SAVE OUR POLLINATORS

SAVE OUR POLLINATORS

SAVE OUR POLLINATORS Protection For Bees Is Everyone’s Responsibility, common sense actions can restore and protect the world’s bees.

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The bee population has decreased by 40% in the past ten years. A solution is needed to stop this drastic decline that benefits the bees health and that encourages people to take on the responsibility of this epidemic.

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TO BEE OR NOT TO BEE

CONTENT 03

Bee Introduction Species of bee

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What's killing the bees?

Natural factors Human factors

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The protection action plan State Farmers City folk

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BEE INTRODUCTION 05

Introduction Anatomical Structure

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Species Of Bee

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Nine species of honey bees

Honey bee, Bumble bee, Sweat Bee, Carpenter bee, Stenotritidae, Hornets, Habropoda laboriosa, Paper wasps, Apidae

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BEE INTRODUCTION

Their Anatomical Structure

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The Queen The queen bee is the dominant, adult female bee that is the mother of most, if not all the bees in the hive.

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The Worker Worker bees are female. They accomplish every chore unrelated to reproduction, which is left up to the queen bee.

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Bees, or more particularly, honeybees are insects from the order Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants). They have chewing mouthparts, or mandibles, but they are most well known for their proboscis or "special tongue" that they use to sip nectar from flowering plants. They have two pairs of wings, but the front pair are always longer. Most often, they have a pinched waist, which is the constriction between their abdomen and thorax. They are most well known for their striped bodies of yellow and black as well as their stingers.

In every honeybee colony there are three types of bee: the queen, the worker, and the drone. Each has their own unique anatomical structure and is therefore different in outer body shape, internal structure, habits, and habitats.

A honeybee is armored with an exoskeleton and covered in branched hairs. With these hairs, a bee is able to see and communicate with touch. As a hive is most often very dark and crowded, this is the bees' main way of relaying messages amongst each other. They rely heavily on dancing to determine where food and water is located, if a predator has entered the hive.

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The Drone A drone is a male bee that is the product of an unfertilized egg. They cannot help defend, the drone's only job is to mate with the queen.

Antennas

Foreleg

Middle leg Hindwing

Forewing

Hindleg

Stinger

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SPECIES OF BEES Nine species of honey bees Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. Some other types of related bees produce and store honey and have been kept by humans for that purpose, including the stingless honey bees, but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees.

In the early 21st century, only nine species of true honey bees are recognized, with a total of 44 subspecies. The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee.

01 Honey bee

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They are known for construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax.

06 Hornets The hornets have a thick body and lack the distinctive thin waist generally found in other wasps.

02 Stenotritidae

03 Bumble bee

04 Sweat Bee

05 Carpenter bee

They are large, densely hairy, fastflying bees, which make simple burrows in the ground and firm.

They have round bodies covered in soft hair called pile, making them appear and feel fuzzy.

They are commonly referred to as "sweat bees", as they are often attracted to perspiration.

Nearly all species burrow into hard plant material such as dead wood or bamboo.

07 Habropoda laboriosa

08 Paper wasps

09 Apidae

It is regarded as the most efficient pollinator of southern rabbiteye blueberries.

Paper wasps nests are made from their saliva and plant material and have a papery appearance.

Many are valuable pollinators in natural habitats and for agricultural crops.

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pesticides, drought, habitat destruction, nutrition deficit, air pollution, global warming and more.

WHAT ARE KILLING THE BEES? 13

The Narrativer Bee Colony Collapse

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The Natural Factors Climate Change

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The Human Factors Pesticide Residue

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Worsening Environment

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THE TNARRATIVER Bee Colony Collapse

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The systemic nature of problem makes it complex, but not impenetrable. Scientists know that bees are dying from a variety of factors—pesticides, drought, habitat destruction, nutrition deficit, air pollution, global warming and more.

Many of these causes are interrelated. The bottom line is that we know humans are largely responsible for the two most prominent causes: pesticides and habitat loss.

