMn 1973 ivc AunHF nfl rl igaf. XU ky XUrpIan XUnIan df Puwl mYNbr hY pr Auh XUro dI krMsI nhIN vrqdf. kMnjrvyitv gvrnmYNt Prfm 1979-1997: Conservative Government 1979-1997: mfrgryt QYcr (1925-) Margaret Thatcher (1925-): mfrgryt QYcr ilnklÈfier dy iek Èihr grMQm dy grOsr dI DI sI. Auh vkIl aqy kYimst krky vI tryNz kIqI geI. sMn 1959 ivc Auh kMnjrvyitv aYm pIj cuxI geI aqy sMn 1970 ivc kYbIint mYNbr aqy aYjUkyÈn aqy sfieMs vfsqy styt sykrytrI bxI. sMn 1975 ivc Auh kMnjrvyitv pfrtI dI lIzr bxI aqy Auh iPr lIzr afP EpojIÈn aKvfeI ikAuik Aus smyN lybr pfrtI df rfj sI. sMn 1979 dIaF jnrl ailkÈnF ivc kMnjrvyitv pfrtI dI ijwq kfrn Auh pihlI aOrq sI ijhVI XU ky dI prfeIm minstr bxI. Auh 2ovI sdI dI sB qoN ijafdf icr qwk prfeIm minstr rhI ijhVI sMn 1990 qwk afPs ivc rhI. AusdY prfeIm minstrI dy smyN XU ky ivc keI qrHF dy bdlfE afey. Ausny amrIkf dy prYjIizMt ronlz rIgn nfl iml ky kMm kIqf aqy Auh pihlI ivstrn lIzr sI ijs ny sovIaq XUnIan dI lIzriÈp ivc cyNj ilaFdI ijs nfl ‘kolz-vfr’ ijhVI bhuq icrF qoN dunIaF nUM zrf rhI sI, Auh Kqm hoeI. mfrgryt QYcr ibRitn ivc pihlI aOrq sI ijsny kMnjrvyitv pfrtI dI srkfr sMn 1979 qoN sMn 1990 qwk clfgeI. ies srkfr ny buinafdI qOr Aupr iekonomI nUM prfeIvytyÈn qoN nYÈlfeIj krky vDfieaf aqy XUnIan dI qfkq nUM kMtrol ivc ilaFdf. ies qrHF krn nfl lMzn iswtI dunIaF dI ienivstmYNt, ienÈoirÈ aqy keI hor PfeIinMiÈMg srivss dI mMzI bxI. sMn 1882 ieMzstrI ijvyN iÈp-iblizMg, aqy kol-mfeInj df DMdf TMzf hI irhf. sfAUQ afrlFitk ivc ibRitÈ dI EvrsIj tYrItrI PoklYNz Aupr arjntInf ny hmlf kr idqf. XU ky iek nyvl Pors tfsk Gwilaf igaf aqy POj dI mwdd nfl afeIslYNz nUM muV kbjy ivc lY ilaf igaf. mfrgryt QYcr qoN bfad jOhn myjr prfeIm minstr bixaf ijs ny ndrn afierlYNz df bhuq icrF qoN afAuNdf JgVf Bfv pIs prfiss nUM PfeInl kIqf. roalz zfhl (1916-90): Roald Dahl (1916-90): roal zfhl nOrvIjIan mfipaF dy Gr vylj ivc pYdf hoieaf. Ausny sYkMz vrlz vfr ivc roiel eyarPors ivc kMm kIqf. sMn 1940 ivc Auhny ikqfbF aqy Èort storIaF CpvfAuNxIaF ÈurU kIqIaF. BfvyN Ausny vwizaF vfsqy vI ikqfbF CfpIaF pr Auh bwicaF vfsqy buwkF ilKx aqy CpvfAuNx krky Auh bhuq mÈhUr hoieaf. AusdI vDIaf ikqfb df nfm hYcfrlI aYNz df cokilt PYktrI aqy jorjj mYzIisn afid. AusdIaF keI ikqfbF dy afDr Aupr iPlmF vI bxfeIaF geIaF. lybr gvrnmYNt Prfm 1997tU 2010: Labour Government From 1997 to 2010: sMn 1997 ivc tonI blyar dI lIzriÈp hyTF lybr pfrtI dI srkfr bxI. blyar srkfr ny skfitÈ aqy vylj dI asMblI bxf idqI. skfitÈ pfrlImYNt nUM kfnUMn bxfAuNx dIaF keI vfDU shUlqF hn. ivlÈ gvrnmYNt nUM kfnUMn bxfAuNx dIaF eyny hwk nhIN sn idqy ijhVy pbilk srivss nUM afpxy anusfr suDfrn qwk hI sn. ndrn afierlYNz ivc blyar gvrnmYNt pis prfiss nUM agy vDfAuNx ivc kfmXfb hoeI. ijsdy Pl srUP sMn 1998 ivc ‘guwz-PrfeIzy’ agrImYNt sfeIn hoxf sMBv hoieaf. sMn 1999 ivc ndrn afierlYNz asMblI dI coxI geI pr 2002 ivc ssipMz kr idqI geI pr ijsnUM sMn 2007 ivc muV ky bxfieaf igaf. pfrfimltrI trUps nUM zIkimÈnz kIqf igaf sMn 2007 ivc gorzn brfAUn prfeIm minstr bixaf. kMnPilkt ien aPgfinsqfn aqy ierfk: Conflicts in Afhanistan and Iraq: sMn 1990 dy durfn ibRitn ny kuvyq dI afjfdI vfsqy lV rhy hor dyÈF nfl kulIÈn kIqI. ijhVI sMn 1990 dy ierfkI hmly aqy jogoslfvIaF dI rIpbilk dy JgiVaf qwk inBfeI. sMn 2000 qoN ibRitÈ afrmz Poriss ieMtrnYÈnl tYroiejm, vYpn afP mfs izstrkÈn, aPgfinsqfn aqy ierfk dIaF lVfeIaF ivc lVdIaF rhIaF. sMn 2009 ivc ibRitn kMmbYt trUp ierfk nUM Cwz 35 lfeIP ien df XU ky

afey. XU ky vrqmfn ivc aPOgfinsqfn ivc XUnfeIitz nyÈn dI kul 50 mulkF dI Pors nfl ieMtrnYÈnl sikAuirtI aisstYNt Pors (afeI aYs ey aYP) dy nfm nfl aPgfinsqfn gvrnmYNt dy swdy Aupr afpxf kMm kr irhf ik aPgfinsqfn muV ky koeI vI ieMtrnYÈnl tYirst ieQy luk ky tYroiejm nf PYlf sky ijQy gruwp ijvyN afl-kfiedf luk ky ieMtrnYÈnl kimAUintI Aupr awqvfdI hmly kr skdf hY. ijwdF afeI aYs ey aYP df ihsf hox krky Auh aPgfn gvrnmYNt dI sikAuirtI nUM isKlfeI dy rhy hn qF ik aPgfinsqfn ivc amn ÈFqI rhy aqy Auh mulk qrwkI kr sky. ieMtrnYÈnl Poriss hOlI hOlI aPgfnIaF nUM sB kuJ sMBfl rhI. ijhVy sMn 2014 dy aMq ivc mulk dI sikAuirtI afp sMBfl skxgy. kulIÈn gvrnmYNt 2010 afnvrz: Coalition Government 2010 onwards: meI sMn 2010 aqy XU ky ivc sMn 1974 qoN kMnjrvyitv pfrtI pihlI vfrI jnrl ielYkÈn ivc mjfrtI nhIN lY skI. df kMnjrvyitv aqy ilbrl zYmokrYt pfrtI ny kulIÈn gvrnmYNt bxfeI aqy kMnjrvyitv pfrtI df lIzr zyivz kYmrfAUn prfeIm minstr bixaf. cYk dYt XU aMzrstYNz: • df iestybilÈz afP df ivlPyar styt.

• hO lfeIP ien ibRitn cyNjz ien df 1960 aYNz 1970.

• ibRitÈ ienivnÈn j afP df 20 sYNcrI (Xu zU nft nIz tU rImYNbr zyts afP brQs aYNz zYQs. • eIivMts isMs 1979.

00

cYptr 5

Chapter 5

ey mfzrn, A modern, QrfeIivMg sosfietI thriving society ien ids cYptr: hux qusIN XU ky dI pfpUlyÈn aqy klcr bfry jfxkfrI lvogy. ies cYptr dy ÈurU qoN hI XU ky dy myjr ÈihrF df pqf lgdf hY. quhfnUM XU ky dy Èihr ijvyN lIzj, brYzPord afid bfry cMgI qrHF pqf hoxf cfhIdf hY ikAuNik XU ky mltIklcrl mulk hY aqy quhfnUM ieh vI pqf hoxf cfhIdf hY ik ikMny lok iks iks aYQink mnfrtI aqy iks iks irlIjs gruwp nfl sMbMDq hn aqy AunHF dy muwK PYstIvl ikhVy ikhVy hn. ies cYptr nUM pVHn bfad quhfnUM ies gwl df pqf lgxf cfhrfhIN EilMpk ivc ijhVI kfmXfbI imlI hY, ikhnUM mYzl imly hn, ikMny mYzl ijwqy hn, ikhVI gym bdly imly hn aqy XU ky ivc gymF bfry hor jfxkfrI bfry pqf lgdf hY. quhfnUM kvIaF dI poiemj, iPlmF, buwks aqy keI hor kMm ilKy gey hn ijvyN afrtYst, kMpojrj afrcItYkts, afQrj, poiets aqy hor mÈhUr lokF bfry pqf lgdf hY. quhfnUM ieh vI Xfd krnf pYxf hY ik ikhVI poiem iks poiet ny ilKI hY aqy poiem ivc kI iliKaf hY. quhfnUM cYptr dy Kqm hox Aupr hr iek ivcfr nUM Xfd krnf pYxf hY. ies cYptr ivc hyT ilKI jfxkfrI dsI geI hY. • df istIj aYNz pfpUlyÈn afP df • ibRitÈ afrtYst aYNz afrcItYkt XUky • Pyms ibRitÈ poiets aYNz afQrj • irlIjs PYstIvl afP XU ky • sYkÈn afP ibRitÈ poiemj • pfpUlr sports aYNz Pyms • ibRitÈ kumwzI aYNz lYjr sportsimMn aYNz voimMn. 36 lfeIP ien df XU ky

•

•

df zIvlpmYNt afP imAUjk, ienklUizMg Pyms kMmpojrj.

aYkitvI •

Pyms ibRitÈ lYNzmfrks

ibRitÈ Qytr aYNz isnymf QrU df eyjj.

df XU ky tUzya: The UK today: sO sfl pihlF nfloN aj XU ky ivc Dfrmk aqy aYQink iBMn iBMn susfietIaF bhuq hn. jMg qoN bfad koeI 10% pfpUlyÈn dy mfpy jF grFZ pyirMts XU ky qoN bfhrly mulkF ivcoN afey hoey hn. XU ky ivc mltI-nYÈnl aqy mltI-ryÈl susfietIaF df bVf amIr ivrsf hY. ies cYptr ivc quhfnUM XU ky dy vKo vKry ihisaF aqy vKo vKry QfvF bfry pqf lgygf. Ieh cYptr XU ky dIaF keI qrHF dIaF rvfieqf (traditions) aqy rIqI irvfj (customs) aqy ho rhy keI Kfs pRogrfmF bfry pqf lgygf. df nyÈnj afP df XU ky: The Nation of the UK: XU ky XUrp dy nfrQ vYst dy eyrIaF ivc visaf hoieaf hY. Èihr jOhn E grot (John O’ Groat) jo skftlYNz dy nfrQ qoN lY ky ieMglyNz dy sfAUQ vYst ielfky lYNzs ieMz (Land’s End) qwk kul 870 mIl koeI 1,400 iklo-mItr lMmf hY. bhuqy lok tfAUnf aqy istI ivc rihMdy hn aqy hfly hI ibRitn df bhuqf eyrIaF kMtrIsfeIz hY. bhuqy lok kMtrI sfeIz vwl hflIzya krn jF sYr krn Bfv qurn, kYipMg, aqy iPiÈMg krn jFdy hn. istIj afP tfAUn: Cities of the UK ieMglYNz Vylj pRFq lMzn

kfrizP

brimMgm

svYnjI

ilvrpUl

inAUport

lIzj ÈYPIlz birstl

ndrn afierlYNz pRFq

mfncYstr

iblPfst

brYzPorz

skftlYNz pRFq

inEUkYsl-apafn-tfeIn

aYznbrf

plImYQ

glfsgo

sfAUQhYNptn

zMzI

nfrYc

aYbrzIn kYpItl istIj: Capital Cities XU ky dI kYpItl istI lMzn hY.

37 lfeIP ien df XU ky

skftlYNz dI kYpItl istI aYznbrf hY. vylj dI kYpItl istI kfrizP hY ndrn afierlYNz dI kYpItl istI iblPfst hY aqy pfrlImYNt ‘stomFt’ Èihr ivc hY. XU ky dI krFsI: UK Currency: XU ky dI krMsI £ pfAUz strilMg hY. iek pONz ivc 100 pYNs huMdy hn. zynOmInyÈn afP krMsI (denominations of currency) hyT ilKy dI qrHF huMdI hY. koiens: Coins: 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50, £1, And £2 not: Notes: £5, £10, £20, £50 ndrn afierlYNz aqy skftlYNz dy afpxy not hn BfvyN Auh sfry XU ky ivc cldy hn pr ieh jrUrI nhIN ik ÈfpF vfly AunHF nUM aispt krn jF nf krn. lYNgUeyjj aYNz zfielYkts: Languages And Dialects: XU ky dy keI ihisaF ivc keI qrHF dIaF lYgUeyj bolIaF jFdIaF hn. aMgryjI bolI ivc vI keI Aup-bolIaF aqy bolx df ZMg vwKrf vwKrf hY. vylj ivc bhuqy lok ivlÈ bolI boldy hn ijhVI ieMgilÈ nfloN iblkul vwKrI qrHF bolI jFdI hY aqy ieh skUlF aqy XUnIvristIaF ivc pVHfeI jFdI hY. skftlYNz ivc gfieilk (Gaelic) ieh vI vKry ZMg nfl bolI jFdI hY ijhVI keI hfeIlYNz dy ihisaF ivc aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc bolI jFdI hY. afierlYNz ivc keI lokI afirÈ-gfieilk boldy hn. pfpUlyÈn: Population: hyTly tybl qoN pqf lgdf hY ik tfeIm pY ky XU ky pfpUlyÈn vDI hY. pfpUlyÈn groQ ien df XU ky XIar pfpUlyÈn 1600

jst Evr 4 imlIan

1700

5 imlIan

1801

8 imlIan

1851

20 imlIan

1901

40 imlIan

1951

50 imlIan

1998

57 imlIan

2005

jst aMzr 60 imlIan

2010

jst Evr 62 imlIan

vrqmfn ivc pfpUlyÈn bhuq jldI vDI hY ikAuNik ies mulk ieMmIgrFt aqy pwky qOr Aupr rihx vfly bhuq afey hn. pfpUlyÈn XU ky dy cfry mulkF ivc Gwt vwD igxqI anusfr ieMmIgrFt gey hn. ieMglYNz ivc lwg Bwg 84% pfpUlyÈn vDI hY. vylj ivc 5% vDI hY. skftlYNz ivc 8% vDI hY aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc 3% vDI hY. ‘ividn df XU ky iet iej lIgl rikuafiermYNt dYt imn aYNz voimn Èuz nft bI izskirmInytz agyinst bIkfj afP df jMzr aOr bIkfj dyh afr aOr afr nft mYrIz.’ 38 lfeIP ien df XU ky

pfpUlyÈn df vyrvf: ieMglYNz 84% skftlYNz 8% vylj 5% ndrn afierlYNz 3% aYn eyijMg pfpUlyÈn: An Ageing Population: hor ielfikaF nfloN ieMglYNz ivc rihx vfilaF dI Aumr lMmI huMdI hY. aijhf ies krky hY ik ilivMg stYnzrz Aucf aqy cMgI hYLQ kyar df nqIjf hY. vrqmfn ivc bhuqy lokI ieMglyNz ivc 85 sfl dI Aupr qwk jFdy hn. ies df qsr pYnÈn aqy hYlQ kyar Aupr pYNdf hY. aYQink zfeIvristI: Ethnic Diversity: XU ky ivc pfpUlyÈn vwKo vwKry mulkF qoN afey lokF dI igxqI bhuq jldI vDI hY Kfs krky vwzy ÈihrF ivc ijvyN lMzn afid.

XU ky aMdr aYQink aOryjn dy lok sfrI dunIaF qoN afey hoey hn. srvya qoN pqf lgdf hY ik sB qoN ijafdf aYQink lokI icwty rMg dy ijhVy XUrpIan, astrylIan, knyzIan, inAUjIlYNz aqy amrIkn bMÈ dy afey hn. hor ijhVy eyÈIan aqy blYk aYQink lokI hn Auh imksz bMÈF ivcoN hn. aYn ieAUkl susfietI: An Equal Society: XU ky ivc iksy mnuwK jF aOrq nUM Ausdy jMzr jF ies krky ik Auh mYrIz nf hox krky izskirmInyÈn krnf gYr-kfnUMnI hY. AunHF nUM kMm krn, prfprtI KrIdx, ivafh jF zIvors krn dy brfbr hwk hn. jykr Auh ivafhy hoey hn qF dohF mfipaF nUM bwicaF dI luk-aPtr krn dy vI brfbr hwk hn. aj kl ibRitn ivc koeI awDIaF ku aOrqF vI kMm krdIaF hn. muMizaf nfloN aOsqn kuVIaF qF cMgI sikwl lY ky skUl CzdIaF hn. mnuwKF nfl ijafdf aOrqF XUnIvristI ivc pVHn jFdIaF hn. pihlF nfloN aOrqF vfsqy nOkrIaF bhuq imldIaF hn. aOrqF hr afriQk Kyqr ivc kMm krdIaF hn. pihlF nfloN ikqy vwD hux aOrqF cMgI pujIÈnF Aupr kMm krdIaF hn, ieQoN qwk ik sInIar mYnyjr vI lwgIaF hoeIaF ijhVIaF pujIÈnF Aupr mnuwK aksr kMm kiraf krdy sn. iesdy nfl nfl pihlF nfloN mnuwK vrqmfn ivc keI vMn suvMnIaF nOkrIaF krdy hn. hux ieh nhIN soicaF jFdf ik aOrqF kMm krn nfloN Gr hI bYTIaF rihx. aOrqF bwcy pYdf krn dy nfl nfl kMm vI krdIaF hn. aj kl PYmlIaF dy dovyN jIa kMm krdy krdy bwicaF nUM vI sMBfldy hn.

00 irlIjn: Religion: ieqhfsk qOr Aupr XU ky kirscIan kMtrI hY. sMn 2009 ivc kIqy srivaF muqfbk koeI 70% lok eyQy kirscIan rihMdy hn. bhuq CotI igxqI ivc musilm 4% hn. ihMdU isrP 2% hn. iswK 1% hn. buiDst aqy ijAUieÈ isrP 0.5% hI hn aqy 2% lok keI hor DrmF nUM mMndy hn. sfry XU ky ivc keI DrmF dIaF iblizMgF hn ijvyN msIq (mosque), ihMdU tYNplj, ijAUieÈ sfeInfigAUj (Jewish synagogogues) iswK gurduafrfj aqy buiDst tYNpl. BfvyN kuJ vI hr iek afpxf Drm rKx df pUrf aiDkfr hY. istIjniÈp dy srvya muqfbk 21% lokF ny ikhf ik AunHF df koeI DRm nhIN hY. kirscYintI 70%, no irlIjn 21%, musilm 4%, ihMdU 2% iswK 1%, ijAuieÈ aqy buiDst lYs dYn 0.5%, adrj 2% kirscIan crcj: Christian Churches: ieMglYNz ivc crc aqy styt ivc iek kMnsIcUÈn sFJ hY. ieMglYNz dy afPIÈl crc df nfm ‘crc afP ieMglYNz’ hY ijs nUM ‘aYNglIkrn crc’ horF kMtrIaF ivc ikhf jFdf hY aqy 39 lfeIP ien df XU ky

‘aYipskopl crc’ (Episcopal Church) skftlYNz aqy XUnfitz styts ivc ikhf jFdf hY. ieh protYstYNt Drm df crc hY aqy ies crc dI rIPrmyÈn (sQfpqI) sMn 1530 ivc hoeI sI. ‘df monfrk hYj df rfeIt tU sIlYkt df afrcivÈp aYNz adr sInIar crc afPIÈlj, bwt XUjIalI df coafies iej myz bfeI df prfeIm minstr aYNz ey kumytI apfieMitz bfeI df crc.’ crc afP ieMglYNz df monfrk hYz huMdf hY aqy siprcUiel lIzr afcivÈp afP kYNtrbrI huMdf hY. monfrk df afrcivÈp aqy hor sInIar afPIÈlF nUM cuxn df pUrf hwk hY pr afm qOr Aupr coafies prfeIm minstr aqy crc dI kmytI dI huMdI hY. crc afP ieMglYNz dy keI ivÈp hfAUs afP lfrz ivc bYTdy hn. skftlYNz dy nYÈnl crc df nfm ‘crc afP skftlYNz’ hY ijsnUM prYsbfeItyrIan (Presbyterian) ikhf jFdf hY. ieh crc minstr aqy bjurgF vloN clfieaf jFdf hY. crc afP skftlYNz dI jnrl asMblI dy cyarprsn nUM Bfv crc dy hYz nUM mfzrytr (moderator) ikhf jFdf hY ijsnUM isrP iek sfl vfsqy bxfieaf jFdf hY aqy Auh crc vfsqy kMm krdf hY. vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc koeI crc sQfpq nhIN hoieaf hY. ieMglYNz ivc hor kirscIan gruwp hn ijvyN bfipst (Baptist) mYQoizsts (Methodists) prYsbfeItyrIan (Presbyterian) aqy ikAukrs (Quakers) afid. kirscIan dI hor vI zInomInyÈn denomination Bfv hor iksm vI hY ijsnUM ‘romn kYQoilk’ ikhf jFdf hY. The doctrines of the evangelical faith which Methodism has held from the beginning and still holds are based upon the divine revelation recorded in the Holy Scriptures. The Methodist Church acknowledges this revelation as the supreme rule of faith and practice. These evangelical doctrines to which the preachers of the Methodist Church are pledged are contained in Wesley's Notes on the New Testament and the first four volumes of his sermons.

Quakers are members of a group with Christian roots that began in England in the 1650s.

The formal title of the movement is the Society of Friends or the Religious Society of Friends.

There are about 210,000 Quakers across the world.

In Britain there are 17,000 Quakers, and 400 Quaker meetings for worship each week.

9,000 people in Britain regularly take part in Quaker worship without being members of the Religious Society of Friends.

The essence of the Quakers Quakers believe that there is something of God in everybody and that each human being is of unique worth. This is why Quakers value all people equally, and oppose anything that may harm or threaten them.

pYtrn syNts zyaj: Patron Saint’s Days: ieMglYNz, skftlYNz, vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ienHF sfiraF dyÈF dy nYÈnl syNts hn ijnHF nUM pYtrn syNts ikhf jFdf hY. hr syNt df spYÈl idn huMdf hY: 1 mfrc syNt zyivz zya: vylj. 17 mfrc syNt pYtirk zya ndrn afierlYNz. 40 lfeIP ien df XU ky

23 apRYl syNt jorijj zya ieMglYNz. 30 nvMbr syNt aYNzrU zya skftlYNz isrP skftlYNz aqy ndrn afierlYNz dy syNts dy idn AuQy afPIÈl CutI huMdI hY. (BfvyN skftlYNz ivc sfry ibjins aqy afiPs bMd nhIN huMdy) pr ieh idn sfry skftlYNz, ndrn afierlYNz aqy hor sfrI kMtrI ivc ieh idn mnfieaf jFdf hY. Kfs kr AuQy ijQy bhuq sfry skfitÈ lok, ndrn afieirÈ aqy afieirÈ hYrItyj vfly lok rihMdy hn. jd ik pYtrn syNts dy idnF dI ieMglYNz aqy vylj ivc koeI CuwtI nhIN hY pr idnF nUM iPr vI ienF donF mulkF ivc mnfieaf jFdf hY aqy keI qrHF dIaF pryzF (Bfv jlUs kwZy jFdy hn) kIqIaF jFdIaF hn. ‘vYstminstr aYbI hYs bIn df koronyÈn crc isMs 1066 aYNz iej df PfeInl irsitMg plys afP 17 munfrk.’ cYk dYt XU aMzrstYNz: • df izPrYNt irlIjnj dYt afr prYkits ien df XU ky.

• dYt df aYNglIkn crc , aflso non aYj crc afP ieMglYNz , iej df crc afP styt ien ieMglYNz (df iestybilÈz crc) • dYt adr brFicj afP df kirscIan crc aflso prYkits dyar PyQ ien df XU ky ivdafAUt bIieMg ilMkz tU df styt.

• dYt adr irlIjnj afr prYkitsz ien df XU ky.

• abfAUt df pYtrn syNts.

kwstmj aYNz trfzIÈnj: Customs and traditions: df myn kiscIan PYstIvlj: The main Christian festivals: kismYs zya: Christmas Day: 25 dsMbr jIss df jnm idn mnfieaf jFdf hY. ieh pbilk hflIzya hY. bhuqy kirscIan kirsmYseIv Bfv 24 dsMbr dI rfq nUM jF kirsmYs zya vfly idn crcF ivc jFdy hn. kirsmYs trzIÈnl vya mnfeI jFdI hY jd lok GrF ivc bYT ky Kfs Kfxf KFdy hn ijvyN: rost trkI, kirsmYs puizMgj aqy imns pfeI afid. Auh iek dUjy nUM igPts idMdy hn, kfrz Byjdy hn aqy afpxy GrF nUM suafrdy hn. kirsmYs bwicaF vfsqy iek Kfs idn huMdf hY. bhuq Coty bwcy df XkIn hY ik Pfdr kirsmYs ijsNUM sFtF klfj vI kihMdy hn AunHF leI keI qrHF dIaF sugfqF (prYijMts) kirsmYs qoN iek rfq pihlF ilafAuNdf hY. bhuq lok GrF ivc kirsmYs trI lgfAuNdy hn bfkisMg zya: Boxing Day: kirsmYs zya qoN dUjy idn afAuNdf hY. ies idn pbilk hOlIzya huMdI hY. eIstr Easter: eIstr mfrc jF apRYl ivc afAudI hY. ies idn jIss krfeIst dI guwz PrfeIzya vfly idn mOq hoeI sI aqy eIstr vfly sMzy Auh iPr jINdf ho igaf sI. guwz PrfeIzya aqy agly mMzy nUM eIstr mMzy kihMdy hn. ies idn vI pbilk hOlIzya huMdI hY. 41 lfeIP ien df XU ky

‘df PortI zyas bIPor eIstr afr non as lYNt (Lent) . iet iej ey tfeIm ivn kirscIan tyk tfeIm tU irPlYkt aYNz prIpyar Pfr eIstr.’ eIstr qoN 40 idn pihlF nUM lYNt ikhf jFdf hY. ieh hI smF huMdf hY jd kirscIan afpxf tfeIm kwZ ky eIstr dIaF iqafrIaF krdy hn. rIq anusfr ienHF idnF ivc lokI rojy rKdy hn vrqmfn ivc keI lok keI qrHF df PUz Kfxf Cwz vI idMdy hn. lYNt qoN iek idn pihlF Èrov itAUjzya huMdf hY ijsnUM pYn –kyk zya afiKaf jFdf hY. brq rwKx qoN pihlF lok pYn-kyk KFdy hn. ijsnUM aMizaF, crbI aqy duwD nfl bxfieaf jFdf hY. lYNt aYÈ-ivznszya qoN ÈurU huMdf hY. pYn-kyk zya nUM Èrov itAUjzya kihMdy hn. ies idn lok Bfrf PUz Kfdy hn qF ik ies mgroN lYNt Bfv rojy arMB huMdy hn. rojy aYÈivznszya nUM arMB huMdy hn. aYÈ-ivznszya vfly idn lok afpxy mwQy Aupr aYÈ nfl krfs bxfAuNdy hn . ies idn NUM sogI idn afiKaf jFdf hY. ijhVy iksy Drm nUM nhIN mMndy eIstr Auh vI mnfAuNdy hn. eIstr iewg/cfklYt svItF iek dUjy nUM igPt vjoN idqIaF jFdIaF hn. ies df mqlb ieh huMdf hY ik nvIN lfeIP arMB hoeI hY. adr irlIjIas PYstIvlj: Other religious festivals: idvflI afm qOr Aupr akqUbr jF nvMbr ivc afAuNdI hY aqy ieh pMj idn mnfeI jFdI hY. ies nUM ‘PYstivl afP lfeIts’ vI ikhf jFdf hY. ies iqAuhfr ihMdU aqy iswK mnfAuNdy hn. ies idn Aupr ‘ivktrI guwz Avr eIvls’ hoeI sI aqy igafn pRfpq hoieaf sI. ilstr ivc ieh iqAuhfr bVy Dum Dfm nfl mnfieaf jFdf hY. hfnuwKfh: Hannukah: hfnuwKfh nvMbr jF dsMbr mhIny ivc afAudf hY aqy ieh iqAuhfr awT idn qwk mnfieaf jFdf hY. ies idn ijAUaÈ strwgl Pfr PrIzwm krky mnfieaf jFdf hY. ies iqAuhfr dy hr idnF ivc awT awT kYNzlj jgfeIaF jFdIaF hn. ies nUM mynohrf (menorah) kihMdy hn. ijvyN iek idn dy qyl nfl awTy idn dIvf jgdf rihMdf hY. ‘df mynohrf XUsz zUirMg hfnuwKfh itpIklI hYj 9 kYNzlj. Df imzl kYNzl rImynj ilt QrUafAUt df PYstivl aYNz iej XUsz tU lfeIt df adr eyts. hOaYvr, Pfr df prpoj afP XUar tYstXU Èuwz lrn df mYtIarl aYj rIproizAUs hIar.’ eId al-iPqr: Eid al-fitr: eId al-iPqr rojy Kqm hox mgroN afAuNdI hY. ies idn musilm awlf df Èukrfnf ies krky krdy hn ik Ausny rojy pUry krn dI ihMmq bKÈI hY. ijs idn ieh rojy rwKy jFdy hn Auh idn hr sfl bdldf rihMdf hY. musilm Kfs qrHF dI irlIjs sYrimnI dy nfl nfl cMgI KUrfk vI KFdy hn. eId Aul adf: Eid ul Adha: ieh gwl Xfd rKo ik rwb dy kihxy Aupr prfiPt iebrfhIm afpxy puwqr dI kurbfnI dyxf chuMdf sI. ieh idn musilmF nUM ieh gwl Xfd krfAuNdf hY ik qusIN jo vI kuimwt kIqf hoieaf huMdf AusnUM sdf pUrf kro. keI musilm iksy aYnIml dI kurbfnI dy ky Ausdf goÈq KFdy hn. ibRitn ivc aijhI kurbfnI slftr hfAUs ivc kIqI jFdI hY. 42 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ivsfKI: Vaisakhi: ivsfKI nUM aMgryjI ivc (Baisakhi) vI iliKaf jFdf hY. ieh PYstivl iswKf df hY. ies idn Kflsf Qfipaf igaf sI. ‘PfAUizMg df iswK kuimAuinwtI kflz Kflsf.’ ieh hr sfl 14 apRYl vfly idn pryz ivc Èbd gfien krky mnfieaf jFdf hY.

adr PYstIvlj aYNz trfzIÈnj: Other festivals and traditions: inAU XIar: New Year: inAU XIar 1jnvrI nUM pbilk hOlIzya huMdI hY. lok afm krky 31 dsMbr nUM iek rfq pihlF mnfAuNdy hn. ies inAU XIar eIv ikhf jFdf hY. skftlYNz ivc 31 dsMbr nUM hfgmyny (Hagmanay) ikhf jFdf hY ies idn aqy 2jnvrI nUM vI skftlYNz ivc pbilk hOlIzya huMdI hY. keI skfitÈ lokF vfsqy hfgmyny kirsmYs qoN vI vwD ÈONk nfl mnfieaf jFdf hY. vYlntfeIn’s zya: Valentine’s Day: vYlntfeIn’s zya 14 PrvrI vfly idn afAudf hY jd lvr iek dUjy nUM kfrz aqy igPt idMdy hn.keI vfrI keI lok iksy nUM bIiqaf smF Xfd krvfAuNx vfsqy koeI gupq sunyhf kfrzF rfhIN Byjdy hn. apRYl PUl’s zya: April fool’s day: pihlI apRYl Auh idn hY jd isrP bfrF vjy qwk hI lok iek dUjy nUM PUl (byvkUP) bxfAuNdy hn. tYlIvIjn aqy inAUjpyprF ivc vI apRYl PUl dy joks bhuq ilKy suxy jFdy hn. mdirMg sMzy: Mothering Sunday: (jF mdr’s zya) ieh eIstr qoN iqMn vIk pihlF afAux vflf sMzF huMdf hY. bwcy afpxI mF vfsqy kfrz aqy igPts KrIddy hn.

Pfdr’s -zya: Father’s Day: jUn dy qIsry sMzy nUM mnfieaf jFdf hY. bwcy afpxy Pfdr vfsqy kfrz Gldy aqy igPts KrIddy hn. hflovIn: Halloveen: idn 31 akqUbr nUM iek bhuq purfxf PYstIvl ijhVf pfgn (Pagan) PYstIvl nfl sMbMD rKdf hY. pfgn qoN Bfv aMDivÈvfÈ huMdf hY. ies idn qoN hI ivMtr df mOsm ÈurU huMdf hY.XOg ipAupl bVy zrfAuNxy kpVy ‘to plya tirk aOr trIt’ vfsqy pfAuNdy hn. lok AunHF nUM trIt krdy hn qF ik XMg lokI AunHF Aupr tirk nf krn. keI bMdy pMpikn ivc glI krky Aus ivc dIvy jgfAuNdy hn qF ik cuVylF Gr ivc nf afAuNx. bMnPfier nfeIt: Bonfire night: 5 nvMbr vflf idn Auh idn huMdf hY jd lokI GrF ivc Kfs qrHF ptfky vjf ky mnfAuNdy hn. ies eIivMt df muwZ sMn 1605 nUM hoieaf jd kYQoilk ijnHF df lIzr gfeI Pfks sI ijsny protYstYNt ikMg nUM mfrn leI hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc bMb rwiKaf sI ijsnUM zIiPAujz kr idaf igaf sI. rImYNbrYs zya: Rememberance Day: 11 nvMbr vfly idn pihlI dUjI ivÈp jMg ivc mry lokF nUM Xfd krn vfsqy mnfieaf jFdf hY.pihlF pihl ies idn nUM isrP pihlI vrlz vfr dI ÈhIdF nUM Xfd krn vfsqy mnfieaf jFdf sI ijhVI 11 nvMbr sMn 1918 ivc hoeI sI. lok pwpIj (irwz Plfvr ijhVy Puwl Pst vrlz vfr smyN PfAUNz ien df bYtlPIlz) pihndy hn. igafrF vjy do imMt sfeIlYNs huMdI hY aqy vfeIt-hfl dy sinotfP (Cenotaph) sfhmxy rIQ rwKy jFdy hn.

43 lfeIP ien df XU ky

bYNk hflIzya: Bank Holiday: Aupr ilKIaF hoeIaF CuwtIaF dy nfl nfl bYNk hflIzya vI iek pbilk CuwtI hY. jd bYNkF awqy hor ibjins adfry bMd huMdy hn. ieh koeI Dfrimk rIq krky nhIN hn. bYNk hOlIzya meI mhIny dy arMB ivc, meI mhIny dy aMq ivc, arlI jUn aqy agsq mhIny ivc huMdI hY. ndrn afierlYNz ivc bYtl afP boienI dI aYnivrsrI dI julfeI ivc vI pbilk hOlIzya huMdI hY. 00 sports: sports: Sport: hr qrHF dI sport keI lokF dI lfeIP Aupr bhuq asr krdI hY.XU ky ivc keI prkfr dIaF sport (KyzF) KyzIaF jFdIaF hn. keI KyzF myjr styzIam ivc KyzIaF jFdIaF hn ijvyN: vYNblI styzIam ien lMzn, aqy mlYnIam styzIam kfrizP ivc hn. lokl gvrnmYNt aqy prfeIvyt kMpnIaF keI qrHF dIaF sports PYisltIj muheIaF krvfAuNdIaF hn ijvyN sivMmym pUl, tYins korts, Putbfl ipcc, zrfeI skfeI slops aqy ijmnyjIam afid. keI mÈhUr KyzF ijvyN EilMpk gymj XU ky ivc iqwMn vfr KyzIaF geIaF ijvyN sMn 1908, 1948, aqy sMn 2012 ivc. 2012 dIaF EilMpk gyzF muK qOr Aupr Kyz mYdfn strYtPorz, eIst lMzn ivc KyzIaF geIaF. jd ik ibRitÈ tIm ny bhuq kfmXfbI nfl mfrky mfry aqy dunIaF ivcoN mYzl lYx vfilaF ivcoN qIjy nMbr Aupr rhy. ‘df XU ky hYj hositz df EilMpk gymj afn QrI aOikjnj: 1908, 1948 aYNz 2012’ sMn 2012 ivc ‘pfrfEilMpk gymj’ (aMghIx lokF dIaF) vI lMzn ivc KyzIaF geIaF. ‘pfrfEilMpk gymj’ nUM ÈurU krn vflf iek jrmn iriPAujI ‘zf: sr luzivg guwtmYn (Dr. sir Ludvig Guttman) sI ijhVf ‘stok mYNzivl hspqfl’, bfikMGmÈfier ivc BrqI sI. zf: guwtmYn ny ‘spfeInl ieMjrI’ vfly lokF vfsqy ieh iek nvF trItmYNt kwiZaf aqy ibmfrF nUM aYksrsfeIj krn aqy sport Kyzx vfsqy AuqÈfhq kIqf. notybl ibRitÈ sportsimn aYNz voimn: Notable British Sportsmen And Women: sr rOjr bfinstr (1929-) Sir Roger Bannister (1929-): ieh dunIaF df pihlf mnuwK hY ijsny sMn 1954 ivc cfr imMtF qoN vI gwt smyN ivc iek mIl nwT ky pUrf kIqf sI. Sir Jackie Stewart (1939-): sr jYkI stUart (1939-): sr jYkI stUart skfitÈ ryisMg zrfeIvr hY ijsny PfrmUlf 1 ryisMg iqMn vfr ijwqI sI. Bobby Moor (1941-1993): bObI mUr (1941-1993): bObI mUr ieMglYNz dI tIm df kYpitn sI ijsny sMn 1966 ivc Puwtvfl df vrlz kwp iek gol nfl ijiqaf sI. Xfd rhy ik iek gol vI bObI mUr ny hI kIqf sI. Sir Ian Botham (1955-): sr eIan boQm (1955-): sr eIan boQm ieMgilÈ kirkt tIm df kYptn sI ijsny bYitMg aqy bfAUilMg ivc keI irkfrz kfiem kIqy hn.

44 lfeIP ien df XU ky

Jyane Torvill (1957-) And Christopher Dean (1958-): jyn tfrivl (1957-) aYNz kirstYPr zIn (1958-): sMn 1984 ivc donF ny afeIs zfnisMg ivc EilMpk ivc mYzl ijiqaf aqy cfr vfr vrlz cYpIaniÈp ivc golz mYzl ijqy sn.

Sir Steve Redgrave (1962-): sr stIv irzgryv (1962-): sr stIv irzgryv ny lgfqfr pMj EilMpk roieMg gymF ivc golz mYzl ijqy ieh ibRitn df sB qoN cMgf EilMpIan hoieaf hY. Baroness Tanni-Grey Thompson (1969-): bYronYs tYnI-grya QomsMn: (1969-): bYronYs tYnI-grya QomsMn iek aQlIt hY ijsny pMjF EilMpk gymF ivc vIlcyar Aupr 16 pfrfEilMpk mYzl ijqy hn ijnHF ivc 11 golz mYzl hn.

Ausny lMzn mYrfQn Cy vfr ijqI hY. aqy koeI 30 ku vrlz irkfrz vI qoVy hn.

Dame Kelly Holmes (1970-): zym kYlI homj (1970-): zym kYlI homj ny 2004 dI EilMpk gym ivc voimn-dOVF dy do golz mYzl ley sn. Ausny keI XUrpIan aqy ibRitÈ irkfrz vI bxfey hn.

Dame Ellen MacArthur (1976-); zym aYln mk-afrQr (1976-): zym aYln mk-afrQr ny sMn 2004 ivc iekwlI ny sfrI dunIaF ivc byVI ivc smuMdr nUM sfiraF nfloN Gwt smyN ivc pfr kIqf. Sir Chris Hoy (1976-): sr kirs hoie (1976-): sr kirs hoie skfitÈ sfeIkilst hY ijsny EilMpk ivc 6 golz aqy iek islvr mYzl ijiqaf aqy Ausny igafrF vrlz cYpIaniÈp vI ijqy hn.

David Weir (1979-): zyivz vyeIar (1979-): zyivz vyeIar ny do pfrfEilMpk ivc vIl-cyar Aupr 6 golz mYzl ijqy. Ausny lMzn mfrQn vI koeI Cy vfr ijqI hY. Bbradly wiggins (1980-): brYzlI ivwgnj (1980-) iek sfeIikilst hY. sMn 2012, Auh pihlf ibRitn bixaf ijsny tUr zI PrFs dI sfeIklF dI rys nUM ijiqaf sI. Ausny EilMpk dy swq golz mYzl ijqy ijhVy Ausny sMn 2004, 2008 aqy 2012 ivc ijqy hn.

Mo Farah (1983-): mOa Pfrfh (1983-): mOa Pfrfh ibRitÈ izstYNt rnr hY. smflIaF ivc pYdf hoeI hY. Ausny EilMpk ivc pMj hjfr aqy dws hjfr mItr dI dOV ivc golz mYzl ijiqaf hY aqy Auh pihlf ibRitn hY ijsny ds hjfr mItr ivc golz mYzl ijiqaf sI. Jessica Ennis (1986-): jYiskf aYins ( 1986-): jYiskf aYins iek voimn aQlIt hY. Ausny 2012 dIaF EilMpk gymF ivc hYptfQon ijs ivc swq izPrYNt trYk aqy aivMt huMdy hn . Ausny ies aivMt ivc golz mYzl ijiqaf hY. Aus ny keI ibRitÈ aYQlYitk irkfrz vI bxfey hn.

Andy Murray (1987-): aYNzI mrI (1987-): aYNzI mrI skfitÈ tYins plyar hY ijsny sMn 2012 ivc isMgl XU aYs Epn nUM ijiqaf hY. sMn 1936 qoN bfad ieh pihlf ibRitÈ hY ijsny grFz slfm tUrnfmYNt df isMgl tfeItl ijiqaf hY. iesy vrHy ivc Ausny EilMpk ivc golz aqy islvr mYzl ijiqaf aqy isMgl ivMblzn ivc rnr-awp irhf.

45 lfeIP ien df XU ky

Ellie Simmonds (1994-): eIlI isMmnz (1994-): eIlI isMmnz voimn pfrfEilpIan hY ijsny sivMmm ivc sMn 2008 aqy 2012 ivc golz mYzl ijiqaf aqy Auhny keI vrlz irkfrz vI bxfey hn. sMn 2008 dIaF gymF ivc Auh ibRitÈ tIm sB qoN CotI Aumr dI sI. kirkt: Cricket: kirkt: ikRkt ieMglYNz ivcoN ÈurU hoeI aqy hux bhuq dyÈF ivc KyzI jFdI hY. ieh Kyz (gym) koeI pMj idn cldI hY pr iPr vI brfbr (zrfa) rih skdI hY. ies gym dI ivlwKxqf aqy guMJldfr ZMg ibRitÈ krYktr aqy inpwK Kyz nUM drsfAuNdf hY. qusIN keI vfr suixaf hoxf hY ik ‘ryn stfpz df ply’, bYitMg afn ey sitkI ivkt, plyieMg ey stryt bYt, bfAul ey guglI jF ieh kirkt nhIN hY afid ijhVy hr gym ivc vrqy jFdy hn. sB qoN vwzf mukfblf ‘aYiÈÈ’ nfl huMdf hY ijhVI tYst sIrIj ieMglYNz aqy astrylIaF ivckfr KyzI jFdI hY. Football: Puwtbfl: Puwtbfl XU ky dI bhuq mÈhUr Kyz hY. XU ky ivc ies dI iek lMmI ihstrI hY aqy pihlI proPYÈnl Puwtbfl klwb AunIvIN sdI dy aMq ivc sQfpq kIqI geI sI. Puwtbfl: ieMglYNz skftlYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ieh sB mulkF dIaF afpxIaF Puwtbfl lIgf hn ijnHF rfhI Aus mulk dy ÈihrF dIaF Puwtbfl tImF mYc KyzdIaF hn. ieMgilÈ prIam lIg dy mYcF nUM vyKx vfsqy ieMtrnYÈnlI lokI vyKx afAuNdy hn. dunIaF dy vDIaF Puwtbfl plyar prImr lIg dy mYcF ivc Kyzdy hn. XU ky dIaF keI Puwtbfl tImF UFFA (XUnIan afP XUrpIan Puwtbfl afsosIeyÈn) cYpIan lIg dUjIaF XUrp dIaF tImF nfl Kyzdy hn. keI ÈihrF dIaF afpxIaF proPYÈnl Puwtbfl tImF hn aqy AunHF dy sportr afpxI tIm dI sport krn ivc afpxf PKr smJdy hn. ienHF dy mukfbilaF ivc afpxI tIm dI ijwq vfsqy mukfbly dI tIm nfl bVy jor nfl ivroD kIqf jFdf hY. XU ky dy sfry dyÈF dI afpxI nYÈnl Puwtbfl tIm dunIaF dy tImF nfl KyzdI hY ijvyN FIFA (PYzryÈn ieMtrnYÈnl dI Puwtbfl afsisIeyÈn) vrlz kwp aqy UEFA XUrpIan Puwtbfl cYpIaniÈp. ieMglYNz isrP iek vfr sMn 1966 ivc vrlz kwp ijwq sikf hY ijhVf XU ky ivc hI Kyizaf igaf sdI. Putbfl keI lokl lIgF ivc vI Kyizaf jFdf hY. amycr lIgF lokl pfrkF aqy hor ÈfmlytF vI lokI afps ivcI Kyzdy hn. rwgbI: Rugby: rwgbI: rwgbI 19vI sdI dy arMB ivc ieMglYNz qoN hI ÈurU hoeI sI aqy hux XU ky ivc bhuq pfpUlr ho geI hY. rwgbI Kyz do vKry ZMgF nfl KyzI jFdI hY ijnHF dy afpxy afpxy rUl hn. rwgbI XUnIan aqy rwgbI lIg donF dIaF ieMglYNz ivc judIaF judIaF lIgF aqy nYÈnbl tImF bxIaF hoeIaF hn. vylj, skftlYNz aqy ndrn afierlYNz (ijhVy afierÈ rIpbilk nfl Kyzdy hn) sfry mulkF dIaF tImF keI qrHF dy mukfbilaF ivc Kyzdy hn. sfiraF qoN mÈhUr rwgbI XUnIan df mukfblf isks nyÈn tUrnfmYNt huMdf hY ijhVf ieMglYNz, afierlYNz skftlYNz 46 lfeIP ien df XU ky

vylj PrFs aqy ietlI ivc KyizaF jFdf hY. df supr lIg rwgbI dI iek bhuq jfxI jFdI rwgbI lIg hY ijhVI klwb kYNpItIÈn krfAuNdI hY. hors ryisMg: GoV dOVF Horse Racing: hors ryisMg: hors ryisMg dI ibRitn ivc iek lMmf ieqhfs hY KyzF dy iek pRmfx anusfr ieh rysF romn smyN qoN hI KyzIaF jFdIaF sn ijnF df sMbMD roiel hsqIaF nfl huMdf sI. sfry XU ky ivc rsy-kors bxy hoey hn. rfiel aYskot, PfeIb zy rys mIitMg ien brkÈfier mÈhUr GoiVaF dIaF rysF hn ijnF nUM rfiel PymlI vfly vyKx afAuNdy hn. ilvrpUl dy lfgy ey-trI ivc grFz nYÈnl aqy skfitÈ grFz nYÈnl eyarI ivc huMdI hY. swPk dI inAUmfrikt ivKy nYÈnl hors ryisMg df imAUjm vI hY. gulP: Golf: gulP: awj kwl KyzI jFdI gulP gym pMdrvIN sdI ivc skftlYNz ivcoN ÈurU hoeI sI. ieh iek mÈhUr gym hY ijhVI soiÈlI aqy proPYÈnl ZMg nfl KyzI jFdI hY. sfry XU ky ivc pbilk aqy prfeIvyt gulP kors bxy hoey hn. skftlYNz ivc syNt aYnzrU gulP Kyz df Gr mMinaf jFdf hY. Epn cYpIaniÈp ieko iek cYpIaniÈp hY ijhVI XUnfeIitz styt qoN bfhr KyzI jFdI hY. hr sfl ieh Kyz keI vwKry vwKry gulp korsF ivKy KyzI jFdI hY. tYins: Tennis: tYins: aDuink tYins ieMglYNz ivc 19vIN sdI ivc ÈurU hoeI. sMn 1872 ivc limMgtn spf ivc pihlI tYins klwb KolI geI. sB qoN mÈhUr cYpIaniÈp tUrnfmYNt ibRitn ivc ‘ivMblzn’ ijhVf hr sfl ‘afl ieMglYNz lfan trYins aYNz krokYt (croquet) klwb’ ivKy KyizaF jFdf hY. ieh dunIaF ivc bhuq purfxf tYins tUrnfmYNt hY aqy isrP ‘grFz slYm’ eIvYNts hI grfs Aupr KyzI jFdI hY. vftr sports: Water Sports: vftr sports: syilMg vI XU ky ivc bhuq hrmn ipafrI Kyz hY ijhVI smuMdr (maritime) ivc kIqIaF jFdIaF gqIivDIaF anusfr KyzIaF jFdIaF hn. iek ibRitÈ sylr ‘sr PrFiss icicstr’sMn 1966/67 ivc ijsny iekwly ny hI smuMdr rfhIN sfrI dunIaF df cwkr lfieaf sI. do sfl bfad ‘sr nOks jOhnsn’ pihlf afdmI sI ijsny ibnHF ruky smUMdr rfhI sfrI dunIaF gfhI sI. keI syilMg eIvYNt kIqIaF jFdIaF hn ijnHF ivcoN sB qoN mÈhUr ‘koaËafn df afeIl afP vfeIt’ (cowes on the Isle of wight) vflI mÈhUr hY. roieMg lYjr aqy mukfbilaF vfsqy vI bhuq mÈhUr hY. QymË diraf dy iknfry huMdI rys ijhVI aksPorz aqy kYmbirj XUnIvriswtI ivckfr huMdI hY bhuq pfpUlar hY. Motor Sports: motr sports: kfrF aqy motrsfeIklF dI motr sports dI XU ky Zyr purfxI sports hY. motr-kfr ryisMG XU ky ivc sMn 1902 ivc ÈurU hoeI sI. sfrI dunIaF ivcoN XU ky ivc motr sports tYknflojI aqy mYnUfYkcr vfsqy sB qoN pihlF aqy mÈhUr mulk hY. PfrmUlf bMn grFz-prI eIvYNt XU ky ivc hr sfl KyzI jFdI hY aqy bhuq sfry ieh grFz-prI rys ijwqx vfly ibRitÈ zrfeIvr hn. ijnHF ivc zymn ihwl, ilAUs hfimltn, aqy jYnsMn bwtn ryisMG zrfeIvr hn.