The CCD The systemic nature of the problem makes it complex, but not impenetrable. Scientists know that bees are dying from a variety of factors pesticides, drought, habitat destruction, nutrition deficit, air pollution, global warming and more.

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NATURAL FACTORS

na ture

The Climate Change As weather conditions shift due to climate change, bees change their behaviors. When it rains, bees do not go out and during extremely hot weather they try to gather water to keep the colony cool.

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Climatologists have predicted that the occurrence of extreme weather events (such as intense rainy seasons and prolonged drought) will increase as the climate continues to change.

Additionally, in regions that experience increasingly more rain, pollen will be washed away more easily making it more difficult for bees to provide for their colonies. Meanwhile, in environments experiencing prolonged drought, flower environments may dwindle with dry weather. These patterns lead to less suitable and viable environments in which bees can thrive.

Th

he

Bee A British journal published projections of plant diversity loss against spatial sensitivity; the researchers found major species loss in the southern part of the UK forcing bee colonies further north.

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HUMAN FACTORS The Pesticide Exposure

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There has been a lot discussion in recent years about the decline in honeybee populations around the world, and the role that pesticides have in threatening their survival.

Much of the focus has been directed towards pesticides containing neonicotinoids, which in sub-lethal levels have been linked to negatively impacting the bees' ability to navigate, as well as making them more susceptible to other diseases.

Bees depend on what's called "scent memory" to find flowers teeming with nectar and pollen. Their ability to rapidly learn, remember, and communicate with each other has made them highly efficient foragers, using the waggle dance to educate others about the site of the food source. The pesticides affect the neurons involved in these behaviors. These (affected) bees are likely to have difficulty communicating with other members of the colony.

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CCD: malnutrition; Infections; various pathogens; genetic factors; immunodeficiencies; loss of habitat; changing beekeeping

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practices; pesticides.

THE PROTECTION ACTION PLAN 23

State Bee-highway

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Farmers No harmful pesticides

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City Folk Urban Beekeeping

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THE STATE ACTION PLAN The Bee-Highway

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States and the federal government are searching for ways to protect managed bees. In January of 2015, ByBi launched the Pollinator Passage project, a campaign to create “thriving, pollinator-friendly environments for the smallest inhabitants”—feeding stations, gardens, and shelters arranged throughout the city (and above it) that can be linked to form bee highways, routes of safe passage and limited pesticide, routes with ample food and housing for pollinators.

“If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe, then man would have only four years of life left.

No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man.�

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THE FARMERS ACTION PLAN No Harmful Pesticides

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A Greenpeace scientific report identifies seven priority bee killer pesticides—including the three nicotine culprits plus clorpyriphos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fipronil. The three neonicotinoids act on insect nervous systems. They accumulate in individual bees and within entire colonies, including the honey that bees feed to infant larvae. Bees that do not die outright, experience sub-lethal systemic effects, development defects, weakness, and loss of orientation. The die-off leaves fewer bees, who must work harder to produce honey in depleted wild habitats. These conditions create the nightmare formula for bee colony collapse.

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THE CITY FOLK ACTION PLAN Urban Beekeeping Urban beekeeping is the practice of keeping bee colonies in the urban areas. It may also be referred to as hobby beekeeping or backyard beekeeping. Bees from city apiaries are said to be "healthier and more productive than their country cousins". Their presence also provides cities with environmental and economic benefits.

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Most cities in North America at one time prohibited the keeping of bees, but in recent years beekeepers have had success in overturning bee bans. Bees pollinate a wide variety of plants, and the honey they produce is often sold to local restaurants and in local shops. Many urban areas now regulate beekeeping, and while registering beehives is often mandatory.

the green city

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Every component of this book is designed and set into type by Meiling Cai at Academy of Art University in San Francisco as part of Strategies for Branding course under the advisement of Megumi Kiyama, Fall 2018.

Prined and Bound by Clum’s. The typeface applied to this book is in Source Helvetica Neue Lt Std and Frutiger LT Std.

SAVE OUR POLLINATORS

“If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe, then man would have only four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man.�

pesticides, drought, habitat destruction, nutrition deficit, air pollution, global warming and more.