47 lfeIP ien df XU ky

Skiing: skIieMg: XU ky ivc skiieMg bhuq pfpUlr hY. bhuq lokI bfhrly mulkF nUM skIieMg krn jFdy hn aqy XU ky ivc keI zrfeI skIieMg slops bxIaF hoeIaF hn. pr brP Aupr skIieMg isrP ivMtr ivc hI sMBv hY. skftlYNz ivc pMj skIieMg sYNtr hn aqy XUrp ivcoN sB qoN vwzf skIieMg slop aYiznbrf ivc hY. Arts and Culture: afrts aYNz klcr: Music: imAUijk: ibRitÈ klcr ivc imAUijk df amIr vrfsqI bhuq vwzf sQfn hY. ijnHF ivc klfsIkl imAUjk qoN lY ky mfzrn pOp qwk hY. sfry XU ky ivc keI qrHF dy aqy keI QfvF Aupr imAUjk vfsqy QfvF bxIaF hoeIaF hn. df prwmj awT hPqy clx vflf sIjnl aOkYstrf klfsIkl hY ijhVF keI QfvF Aupr suixaf jf skdf hY ijs ivc rfiel aYlbrt hfl lMzn ivc siQq hY. ieh PYstIbl ibRitÈ brfxkfisitMg kfrporyÈn (BBC) sMn 1927 qoN mnfieaf jFdf hY. prwmj dI afKrI rfq iek vYl non kMsrt dy nfl nfl keI hor sIrIj nUM tYlIkfst vI kIqf jFdf hY. sdIaF qoN klfsIkl imAUjk XU ky ivc vjfieaf jFdf irhf hY.

Henry Purcell (1959-95): hYnrI prsl (1959-95): hYnrI prsl (1959-95) ijhVf vYst minstr aYbI ivc kMm krdf sI Ausny keI qrHF dy crc imAUjk, Aupyrf aqy hor keI qrHF dy imAujk ilKy sn aqy iek ivlwKx imAUjk iqafr kIqf ijhVf XUrp iksy hor jgHf qoN nhIN sixaf jfdf. Auh ibRitÈ kMpojrF ivcoN iek mÈhUr kMmjor sI.

German-born composer George Frederick Handel (1685-1759): jrmn born kMpojr jorj PrYzirk hYnizl ( 1685-1759): jorj PrYzirk hYnizl ( 1685-1759) jrmn df jMmpl sI ijsny afpxf sfrf jIvn XU ky ivc ibqfieafsMn 1727 ivc ibRitÈ istIjn bx igaf sI. Ausny ikMg jfrj pihly vfsqy ‘vftr imAUjk’ iliKaf aqyrfjy dy puwqr jorj sYkMz vfsqy rfiel Pfiervrk bfry vI iLliKaf sI aqy ieh dovyN sMgIq bhuq mÈhUr hoey. ijhVf sMgIq ‘rftorIE’ aqy ‘msIhf’ nfmI eIstr vfly idnF ivc koafir krky jfixaf jFdf hY Auh vI hYNzl hI iliKaf sI.

More recently, important composers include Gustav Holst (1874-1934): mor rIisMtlI, iemportYNt kMpojr ienklUz gustv holst (1874-1934): gustv holst (1874-1934) ny plYint nfmI imAUjk iqafr kIqf ijhVf plYint afP df solr issitm nUM muKfiqb hY. ijafdf qr Ausdf imAujk plYint jupItr bfry hY ijs dI itAUn ‘afeI voa tU dI mfeI kMtrI’ ibRitÈ crcF ivc bhuq mÈhOr Dun hY.

Sir Edward Elgar (1857-1934): sr iezvrz aYlgr (1857-1934): sr iezvrz aYlgr (1857-1934) vricstr (ieMglYNz) ivc jnimaf sI. Ausdy do imAujk ‘df pMp’ aqy ‘srkMmstynYss mfricc’ bhuq mÈhOr hoey. mfrc nMbr bMn ‘lYNz afP hop aqy glorI’ ijhVf rfiel rfbrt hfl dy prwmj dI afKrI rfq nUM vjfieaf jFdf hY.

Ralf Vaughan Williams (1872-1958): rflP vfign ivlIamj (1872-1958): rflP vfign ivlIamj (1872-1958) ny afkYstr aqy kuafier vfsqy imAUjk iliKaf hY. Auh ‘trIzIÈnl ieMgilÈ imAUjk’ ilKx krky bhuq mÈhUr hY.

Sir William Walton (1902-83): sr ivlIam vfltn (1902-83): sr ivlIam vfltn (1902-83) ny keI qrHF df isnymf qoN lY ky Aupyrf qwk df imAUjk iliKaf hY. Ausny mfricc Pfr df koronyÈn asfP jfrj CyvF aqy alYjfbYQ pihlI bfry iliKaf pr Ausdf bhuq 48 lfeIP ien df XU ky

jfixaf jFdf imAUjk ‘PIkyz’ ijhVf bYilt aqy bflQfjr PIst ijhVf bhuq vwzy vwzy kuafierF smyN vjfieaf jFdf hY.

Benjamin Britten (1913-76): ibMnjfbYn birtn (1913-76): ibMnjfbYn birtn (1913-76) Aupyrf df imAujk ijvyN ‘pItr girMm’ aqy ‘iblI bwz’ afid ilKx krky mÈhrUR hY. Ausny ‘XMg prsnj gfeIz tU afkYstrf’ vI iliKaf hY. ijhVf ‘prsl aqy ietroizAUs df ilsnrj tO df vyrIas izPrMt sYkÈn afP afkYstr’ bfry vI imAujk iliKaf hY. Ausny siFks ivc ‘aYlzbrg PYstIbl’ vI arMB kIqf ijsdI mÈhUrI sfrI dunIaF ivc hY. hor pRkfr dy imAUIjk ijvyN Pok-imAUjk, jYj, pwpaqy rfk imAUjk vIhvIN sdI qoN hI XU ky ivc PYl irhf hY. sfrI dunIaF ivc aMgryjI bolI jfx krky jF ibRitn dy klcr dy pRBfv krky aqy jF ibRitÈ ienvYnÈn aqy nvIaF kfzF kfrn ibRitn dy imAUjk df sfry pfsy asr ivKfeI idMdf hY. sMn 1960 ivc pwp imAUjk ny XU ky dy klcr Aupr bhuq asr pfieaf. bYNz ijvyN ‘bItlj’ aqy roilMg stonj df ies mulk ivc saqy bfhrly mulkF ivc DuMmf pfeIaF. sMn 1970 dI aMqly smyN clI pMk mUvmYNt aqy sMn 1990 ivc cly muMzy aqy kuVIaF dy bYNzF ny bhuq nfmxf Kwitaf. ieMglYNz ivc bhuqw vwzy vYinAU ijvyN vYblI styzIam, df 02 ien grInYc, sfAUQ eIst lMzn, aqy skfitÈ aYgjIbyÈn aqy kfnPrMs sYNtr (SECC) ien glfsgo. hr smr nUM sfry XU ky ivc keI qrHF dy PYstIvl mnfey jFdy hn ijhVy keI QfvF Aupr bhuq vwzI skyl nfl huMdy hn. mÈhUr PYstIvl ijvyN glwstnbrI, afiel afP vfeIt PYstIvl aqy vI PYstIvl afid. bhuqy bYNz aqy solo afrtYst ijhVy bhuq nfmvr huMdy hn iesnHF PYstivlF ivc ihwsf lYNdy hn. df nYÈnl afiestzfPz afP vylj iek sflfnf PYstIvl hY ijs ivc imAUjk, zfns, afrt aYNz afirjnl prPrmYss Kfs kr vYlÈ ivc huMdy hn. ies durfn vYlÈ poietrI dy mukfbly huMdy hn. df mrkrI imAujkl prfeIj XU ky aqy afierlYNz ivc rIlIj hoeIaF bYst aYlbmF nUM idqf jFdf hY. ‘df birt avfrzj’ hr sfl iksy cMgy gruwp aqy iksy solo afrtYst nUM idqf jFdf hY.

Theatre: Qytr: Sfry XU ky ivc keIaF ÈihrF aqy tfAUnf ivc Qytr bxy hoey hn. keI vwzy hn aqy keI Coty vI hn. ieh Qytr kimAuintI vfsqy bhuq lfhybMd hn ikAuNik ienHF QytrF ivc proPYÈnl aqy amycr przMkÈnF nUM ivKfieaf jFdf hY. lMzn ivc ‘vYst-ieMz’ bhuq mÈhUr hY ijsnUM QytrlYNz afiKaf jFdf hY. ‘df mfAUstrYp’, ey mrzr imstrI plya bfeI zym agfQf kirstI afid sMn 1952 qoN eyQy Kyzy jFdy hn. aqy sfry sMsfr ivc sB qoN vwD smyN qwk Kyzy jfxy mMny jFdy hn.

XU ky ivc 19vIN sdI qoN iek Kfs imAUjIkl Qytr dI rvfieq ivc iglbrt aqy sulIvfn dy ilKy kfimk afpyrf aksr puiltIkl aqy keI qrHF dy klcrF bfry ivaMg ksdy hn. ienHF kfimkf ivc aYc aYm aYs pInfPor, df pfeyryts Pfr pyjMnfsaqy df mkfzo iglbrt aqy sulIvfn dy kfrj nUM lokF sfhmxy proPYÈnl aqy amycr afrtYstF rfhIN pyÈ kIqf jFdf hY. huxy ivc hI aYNzrU loiez vYbr ny iek aijhf imAUjk iliKaf hY ijhVf sfrI dunIaF ivc pRiswD hoieaf hY ijs ivc ‘ien kYlYboryÈn vYd itm rfeIs, jIss krfeIst suprstfr aqy aYvItf, aqy kYts aYNz df PYNtom afP df afpyrf vI Èfml hY. pYNtomfeIn iek ibRitÈ trYzIÈn hY. bhuq sfry Qytr kirsmYs lfgy pYNtomfeIn df QytrF ivc prPrm krdy hn. ieh PyarI storI bfry huMdy hn ijhVy imAUjk aqy kfmyzI rfhIN pyÈ kIqy jFdy hn ijhVy PYmlI smyqw vyKy jFdy hn. ies iek ipafrf krUktr ‘zym’ iek aOrq df krYktr afdmI vloN inBfieaf jFdf hY. iek pYNtomfeIn aYsf hY ijs ivc f GoVy aqy kfE df ikrdfr do aYktrF rfHI ivKfieaf jFdf hY ijhVy ieko kfstUm ivc huMdy hn.

49 lfeIP ien df XU ky

df aYznbrf PYstIvl skftlYNz dy Èihr aYznbrf ivc smr ivc mnfieaf jFdf hY. ies ivc vWKry klcrl PYstIvl aqy afrt bfry dwisaF jFdf hY aqy nfl nfl hI aYznbrf PYstIvl ‘df PirMg’ Èoa kys ijs ivc kfmyzI aqy Qytr Èfml huMdf hY. ies smyN keI qrHF dy aYkpYrImYNtl vrk ivKfieaf jFdf hY. df lorYNs aolIvr avfrz lMzn ivc hr sfl vwKo vWKrIaF QfvF Aupr idqf jFdf hY. ies dIaF keI kYtygrIaF hn ijvyN bYst zfiektr, bYst aYktr, aqy bYst aYktrYs afid. ieh ienfm bhuq mÈhUr aYktr sr lfrYNz aOlIvr mgroN lfrz aOlIvr swdy jfx vfly dy nfm vflf hY . lfrz aOlIvr ÈykspIar dy zrfmy krn ivc bhuq mÈhUr sI.

Art: afrt: imzl eyj smyN durfn bhuqf afrt Dfrimk BfvnfvF nfl sMbMDq sI. Kfs kr ky crcF dIaF kMDF Aupr iBwq icqr bxfAuxy jF Dfrimk pusqkF ivc icqr Cfpxy afid. aijhf bhuq sfrf afrt protYstYNt rIPrmyÈn smyN guasfc igaf sI pr kuJ vYldI lok ies nUM iekwTf krdy rhy hn. solvIN aqy sqfrvIN sdI ivc bhuqy pyNtrj bfhrly mulkF ivcoN afey sn ijvyN hFs holbIan aqy sr anQonI vyn zYc afid. ibRitÈ afrtYst ijhVy portryt aqy lYNzskyp pyNtr Kfs krky 18vIN sdI qoN bfad bhuq pfpUlr hoey. ibRitÈ aqy ieMtrnYÈnl afrtYstF df kMm XU ky dIaF nYÈnl gYlrIaF ivc izsplya kIqf hoieaf imldf hY ijvyN lMzn ivc tyt ibRitn aqy tyt mfzrn, nYÈnl imAUjm kfrzYP aqy nYÈnl gYlrI aYiznbrf afP skftlYNz hn. tyt mfzrn sYtrl lMzn ivc bYNksfeIz pfvr styÈn dI jgf Aupr bixaf hoieaf hY. trnr prfeIj sMn 1984 ivc iqafr hoky ÈurU kIqf igaf ies smyN kMntYprI afrt sYlIbryt kIqf jFdf hY. ieh XUsP trnr dy nfm nfl bixaf hY. cfr hPqy pihlF Èort ilsitz kIqf jFdf hY aqy tyt ibRitn ivKy ivKfky ivnr qih kIqf jFdf hY. ieh avfrz XUrp ivc sB qoN vwD kIMqI avfrz hY. pihlf ivnr zymIan hrst aqy ircrz rfeIt bxy sn.

Notasble British Artists: notybl ibRitÈ afritsts: Thomas Gainsborough (17727-88): Qoms gynjbro (17727-88): Qoms gynjbro (17727-88) portryt pyNtr sI ijsny kMtrI ivc lok aqy gfrzn sInrI pyNt kIqIaf sn.

David Allen (1744-96): zyivz aYln (1744-96): zyivz aYln (1744-96): skfitÈ pyNtr sI ijs ny portryt pyNt krn ivc mhfrq hfsl kIqI. ‘aOryjn afP pyitMg’ Ausdf mfstr-pIs hY. Joseph Turner (1775-1851): joisP trnr (17757-1851): joisP trnr (17757-1851): mfzrn tfeIm mÈhUr lYNzskyp pyNtr sI. Auh iek aijhf afrtYst sI ijs ny lYNz skyp pyitMg dI kdr vDfeI sI. John Constable (1776-1837): john kMnstybl (1776-1837): john kMnstybl (1776-1837): lYNz skyp pyNtr sI ijsny eIst ieMglYNz dy swfYks aYisks dy bfrzr iYzhfm vyl nUM icqiraf.

The Pre-Raphaelites: df prI-rYPIlIts: df prI-rYPIlIts: ieh 19vIN sdI dy awD ivc afrtYstF df iek mÈhOr gruwp sI. ienHF ny irlIjs aqy iltryrI QImj bhuq brfeIt rMgF ivc icqiraf. ies gruwp ivc holmYn hMt, zFty gYbrIal risYatI aqy sr john imlafs sn.

Sir John Laveri (1856-1941): sr john lfvyrI (1856-1941): 50 lfeIP ien df XU ky

sr john lfvyrI (1856-1941): ieh ndrn afierlYNz df portryt pyNtr sI. ies ny rfiel PYmlI dI qsvIrF pyNt kIqIaF. Henry Moore (1898-1986): hYnrI mUr (1898-1986): hYnrI mUr (1898-1986): ieh ieMgilÈ skwlpr aqy afrtYst sI. ieh iek bhuq vwzf broNj df sklpr bxfAux vfsqy mÈhUr sI. John Petts ( 1914-91): john ipets ( 1914-91): john ipets ( 1914-91): ie vylj df afrtYst sI ijsny iengryivMg aqy styNnz glfs Aupr kMm kIqf. Lucian Freud (1922-2011): lUsIan PrIieAUz (1922- 2011): lUsIan PrIieAUz (1922- 2011): ieh jrmn bOrn ibRitÈ afrtYst sI. ieh portryt bxfAux krky mÈhUr sI. Devid Hockney (1937-): zyivz hoknI (1937-): zyivz hoknI (1937-): ies sMn 1960 dI pwp afrt mUvmYNt ÈurU krn vflf sI aqy ajy vI bhuq kMm kr irhf hY.

Architecture: afrcIitkcr: XU ky df afrcItYkcrl hYrItyj bhuq vDIaF aqy keI prkfr df hY. imzl eyj durfn gryt kYQrIzl aqy crc bxfey gey ijhVy vrqmfn ivc vI vyKy jf skdy hn. Audfhrx vfsqy ijvy zurhfm df kYQrIzll, kYNtrbrI aYNz sfilsbrI df afid. tfvr afP lMzn ivKy vfeIt tfvr nfrmn kYNsl dI iek Audfhrx hY ijhVf ivlIam df kMkwr dy hukm nfl bxfieaf igaf sI. hOlI hOli jd kMtrIsfeIz ivc amn amfn ho igaf qF lYNz afAUnr amIr ho gey. amIrf dy bhuq imhnq nfl bxfey Gr gryt kMtrI hfAUs mMny gey ijnHF ivc zrbIÈfier ivc hfrzvYk hfl bxfieaf igaf sI. ies smyN ibRitÈ stfeIl afrcItYkt arMB ho igaf sI. sqfrvIN sdI ivc ienIgo jonj ny grInYc ivKy ikAUnj hfAUs aqy lMzn dy vfeIthfl ivc iek bMkitMg hfAUs iqafr kIqf. sdI dy aMq ivc sr kirtfPr irn ny ibRitÈ vrÈn afP df afrnyt stfeIl ijvyN syNt pflj kYQrIzl iqafr krn vfsqy mwdd kIqI, ijhVf XUrp dIaF ibMlizMgf vrgf stfeIl sI. aTfrvIN sdIO ivc isMplr zIjfeIn bhuq mÈhUr hoieaf. skfitÈ afrcItYkt rfbrt aYzm ny XU k, XUrp aqy amrIkf ivc afrcItYkcr nUM bhuq vVfvf idqf. Ausny ibMlizMgF bxfAux dy nfl aMdrly zIjfeIn vI iqafrv kIqy ijvyN skftlYNz ivc zFPrI hfAUs. ies df afeIzIaf bfQ ivc rfiel krYsYNt bxfAux vfly ny azfpt kIqf. 19vIN sdI ivc ImzeIvl giiQk stfeIl vrgIaF ibMlizMgf bxnIaF iPr afrMB ho geIaF. ies stfeIl ivc buq sfrIaF pbilk ibMlizMgF iqafr kIqIaF geIaF. ies smyN dfg hjfAUs afP pfrlImYNt aqy syNt pynkrfs styÈn vI bxfieaf igaf aqy mfncYstr aqy ÈihPIlz dy tfAUn hfl vI bxfey gey. vIhvIN sdI ivc sr iezvn lutIan sfry ibRitÈ aMpfier ivc bhuq pfpUlr hoieaf. Ausny ieMzIaf ivc nvIN-idlI ivc srkfrI ibMlizMgF bxfeIaF. dunIaF dI pihlI vwzI jMg bfad dunIaF dy keI dyÈF ivc ‘vfr mYmorIal’ bxfAux dI ijMmydfrI sI aqy Ausny vfeIthfl ivc kynftfP vI bxfieaf hY. kynftfP Auh sfeIt hY ijQy hr sfl rImYNbrs zya mnfieaf jFdf hY, ijQy rfxI keI rfjnIqk nyqfvF aqy dunIaF Br ivcoN keI aYmbYszrF nfl rl ky rImYNbrs zya mnfAudy hn. mfzrn ibRitÈ afrcItYkt ijvyN sr nfrmn Postr, lfrz (ircrz) rojr aqy zym jfhf hfizz keI myjr projYktF Aupr XU ky smyq dunIaF Br ivc kMm krdy hn. afrcItYkcr dI zIvlpmYNt dy nfl nfl gfrzn zIjfeIn aqy lYNz skyipMg ny XU ky ivc bhuq vwzf rol adf kIqf hY. aTfrvIN sdI ivc lFsylOt ‘kYpyibltI’ brfAUn ny kMtrI hfAUss duafly 51 lfeIP ien df XU ky

grfAUzj zIjfeIn krdy smyN Gfh, trI, aqy lyks ies qrHF iPt kIqy qF ik mhOl kudrqI lwgy. igrtrUz jyikl ijhVf kdy aYzivn lutIafnf nfl rMgdfr gfrzn GrF duafly bxfAudf sI. ‘df aYnUal iclsI Plfvr Èo, Èokyss aqy sfry gfrzn zIjfeIn ibRitn aqy sfrI dunIaF dy aftYstF ny kIqy.

Fashion and Design: PYÈn aYNz zIjfeIn: aTfrvI sdI ivc ijsny PrnIcr zIjfeIn kIqf Ausdf nfm ‘Qfms icpnzyl’ qoN lY ky ibRitn ivc klyarsI kilP (ijsny tfielF Aupr afrt kIqf), sr tyrMs konrfn (ijhVf vIhvI sdI ivc ieMtIar zIjfeInr) aqy vrqmfn ivc myrI ikAuaMt,alYgjzrf mkikAUn aqy ivvIan vYstvuwz afid vrgy zIjfeInr hoey hn.

Literature: iltrycr: XU ky ivc iltrycr df ieqhfs bhuq gOrvmeI hY. keI ibRitÈ rfeItrj ijnHF ivc nfvilst ivlIam golizMg. Poiet sImws hIny aqy plyrfeItr hfrolzipMtr sfiraf ny iltrycr ivc nfbl prfeIj ijiqaf hY. hor keI rfeItrF ny iPkÈn ivc mwlF mfrIaF hn. agwsqf kirstI ijhVIaF zItYkitv khfxIaF sfrI dunIaF ivc pVHIaf jFdIaF hn aqy eIan PlYimMg buwks ny jymj bONz df krYtr pYdf kIqf hY. sMn 2003 ivc jyafrafr (JRR) tOlkIan ‘df lfrz afP df irMgj’ dyÈ df sB qoN vwD piVHaf jfx vflf aqy lokF dI pihlI psMd df nfvl bixaf hY. iPkÈn vfsqy ‘df mYn buwkr prfeIj’ ijhVf hr sfl bYst iPkÈn avfrz kfmnvYlQ, afierlYNz jF ijbfby dy rfeItrF nUM imilaf hY. ieh avfrz sMn 1968 qoN arMB kIqf igaf sI. ipCly jyqU ijvyN eIan mkeyvn, hYlrI mYNtl aqy jUlIan bfrnj afid hn.

Notable Authors And Writers: noteybl afQrj aYNz rfeItrj: Jane Auston (1775-1817): jyn aostn (1775-1817): jyn aostn (1775-1817) iek ieMgilÈ vomYn nfvilst sI. AusdIaF pusqkF ijvyN prfeIz aYNz prYjzYs aqy sYNs aYNz sYsibltI hn. Ausdy nfvl ivc mYirjF aqy pirvfrk irÈiqaF bfry ilKy huMdy hn. AusdIaF keI pusqkF dIaF iPlmF aqy tYlIvIjn pRogrfm idKfey jFdy hn.

Charles Dickens (1812-70): cfrlj izknj ( 1812-70): cfrlj izknj ( 1812-70) ny bhuq mÈhUr nfvl ilKy hn. ijvyN aflIvr tivst aqy gryt aYkspYktyÈn afid. AusdI ikqfb ivcly keI krYktr inq dIvI ijMdgI ivcly lgdy hn. ijvy ik ‘skrUj’ (iek mIn prsn) jF imstr mkfAUvr ijhVf hr vyly afpxI AumId bxfeI rwKdf sI. Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94): rfbrt ilAUs stivnsMn (1850-94): rfbrt ilAUs stivnsMn (1850-94) ny aijhIaF ikqfbF ilKIaF hn ijnHF ny nOjuafn aqy buwZy lgfqfr pVHdy hn. AusdIaF mÈhUr ikqfbF ijvyN trIjr afierlYNz, ikznYp aqy zf: jykfeIl aqy imstr hfeIz afid hn.

Thomas Hardy (12840-1928): Qoms hfrzI (1840-1928): Qoms hfrzI (1840-1928) iek vfrqk lyKk aqy kvI sI. Ausdy mÈhUr nfvl rUrl sosfeItI bfry sn ijvyN Pfr Prfm df mYizMg krfAUz aqy ijAUz df abiskUar afid hn.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930): sr afrQr konn zoafly (1859-1930): sr afrQr konn zoafly (1859-1930) skfitÈ zfktr aqy rfeItr sI Auh Èyrlfk homj afid storI krky mÈhOr sI ijnHF ivc iek pihlF iPkÈn zItYkitv df krYktr sI. 52 lfeIP ien df XU ky

Evelyn Waugh (1903-66): aYvlIn vfgH (1903-66): aYvlIn vfgH (1903-66) ny stYrIkl nfvl ilKy hn ijvyN izklfeIn aYNz Pfl aqy skUp. Ausd sB qoN mÈhUr ‘brfeIzhYz rIivjitz’ hY. Sir Kingsley Amis (1922-66): sr ikMgsly ayms (1922-66): sr ikMgsly ayms (1922-66) iek ieMgilÈnfvilst aqy poiet sI. Ausny koeI vIh ku nfvl ilKy sn. sB qoN vwD mÈhUr hox vfly nfvl nfm lwkI ijwm hY. Graham Greene (1904-91): grfeIhm grIny (1904-91): grfeIhm grIny (1904-91)Dfrimk ivcfrF vfly nfvl ilKy snijvyN ‘df hfrt afP df mYtr’, df afnryrI kONsl, brfeItYn rfk, aqy avr mYN ien hvfnf afid.

J K Rowling (1965): jy ky roilMg (1965-) jy ky roilMg (1965-) bwicaF vfsqy hYrI pOtr sIrIj ilKIaF hn. ijsdI ieMtrnYÈnlI bhuq mÈhUrI hoeI hY. hux azwlt vfsqy iPkÈn ilK rhI hY. British Poets: ibRitÈ poiets: ibRitÈ poietrI sfrI dunIaF dI poietrI qoN vDIaF ilKI jFdI hY. aYNglo-sYksn poiem ‘bIvulP’ afpxy dy mnstwr nfl lVfeI dI vfrqf dsdI hY aqy ajy vI mfzrn ieMgilÈ ivc AulQfeI jf rhI hY.ijhVIaF kivqfvF imzl eyj smyN dIaF sFBIaF geIaF sn Auh hn ijvyN, cOsr dI kYtrbrY tyljaqy poiem ijsdf nfm ‘sr gfvyn aqy grIn nfeIt ijnHF df ivÈf ikMg afrQr dy iek nfeIt dI khfxI hY. ÈykspIar ny 14 swqrF dy keI sonYt Bfv kivqfvF aqy kuJ ku lMmIaF kivqfvF vI ilKIaF hn. protYstYNt dy ivcfr dy pRPulq hox nfl bhuqy kvIaF ny Dfrimk iKaflF dI poietrI ilKI hY.ijnHF ivcoN iek df nfm jOn imltn sI ijs ny pYrfzfeIj lOst poiem ilKI sI. Hor poiet ijvyN ivlIam vrzjvrQ ijsny nycr bfry poietrI ilKI. Sr vltr skft skftlYNz aqy ieMglYNz dy bfrzr duafly dy lokF dy pRclq gIqf, rvfieqI khfxIaF ilKIaf. Ausny nfvl vI ilKy ijnHF df Gtnf sQfn skftlYNz hI hY. 19vI sdI ivc poietrI bhuq pfpUlr hoeI. ivlIam blyk, jOn kIts, lOrz birwn, prsI ÈYlI, alPrz lOrz tYnIsMn aqy rfbrt aYNz wiljfbYQ brfAUinMg poiet hoey hn. Bfad ivc bhuqy poiet Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ivlPirz Evn, aqy isgPrfeIz sYsUn afid pihlI vwzI ivÈv jMg bfry kivqfvF ilKIaF.huxy huxy sr vfltr zy lf myar, jOn mfsyPIlz, sr jOn bytjymYn aqy tYz ihAUj hoey hn. bhuqy nfmxf Kwtx vfly poiets vYstminstr aYbI ivc poiet kfrnr ivc dPnfey gey sn aqy hr sfl AunHF nUM Xfd kIqf jFdf hY.

LLeisure leIjr; XU ky ivc lokI afpxf leIjr tfeIm keI ZMgF nfl bqIq krdy hn. gfrzinMg bhuqy lokF kol afpxy GrF ivc gfrzn bxy huMdy aqy afpxf ivhlf smF AusnUM suafrn vfsqy lgfAudy hn. keI lok ‘alftmYNt’ vI rYNt kr lYNdy hn. ijQy Auh PrUt aqy vYjItybl AugfAdy hn. gfrzinMg aqy Plfvr Èo nYÈnl qOr aqy lokl lYvl Aupr afXoijq kIqy jFdy hn. keIaF tfAUnf ivc gfrzxinMg sYNtr aqy gfrzn sYNtr ijQyplFt aqy gfrzinMg eIikAupmYNt vycx vfly stor KulHy huMdy hn. sfry XU ky keI bhuq mÈhUr gfrznj bxfey hoey hn ijvyN ‘ikAUgfrzn, iswisMghrst aqy ihwzkot ien ieMglYNz, skftlYNz ivc kryQs kYsl aqy 53 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ienvyrfrI kYsl, vylj ivc bozynMt aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc mfAUNt stUart sQfpq hn. kMtrI sfeIzF ivc keI Kfs qrHF dy Aus ielfky dy Plfvr huMdy hn ijhVy nYÈnl syNt zya smyN kpiVaF Aupr sjfey jFdy hn.

ieMglYNz df roj

skftlYNz df iQsl

vylË df zPfizl ndrn afierlYNz df Èfmrfk

Shoping ÈfipMg XU ky keI vwKo vwKrIaF jgHf hn ijQy lok ÈfipMg kr skdy hn. keIaF ÈihrF ivc tfAUn sYNtrF ivc ÈfipMg eyrIaf huMdf hY. iek Cwq hyTF ÈfipMg sYNtr amUnn tfAUN sYNtrF jF tfAUN qoN bfhr pwDry QfvI bxfey gey huMdy hn. bhuqy ÈfipMg sYNtr swqy idn KulHY rihMdy hn Bfvy aYqvfr jF CuwtIaF vfly idnF ivc KulHx df smF QoVf Gtf idqf jFdf hY. keIaF tfAUnf ivc mfriktF bxIaF hoeIaF huMdIaF hn ijhVIaF hPqy ivc iek idn jF ijafdf idnF vfsqy KuldIaF hn ijQy stflholzr keI qrHF dy pdfrQ vycdy hn.

Cooking And Food kuwikMg aYNz PUz XU ky ivc keI lok afp kuwk krnf psMd krdy hn. Auh iek dUjy nUM afpxy GrF ivc iznr vfsqy swddy hn. XU ky ivc irwc zIvrs pfpUlyÈn hox krky keI qrHF df PUz KfDf jFdf hY. Triditional Food trIzIÈnl PUz XU ky keI ihisaF ivc AunHF dI afpxy ZMg dI Kurfk huMdI hY. ieMglYNz rost bIP, ijsnUM pYtftoj, vYjItybl nfl KfDf jFdf hY. XfrkÈier puizMg (ijhVi afvn ivc pkfeI jFdI hY aqy keI hor vI Kfxy KfDy jFdy hn ijvyN iPÈ aYNz icwps afid. vylj vYlÈ-kyks vylj dI rvfieqIsnYk hY ijhVI aftf, zrfeI PUz ivc msfly pf ky pkfeI jFdI hY aqy ieh TMZI jF grm krky KfDI jFdI hY. skftlYNz hfigs iksy CIp dy iZz ivc keI qrHF dy stwiPMg ijvyN EPfl, isAUt afnIan aqy EtmIl Br ky pkfeI jFdI hY. ndrn afierlYNz alstr PrfeI qilaf hoieaf Kfxy ijs ivc bykMm, iewG, sosyj blYk puizMg, vfeIt puizMg, tomftoj, mwÈrUm, sozf brYz, aqy pYtfto brYz afid.

Films iPlmj XU ky df mfzrn isnymf nUM kfmXfb bxfAux vfsqy bhuq hwQ hY. 54 lfeIP ien df XU ky

sB qoN pihlF XU ky ivc iPlm sMn 1896 ivc ivKfeI geI sI aqy ies qoN CyqI hI bfad iPlm skrIinMg krnI bhuq mÈhUr ho geI. ibRitÈ iPlm mykrj iPlm ivc spYÈl aiPkt pfAux ivc bhuq mfhr hox krky ies krky ies Kyqr ivc Auh lgfqfr agy qoN agy cldy gey. isnymf dy pihly dOr ivc ibRitÈ kYktrj XU ky aqy XU aYs donF dyÈF ivc kMm krdy rhy. sr cfrlj (cfrlI0 cYpilnsfeIlYNt mUvIaF bxfAux aqy Kfs krky Ausdy trYNP krYtr krky bhuq mÈhUr hoieaf. Auh hflIvuwz df keI ibRitÈ aYktrF ivcoN iek sI. sMn 1930 ivc ibRitÈ stfzIe afpxIaF isKrF Aupr sI. bhuq Auc kotI dy zfierYktr ijvyN sr aYlMgjzr korzf aqy sr alPrz ihskfk ijhVf hflIvuwz cly igaf sI. Auh sMn 1980 qwk afpxI mOq qwk iek vYl-non zfierYktr irhf. dunIaF dI dUjI vwzI jMg vyly ibRitÈ mUvI ijvyN ‘ien ivc vI srv’ ny ibRitÈ aYktrF df murfl bhuq Aucf kIqf. ibRitÈ zfierYktr ijvy sr zyivl lIan aqy irzly skft ny XU ky aqy dunIaF dy hor dyÈF bhuq nfmxf Kwitaf. sMn 1950 aqy sMn 1960 ibRitÈ komYzI df ibhqr ssmF sI ijvy pfsport tU ipmlIko. Df lyzI –iklr aqy bfad ivc kYrI afn iPlmj afid bxIaF. Vrqmfn ivc bhuq sfrIaF iPlmF jo XU ky ivc bxfeIaF jFdIaF hn AunHF dy prozUsr bfhrly mulkF dIaF kMpnIaF dy hn ijnF ny ibRitÈF dy aYkspIrYNs vriqaf hY. keI kmrÈlI kfmXfb hoeIaF hr smyN bhuq pfpUlr iPlmF bxIaF. ijnHF hYrI potr aqy jymj bAUNz afid iPlmF XU ky ivc hI bxfeIaF geIaF sn.eIilMg stfzIE aj qwk cl irhf hY Ausdy dunIaF ivcoN sB qoN Auqm keI qrHF dIaF shUlqf AuplwbD hn aqy spYÈl aPykts aqy aYnImyÈn vfsqy vfDU hY. Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ijvyN inwk pfrk df df kMm ijsny cfr afskr aynImyÈn krky aqy iqMn iPlm PIcrj ijvyN vflys aYNz gfmYt ijwqy hn. sr lfryNs aOlIvr, zyivz invn, sr rYx hYrIsn aqy ircrz brtn vrgy aYktrF ny bhuq qrHF dIaF mÈhUr iPlmF bxfeIaF hn. ibRitÈ aYktrF ny vDIaF kMm krn krky bhuq mÈhUrI KwtI. ijnHF ny huxy huxy afksr avfrz ijiqaf hY Auh ijvyN koiln PrQ, sr anQnI hopikn, zyme jUzI zYNc, kyt ivnsYt aqy itlzf sivntn afid. ibRitÈ iPlm akYzmI df sflfnf avfrz ijhVf ibRitÈ akYzmI afP iPlm aqy tYlIvIjn afrt (BAFTA) ijhVf afksr iPlm avfrz dy brfbr df hY. Pyms ibRitÈ iPlm hyT ilKy dI qrHF hn. º df 39 stYps (1935) zfierYktz bfeI alPrz ihckfk. º brIP ienkfAUtr (1945) zfierYktz bfeI zyivz lIan º df Qrz mYn (1949) zfierYktz bfeIkYrl rIz º df bylyj afP syNt trInIanj (1954) zfierYktz bfeI º lfrYNz afP arybIaf (1962)zfierYktz bfeIzyivz lIan º voimn ien lwv (1969) zfierYktz bfeIkYn rwsl º zFt luwk nfE (1973)zfierYktz bfeIinkls roeyj º CYrIat afP Pfier (1981) zfierYktz bfeIihAUj huzsn º df ikilMg PIlz (1949) zfierYktz bfeI rolYNz joPy º Por vYizMgs aYNz Punrl (1949) zfierYktz bfeI mfeIk inAUl º twicMg df voafiez (2003) zfierYktz bfeIkyivn mkzonl British Comedy ibRitÈ komYzI hfs ivaMg (satire) aqy komYzI krYktrj XU ky ivc iek rvfieq hY aqy bhuq mhqwqf rKdy hn. imzeIvl smyN rfjy aqy nobl iek dUjy Aupr bhuq jok ksdy sn. bfad ivc ÈykspIar ny afpxy zrfimaF ivc hfsy vfly krYktr Ausfry. 18vIN sdI ivc puiltIkl kfrtUn bhuq Cpy ijhVy vwzy vwzy pflytIÈnF dy ikrdfrF Aupr cotF lfAuNdy sn aqy keI vfr Auh rfjy aqy roiel PYmlI Aupr vI ivaMg kwsxy 19vI sdI ivc bhuq hrmn ipafry hoey. keI hfs-ivaMg dy mYgjIn Cpx lwgy. sB qoN vwD mÈhUr hox vflf mYgjIn pMc (Punch) bhuq pfpUlr sI 55 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ijhVf sMn 1840 ivc Cpxf ÈurU hoieaf sI. vrqmfn ivc puiltIkl kfrtUn hr aKbfr aqy mYgjIn ijvyN prfeIvyt afeI ivc Cpdy hn aqy ieh tirMz cwlI jFdf hY. imAUjk hflF ivc komIzIan df Kfs kfrj hY. XU ky ivc tYlIvIjn dI ÈurUafq qoN pihlF ‘ey Prm afP vfrfietI Qytr cldy sn. sMn 1940 ivc ijnHF lokF ny imAUjk hflF ivc prPrm kIqf sI hn ijvyN morkM aYNz vfeIj ijhVf tYlIvIjn stfr bixaf sI. tYlIvIjn komYzI df afpxf stfeIl sI. iscUeyÈn komYzI aqy istkMm ijhVI hmyÈf PYmlI lfeIP aqy kMmF kfrF vyly dy hflqF bfry gwl bfq huMdI hY bhuq pfpUlr hoeI. stfier Kfs krky lgfqfr viDaf Puilaf ijvyN dYt vfj df vIk’ afid ijhVf sMn 1960 ivc aqy sipitMg iemyj sMn 1980 ivc arMB hoieaf. sMn 1969 moNtI pfeIQon PlfeIieMg srks ijs nfl nvyN stfeIl progrYisv komYzY ÈurU hoeI. stYNz-awp komYzI ijs ivc iek komIzIan hI lfeIv Èoa krdf huMdf hY ijhVf vrqmfn ivc bhuq mÈhUr hY. Television And Radio tYlI vIjn aYNz ryzIE XU ky bhuq qrHFD dy tYlIvIjn hn. keI qF PrI vyKy jf skdy hn aqy keI nUM vyKx vfsqy pya krnf pYNdf hY. ibRitÈ tYlIvIjn keI qrHF dy progrfm pyÈ krdf hY. ijhVy mÈhUr progrfm hn ijvyN ‘sop Epyrf’ ijvyN koronyÈn strIt aqy eIst-aYNzrj afid. skftlYNz Aupr keI skfitÈ lokF vfsqy progrfm pyÈ kIqy jFdy hn aqy gfieil lYgUeyj ivc tYlI cl irhf hY. vYlÈ lYNgUeyj cYinl vylj ivc cldf hY. ndrn afierlYN vfsqy iek spYÈl tYlIvIjn clfieaf jFdf hY ijhVf afieirÈ-gfieilk lYNgUeyj ivc hY. XU ky ivc hr afdmI tYlIvIjn aqy jF tYlIvIjn nUM vyKx vfly sfDnf krky lfiesYNs jrUr lYNdy hn. iek lfiesYNs Gr ivc vrqy jfx vfly sfry iekupmUNt nUM kvr krdf hY. agr jykr koeI ieko gr ivc vwKy vwKry kmry rYNt krdf hY ijs kol tYnYNsI aYgrimYNt huMdf hY AusnUM judf lfiesYNs lYxf pYNdf hY. 75 sfl dI Aumr qoN bfad tYlIvIjn lfiesYNs PrI huMdf hY aqy blfeIz lokF nUM 50% muafP huMdf hY. jykr quhfzy kol tYlIvIjn lfiesYNs nhIN hY aqy qusIN tYlIvIjn vyKdy hO qF quhfnUM iek hjfr pONz jurmfnf huMdf hY. lfiesYNs dI PIs nfl ibRitÈ brfz-kfsitMg (BBC) vfsqy vrqI jFdI hY. ibRitÈ brfzkfsitMg (BBC) ieh iek ibRitÈ pbilk stvYs ryzIE aqy tYlIvIjn vfsqy hY. (BBC) sfrI dunIaF ivc sB qoN vwzI brfz-ksitMg srvYs hY. ieh ieko styt PMizz mIzIaf afrgynfeIjyÈn hY ijhVI srkfr dy aDIn nhIN hY. XU ky hor tYlIvIjn cYnl aYzvrtfeIj aqy sbkirpÈn dy pYisaF nfl cldy hn.

XU ky ivc keI prkfr dy ryzIE styÈn vI cldy hn. keI ryzIe nYÈnl hn aqy keI iksy eyrIey ivc hI suxy jf skdy hn. XU ky ivc aijhy ryzIE styÈn hn ijhVy imAUjk vfsqy hI hn aqy keI ielfky dIaF bolIaF ivc vI hn ijvyN vYlÈ aqy gfieil lYgUeyj boldy hn. tYlIvIjn vFg ryzIE lfiesYNs dI Pis nfl cldy hn aqy dUsry ryzIE styÈn aYzvrtfeIj dy pYsy nfl cldy hn.

Social Networking sOÈl nYtvrikMg Èosl nYtvrikMg vYb-sfeIts Aupr Pys-buwk aqy tivtr dosqF nfl gwlF krnIaF , Poto Èyar krnIaF, keI Èosl eIvYNt aryNj krnIaF iek buq vDiAf aqy afsn sfDn hY. bhuqy lok jd Auh GroN bfhr huMdy hn qF Auh afpxy mobfeIl Pun Aupr Èosl nYtvrk vrqdy hn.

Pubs And Night Clubs pwbj aYNz nfeIt klwbj pbilk hAUsYs (pwbs) XU ky ivc iek Kfs jgfH hY ijQy lok afpxf Èosl klcr vDfAudy hn. bhuq lok afpxy dosqF nUM pwbF ivc hI imldy hn. keI kimAuintIaF dy afpxy pwbs hn ijQy Auh Auh rl iml ky ÈoslfeIj huMdy hn. pwbF ivc ikAuj bVy mÈhUr hn. pUl tybl aqy zfrt Kylxf pwbF dI cricq Kyz hY. pwbF aqy klwbF ivc zirMk pIx vfsqy quhfzI Aumr 18 sfl jF vwD hoxI jrUrI hYpr ies Aumr qoN Gwt vfly keI lok mfipaF nfl pwb ivc jf 56 lfeIP ien df XU ky

qF skdy hn pr 16 sfl dy lokI byÈrqy ik Auh iksy azwlt mYNbr nfl hovy Auh Kfxf Kfx vyly afpxy GridaF nfl bih ky isrP vfeIn pI skdy hn. nfrmlI pwb idn dy 11 vjy (aYqvfr nUM 12 nUn) KulHdy hn. nfeIt klwbF aqy zfnisMg aqy imAUjk hfl pwbF dy tfeIm qoN bfad qwk KulHy rihMdy hn ieh smF iek lfiesYNs rfhI sYt kIqf jFdf hY. Betting And Gambling bYitMg aYNz gYmbilMg XU ky ivc lok afm KyZf aqy hor eIvYNts Aupr pYsy lf ky gYNbl krdy hn pr quhfzI Aumr 18 sfl jF ies qoN Aupr hoxI cfhIdI hY qF qusIN bYitMg Èfps aqy gYNbilMg klwbF ivc jf skdy ho. nYÈnl lftrI hr hPqy pfeI jFdI hY. qusI itkt KrId ky jF skrYc kfrz KrId skdy ho. 16 sfl qoN Gwt Aumr vfly lftrI dI itkt nhIN KrId skdy.

PETS ipwts XU ky dy bhuq sfry lok Gr ivc ipwt ijvyN kYt jF zOg rKx dy ÈukIn hn. Auh AunHF nUM afpxI kMpnI vfsqy jF Auh AunHF dI luwk-aPtr krnf chuMdy hn. ieh vI iellIgl hY ik iksy ipwt Aupr koeI qÈwdd kry jF AunHF dI ingrfnI nf kry. Pbilk plys Aupr iljfx vfly kuwiqaf dY gl ivc mflk dy nfm aqy pqf ilKxf jrUrI huMdf hY. ieh mflk dI ijMmydfrI huMdI hY ik Auh kuwqy nUM aMzr-kMtrol rwKy aqy AusdI sfP sPfeI df vI iKafl rwKy. vYkInyÈn aqy mYzIkl trItmYNt vytYnrI srjIan (Vets) kol AuplwbD hY. keI cYirtI vfly hn ijhVy ivt dI PIs nhIN dy skdy qF Auh AunHF dy kuwiqaF dI luwk-aPtr ktdy hn.

Places of Interest plyiss afP ienMtirst XU ky ivc pbilk vfsqy kMtrI-sfeIz ivc Put-pfQF df iek vwzf jfl iviCaf hoieaf hY. eyQy mfAUNtyn bfeIikMg, phfVIaF aUpr cVHn aqy phfVf Aupr cVHn vfsqy vDIaF AupricAUintI hY. ieMglYNz vylj aqy skftlYNz ivc koeI 15 ku nYÈnl pfrk hn. ieh pfrk protYktz eyrIey ivc bxy hoey hn ijQy lok qur iPr skdy hn. eyQy lok rihMdy, kMm krdy aqy lYNzskyp dI luwk-aPtr vI krdy hn.

XU ky bhuq imAUjm hn ijhVy smfl aqy lfrj nYÈnl aqy isvk kulYkÈn vfly hn. sfry XU ky tfAUnF, ÈihrF aqy kMtrI-sfeIzF Aupr bhuq mÈhUr lYNz-mfrk bxy hoey hn. bhuqy lokF dy vyKx vfsqy KuwlHy hn hn pr lokF nUM QoVI ijhI PIs dyxI pYNdI hY. ieMglYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz nYÈnl trwst ieMglYNz aqy skftlYNz vloN KolHy gey hn. ieh dony sMsQfvF cYirtI krky hn ijhVIaF XU ky dIaF iemportYNt iblivMgj, kostlfeIn aqy kMtrI-sfeIz dI dyK Bfl krdIaF hn. nYÈnl trwst sMn 1895 ivc iqMn vlMtIarj vloN bxfieaf igaf sI ijhVy aj kwl koeI 61,000 qoN ijafdf vlMtIar ho gey hn ijhVy ies afrgynfeIjyÈn nUM awgy clf rhy hn.

Big Ben ibwg ibwn lMzn ivc pfrlImYNt hfAUs kol iek vwzf sfrf klwk lwigaf hoieaf hY ijsdf inwknym ibwg ibn hY. bhuqy lok vI ies nUM ‘ibwg-ibn’ hI kihMdy hn. klwk koeI 150 sfl purfxf aqy lokF leI aYtrYkÈn bixaf hoieaf hY. sMn 2012 ivc ikAUn ailjfbYQ dI zfiemMz jublI smyN klwk tfvr df nfm ‘ailjfbYQ tfvr’ rwiKaf igaf hY.

The Eden Project df eIzn prfjYkt eIzn prfjYkt sfAUQ vYst afP ieMglYNz dy kornvfl ivc siQwq hY. ijhVf jfieMt grin hfAUss hn. fAUs plFts 57 lfeIP ien df XU ky

Prfm afl aOvr df vrlz dy drwKq AuWgy hoey hn. EIzn prfjYkt iek cYirtI hY ijhVI ienvfiernmYNtl aqy soÈl prfjYkt ietrnYÈnlI krdI hY. Edinburgh Castle aYiznbrf kYsl aYiznbrf skftlYNz ivc asmfn nUM CUMhdf iek kYsl hY. iesdf bhuq purfxf ieqhfs pihly imzl eyj qwk jFdf hY. ies dI dyK Bfl skftlYNz srkfrI iejMsI y ihstoirk skftlYNz rfhI kIqI jFdI hY. The Giat’s Causeway df jfieMt kfjvya gryt jfieMt kfjvya iek tukVIaF vflI lYNz hY ijhVI ndrn afierlYNz dy eIst-kost ivKy vflkoink lfvy dy asr nfl bxI sI. ieh koeI 50 imlIan sfl pihlF bxI sI. jfieMt-kfjvya dy keI lIjMz hn aqy ieh ikvy bxI sI ies bfry.

Loch Lomond And Trossachs National Park lOk lomYNz aYNz df trosYcs nYÈnl pfrk ieh vYst afP skftlYNz ivKy iek nYÈnl pfrk koeI 720 sukyar mfeIl (1865 sukyar iklomItr) dy eyrIey ivc siQwq hY. lOk lomYNz ivKy qfjy pfxI df vhf huMdf hY ijhVf mynlfeIn ibRitn dI Èfn bixaf hoieaf hY. aqy Èfied ieh pfrk df iek vDIaF ihwsf hY. London Eye lMzn afeI lMzn afeI sdrn bYNk afP irvr Qymj Aupr siQwq hY iesdy vIl 443 PIt (135 mItrj) AuWcy hn. ieh iewkIvI sdI dy arMB qy bxfieaf igaf aqy nvF sfl mnfAux vfsqy hux bhuq mÈhUr QF hY. Snowdonia snozonIaf snozonIaF nfrQ vylj ivc iek nYÈnl pfrk hY. ies df eyrIaf koeI 838 sukyar mfeIlj ( 2,170 sukyar iklomItr) h. ieh vylj dI sB qoN AuWcI phfVI hY ijhVI snoa nfl lwdI rihMdI hY. The Tower of London df tfvr afP lMzn tfvr afP lMzn ivlIam df kMkrj ny Aus smyN bxvfieaf jd Auh sMn 1066 ivc rfjf bx igaf sI. ieQy dy tUr ‘ijAUmYn vfrzr’ rfhI huMdy hn ijsnUM bIP-eItr krky jfixaf jFdf hY ijhVy ivjItrF nUM iblizMg dI ihstrI dsdy hn. lokI eyQy rfxI df zfiemMz vI vyK skdy hn.

The Lake District df lyk izstirk Llyk izstirk ieMglYNz df sB qoN vwzf nYÈnl pfrk hY. ijhVf 885 sukyar mfeIlj ( 2,292 sukyar iklomItr) eyrIey ivc siQwq hY. JIlF aqy phfVIaF kfrn ieh ielfkf bhuq mÈhUr hY lokI aksr ieQy bhuq sylrj, klfeImrj aqy qurn vfly afAuNdy hn. sB qoN vwzI JIl nUM ‘ivMzmIar’ kihMdy hn. sMn 2007 tYlIvIjn vyKx vfilaF ny iesnUM ‘vfst vftr’ ibRitn df mÈhUr vyKx Xog jgHf ikhf hY.

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cYptr Cy XU ky gvnrmYNt df lfa aqy XUar rol. ies cYptr ivc qusI ieh pVogy ik XU ky df rfj pRbMD ikho ijhf hY? quhfnUM rfxI dy kI kM hn AunHF bfry jfxkfrI vI jrUrI hY. quhfnUM ieh smJxf vI jrUrI hY ik donF pfrlImYNt hfAUsf (sdnf) ivc lokI ikvyN apfieMt kIqy jFdy hn aqy Kfs krky AunHF dy kI kfrj hnijvyN ik spIkr, kYbInYt aqy quhfzf vot pfAux df aiDkfr qy cox ivc KvHy hoxf afid. Gwt hwk vflIaF (devolved administration) asMblIaF bfry 58 lfeIP ien df XU ky

sB nUM jfxkfrI hoxI cfhIdI hY. jykr qusIN ieh tYst skftlYNz, vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc idMdy ho qF ikhVI gwl df Kfs iDafn rKxf cfhIdf hY. XU ky df ieMtrnYÈnlI Prj kfmnvYlQ, eI XU aqy hor bfzIj dy PrkF bfry Pfiks kIqf igaf hY ik ikvyN dUjy dyÈF dy kMm krdy hn. ies cYptr rfhIN kfmn lfa, PMzFmYNtl rfeIts, puls dy kfrj aqy XU ky dIaF kcihrIaF (korts) df kI kfrj hY. qusIN ies bfry iDafn nfl pVHo qF ik quhfnUM keI prkfr dIaF kcihrIaF aqy afiPMsF nfl ikvy zIl krnf hY afid df pqf lwg sky. afiKr ivc tYksyÈn, zrfeIivMg aqy kimAuintIaF dIaF gqI ivDIaF bfry vI jfxkfrI idMdf hY. º ibRitn aYj ey kMnstIcUsnl monfrkI. º hO df pfrlImYNt vrks º alYkÈn, df gvnrmYNt aqy aopojIÈn º zIvolvz aYzminstryÈn afP df XU ky. º df kfmnvYlQ, eIXU, XU aYn, aqy nfto º ibRitÈ lfa aqy jstYs º df korts º PMzfmYNtl prYNsIpl aqy rfeIts º tYks º zrfeIivMg º kimAuintI vrk aqY gYitMg ienvolvz XU ky pfrlImYntrI zYmokrysI hY ijsdf monfrk hYz afP styt huMdf hY. ies sYkÈn ivc quhfnUM vwKo vKry ienstiCUsnF bfry disaf jfvygf ik Auh ikvyN zYmokrysI nUM kfiem rKdy hn aqy ieh vI dsdf hY ik qusIN ies zYmokrysI nUM pwikaF krn ivc afpxf rol ikvyN inBf skoNgy? The Development of British democracy df zIvlpmYNt afP ibRitÈ zYmokrysI zYmokrysI iek srkfrI issitm hY ijs rfhI hr mnuwK afpxI gwl rwK skdf hY. ieh votF rfhIN jF iksy afgU nUM cuxnf ijhVf quhfzy vfsqy awgy hro koeI gwl kr sky.

19vIN sdI dy arMB hox vyly ibrItn ivc aj vflI zYmokrysI nhIN sI Bfvy aYm-pIj cuxn vfsqy alYkÈ huMdI sI pr QoVy lokI hI vot pf skdy sn. Auh lokI sn ijhVy 21 sfl qoN vwzy aqy ijnHF kol koeI prfprtI huMdI sI. Df PrYcfeIj (Bfv ijnHF lokF kol vot pfAux df hwk huMdf sI) 19vIn sdI ivc ies ivc bhuq vfDf hoieaf jd ky afm afdmI aqy aOrq vI vot pfAux df hwkdfr bx igaf sI. sMn 1830 aqy sMn 1840 iek gruwp ijsnUM ‘cYrtYst’ kihMdy sn ny iek kYpyn krky vwzf rIPfrm ilaFdf Auh Cy qrHF dy bdlfa chuMdy sn. º Pfr aYvrI mYn tU vot º alYkÈn aYvrI XIar º afl irjnj tU bI ieAUkl ien df alYktOrl isstm º sIkrYt vYilt º Pfr aYnI mYn tU bI eybl tU stYNz aYj aYn aYm pI º Pfr aYm pIj tU bI pyz ies smyN ieh kYpyn Pyl hoeI pr sMn 1918 ivc ieh sfry rIPfrm mMn ley gey aqy 30 sfl dI aOrq nUM vI vot pfAux df hwk iml igaf. aqy iPr sMn 1928 ivc mYn aqy 59 lfeIP ien df XU ky

vomYn donF nUM 21 sfl dI Aumr ivc vot pfAux df hwk prfpq hoieaf. aqy sMn 1969 ivc imn aqy voimnF dI vot pfAux dI Aumr Gtf ky 18 sfl kr idqI geI. df ibRitÈ kMnstIcUÈn kMnstIicAUÈn iek Auh ipRsIpl hY ijs anusfr dyÈ nUM clfieaf jFdf hY. ies ivc Auh sfry ienstIicAUÈn huMdy hn ijnHF dI dyÈ nUM clfAux dI ijMmyvfrI huMdI hY aqy AunHF dI pfvr nUM cYk krn vfly vI huMdy hn. kMnstIicAUÈn ivc kfnUMn aqy dsqUr huMdy hn. ibRitÈ kMnstIicAUÈn iksy vI dYkUmYNt dy afDfr Aupr irtn nhIN hY ies krky iesnUM ‘anirtn’ mMinaf igaf hY. ieh ies krky XU ky ivc amrIkf aqy PrFs vFg koeI rYvUlUÈn nhI hoieaf ijhVf gvrnrmYNt dy kfnUMnf nUM bdl sky. sfzf ieh ienstIicAUÈn sflF bfad afp zIvlp hoieaf hY. keI lokF df ivcfr hY ik iek isMgl zYkUmYNt hoxf cfhIdf hY aqy keIaF df ivcfr hY ik ‘anirtn’ kMnstIicAUÈn nfl dyÈ vfsIaF nUM kfPI afjfdI hY aqy cMgI srkfr cl rhI hY. kMnstIcUÈnl iesticUÈnj XU ky ivc srkfr dy keI adfry hn. muK hyT ilKy dI qrHF hn. º df monfrkI º pfrlImYNt (df hfAUs afP kfmnj aqy hfAUs afP lOrz) º df prfeIm minstr º df kYbInYt º juzIÈrI ( korts) º df pulIs º df isvl srivs º lokl gvnrmYNt iesdy nfl nfl hI skftlYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc zIvolvz (Gwt hwkF vflIaF) gvnrmYNtF ijnHF kol kuJ ku pRbMD krn dy hI hwk hn. df monfrkI ikAUn ailjfbYQ sYkMz XU ky dI hYz afP styt hY. Auh kfmnvYlQ dIaF keIaF kMtrIaF dI vI hYz afP styt hY. XU ky ivc kMnstIicAUÈn monfrkI hY. ies df mqlb ieh hY ik rfjf jF rfxI dyÈ nUM rUl nhIN krdI pr Auh srkfr bxfAudI hY ijhVI lokF ny rUl krn vfsqy votF pf ky cuxI hY. monfrk jyqU pfrtI dy nyqf jF kulIÈn pfrtI dy nyqf nUM prfeIm minstr bxn vfsqy swddf hY aqy Auh AusnUM slfh idMdf, vfrn krdf aqy hOslf idMdf hY pr gvnrmYNt dI pfilsIaF bfry PYslf krnf prfeIm minstr aqy kYbInYt df hI kMm huMdf hY. rfxI sMn 1952 qoN rfj isMGfsn Aupr bYTI hY jd Ausdf ipAu mr igaf sI. aqy sMn 2012 Ausny afpxy rfj dI zfiemMz jublI (pUry 60 sfl rfj dy) mnfeI sI. rfxI pirMs iPlp izAUk afP aYznbrf nfl ivafhI hoeI hY. rfxI dy vwzy muMzy df nfm pirMs cfrls pirMs afP vylj hY ijsNnUM rfxI dy mgroN rfj Bfg imlxf hY. rfxI df Kfs sYrImonIal rol hY ijvyN ik nvIN pfrlImYNt nUM hr sfl KolHxf. Ies smyN rfxI spIc krdI hY ijs rfhI Auh afpxI srkfr dIaF pfilsIaF nUM igxfAudI hY. pfrlImYNt ivc sfry aYkt rfxI dy nfm hyTF hI bxdy hn. rfxI XU ky nUM sfrI dunIaF ivc rIprYijMt krdI hY. AusnUM aYmbYszrj aqy hfeIkimÈnrj ies krky siqkfrdy hn ik Auh hYz afP styt hY. aqy bfhrly mulkF vfsqy jfx leI pRbMD krdy hn qF ik izplomYitk aqy ieknfimks rIlyÈniÈp bxy rihx. rfxI df mulk ivc styibltI aqy kfrjF dI kMtIinAUtI vfsqy Kfs rol hY ijhVy gvnrmYNt aqy prfeIm minstr bdlfE ivc ilaFAudy hn aqy rfxI kMtIinAUjlI hYz afP df styt. rfxI nYÈnl aYzMttI aqy prfeIz vfsqy slfh idMdI hY. ijsnUM AusdI islvr jublI smyN ivsQfr nfl disaf igaf sI. df nYÈnl aYnQMmÈ 60 lfeIP ien df XU ky

‘gOz syv df ikAUn XU ky df nYÈnl aYNQm hY. ies nUM Kfs mOikaf aqy AunHF eIvYNtf smy gfieaf jFdf hY ijnHF ivc rfxI jF rfiel PYmlI df koeI mYNbr Èfml huMdf hY. pihlI vrs hY gOz syv avr grysIas ikAUn! lFg ilv avr nobl ikAUn! gOz syv df ikAUn! sYNz hr ivktrIas, hYpI aYz glorIas, lFg tU irjn afn aws, gOz syv df ikAUn! nvyN istIjn sYrymnI smyN rfxI dy vPfdfr rihx vfsqy suMh cukdy hn.

EQ afP aYlyjINas afeI, (nym) svyar bfeI aflmfeItI gOz dYt afn bIkMimMg ey ibRitÈ istIjn. afeI vYl bI PyQPul aYNz byar trU aYlIjINas tU hr mYjstI ikAUn ailjfbYQ df sYkMz aqy Ausdy sksYsr akfrizMg tU a lfa. aPrmyÈn afP aYlyjIas afeI (nym) zU solomnI, isnsIrlI aYNz trUlI izklyar aYNz afPrm dYt afn bIkMimMg ibRitÈ istIjn, afeI vYl bI PyQPul aYNz byar trU aYlIjINas tU hr mYjstI ikAUn ailjfbYQ df sYkMz, hr hIarj aYNz sksYsrj akfrizMg tU df lfa. issitm afP gvrnrmYNt XU ky gvnrmYNt df issitm pfrlImYNtrI zYmokrysI hY. XU ky ivc vwKo vKrIaF pfrlImYNtrI kMnstIicAUsI hn. hr kMnstIicAUsI vfly lok jnrl alYkÈn smyN afpxf mYNbr afP pfrlImYNt (MP) vot pf ky cuxdy hn. hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc sfry aYm pIj bihMdy hn. bhuqy aYm pIj puiltIkl pfrtI nfl sMbMDq huMdy hn. ijhVI pfrtI dI mjfrtI huMdI hY Auh pfrtI srkfr clfAudI hY. jd iek pfrtI nUM pUrI mjfrtI nhIN imldI qF do pfrtIaF rl ky srkfr bxfAudIaF hn ies qrHF dI srkfr nUM kulIÈn gvnrmYNt kihMdy hn. df hfAUs afP kfmnj hfAUs afP kfmnj dohF cYbrF ivc vDIaF hY ikAUNik iesdy sfry mYNbr zYmokrytlI cux ky afey hoey huMdy. prfeIm minstr aqy mYNbr afP kYbInYt ieh sfry hfAUs afP kfmnj dy hI mYNbr hn. hr aYm pIj afpxI pfrlImYNtrI kMnstIicAUsI (ijhVf dyÈ df QoVf ijhf ihwsf hY) vloN cuixaf igaf huMdf hY. aYm pIj dI keI ijMmdfrIaF hn ijvyN: º afpxI kMnstIicAUsI dy hr mYNbr dI gwl hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc phuMcfAuxI. º nvyN lfa bxfAux vfsqy slfh dyxI. º jo srkfr krdI hY AusnUM sfikAUrtInfeIj aqy kumYNt krnf afid. º keI Kfs nYÈnl muidaF Aupr afpxy ivcfr dsxy. df hfAUs afP lfrz hfAUs afP lOrz dy mYNbrFnUM ‘pIarj’ (Peers) kihMdy hn. ijhVy lokF vloN alYkt nhIN kIqy jFdy aqy nf hI Auh iksy kMnstIicAUsI nUM bIlFg krdy hn. mYNbrF df rol aqy mYNbriÈp dy r Ul koeI 50 ku sflF qoN bhuq bdly hn. sMn 1958 qwk pIarj df hyT ilKy dI qrHF sI: º ‘hyarIiztrI’ Bfv lfrz df tfeItl ivrfsq ivc imilaf hY jF º sInIar jwj jF º ibÈp afP df crc afP ieMglYNz 61 lfeIP ien df XU ky

sMn 1958 qwk prfeIm minstr kol pfvr sI ik Auh afpxI mrjI nfl ‘pIar’ Qfp skdf sI ijhVf tfeItl AusdI Aumr dy nfl hI Kqm ho jFdf sI. aijhy pIarj nUUM lfeIP pIarj kihMdy hn. AunHF df pflytYks, ibjins, lfa jF iksy hor proPYÈn ivc ijnHF df koeI krIaf bixaf huMdf sI. lfeIP pIarj monfrk: prfrIm minstr dI slfh nfl bxfey jFdy hn. pIarj aOpojIÈn pfrtI aqy jF ieMzIpYNzYNt apfietmYN kimÈn vloN nfn pfrtI pIarj vI nfmInyt kIqy jFdy hn. sMn 1999 qoN hyarIiztrI pIarj df ivrfsq ivc tfeItl imlxf aqy hfAUs afP lfrz ivc bYTx df hwk bMd ho igaf hY. vrqmfn ivc AunHF dy kuJ ku mYNbr hfAUs afP lfrz ivc bYTx vfsqy cuxy jFdy hn. hfAUs afP lfrz hfAUs afP kfmnj vFg srkfr dy aDIn nhIN hY. ieh nvyN bx rhy kfnUMn ivc aimMzmYNt aqy jF iPr bdl leI aYm pIaF nUM slfh idMdf hY. ijhVy kfnUMn hfAUs afP kfmnj ny pfs kIqy hoey huMdy hn hfAUs afP lfrz AunHF nUM pUry qrHF cYk krky lokF dy ihqYÈI bxfAudf hY. keI pIarj iksy nf iksy Kfs msly ivc inpuMn huMdy hn aqy Auh kfnUMn bfry cMgI qrHF slfh idMdy hn. hfAUs afP kfmnj kol vI hfAUs afP lfrz dy PYsly nUM rwd kr skx dy hwk hn. pr aijhy hwkF df iesqymfl bhuq Gwt hI krdy hn. df spIkr hfAUs afP kfmnj dI bihs smyN spIkr cyar krdf hY aqy sB nUM vfrI vfrI bolx vfsqy tfeIm idMdf hY. spIkr hfAUs afP kfmnj df cIP afPIsr huMdf hY. spIkr Bfvy afp aYm pI huMdf pr iPr vI iksy pfrtI nfl sMbMDq nhIN huMdf sgoN inAUtrl huMdf hY. Auh afpxI kMnstIicAUsI nUM rIprYjt krdf hY aqy afpxy ielfky dy lokF dI BlfeI vfsqy hor aYm pIJ vFg kfrjÈIl huMdf spIkr nUM sfry aYm pIj rl ky cuxdy hn. spIkr politIkl zIvyt smyN afrzr rKdf hY qF ik sfry aYm pIj asUl anusfr bihs krn. Ausdf ieh kfrj huMdf hY ik aopojIÈn vfilaF bolx df brfbr smF imly. spIkr pfrlImYNt dI sYromonIal smyN vI hfjr huMdf hY. Election alYkÈnj XU ky alYkÈn aYm pIj jnrl alYkÈn smyN cuxy jFdy hn. ijhVI hr pMj sfl krvfeI jFdI hY. jykr koeI aYm pI mr jFdf hY iPr nvY isirE alYkÈn krvfeI jfdI hY ijsnUM ‘bfeI alYkÈn’ kihMdy hn. aYm pIj ‘Pst pfst df post’ issitm anusfr hr kMnstIicAUsI ivc cuxy jFdy hn. ijs kYNzIzyt dIaF sB qoN ijafdf votF huMdIaF hn AusnUM jyqU krfr idqf jFdf hY. srkfr Aus pfrtI dI bxdI hY ijhVI sB qoN ijafdf kMnstIicAUsI ijwq jFdIaF hn. jykr iksy vI pfrtI dI mjfrtI nhIN huMdI qF do pfrtIaF iml ky ‘kulIÈn’ srkfr bxf skdy hn.

XUrpIan pfrlImYNtrI alYkÈn XUrpIan pfrlImYNt dIaF alYkÈnf vI hr pMj sfl hI huMdIaF hn. alYktz mYNbrF nUM mYNbr afP XUrpIan pfrlImYNt (MEPs) kihMdy hn.XUrpIan pfrlImYNt vfsqy alYkÈn nUM proporÈn rIprIjYNttyÈn kihMdy hnjd ik Aus pfrtI nUM EnIaF sItF imldIaF hn ijMnIaF Au pfrtI nUM votF imlIaF huMdIaF hn. kMntYkitMg alYkitz mYNbrj sfry cuxy hoey mYNbrF df Prj hY ik Auh afpxI kMnstIicAUsI dy lokF dI syvf krn. qusIN afpxI lokl lfiebryrI ivcoN cuxy hoey afpxy nuMmfiedy aqy AusdI pfrtI dy kMtYkt zItylj puwC skdy ho aqy jF iPr www.parliament.uk vYb-sfeIt qoN pqf kr skdy ho.aYm pIj, asMblI mYNbrj, mYNbrj afP skfitÈpfrlImYNt (MSPs) aqy MEPs dy pqy vI bI tI vloN CfpI geI Pun buwk aqy jF iPr XYlo pyjj ivc vI Cfpy jFdy hn.

62 lfeIP ien df XU ky

qusIN aYm pIj nUM lYtr ilK ky jF AusdI kMnstIicAUsI dy dPqr ivc sMprk kr skdy hojF jF hfAUs afP kfmnj vYstminstr lMzn qoN tYlIPUn 0207793000 krky vI puwC skdy ho. ies qoN ibnHF aYm pIj, asMblI mYNbrj aYm aYs pIj aqy aYm eI pIj lokl pwDr Aupr srjrIaF vI lfAudy hn ijQy afm pbilk dy lok jf ky AunHF nfl rUbrU ho ky afpxIaF muÈklF ds skdy hn. aijhIaF srjIaF lokl pyprF ivc aYzvrtfeIj kIqIaF jFdIaF hn.

df gvrnrmYNt df prfeIm minstr prfeIm minstr Aus puiltIkl pfrtI df lIzr huMdf hY ijhVI pfvr ivc huMdI hY. prfeIm minstr kYbInYt bxfAuxdf hY. aqy Aus ny keI pbilk apfietsmYNt atYNz krnIaF huMdIaF hn. Ausdf srkfrI Gr 10 Downing St sYNtrl lMzn ivc hYhfAUs afP kfmnj dy lfgy hY. Ausdf lMznoN bfhr iek kMtrI hfAUs ijsnUM cYkrj (chequers) prfeIm minstr nUM jy chux qF jyqU pfrtI dy mYNbr bdl skdy hn aqy jF iPr rIjfeIn krnf cfhy qF. prfeIm minstr nfrmlI rIjfeIn krdf hY jdoN AusdI pfrtI jnrl alYkÈn hfr jFdI hY. df kYbIinwt prfeIm minstr koeI 20 ku sInIar qYm pIj nUM minstr bxfAudf hY ijnHF ivcoN kuJ ku hyT ilKy zIpfrtmYNt dy hYz bxdy hn. º cFslr afP aYkscYkr- ijhVf dyÈ dI akfnmI bfry ijMmyvfr huMdf hY. º hom sYktrI-mulk ivcoN krfeIm GtfAux, pulIs df pRbMD krn aqy ieMmIgryÈn dy kMtrol krn vfsqy huMdf hY. º Pfrn sYkytrI- bfhrly dyÈF nfl cMgy rIlyÈn rwKx vfsqy huMdf hY. º adr minstr ijnHF nUM (sYktyrIan afP styt) kihMdy hn Auh aYjUkyÈn, hYlQ aqy zIPYNs vfsqy ijMmydfr huMdy hn. ieh minstr kYbInYt mYNbr huMdy hn. kYbInYt iek 20 mYNbrF dI kmytI huMdI hY ijhVI hr hPqy mIitMg ivc gvnrmYNt dIaF pfilsIaF bfry ivcfrF krdI hY aqy keI jrUrI PYsly lYNdI hY. AunHF vloN ley gey PYsly pfrlImYNt qoN mnjUr krvfey jFdy hn. hr zIpfrtmYNt ivc keI hor minstr huMdy hn ijnHF nUM minstr afP styt aqy pfrlImYNtrI aMzr-sYkryrIan afP styt kihMdy hn. ijhVy iksy zIpfrtmYNt dYy iek Kfs ihwsy ivc kfrjÈIl huMdy hn. df aopojIÈn hfAUs afP kfmnj dUjI vwzI pfrtI nUM aopojIÈn kihMdy hn. aopojIÈn df lIzr dUjI vfr jd pfrtI ijwq jFdI hY qF AuhI prfeIm minstr bxdf hY. aopojIÈ pfrtI df lIzr srkfr dIaF glq pfilsIaF aqy kmjorIaF Aupr svfl AuTfAudf hY. aijhf prfeIm minstr dy ikAucn tfeIm smyN kIqf jFdf hY. ijhVf hr hPqy ivc iek vfr huMdf hY. ‘df ÈYzo minstrj’ Èyzo kYbInYt bxfAudy hn. Auh srkfr dIaF pfilsIaF nUM cYilMj krky bdlx vfsqy pRsqfv pyÈ krdy hn. df pfrtI issitm aTfrf sfl df hr ivakqI aYm pI dI cox lVky ijwq skdf hY pr keI vfrI koeI puiltIkl pfrtI nfmInyt kry ijvyN kMnjrvitv pfrtI, lybr pfrtI df ilbrl zYmokrYt pfrtI nfmInyt jF Auh pfrtI ijhVI skftlYNz, vYlÈ jF ndrn afierlYNz dI hovy afid.

63 lfeIP ien df XU ky

QoVy ijhy aYm pIj Auh vI huMdy ijhVy iksy myn pfrtI nfl sMbMDq nhIN vI huMdy. AunHF nUM ieMzIpYnzYNt ikhf jFdf hY aqy Auh afpxy ielfky dy iksy muwdy nUM sulJfAudy huMdy hn. muK puiltIkl pfrtIj AunHF lokF nUM Èfml krn sdf loVdy hn ijhVy AunHF leI bihs kr skx. mflI mwddd kr skx jF pfrlImYNt dI alYkÈn jF lokl alYkÈn smyN mwdd kr skdy hox. AunHF dI brfcF hr keIaF kMnstIicAUsIaF huMdIaF aqy hr sfl koeI pfilsI bxfAux bfry kfnPrMsF vI krdy hn. prYÈr gruwp aqy lfbI gruwp afrgynfeIjyÈnj hn ijhVy srkfr dIaF pfilsIaF Aupr njr rwKdI hY. Auh pflytYks ivc Kfs rol adf krdy hn. keI sIbIafeI (kMnPYzryÈn afP ibRitÈ ieMzstrI) dy rIprYjtyitv huMdy hn ijhVy ibRitÈ dy vpfr bfry afpxy ivcfr idMdy hn. hor Auh ienvfiernmYNt ijvyN grIn pIs jF ihAUmn rfeIts ijvyN lokF dI afjfdI df iKafl rKdy hn. df isvl srivs isvl srvYNt srkfr dIaF pfilsIaF bfry jfxkfrI dy ky AunHF nUM lfgU krdy hn. Auh pbilk srvYs vI krdy hn. isvl srvYNt minstrF dy aDFIn huMdy hn. Auh cuxy jFdy hn aqy srkfr qoN afjfd huMdy hn. Auh puiltIkl nhI huMdy. Lok isvl srvYNt bxn leI aplIkyÈn dy skdy hn ijvyN qusIN XU ky ivc iksy hor jfb bfry aplfeI krdy ho. isvl srvYNt proPYÈnl aqy aYkspIarsYNz Bfv afpxI jfb nUM cMgI qrHF jfxdy huMdy hn. ijvyN Auh kMm hfinstI nfl, ieMnitgirtI aqy afbijkirvlI rfjnIqk dbf qo afjf huMdy hn. lokl gvrnrmYNt XU ky ivc hr Èihr tfAUn aqy rUrl eyrIaF zYmokrYtklI cuxy hoey kONslrF rfhI pRbMD kIqf jFdf hY ijnHF nUM ‘lokl aQfrtI’ kihMdy hn. keI eyrIaF ivc dony izstirk aqy cONtI kONsl vloN pRbMD kIqf jFdf hY ijnHF df PMkÈn alwg huMdf hY. keI lfrj tfAUn aqy istIj df pRbMD iek isMgl aQfrtI vloN kIqf jFdf hY. lokl aQfrtI rfhIN keI qrHF dIaF srvYss inBfeIaF jFdIaF hn. AunHF nUM pYsy sYNtrl gvnrmYNt aqy lokl tYkss qoN imldy hn. keI lokl aQfrtI afpxf myar bxfAudIaF hn. ijhVf sYrImorIal lIzr huMdf hY. keIaF tfAunF ivc myar df kfrj bhuq aiPkitv huMdf hY. lMzn ivc 33 lokl aQfrtIaF hn. grytr lMzn aQfrtIaqy myar afP lMzn rl ky kYpItl vfsqy slfh nfl pfilsIaF iqafr krdy hn. bhuqIaF lokl aQfrtIaF kONslrF vfsqy dIaF lokl alYkÈnF meI dy pihly hPqy hr sfl coxF huMdIaF hn. keI puiltIkl pfrtIaF vloN cox lVN vfsqy kONslr KVy huMdy hn. zIvolvz aYzminstryÈn sMn 1797 qoN sYNtrl gvnrmYNt vloN skftlYNz, vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz vfsqy keI qrHF dy Gwt hwkF vflIaF srkfrf bxfeIaF geIaF hn aqy bhuqf kMtrol sYNtrl gvnrmYNt kol hY. sMn 1999 qoN vYlÈ asMblI aqy skfitÈ pfrlImYNt bxfeI geI sI. ndrn afierlYNz ivc vI iek asMblI hY ijhVI keI vfr BMg kIqI geI hY. pfilsI aqy lfa gvnr krn vfsqy zIPYNs, Pfrn aPyarj, ieMmIgryÈn tYkÈysnaqy soÈl iskUirtI df kMtrol sYNtl srkfr dy hwQ ivc hY aqy keI pbilk srvYss ijvyN aYjUkyÈn zIvolvz aYzminstryÈn dy kMtrol ivc hY. zIvolvz aYzminstryÈn AunHF dy afpxy isvl srvYNt hn. df vYlÈ asMblI

skfitÈ pfgrlImYNt

Prmz—1999

Prmz—1999

kYpItl- kfrzYP

kYpItl-aYznbrf

64 lfeIP ien df XU ky

mYNbrj- 60 Ams

mYNbrj-129 MSPs

alYkÈn- aYvrI 4 XIarj

alYkÈn-XUs a Prm afP proporÈnl rIprIjYNtitv

pfvrj- isMs 2011kYn myk lfa ivdafAUt XU ky pfrlImYNt ien 20 XIarj ienklUizz ;

pfvrj- ien afl eyrIaf nft spYÈlI rIsrvz bfeI XU ky pfrlImYNt.

º aYjUkyÈn aYNz tryinMg º hYlQ aYNz soÈl srivss

ienklUizMg:

º ieknfims zIvlpmYNt º hfAUisMg

º isvl aYNz kirmInl lfa º hYlQ º aYjUkyÈn º plYinMg ºazIÈnl tYks ryijMg pfvrj

ndrn afierlYNz pfrlImYNt Pst iestybilst—1922

ndrn afierlYNz asMblI iestybilÈz aPtr df bYlPfst aYgrImYNt ien 1998

aboilÈz ien 1972 aPtr df trwbls stfrtz ien 1969

mYNbrj- 108 MLAs alYkÈn- XUs ey Prm afP proporÈnl rIprIjYNtyÈn minstyrIan afiPs Èyarz bfeI ibtvIn myn pfrtIj pfvrj- ien eyrIaF ienklUizMg: º aYjUkyÈn º aYgrIklcr º hYlQ º soÈl srivss º df ienvfiernmYNt keI vfr swspYNz hoeI aqy hux sMn 2007 anientrwtz

df vYlÈ gvnrmYNt vYlÈ gvnrmYNt aqy nYÈnl asMblI vylj ivc kfrzYP Èihr ivc hY ijhVI vylj dI kYpItl istI hY. nYÈnl asMblI dy 60 mYNbrj hn ijnHF nUM AMs asMblI mYNbr kihMdy hn. proporÈnl rIprIjYNtyÈn anusfr alYkÈn hr cfr sfl bfad huMdI hY. mYNbr vYlÈ jF ieMgilÈ dony lYgUeyj bol skdy hn aqy asMblI pblIkyÈ vI vYlÈ aqy ieMgilÈ ivc Cfpy jFdy hn. asMblI kol 20 qrHF dy kfnUMn bxfAux dy hwk hn.ijnHF ivc; º aYjUkyÈn aqy tryinMg º hYlQ aqy soÈl srivss º ieknfimk zIvlpmYNt º hfAUisMg afid sMn 2011 qoN vylj dI nYÈnl asMblI XU ky pfrlImYNt qoN ibnHF puwCy AupRokq kfnUMn pfs kr skdI hY. asMblI dI iblizMg sMn 2006 ivc KuwlHI sI. df skfitÈ pfrlImYNt skfitÈ pfrlImYNt dI iblizMg sMn 2004 ivc KuwlHI sI. skfitÈ pfrlImYNt sMn 1999 skftlYNz dI kYpItl aYiznbrf ivc bxI sI. skfitÈ pfrlImYNt kul 129 mYNbr hn ijnHF nUM (MSPs) mYNbr afP skfitÈ pfrlImYNt kihMdy hn.skfitÈ pfrlImYNt Auh sfry kfnUMn pfs kr skdI hY ijhVy XU ky 65 lfeIP ien df XU ky

pfrlImYNt kol rijrv nhIN hn. ijnHF muwidaf Aupr skfitÈpfrlImYNt kfnUMn pfs kr skdI hY Auh hn; º isvl aYNz kirmInl lfa º hYlQ º aYjUkyÈn º plYinMg º azIÈnl tYks ryijMg pfvr df ndrn afielYNz asMblI ndrn afierlYNz pfrlImYNt sMn 1922 ivc bxI sI jd afierlYNz dI do ihisaF ivc vMz hoeI sI. pr ieh sMn 1969 dI kMtrI ivc trwbl qoN CyqI hI bfad sMn 1972 ivc bMd kr idqI geI sI. ndrn afierlYNz asMblI sMn 1998 ivc ‘guwz PrfeIzy’ agrImYNt qoN bfad dvfrf bxf idqI geI. do myn pfrtIaF ivc pfvr ÈyirMg agrImYNt anusfr srkfr cldI hY ijsnUM proporÈnl aYzminstryÈn kihMdy hn. asMblI dy kul 108 alYktYzz mYNbr huMdy hn ijnHF nUM MLAs Bfv mYNbr afP lfijstyitv asMblI kihMdy hn. ijhVY proporÈnl rIprIjYNtyÈn dy ihsfb nfl huMdy hn ndrn afierlYNz asMblI hyT ilKy mfmilaF bfry PYsly lY skdy hn. º aYjUkyÈn º aYgrIklcr º df ienvfiernmYNt º hYlQ º soÈl srivss XU ky gvrnmYNt kol sfrIaF zIvolvz asMblIaF nUM BMg kr dyx dI pfvr hY. XU ky srkfr ny ieh pfvr ndrn afierlYNz ivc Aus smyN vrqI hY jd puiltIkl pfrtIaF afps ivc iml ky kMm krn vfsqy asmrQ hoeIaF sn. sMn 2007 qoN ndrn afierlYNz dI asMblI ijhVI Èihr ‘stormFt’ ivc hY bhuq kfmXfbI nfl cl rhI hY. df mIzIaf aYNz gvrnrmYNt pfrlImYNt ivc ijhVf tYlIvIjn brfzkfsitMg huMdI AusnUM ‘hMnsrz’ kihMdy hn. keI vwzIaF lfiebryrIaF ivc hMnsrz ilKqI rUp ivcoN vI iml skdf hY. bhuqy lok srkfr dIaF gqIivDIaF bfry aKbfrF ivcoN vI pVH skdy hn ijsNnUM ‘df prYs’ ikhf jFdf hY. ieh irport ieMtrinwt , ryzIE aqy tYlIvIjn Aupr vI vyKI jf skdI hY. XU ky ivc PrI prYs hY. ies df Bfv ieh ik jo qusIN aKbfrF ivc pVHdy ho Aus Aupr srkfr df koeI kMtrol nhIN hY. aKbfrF srkfr qoN afjfd hn. keI asKbfrF dy mflk aqy aYzItrj kol srkfr dIaF nIqIaF dy iKlfP ilKx vfsqy bhuq kuJ huMdf hY aqy aijhy lok srkfr Aupr afpxf dbf vI pfAudy hn. kfnUMn anusfr ryzIE, tYlIvIjn Aupr puiltIkl pfrtIaF dI kvryj ieko ijhI huMdI hY Bfv hr pfrtI nUM bolx df ieko ijMnF (bYlyNsz) smF idqf jFdf hY. hU kYn vot? sMn 1928 qoN XU ky ivc sfiraF df vot pfAux df zYmokrYitk hwk hY. sMn 1969 ivc aTfrF sfl dI Aumr vot pfAux vfsqy rwKI geI sI. XU ky bOrn jF nycrlfeIj hr iensfn df vot pfAux df hwk hY. XU ky azwlt istIjn, istIjn afP kfmnvYlQ aqy afierÈ rIpbilk ijhVy XU ky ivc rihMdy AunHF sfiraF df vot pfAux df pUrf hwk hY. azwlt istIjn hor eIXU mulkF dy lok ijhVy XU ky ivc rihMdy hn Auh vI alYkÈnF smyN vot pf skdy hn pr Auh jnrl alYkÈn ivc vot nhIN pf skdy.

66 lfeIP ien df XU ky

alYktOrl rijstr pfrlImYNt, lokl alYkÈn jF XUrpIan ivc vot pfAux qoN pihlF quhfzf nfm cox kimÈn dy rijstr Aupr drj hoxf jrUrI hY. jykr qusI vot pfAUx dy hwkdfr hovogy qF qusI lokl kONsl dy alYktOrl rijstryÈn aPsr nfl sMprk kr skdy ho. ijhVf quhfzI lokl kONsl dy dPqrF ivc huMdf hY. skftlYNz ivc hor ikqy vI ho skdf hY. jykr quhfnUM ieh nhIN pqf ik qusIN ikhVI kONsl ivc rihMdy ho qF qusIN ieMtrnYt Aupr afpxf post-koz pf ky jfx skdy ho. ieMgilÈ vYlÈ aqy iksy hor lYgUryj ivc ieh Pfrm qusIN ieMtrnYt qoN vI zfAUnloz kr skdy ho. alYktOrl rijstr hr sfl sqMbr akqUbr ivc awpzyt kIqf jFdf hY alYktOrl rijstryÈn Pfrm hr Gr ivc Gwilaf jFdf hY. Aus Pfrm Aupr AunHF nfvF nUM Br ky vfps Glxf huMdf hY ijhVy vot pfAux dy hwkdfr Aus Gr ivc rihMdy huMdy hn. ndrn afierlYNz ivc rijstr hox vfsqy vwKrf issitm huMdf hY. ijsnUM ‘ienizbjUal rijstryÈn’ Bfv ijhVy vot pfAux df hwkdfr huMdy hn AunHF nUM afp Pfrm Br ky Gwlxf pYNdf hY. jd iek vfr rijstr ho jFdy hn qF AunHF df nfm sdf rijstr Aupr rihMdf hY ijMnF icr aunHF dIA zItylj nhIN bdl jFdIaF. kfnUMnI qOr Aupr lokl aQfrtI nUM alYktOrl rijstr hr vfsqy vyKx vfsqy riKaf huMdf hY pr vyKx vfly Aupr ingrfnI rwKI jFdI hY. sfrIaF lokl alYktOrl rijstryÈn afiPs (ijhVy kONsl afiPs ieMglYNz aYNz vylj) ivc rwiKaf jFdf hY. ieh vI sMBv ik qusIN rijstryÈn rijstr qusIN lfiebryrIaF ivc vI vyK skdy ho. vyar tU vot lok poilMg styÈnF Aupr jf ky vot pfAudy hn aqy ienHF nUM ‘poilMg plyss’ skftlYNz ivc kihMdy hn. alYkÈn qoN pihlF quhfnUM ‘pol kfrz’ Byjy jFdy hn. pol kfrz Aupr iliKaf huMdf hY ik pouilMg styÈn jF poilg plys ikQy siQwq hY. alYkÈn vfly idn poilMg styÈn svyry 7 vjy qoN lY ky rfq dy 10 vjy qwk KulwlHy rihMdy hn. jdoN qusI poilMg styÈn Aupr pujdy ho qF stfP quhfzf nfm aqy aYzrYs puCdf hY. ndrn afierlYNz ivc quhfnUM afpxI PotogrfiPk afeI zI ivKflxI pYNdI hY. qusIN iPr afpxI vot df pypr imldf hY. ijhVf qusIN poilMg bUQ ivc iljf ky gupq rUp ivc Br ky afpxI vot pfAudy ho. vot pfAux smyN quhfnUM afp nUM socxf huMdf ik qusIN iks nUM vot pfAuxI hY. quhfnUM koeI ieh nhIN kih skdf ik qusIN ies nUM vot pfE. quhfnUM vYltpypr Aupr ilKIaF ÈrqF nUM pVHnf cfhIdf hY. jd qusIN vYlt-pypr Br ilaf qF iPr qusIN ‘vYlt-bfks’ ivc pfAuxf huMdf hY. jykr poilMg styÈn Aupr phuMcxf quhfnUM aOKf huMdf hY qusIN ‘postl bYlt’ vI kr skdy ho. bYlt-pypr coxF qoN pihlF quhfzy Gr Gwilaf jfvygf. qusIN iPr AusnUM Br ky muV ky post kr skdy ho. qusIN jd vot rijstr krdy ho qF Aus smyN ‘vYlt-vot’ vfsqy kih skdy ho. stYizMg Pfr afiPs XU ky dy sfry istIjn, df afierÈ rIpbilk jF kfmnvYlQ dy aTfrF sfl dI Aupr dy lok pbilk afiPs vfsqy cox lV skdy hn. pr keI KV vI nhIN skdy ijvyN; º mYNbrj afP df afrmz Porss º isvl srvYNt º ijhVy lok iksy kirmInl kys ivc doÈI pfey jFdy hn. hfAUs afP lfrz dy mYNbr hfAUs afP kfmnj vfsqy cox nhIN lV skdy pr Auh iksy hor pbilk afiPs vfsqy KVH skdy hn. ivËitMg pfrlImYNt aYNz df zIvolvz aYzminstryÈn df XU ky pfrlImYNt 67 lfeIP ien df XU ky

pbilk hfAUs afP kfmnj aqy hfAUs afP lfrz ivc huMdI bihs gYlrI ivc bYT ky sux skdy hn. qusIN aMdr jfx vfsqy pihlF hI afpxy aYm pI kolo itkt lY skdy ho jF bihs vfly idn drvfjy awgy ikAU lf ky vI KV skdy ho. ietrI muPq hY pr hfAUs afP kfmnj ivc keI vfr bhuq lMbf ikAu huMdf hY ijs krky aMdr jfx dy aiBlfÈIaF nUM iek qoN do GMty vI lwg skdy hn. qusI hor jfxkfrI XU ky pfrlImYNt dI vYb-sfeIt qoN vI prfpq kr skdy ho. ndrn afierlYNz asMblI ndrn afierlYNz ivc cuxy hoey mYNbrF nUM MLA kihMdy hn. iblPfst ivc stormFt ivKy mYNbr bYTdy hn. stormFt asMblI ivc jfx vfsqy do qrIky hn. jF qF qusIN aYjUkyÈn srivss nUM kMntYkt kr skdy ho aqy jF iPr afpxy MLA nfl sMprk kr skdy ho. skfitÈ pfrlImYNt skftlYNz ivc cuxy hoey mYNbrF nUM MSPs kihMdy hn. ijhVy aYznbrf ivc hOlIrUz skfitÈ pfrlImYNt ivc bYTdy hn. qusIN ivËItr srivss koloN jfxkfrI lYky tUt aryNj kr skdy ho jF qusIN AunHF kolo itkt lY skdy ho. qusIN skfitÈ pfrlImYNt ivc AunHF nUM ilK vI skdy ho jF eImyl kr skdy ho. nYÈnl asMblI Pfr vylj vylj ivc cuxy hoey mYNbrF nUM Ams kihMdy hn. ijhVy kfrzYP ivc synyz ivc sQfpq vYlÈ asMblI ivc bYTdy hn. synyz iek KulHI iblizMg hY. qusIN koeI gfeIizz tUr jF pbilk gYlrI ivc bYTx vfsqy sIt buwk kr skdy ho. buwk krn vfsqy qusIN asMblI buwikMg srvs nfl sMprk kr skdy ho.

df XU ky aYNz ieMtrnYÈnl iestIcUÈnj df kfmnvYlQ kfmnvYlQ iek mulkF dI afsosIeyÈn ijhVI sB kMtrIaF nfl rl ky iek dUjy dyÈ ivc amn, zYmokrysI aqy zIvlpmYNt (ivkfs) krn leI sFJf hNBlf mfrdI hY. iesdy bhuqy mYNbr ibRitÈ iempfier dy aDIn huMdy sn. keI Auh kMtrIaF vI mYNbr hn ijhVIaF ibRitÈ iempfier dy aDin nhIN sn. ikAUn sYromonIal qOr Aupr kfmnvYlQ dI hYz hY. kfmnvYlQ dy kul 54 mulk mYNbr hn. mYNriÈp vlMtrI hI hY. BfvyN kfmnvYlQ afsosIeyÈn mulkF dI mYNbriÈp Kqm kr skdI hY pr iPr vI kfmnvYlQ dy mYNbr mulkF Aupr koeI kMtrol nhIN hY. kfmnvYlQ zYmokrysI dy kor vYilAU, guwz vgrnmYNt aqy rUl afP lfa dy afDfr Aupr bxI hY. º ienitgUaf aqy bfrbuwzf º astrylIaf º df bfhfmfs º bMglf dyÈ º bfrbfzoj º bylfeIj º botsbfnf º brUnfeI dfrfslfm º kYmrUn º kYnyzf º sfeIprws zomonysIaf º PIjI (swspYNzz) º df jfbIaf º gfnHf º grynfzf º guafnf º ieMzIaf º jmfiekf kynIaf º kIrIbftI º lysoQo º mflfvI º mlysIaf º mfldIvys º mfltf º moirÈÈ º mojMbIk º nfmIbIaf º nOrU º inAUjIlYNz º nfiejyrIaf º pfiksqfn pfpUaf inAU gfnHf º rVzf º sfmoaf º sycylj º sIafrf lIEn º isMGfpur º solomfn afieslYNz º sfAUQ aPrIkf º sRI lMkf º syNt ikts aYNz nyvYs º syNt lUsIaf º syNt ivnsYNt aYNz df grynfzfeIn svfjIlYNz º qnjfnIaF º tONgf º tirMzIzYz aYNz tfbfgo º tUvflo º XUgMzf º XU ky º vunfto º jFbIaf

df XUrpIan XUnIan 68 lfeIP ien df XU ky

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XUrpIan XUnIan (EU) nUM pihlF pihl XUrpIan ieknfimk kimAuintI (EEC) kihMdy sn ijhVI Cy XUrpIan dyÈF ijvyN bYljIam, PrFs, jrmnI, ietlI, lgjrbrg aqy nYNdrlYNz ny rl ky bxfeI sI. ijNHF ny 25 mfrc sMn 1957 ivc ‘trItI afP rom’ sfeIn kIqI sI. ies XU ky nfl nhIN rilaf sI. aqy sMn 1973 ivc ienHF nfl rl igaf sI. hux XUrpIan XUnIan dy koeI 27 dyÈ mYNbr hn. kroÈIaf sMn 2013 ivc nfl rl igaf sI. eIXU mYNbr styt º afstrIaf º bYlIjam º bwlgfrIaf º sfeIprws º kyj rIpbilk º zYnmfrk º aYstonIaf º PYnlYNz º PrFs º jrmnI º grIs º hMgrI º afiewrlYNz º ietlI º ltvIa º luQIafnf º lgjmbrg º mfltf º nYNdrlYNz º polYNz º purqgfl º rumfnIaf º sulvfkIaf º slovInIaf º spyn º svIzn ºXU ky afid df kONsl afP XUrp kONsl afP XUrp eIXU qoN vWKrI hY. XU ky sxy iesdy 47 dyÈ mYNbr hn aqy Auh ienHF dyÈF ivc ihAUmn rfeIts nUM promot aqy protYkt krn dy kfrj hn. ies kol kfnUMn bxfAux dI koeI qfkq nhIN hY pr cftr aqy kMvYnÈn kr skdy hn. sB qoN mÈhUr ijsdf nfm hY ‘XUrpIan kMnvYnÈn afn ihAUmn rfeIts aYNz PMzFmYNtl PrIzMm ijsnUM ‘XUrpIan kMnvYnÈn afn ihAUmn rfeIts’ kihMdy hn. df XUnfeIitz nyÈnj XU ky XUnfeIitz nyÈn (UN) df vI ihwsf hY. ieh iek ietrnYÈnl afrgynfeIjyÈn hY ijsdy 190 dyÈ mYNbr hn.

XU aYn dunIaF dI dUjI vwzI jMg bfad sQfpq kIqI geI sI aqy iesdy eym hn ik dunIaF ivc jMg df Kfqmf krnf, aMqrrfÈtrI pwDr qy amn amfn aqy sfikAUrtI bxfeI rwKxI. Jd kdy aMqrrfÈtr pwDr Aupr koeI gVbV jF amn BMg huMdf hY qF iesdy pMdrF mYNbr ijhVy ieh PYslf krdy hn ik ikhVf aYkÈn ilaf jfxf cfhIdf hY. XU ky pihly pMjF pwky mYNbrF ivcoN hY ijnHF kol vIto pfvr hY. df nfrQ aYtlFitk trItI afrgynfjyÈn (nfto NATO) XU ky nfto df vI mYNbr hY. nfto XUrpIan aqy nfrQ amrIkf kMtrIj ijnHF ivckfr sMdI hoeI hY ik Auh afpxy mYNbr dyÈF ivc amn cYn rwKx dy ijMmydfr hn aqy mulk Aupr BIV pYx Aupr Auh iek dUjy dI mwdd krngy.

irspYkitMg df lfa XU ky ivc rihx vfly sfiraF dI ieh ijMmyvfrI bxdI hY ik AunHF nUM kfnUMnf bfry pqf hovy aqy kfnUMnF anusfr hI rihxf cfhIdf hY. ies sYkÈn ivc kuJ jrUrI kfnUMnF bfry disaf jfvygf ijhVy quhfzy mMnxy cfhIdy hn. ibRitn bfhrly lokF nUM jI afgieaF nUM kihMdf hY pr sfry viÈMdy BfvyN iksy vI bYk-grfAUz ivcoN hn ibRitn smJdf hY ik AunHF nUM kfnUMnF ivc rihxf cfhIdf hY aqy AunHF nUM ieh smJxf cfhIdf hY ik keI kfnUMn ijhVy iksy hor mulk ivc jrUrI hoxgy pr ibRitn ivc Auh kfnUMn jrUrI nf vI ho skdy hn. ijhVy kfnUMnF anusfr nhIN rihxf chuMdy AunHF nUM XU ky dI rYjIzYNs nhI idqI jFdI. XU ky ivc KuÈhfl ijMdgI jIx vfsqy hr qrHF dy kfnUMn AuplwbD hn.quhfnUM ieh gwl jrUrI smJ lYxI cfhIdI hY ik qusIn AunHF kfnUMnf nUM vpfrk qOr Aupr aqy afpxy bfry jfxdy ho df lfa ien XU ky XU ky ivc hr rihx vfilaF vfsqy kfnUMn brfbr ivhfr krn vfsqy hn. ies df mqlb ieh ik kfnUMn sfiraF Aupr brfbr lfgU huMdy hn aqy ies gwl df koeI mqlb nhIN hY ik Auh kOx hY aqy ikQy rihMdf hY? 69 lfeIP ien df XU ky

kfnUMn do qrFH dy hn ijvy kirmInl lfa aqy isvl lfa afid º kirmInl lfa AunHF lokF vfsqy hn ijhVy krfeIm krdy hn aqy pulIs Cfx bIx krdI hY jF hor aQfrtI ijvyN kONsl aqy kort ivc iljf ky jurmfnF kIqf jFdf hY. º isvl lfa AunHF JgiVaF nUM inptfAuNdy hn ijhVy iksy ivakqI jF iksy gruwp ivckfr huMdy hn. kirmInl lfa dIaF agYjMplF º hwQ ivc koeI hiQafr rwKxf; iksy vI prkfr df hwQ ivc hiQafr rwKxf iek jurm hY BfvyN Auh sYlP zIPYNs vfsqy ikAuN nf hovy. aijhy hiQafr hn ijvyN gMn, nfeIP aqy jF aijhI vsqU ijs nfl iksy dy srIr nUM nuksfn phuMc skdf hovy. º zrwgj; hIron, kokyn, iektYsI aqy kYnivs vgYrf vycxf jF KrIdxf XU ky iellIgl hY. º ryÈl krfeIm; iksy nUM hYrys krnf, Kfh mKfh qMg krnf ik Aussdf ieh Drm hY jF AUh ieMzIan hY jF gorf hY afid vI krfeIm hI hY. º sYilMg qmfKU; aTfrF sfl qoN Gwt Aumr vfly nUM isgrtF, isgfrj jF bIVIaF vycxf gYrkfnUMnI hY. º smoikMg ien pbilk plyiss; sfry XU ky ivc pbilk plyiss Aupr qmfKU dI vrqoN krnI gYr-kfnUMnI hY ijs QF Aupr ‘no smoikMg dy sfeIn lwgy hoey hox. º bfeIieMg alkohl; aTfrF sfl qoN CotI Aumr vfly nUM alkohl vycXI gYr-kfnUMnI aqy iek jurm hY pr iek Kfs Cot hY ik solF sfl vfly hotl ivc Kfxf Kfx vyly zirMk pI skdy hn. º zirMikMg ien pbilk; XU ky ivc keI QF ‘zirMk-PrI jon’ huMdy hn ijQy qusI pbilk ivc zirMk nhIN pI skdy. Aijhf krn nfl quhfnUM PiVaf jf skdf hY aqy jurmfnF vI ho skdf hY. ies ilst ivc sfry krfeIm drj nhIN hn. keI hor vI hn ijhVy vwKo vKry dyÈF ivc lfgU huMdy hn ijvyN iksy nUM jfno mfrnf, iksy dy srIr nUM nuksfn phuMcxF. isvl lfa dI agYjMplF º hfAUisMg lfa; ieh mflk mkfn aqy ikrfeydfr dy ivckfr hoey JgVy bfry ijvyN Gr dI rIpyar aqy (avYkÈn) Bfv GroN kwZx vfsqy huMdf hY. º kMijAumr rfeIts; ies dI iek Audfhrx ijvyN iksy ny quhfNUM glq smfn vyc idqf hovy jF quhfnUM vycx lkwigaF qMg pryÈfn kIqf hovy afid. º iemplfeymYNt lfa; ieh kfnUMn glq ZMg nfl kMm qoN htfAuxf jF iksy qnKfh Gwt dyx dI sUrq ivc jF kMm Aupr izskirmInyÈn vfsqy lfgU huMdf hY. º zYt; lokF nUM kichrI lY jfieaf skdf hY ijhVy iksy koloN ilaf krjf moVdy nhIN hn. df pulIs aYNz dyar izAUtIj XU ky ivc pulIs dI izAUtI hY ik Auh; º lokF dy jfn mfl dI rfKI kry. º iksy pfsy gVbV nf hox dyvy (ijsnUM amn cYn vI kihMdy hn) º iksy qrHF dy krfeIm hox qON roky. pulIs dy kMm keI Poriss ivc cIP kMnstybl dy hukm nfl kIqy jFdy hn. pulIs srkfrI hukmF qoN afjfd huMdI hY. sMn 2012 dy nvMbr ivc pbilk alYitkz polIs aqy krfeIm kimÈnr (PCCs) ieMglYNz aqy vylj ivc bixaf. ieh iswDy hI lokF vloN cuxy gey huMdy hn ijhnF df kMm pUrI kfblIaq aqy pRBfvI qOr Aupr kIqf jFdf hY ijhVy lokl kimAuinwtI dIaF loVF anusfr kfrj krdy hn. pI sI sI aYs lokl pulIs nUM pihl aqy lokl pulIisMg bwjt iqafr krdy hn. pI sI sI aYs hI pulIs kimÈnr nUM vI Qfpdy hn.

70 lfeIP ien df XU ky

XU ky ivc pulIs jfn mfl dI rfKI krdI hY aqy hox vfly krfeImF nUM jfx ky iksy gVbV hox qoN rokdI hY. pulIs Pors pbilk srivs hY ijhVI hr iek dI shfieqf aqy rfKI krdI hY BfvyN Auh iksy vI bYk-grfAUNz df ivakqI hY jF Auh ijQy ikqy vI rihMdf hY. pulIs vfly Kud kfnUMnF anusfr cldy hn aqy Auh kdy vI afpxI aQfrtI df ims-XUs nhIN kr skdy, nf koeI JUTI stytmYNt dy skdy hn, nf hI koeI BwdI ÈbdfvlI jF iksy nUM ruKy nhIN bol skdy, iksy nfl ryÈl izskirmInyÈn vI nhIN kr skdy jykr koeI puls vflf kurwpt jF afpxI aQfrtI nUM imsXUs krdf pkiVaf jFdf hY qF Aus nUM sKq qoN sKq sjfvF imldIaF hn. sfry pulIs afPIsrj ijhVy pulIs kimAuintI sports afPIsr dI mwdd nfl kfrj krdy hn (PCSOs). vWKo vwKry eyrIey anusfr (PCCs) df vKrf rol huMdf hY pr afm krky Auh strItF ivc ptrol krdy rihMdy hn, lokF ivc kMm krdy hn, aqy pulIs aPsrF dI iksy krfeIm mOky shfieqf krdy hn.

XU ky ivc sfry lok ieh socdy hn ik jdoN vI ho sky pulIs dI Auh mwdd krn qF ik krfeIm huMdy nUM vyK ky roikaf jfvy. jd quhfnUM airst krky pulIs styÈn iljfieaf jFdf hY pulIs aPsr quhfnUM airst krn dI vjfh bfry jrUr dsygf aqy ijs bfry qusI koeI vkIl kr skdy ho.

Jykr kuJ glq ho jFdf hY pulIs kMplyt issitm TIk krygf. koeI vI iksy vI pulIs styÈn jF cIP kMnstybl kol iksy vI pulIs aPsr dy iKlfP afpxI kMplyn ilKvf skdf hY. kMmplyt ieMzIpYNizMt bfzI ijvyN df ieMzIpYnzYNt pulIs kMmplyt kimÈnr ien ieMglYNz aYNz vylj, pulIs kMmplyt kimÈnr Pfr skftlYNz jF pulIs afmbwzjmYn Pfr ndrn afierlYNz. tYroiejm aYNz aYkstrImiejm XU ky ivc tYirst DmkIaF bfry bhuq icMqF rihMdI hY.sB qoN vwD Kqrnfk ‘aflkfiedf’ dIaF d=DmkIaF df hY ijhVf keI jQybMdIaF rfhIN kIqf jFdf hY. XU ky ndrn afierlYNz bfry vI tYroiejm df vI bhuq zr hY. tYirst jQybMdIaF lokF nUM BVkf ky afpxy mksd bfry vrqdIaF hn. ikwdF, ikQy aqy ikQoN qwk BVkfAuNdIaF hn ieh keI QfvF qy vwKo vWkrf asr rKdIaF hn. ies gwl dI vI gvfhI imldI hY ik aijhIaF kfrvfeIaF lokF vloN bhuqI mwdd nhIN kIqI jFdI pr ijhVy lok XU ky ivc rihxf chuMdy hn AunHF nUM aijhIaF gqI ivDIaF qoN dUr hI rihxf cfhIdf hY. ieh iek bhuq hI Kfs gwl hY ik lokI surwiKaq rihxy cfhIdy hn. ijs rfhI hr mnuwK aYkstrImiejm qoN syP hI rhy (vokl jF aYkitv aopojIÈn tU PMzFmYNtl ibRitÈ vYlUj) ijs ivc Dfrimk aYkstrImiejm aqy Pfr rfeIt aYkstrImiejm vI af jFdf hY. jykr qusI socdy hoi k quhfnUM koeI aYktrImiejm jF tYroiejm vwl ruwcq kr irhf hY qF quhfnUM lokl pulIs styÈn ivc jf ky dsxf jrUrI hY.

df rol afP df korts df ijAUzÈrI jwjF dI sMsQf nUM ijAUzÈrI kihMdy hn. AunHF df iksy kfnUMn (lfa) bfry shI shI dsxf aqy ieh XkInn bxfAuxf ik kichrI ivc PYsly kfnUMn anusfr hI hox. ies kfrj ivc srkfr df koeI ieMtrPIar nhIN hoMdf. keI vfr srkfr vloN cuwikaf kdm gYr-kfnUMnI huMdf hY. jy kr jwjF dI sihmqI hovy qF srkfr jF qF afpxIaF nIqIaF nUM bdly aqy jF iPr srkfr pfrlImYNt nUM kih kfnUMn bdl dyvy. jykr jwj smJdy hn ik koeI adfrf iksy dy hwkF df iKafl nhIN rwKdf qF jwj Aus adfry nUM ieh kih skdy hn ik qusIN afpxy kMm krn dy qrIky nUM shI kro jF Aus nUM hrjfnf idE. jwj pbilk aqy adfiraF ivckfr huey JgVy df vI nbyVf krdy hn. aijhf Auh iksy Tyky, prfprtI jF iemploiemYNt jF iksy hfdsy smyN huMdf hY. kirmInl korts 71 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ieMglYNz vylj, skftlYNz aqy ndrn afierlYNz dIaF kichIaF ivc Prk hY. mijstryts aYNz jsits afP pIs korts ieMglYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc bhuqy mfeInt kirmInl kys mijstryt kort ivc hI nijwTy jFdy hn pr skftlYNz ivc mfeInr afiPMss kys jsits afP pIs kort ivc suxy jFdy hn. mijstryt aqy jsits afP pIs (JPS) lokl kimAuinwtI dy mYNbr huMdy hn. ieMglYNz vylj aqy skftlYNz ivc lok vlMtrI Bfv ibnHF qnKfh qoN kMm krdy hn aqy AunHF nUM iksy kuaflIPkyÈn hoxI vI jrUrI nhIN huMdI. AunHF nUM ieh jfb krn vfsqy tryinMg idqI jFdI hY aqy AunHF nUM gfeIz krn vflf iek lIgl azvfeIjr huMdf hY ijhVf mijstryt dy kIqy PYsly bfry gfeIz krdf hY. ndrn afierlYNz ivc sfry kys izstirk jwj jF izptI jwj vloN suxy jFdy hn. ieh jwj kuaflIPfeIz huMdy hn. krfAUn korts aYNz ÈYirP korts ieMglYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc sIrIas afiPMs vfsqy julm krn vfly nUM krfAUn kort dy jwj aqy ijAUrI sfhmxy pyÈ kIqf jFdf hY. skftlYNz ivc sIrIas kys ÈYirP kort ivc jF ÈYirP suxdf hY aqy jF iPr ÈYirP nfl ijAUrI huMdI hY suxy jFdy hn. bhuq hI sIrIas kys ijvyN mrzr, skftlYNz ivc hfeIkort ivc jwj aqy ijAUrI sfhmxy suxy jFdy hn. ijAUrI pbilk ivcoN cuxI jFdI hY aqy ieMglYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc ijAUrI dy mYNbr 12 huMdy hn aqy skftlYNz ivc ijAUrI dy pMdrF mYNbr huMdy hn. ijnHF nUMN ijAUrI srivs vfsqy cuixaf jFdf hY AusnUM jrUr hfjr hoxf pYNdf pr ijnHF nUM jurmfny hoey huMdy hox aqy jF iPr koeI aiPMs kIqf hovy aijhy mYNbrF qoN ibnF sfr ilaf jFdf hY. nhIN qF ijAUrI vfsqy swdy mYNbrF nUM Cot vfsqy koeI Kfs rIjn dsxf pYNdf hY ijvyN koeI nfmurfd ibmfrI lwgI geI hovy. ijAUrI trfeIl smyN gvfhF dy ibafn prKdI hY aqy iPr afpxf PYslf idMdI hY ik koeI igltI hY jF nhIN igltI hY. ieh PYslf jo AunHF suixaf Aus afDfr Aupr hI huMdf hY. skftlYNz ivc Qrz vrizkt qIjf PYslf ijvyN ‘nft proivn’ vI idqf jf skdf hY. jd ijAUrI iksy nUM igltI mMn lYNdI hY qF jwj AusdI sjf suxfAudf hY. XUQ korts ieMglYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc jykr iksy dI Aumr 10 qoN 17 sfl dI hY qF Aus df kys XUQ kort ivc Gwto Gwt iqMn tryNz mijstryt jF izstirk jwj vloN suixaf jFdf hY. ijhVy bhuq sIrIas kys hox Auh krfAUn kort ivc suxy jFdy hn. jMg prsn dy Aus smyN kort ivc hfjr hoxy cfhIdy hn. XUQ kortF ivc pbilk dy mYNbr hfjr nhIN ho skdy aqy igltI bwcy dI Poto jF nfm aKbfr ivc jF iksy mIzIey ivc nhI vriqaf jf skdf. skftlYNz ivc iclzrn hIirMg issitm ijhVy bwcy afiPMs krdy hn AunHF vfsqy vriqaf jFdf hY. ndrn afierlYNz ivc XUQ kMnPirMisMg vriqaf jFdf hY ijhVy igltI bwicaF nfl zIl krdy hn.

isvl korts kONtI kort koNtI kort ivc bhuqy isvl JgVy inptfey jFdy hn. afm mkrky iksy nUM hudfr idqf nf moVy jykr koeI quhfnUM swt mfrdf hY, PYmlI mYtrj, koeI kMtirkt qoVnf aqy zIvors afid dy kys vI inptfey jFdy hn. skftlYNz ivc aijhy kys ÈYirP kort ivc jFdy hn. ijhVy isvl kys bhuq sIrIas huMdy hn Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ijhVy bhuq vwzI rkm df kys huMdf hY Auh ieMglYNz, vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc hfeI kort ivc suixaf jFdf hY aqy skftlYNz ivc kort afP sYÈn aYiznbrf ivc suixaf jFdf hY. df smfl klym prsIjr kONtI kort ivc Coty moty isvl izsipAUt bVy sfdy ZMg, swsqy aqy Gwt Krcy nfl ivcfry jFdy hn. aijhy pMj hjfr pMNz qoN Gwt pYisaf vfly kys ieMglYNz vylj aqy ivc aqy 72 lfeIP ien df XU ky

iqMn hjfr pONz qoN Gwt Krcy vfly kys skftlYNz aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc ivcfry jFdy hn. iek Coty ijhy rUm ivc jwj iek tybl duafly bYT ky donF pfisaF dIaF suxdf hY. smfl klym afnlfeIn vI inptfieaf jFdf hY. qusIN afpxy klym bfry lokl kONtI kort aqy ÈYirP kort qoN pqf kr skdy ho.

lIgl azvfeIs soilstrj soilstrj keI kfnUMnI slfh dyx dy mfhr huMdy hn. afpxy klfeINt dy QfvyN kort ivc jwj sfhmxy pyÈ huMdy hn. soilstrj afiPs sfry ieMglYNz ivc siQwq hn. ikAuNik soilstrj iksy iek kMm ivc aYksprt huMdy hn aqy quhfnUM afpxy kys muqfbk loVIdf soilstr vyKxf cfhIdf hY. keI soilstrj afpxI kuaflIPkyÈn bfry aKbfrF aqy jF XYlo pyjj ivc aYzvrtfeIj vI krdy hn. istIjn azvfeIj ibAuro vI lokl soilstrj bfry ik Auh ikhVI gwl ivc mfhr hn ies bfryjfxkfrI dy skdf hY. qusIN soilstrj bfry ieMglYNz vylj, ndrn afierlYNz aqy skftlYNz dI lfa sosfietI qoN vI pqf kr skdy ho. soilstrj dy cfrj smyN Aupr zIpYNz huMdf hY ik Auh quhfzy Aupr ikMnF smy lfAuNdy hn. ies gwl df Kfs iKafl rKxf cfhIdf hY ik qusIN totl Krcy bfry soilstr koloN pihlF puwC lvo.

PMzFmYNtl pirMsIplj ibRitn iksy ivakqI dy hwkF bfry bhuq jfgrUk hY aqy ies gwl bfry lfjmI krdf hY ik sfiraF dI afjfdI brkrfr rhy. ieh hwk ‘mgnf krtf’, ‘df hYbIas krpws aYkt’. aqy ‘ibwl afP rfeIts sMn 1689 anusfr hn aqy smF pY ky ienHF ivc bhuq suDfr kIqf igaf hY. ibRitÈ zYplomyt aqy lfierj ny XUrpIan kMnvYnÈn afn ihAUmn rfeIts aqy PMzFmYtl PrIzMm bfry bhuq kTn Gflxf GflI hY. sMn 1950 ivc XU ky pihlf dyÈ sI ijs ny ies trItI Aupr dsqKq kIqy sn.

XUrpIan kMnvYnÈn dy ihAUmn rfeIts bfry kuJ ku ipRsIpl hyTF ilKy hn º rfeIt tU lfeIP º prohobIeyÈn afP tfrcr º prohobIeyÈn afP slyvrI aqy Porsz lybr º rfeIt tU ilbrtI aYNz iskortI º rfeIt tU Pyar trfeIl º PrIzMm afP QOts, kMnsfieMs (jmIr) aqy irlIijn º PrIzMm afP aYksprYÈn (spIc) ihAUmn rfeIts aYkt sMn 1998 ijhVI XUrpIan kMnvYnÈn afP XU ky dy ihAUmn rfeIts dy kfnUMn hn. srkfr dy pbilk bfzIj aqy korts vfilaF nUM ies kMnvYnÈn dy ipRsIplF anusfr hI sB kfrj krny pYNdy hn. ieAUkl AupricAUintI XU ky dy kfnUMn ies gwl df iKafl rKdy hn ik iksy vI ivakqI nUM iksy vI qrHF Bfv lfeIP,buZfpy kfrn kMm kfr apfhj krky kMm, grBvqI hox krky. mYtrintI krky rys Drmk ivÈvfs, ivafh ÈfdI krky, nr nfrI krky, anPyarlI trIt nf kIqf jfvy. jykr quhfnUM izskirmInyÈn bfry koeI prfblm afAudI qF qusIN istIjn azvfeIs ibAuro qoN hor jfxkfrI lY skdy ho. jF iksy hyT ilKI afrgynfeIjyÈn koloN; º ieMglYNz aYNz vylj iekfAuiltI aYNz ihAUmn rfeIts kimÈn. º skftlYNz: ielfAuiltI aYNz ihAUmn rfeIts kimÈn skftlYNz. º ndrn afierlYNz: iekfAuiltI kimÈn Pfr ndrn afierlYNz. º ndrn afierlYNz ihAUmn rfeIts kimÈn. zoimsitk vfielYNs 73 lfeIP ien df XU ky

XU ky ivc Gr ivc qÈdwd, inrdfieqf vflf rveIaF rwKxf iek sIrIas krfeIm igixaf jFdf hY. ijhVf afpxy pirvfr ivc julmfnf rveIaF rwKdf hY, BfvyN Auh afdmI hY jF aOrq hY ivafh-Èudf hY jF iekwTy rihMdy hn Auh prosIikAUtz ho skdy hn. koeI vI afdmI jF koeI aOrq nfl Dwky nfl sYks krdy hn BfvyN Auh ÈfdI-Èudf hox, Auh iek iksm dy ryp krky cfrj kIqy jf skdy hn. ieh jrUrI hY jykr Gr ivc iksy nfl julm huMdf hY AusNUM CyqI qoN CyqI iksy dI mwdd lYxI cfhIdI hY. koeI vkIl, jF istIjn azvfeIs ibAuro quhfnUM ies bfry hor jfxkfrI dy skdf hY. keIaF eyrIaF ivc iksy syP QF Aupr rih skdy hn ijnHF nUM irPUj jF ÈYltr afKdy hn. XYlo pajj dy pihly sPy Aupr ihlp lfeIn Pun nMbr aOrqF vfsqy vI iliKaf huMdf hY ijhVf nIarst vomYn sYNtr df huMdf hY. qusI nYÈnl zoimstk vfielYNs prI-Pun vI kr skdy ho aqy jF iPr pulIs quhfnUM iksy syP plys Aupr rihx vfsqy ieMqjfm kr skdI hY. PImyl jYnItl mutIlyÈn PImyl jYnItl mutIlyÈn (FGM) aOrq dy iksy gupq aMg nUM ktxf jF sunq krnI XU ky ivc iellIgl hY. ijhVy FGM krdy hn jF iksy kuVI nUM ies kMm vfsqy bfhrly dyÈ lY jf ky FGM krnf vI iellIgl hY. Porsz mYirj ijnF df ivafh huMdf hY AunHF donF dI mrjI hovy qF hI hoskdf hY. aryjz mYirj jd dony pfrtIaF ies kMm ivc rfjI hox qF XU ky ivc ho skdI hY. Porsz mYirj qoN Bfv jd koeI iek dUjy dI mrjI qoN ibnHF ivafh dy bMDn ivc bMny jFdy hn. iksy nUM Pors krky ivafh krvfAuxf ies mulk ivc iellIgl huMdf hY. sMn 2008 ivc aMzr df Porsz mYirj protYkÈn aYkt sMn 2007 anusfr Porsz mYirj protYkÈn afrzr ieMglYNz vylj aqy ndrn afierlYNz vfsqy bxfieaf igaf sI. ijsnUM ivafh vfsqy porsz kIqf jf irhf hY Auh jF iksy vfsqy koeI kort afrzr lY skdf hY. sMn 2011 ivc vI aijhf protyKÈn afrzr bixaf sI. ies prkfr dy ivkitm jF koeI Aus dI rfKI krdf hY Auh kort afrzr vfsqy aplfeI kr skdf hY. ijhVf ies afrzr nUM koeI brIc krdf PiVaf jFdf hY AusnUM kort dy hukm nUM mMnx kfrn do sfl dI jylH ho skdI hY.

tYksyÈn ienkMm tYks XU ky dy hr ÈihrI nUM afpxI kmfeI Aupr tYks dyxf pYNdf hY ijhVy hyT ilKy dI qrHF hn º vyijj Prfm pyz iemplfeymYNt º prfiPt Pfrm sYlP-ieMmplfeymYNt º tYksybl bYnIiPt º ipnÈnj º ienkMm Prfm prfprtI, syivMg aYNz izvIzYzj ijhVf qusIN tYks idMdy ho AunHF nfl sVkf, aYjUkyÈn, pulIs aqy afrmI nUM qnKfhF idqIaF jFdIaF hn. keI lok ijhVY PYktrIaF ivc kMm krdy hn AunHF df tYks afpy kwt ky srkfr dy Kjfny ivc Byj idqf jFdf hY. ies issitm ‘py aYj XU arn’ kihMdy hn. jykr quhfz afpxf ibjnYs hY qF quhfnUM afpxf tYks afp ‘sYlP asYsmYNt’ anusfr Glxf pYNdf hY ijhVf hr sfl tYks rItrn Br ky Gwilaf jf skdf hY. hor keI lokF nUM vI tYks rItrn Br ky GlxI pYNdI hY. jy HMRC quhfNnUM tYks rItrn GldI hY qF ieh jrUrI hY ik qusI pUrI jfxkfrI Aus ivc Br ky jrUr Glo. 74 lfeIP ien df XU ky

qusI rItrn Brn vfsqy mwdd vI lY skdy ho. qusIN srkfr dy adfry HMRC vYb sfeIt jF tYlIPUn 0845 300 0627 krky ieh jfxkfrI lY skdy ho. nYÈnl ienÈoirMs XU ky ivc hr koeI ijhVf pyz vrk krdf hY BfvyN koeI sYlP iemplfeyz vI hY AusnUM nYÈnl ienÈorYNs kMtrIibAUÈn dyxI pYNdI hY. nYÈnl ienÈorYNs kMtrIibAUÈn nfl quhfnUM rItfiermYNt pYnÈn, kuJ styt bYnIPyt aqy kuJ nYÈnl hYlQ srivss leI vrqy jFdy hn. mlk kfimaF dI qnKfh ivcoN nYÈnl ieNÈorYNs kMtrIibAUÈn kwtI jFdI hY. ijhVy lok sYlP-iemplfeyz huMdy hn AunHF nUM nYÈnl ienÈorYNs kMtrIibAUÈn afp ByjxI pYNdI hY. ijhVy lok nYÈnl ienÈorYNs kMtrIibAUÈn nhIN pya krdy AunHF nUM jf-sIkrj alfAUss jF rItfiermYNt pYnÈn pUrI nhIN idqI jFdI. ijhVy lok pfrt tfeIm kMm krdy hn ho skdf hY ik AunHF nUM stYitcrI pyamYNt ijvyN mtfrMntI pya nhIN idqI jFdI ikAuNik Auh AunHF dI eynI kmfeI nhIN huMdI. igitMg ey nYÈnl ieMnÈoirMs nYÈnl ieMnÈorYNs nMbr quhfzf XUnIk akfAUt nMbr hY. ieh ies gwl vfsqy ÈUar krdf hY ik quhfzIaF nYÈnl ienÈorYNs kMtrIibA|UÈn aqy ktfey hoey tYks df shI irkfrz rKdf hY. hr XMg mnuwK vfsqy jd Auh sflF df hox lgdf hY qF Ausdy Gr Ausdf nYÈnl ienÈorYNs nMbr Gwl idqf jFdf hY. nfn nYÈnl lok ijhVy XU ky ivc rihMdy hn aqy kMm krnf chuMdy hn jF Auh sYlP iemplfeyz huMdy hn sB nUM nYÈnl ienÈorYNs cfhIdf huMdf hY ibnHF nYÈnl ienÈorYNs nMbr qy qusIN kuJ vI nhIN kr skdy. hF qusIN nMbr ibnHF kMm kr skdy ho jykr quhfnUM XU ky ivc rih ky kMm krn dI iejfjq hovy. quhfnUM zIpfrtmYNt Pfr vrk aYNz pYnÈn DWP vfilaF nUM nYÈnl ienÈorYNs vfilaF nUM tYlIPUn krnf pvygf DWP skdf hY ik quhfnUM ieMtivAU vfsqy vI swd skdy hn. DWP quhfnUM shI Pfrm Brn vfsqy gfeIz krygf. DWP quhfnUM aYplIkyÈn prfiss bfry pUrI pUrI jfxkfrI dyvygf aqy nfl ieh vI dsygF ik ieMtrivAU smyN quhfnUM ikhVy zYkUmYNts afpxI iezMttI dsx vfsqy nfl lY ky afAuxy pYxy hn. nYÈnl ienÈorYNs nMbr df ieh mqlb nhIN hY ik qusIN XU ky kMm kr skdy. hor jfxkfrI qusIN vYb-sfeIt qoN lY skdy ho. zrfeIivMg XU ky ivc zrfeIivMg ÈurU krn vfsqy zrfeIivMg lfiesMs prfpq quhfzI Aumr 17 sfl dI hoxI cfhIdI hY. aqy zrfeIivMg krn qoN pihlF quhfnUM zrfeIivMg lfiesMs jrUr lYxf pYNdf hY. XU ky ivc Pul zrfeIivMg lfiesMs quhfnUM donoN tYst iQAurI tYst aqy prYktIkl tYst pfs krny huMdy hn. mopz rfeIz krn leI quhfzI Aumr 16 sfl dI hoxI cfhIdI hY. lfrj vIhfkl clfAux vfsqy hor Aumr aqy rIkuafiermYNt huMdI hY. zrfeIvr afpxf zrfeIivMg lfiesMs 70 sfl dI Aumr qwk vrq skdy hn. ies Aumr qoN bfad lfiesMs isrP iqMn sfl vfsqy vYilz huMdf hY. ndrn afierlYNz ivc nvyN zrfeIvr nUM pihly iek sfl vfsqy ‘R’ plyt lfAuxI pYNdI hY. Bfv iehajy nvF zrfeIvr hY. jykr quhfzf zrfeIivMg lfiesMs XUrpI XUnIan EU dy iksy dyÈ ijvyN afeIslYNz, lICqnstfeIn jF nfrvya qF qusIN XU ky ivc EnF icr zrfeIv kr skdy ho ijMnF icr quhfzf lfiesMs vYilz hovygf. jykr quhfzy kol iksy hor mulk df lfiesMs hY qF qusIN Aus lfiesMs nUM isrP 12 mhIny qwk vrq skdy hF. ies qoN bfad quhfnUM Puwl zrfeIivMg lfiesMs lYxf jrUrI huMdf hY. 75 lfeIP ien df XU ky

jykr qusIN XU ky ivc pwky qOr Aupr rihMdy ho qF quhfzI kfr zrfeIivMg aYNz vIhfkllfiesMs aQfrtI DVLA nfl rijstr hoxI cfhIdI hY. quhfnUM roz-tYks leI pYsy dyxy huMdy hn aqy tYks izsk muhry iwvMz-skrIn Aupr lfAuxf cfhIdf. gwzI clfAux qoN pihlF quhfnUM zrfeIivMg ienÈorYNs krfAuxI jrUrI hY. ibnHF ienÈorYNs qoN kfr clfAuxI iek sIrIas kirmInl afiPMs huMdI hY. jykr quhfzI kfr iqMn sfl purfxI hY qF quhfnUM MOT krfAuxI cfhIdI hY. iek vfr MOT ho geI qF iPr hr bfrF mhIny qoN bfad MOT krfAuxI pYNdI hY. iqMn sfl purfxI kfr dy jykr MOT nhIN hY qF ieh vI iek afiPMs hY. qusIN hor jfxkfrI vYb-sfeIt AuproN lY skdy ho.

XUar rol ien df kimAuintI XU ky df istIjn hox nfl afdmI ijQy keI ijMmyvfrIaF df sfhmxf krdf hY AuQy Aus nUM kei apricAUintI vI hfsl huMdIaF hn. sfry kol ieh cfns hY ik Auh kimAuintI dI iksy nf iksy qrHF mwdd kr sky. ieh sYkÈn kuJ aijhIaF ijMmyvfrIaF bfry dsdf hY aqy iek istIjn hox dy nfqy quhfnUM dsdf hY ik qusIN ikvyN kimAuiontI nUM rihx vfsqy aqy kMm krn vfsqy bYtr plys bxf skdy ho. vYilAu aYNz irspoNsIibltIj BfvyN ibRitn ivc dunIaF qoN afey iBMn iBMn qrHF dy lok vsdy hn pr AunHF sfiraF vfsqy iekoN qrHF dIaF kdrF kIMmqF aqy ijMmyvfrIaF lfgU huMdIaF hn. ieh kdrF kIMmqF aqy ijMmyvfrIaF hyT ilKy qrHF huMdIaF hn. º tU Ebya aYNz irspYkt df lfa º tU bI avyar afP df rfeIts afP adrj aYNz irspYkt doË rfeIts º tU trItadrj ivd PyarnYs º tU bIhyv irsponsIblI º tU hYlp aYNz protYkt XUar PYmlI º tU irspYkt aYNz prjrb df ienvfiewrnmYNt º tU trIt aYvrIbMn ieAUklI, rIgrzlYs afP sYks, rys, irlIjn, eyj, izsaYibltI, klfs aOr isksicAUl afrIaYNntn. º tU hYlp adrj º tU vot ien lokl aYNz nYÈnl gvrnrmYNt alYkÈn ienHF kdrF aqy ijMmyvfrIaF inBfAux Kfqr qusIN XU ky vDIaf istIjn jfxy jfvoNgy. bIieMg ey guwz nybr jd qusIN nvyN Gr jF iksy apfrtmYNt ivc mUv huMdy ho qF afpxy guaFZIaF nUM afpxy bfry jfxkfrI dyvo. Jykr qusIN afpxy guaFZI nUM jfxdy ho qF qusIN kimAuintI df ihwsf bx jFdy ho aqy dosq bxfAudy ho. quhfzy nybr quhfzI keI qrHF mdd kr skdy hn. ijvyN jd qusIN ikDry bfhr cly jFdy ho qF Auh quhfzy ipts dI luwk-aPtr kr skdy hn aqy quhfnUM lokl Èps bfry vI ds skdy hn. jykr qusIN afpxy guaFZI dI prfeIvYs lfeIP aqy iksy rOly afpxy afpxf kMtrol rKogy qF Aus koloN qusIN kfPI ihlp vI lY skdy ho. qusIN afpxy gfrzn nUM vI sfP suQrf rKo. aqy afpxf kUVf krkt cu ky lY jfx vfilaF vfsqy iksy kiMAUnl plys Aupr hI rKo. igitMg ienvolz ien lokl akitvtIj vlMtrI kMm krnf jF kimASuintI dI ihlp krnI iek cMgy istIjn hox dI inÈfnI hY. aijhf krn nfl quhfzf myl imlfp vDdf hY aqy qusIN iek dUjy nUM nyiVE jfnx lwg pYNdy ho. jykr rYjIzYNts iek dUjy nUM sport krdy hn qF ies qrHF krn nfl kimAuintI rihx vfsqy 76 lfeIP ien df XU ky

KuÈ-gvfr ho jFdI hY. jykr qusIN ijMmydfr bx ky iek dUjy dI mwdd krdy ho qF ieh cMgy istIjn hox df quhfzf Prj vI pUrf krdI hY.

hO XU kYn sport XUar kimAuintI keI pOjyitv qrIky hn ijnHF nUM vrqoN ivc ilaf ky qusIN ikmAuintI dI sport krky cMgy istIjn bx skdy ho. ijAUrI srivs ijhVy lok alYkrOrl rijstr ivc hn Auh rfeIt tU vot dy nfl nfl AunHF nUM ijAUrI srvYs vfsqy vI cuixaf jf skdf hY. ijhdI vI Aumr 18 sfl qoN 70 sfl qwk hY ijAUrI srvYs vfsqy iksy nUM vI sidaf jf skdf hY. ihlipMg ien skUlj jykr quhfzy bwcy hn qF keI ZMgF nfl qusI Aus skUl dI mwdd kr skdy ho ijQy quhfzy bwcy pVHdy hn. pyirMts klfs rUm ivc mwdd kr skdy hn ijvyN bwcy kI krdy hn jF AunHF nUM sbk isKidaF nUM vyK skdy hn. keI skUl afpxy skUl vfsqy keI qrHF df loVINdf smfn KrIdx vfsqy pYsy iekwTy krn vfsqy skUl aMdr jF skUloN bfhr keI qrHF dy pRogrfm AulIkdy hn. keI vfr ikqfbF vucdy hn, iKzfAuNxy vycdy hn jF iksy iksm df PUz vycdy hn. skUl vfsqy PMz iekwTf krn vfsqy quhfzy kol koeI guwz-afeIzIaf vI ho skdf hY.keI vfr ieh pRogrfm ‘pyirMts tIcr afsosIeyÈn’ (PTAs) vloN rwKy jFdy hn. vlMtrlI mwdd krn vfsqy jF iPr Aus afsosIeyÈn dy mYNbr bx ky mwdd kr skdy ho. ies qrHF qusIN nvy dosq vI bxfAuNdy ho. aijhy pRogrfmF bfry qusIN skUl dy noits borZF qoN pqf kr skdy ho aqy jF iPr jo nots quhfzy bwcy skUloN Gr ilafAUdy hn AunHF rfhI vI pqf lg jFdf hY. skUl gvnrj aYNz skUl borzj skUl gvnrj jF mYNbr afP skUl borz skftlYNz ivc lokl kimAuintI dy lokI hI huMdy hn ijhVy bwcy dI pVHfeI ivc iek pfjyitv kMtrIibAUÈn krdy hn. Auh aTfrF sfl dI Aumr dy huMdy hn pr lMmI Aumr Aupr koeI pbMdI nhIN hY. gvnrj aqy skUl borz mYNbrj hI hn ijhVy skUl dy stYNzrz nUM Aucf cuwkdy hn.

AunHF dy iqMn vwzy kMm huMdy hn. º ijhVy skUl dI strYijk dÈf nUM pRPulq krdy hn. º skUl dI puwC prqIq vDfAuNdy hn. º skUl dI prfgrYs Aupr afpxI ingfh rwKdy hn. qusIN afpxy lokl skUl ivc jf ky puwC skdy hoi k AunHF nUM skUl gvnr jF borz mYNbr qF nhIN cfhIdf. ieMglYNz ivc qusI afn-lfeIn vI aplfeI kr skdy ho. ieMglYNz ivc pyirMts aqy hor kimAuintI afpxy eyrIey ivc PrI-skUl KolHx vfsqy aplfeI kr skdI hY. hor jfxkfrI zIpfrtmYNt afP aYjUkyÈn dy vYb-sfeIt qoN iml skdI hY. suporitMg puiltIkl pfrtIj puiltIkl pfrtIaF nvyN mYNbr bxf ky KuÈ huMdIaF hn. AunHF nUM joafien krn nfl qusIN iksy qrHF dy iKaflF nfl sihmq bx jFdy ho aqy zYmokrYitk prfiss ivc Èfml ho jFdy ho. puiltIkl pfrtIj alYkÈn dy smyN bhuq ibjI huMdIaF hn. mYNbr lokF nUM afpxI pfrtI dy kYNzIzyt vfsqy vot pfAux nUM kihx ivc bhuq ruwJ jFdy hn. Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ‘vYilt-pypr’ glIaF ivc vMzxyjF lokF dy GrF dy drvfjy KVkfAuxy afid, aijhy kfrj nUM ‘kYnvYisMg’ kihMdy hn. jykr koeI afpxI vot iksy horn UM pfAuxf chuMdf hovy qusIN iksy nUM ieh nhIN kih skdy ik vot Aus ivakqI nUM pfE. ibRitÈ istIjn kONslr ,jF aYm pI (zIvolvz asMblIaF vfsqy vI) aqy jF iPr mYNbr afP XUrpIan XUnIan (MEP) vfsqy vI cox lV skdy ho. ieh quhfnUM XU ky dI puiltIkl lfeIP 77 lfeIP ien df XU ky

ivc ienvolvz hox vfsqy bhuq cfns idMdf hY. qusIN jykr afierYÈ istIjn ho jF qusIN pRBfvI kfmnvYlQ dy istIjn ho qusIN qF vI iksy afiPs leI cox lV skdy ho pr iPr qusIN isrP aYm pIj vfsqy cox nhIN lV skdy. jF qusIN XUrpIan istIjn hovogy. qusIN iksy pfrtI dy mYNbr bxn vfsqy AunHF dI pfrtI dy afpxy vYb-sfeIt qy jf ky aplIkyÈn Pfrm Br skdy ho. ihlipMg vYd lokl srivss qusIN keI qrHF dI lokl provfzIrj nfl iml ky ijvyN hspqfl aqy XUQ prfjYkt vlMtrI kMm kr skdy ho. aijhIaF srvYs vfsqy lokl lokF dI slfh vI leI jFdI hY ik ieh kMm ikvyN nypry cVH skdf hY. XUnIvristIj, hfAUisMg afsosIeyÈnj imAUjm aqy afrt kONsl keI vfr vlMtrI kMm krn vfly lokF nUM afpxI gvrinMg bfzI nfl rlfAux vfsqy aYzvrtfeIj vI krdy hn. qusIN pulIs ivc vI vlMtrI kMm krky spYÈl kMnstybl jF iPr nfn pulIs rIprIjYitv qusIN mijstryt bxn vfsqy vI aplfeI kr skdy ho. qusIN aksr aKbfr pVHdy aqy jF iPr ryzIE Aupr suxdy hoi k ies sMsQf nUM vlMtIarj dI loV hY. qusIN vYb-sfeIt Aupr jf ky vI aijhI jfxkfrI lY skdy ho. blwz aYNz afrign zonyÈn blwz zonyt krn nfl hspqfl ivc keI ibmfrF dy kMm afAudf hY. blwz dyx vfsqy isrP iek GMtf hI lgdf hY. qusIN blwz dyx vfsqy hyT ilKy adfiraF nfl rijstr ho skdy ho. º ieMglYNz aYNz nfrQ vylj www.blood.co.uk º irst afP vylj www.welsh-blood.org.uk º skftlYNz vfsqy www.scotland.co.uk º ndrn afierlYNz vfsqy www.nibts.org XU ky ivc bhuq lok afrgn trFplFt vfsqy loVbMd hn. jykr qusIN koeI afrgn zonyt krnf chuMdy ho qF jd qusI mr jFdy ho quhfzy pirvfr nUM ieh PYslf lYxf sOKf ho jFdf hY ik qusIN koeI afrgn zonyt krnf hY jF nhIN. qusIN afrgn zonr bxn vfsqy agly ilKy vYbsfeIt Aupr afpxy afp nUM rijstr kr skdy ho. www.organdonation.nhs.uk jINdy lok afpxI ikznI vI zonyt kr skdy hn. adrvyj tU vlMtIar vlMtIar iksy guwz kfj vfsqy muPq syvf krdy hn. vlMtrI kMm krn dy bhuq Pfiedy hn. ijvyN qusIN nvyN lokF nUM imldy ho aqy afpxI kimAuintI nUM bYtr plys bxfAudy ho. keI qrHF dI vlMtrI aYkitvittI quhfnUM ieMgilÈ isKx ivc mwdd krdI hY jF iksy kMm df qjrwbf hfsl krdy ho ijhVf qusIN afpxy ikirAkrm (CV) vfsqy vrq skdy ho. keI lok vlMtrI kMm ies krky hI krdy hn ik Auh iksy dI mwdd krnf loVdy hn. vlMtrIar dy qOr Aupr qusIN hyT ilKy kMm kr skdy ho: º aynImlF leI kMm krky: Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr iksy lokl irikAU sYNtr ivc aYnImlF dI kyar krnI afid. º XUQ vrk: Audfhrx dy qOr Aup iksy XUQ gruwp ivc rvlMtIar kMm krky. º ihlipMg iemprYv df ienvfiernmYNt: Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr lokl lYvl qy ikqy iKliraf hoiea kUVf krkt cukxf. º vrikMg ivd homlYs: Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ijvyN iksy hpmlYs sYNtr ivc koeI kfrj krnf. º mYNtirMg: Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr AusdI mwdd krnI ijhVf huxy hI jylH ivcoN bfhr afieaf hY. º vrk ien hYlQ aYNz hspqfl ivc: Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ijvyN hspqfl ivc iksy ienPrmyÈn izsk Aupr kMm krnf.

78 lfeIP ien df XU ky

º ihlipMg aolzr ipAUpl: Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ijvyN rYjIzYÈl kyar hom. vlMtIar afrgynfeIjyÈnj lokF aqy jfnvrF dI cMgI lfeIP bxfAux vfsqy kfrj krdy hn.

XU ky ivc hjfrF cYirtIj aqy vlMtIar vrkr hn. Auh lokF dI, jfnvrF dI aqy vfqfvrx nUM vDIaF bxfAux vfsqy keI pRkfr dy kMm krdy hn. keI ibRitÈ brfcF hn ijhVIaF ieMtrnYÈnl afrgynfeIjr ijvyN ‘ibRitÈ irwz-krfs’ dy keI Coty gruwp iksy Kfs QfvF Aupr kMm krdy hn. ies ivc ijvyN cYirtIaF buwiZaf (ijvyN ‘eyj XU ky) nfl kMm krdIaF hn. iclzrn Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ijvyN nYÈnl sosfietIPfr df prIvYNnÈn afP kirAUltI tU iclzrn (NSPCC) aqy byGrF nfl ijvyN lkrfeIsws aYNz ÈYltrj. keI mYzIkl rIsrc cYirtIj vI hn Audfhrx dy qOr Aupr ijvyN kYNsr rIsrc XU ky, ienvfiernmYNt cYirtIj ijvyN nYÈnl trwstaYNz PirMzj afP arQ aqy cYirtIj vrikMg vYd aYnIml ijvyN ipAUpl izpYsrI Pf risk aYnImlj. (PDSA) afid. vlMtIarj iksy dI mwdd krn vfsqy jF pYsy iekwT krn vfsqy hr vyly loVINdy hn. cYirtI keI vfr lokl aKbfrF ivc aYzvrtfeIj vI krdy hn. bhuiqaF dy vYb-sfeIt bxy hoey hn. ijQy Auh afpxIaF loVF df Kulfsf krdy hn. qusIN vlMtIarj vfsqy keI hor QfvF qoN vI jfxkfrI lY skdy ho.

XMg vrkrF vfsqy bhuq apricAUintIj hn. Auh afpxy jIvn ivc akrYzyÈn vfsqy qjrbf hfsl krdy. Ies ivc nYÈnl istIjn srvYs progrfm ijhVf 16 aqy 17 sfl dy bwicaF vfsqy bfhr kMm krn df cfns idMdf hY. ijs nfl Auh afpxI sikl nUM zIvlp krky kimAuintI dy prfjYktF vfsqy kMm kr skdy hn. qusIN ies hor jfxkfrI hyT ilKy dI qrHF lY skdy ho. º nYÈnl istIjn srvYs: At nationalcitizen service.direct.gov.uk º ieMglYNz: www.vinspired.com º vylj: www.gwirvol.org º ndrn afierlYNz: www.volunteernow.co.uk Looking after the environment luwikMg aPtr df ienvfiernmYNt jykr qusIN lokl ÈfipMg krdy ho qF qusIN afpxI lokl kimAuintI nUM sport krdy ho. aijhf krn nfl quhfzy ielfky dy ibjnYs ivc vfDf hox dy nfl nfl ibRitndf vI ivkfs krdy ho. ieh bhuq jrUrI hY ik qusIN ijMnIaF vI cIjFnUM rIsfeIkl kro. rIsfeIkl mtIarl vrqx nfl qusIN nvIN prozkt nUM Gwt anfrjI Krc ky bxfAudy ho. ies df mqlb ieh hY ik sfnUM jmIn ivcoN hor mtIarl nhIN kwZxf pvygf. iesdf ieh vI Pfiedf hY ik ribÈ Gwt huMdf hY. so ijhVf lYNziPl krn vfsqy Gwt mtIarl huMdf hY. qusIN vYb-sfeIt Aupr jf ky rIsfeIkl bfry ho jfxkfrI lY skdy ho. jykr qusIN ieMglYNz ivc rihMdy ho qF vYb-sfeIt qoN quhfnUM ieh vI jfxkfrI imldI hY ik qusIN Gr dI jF afpxy ielfky dI ikhVI cIj rIsfeIkl krnI hY. aijhI jfxkfrI vylj ivc www.waistawarenesswales.org.uk aqy skftlYNz ivc www.recycleforscotland.com aqy ndrn afierlYNz ivc afpxI lokl aQfrtI qoN prfpq kr skdy ho. jdoN vI ho sky qusIN afpxI ÈfipMg lokl krogy qF qusIN afpxy lokl eyrIey dI sport krdy ho. ies qrHF krn nfl ibjnYs lokl eyrIaf dy vDx nfl ibRitn dy vpfr ivc vI vfDf huMdf hY. ies qrHF krn nfl qusIN afpxf kfrbn Puwt-pirMt vI Gwt krdy ho. ikAuNik ijhVI cIj qusIN mul lYxI huMdI hY Aus vfsqy quhfnUM dUr nhIN jfxf pYNdf. vfikMg aqy pbilk trFsport vrqx nfl qusIN ienvfiernmYNt ivc suDfr ilafAudy ho. ies df ieh mqlb hY ik qusIN kfr clf ky jfx nfloN bhuq Gwt pRdUÈx PylfAudy ho.

00 79 lfeIP ien df XU ky

80 lfeIP ien df XU ky