FDA Department of Industrial Design Industrial Design Graduation Project Spring 2012
Research Report Melissa Davy-Ericson
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Table of Contents
Part 1: Explanation of the problem area 1.1 Project statement 1.2 Related products, concept and design trends in the market 1.3 Related technology, materials, production technique 1.4 Characteristics of potential user group 1.5 Conclusions
Part 2: Exploration of the solution area 2.1 Project constraints, objectives and directives 2.2 Further research 2.3 Analysis of potential design solutions
Part 3: Design solution 3.1 Description of design solution 3.2 Justification of design solution
References
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List of Tables and Illustrations
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7i Figure 7ii Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24
Registered cases of Vandalism, the Netherlands (8) Figure 2. Image of standalone signage for a bus stop in London, UK. Image of a bus stop providing (indoor) shelter in Buffalo, USA (10) Photograph of canopy structure used as bus shelter in Aarau, Switzerland (11) Average rainfall in Den Hague, monthly distribution (12) Image of a printed timetable at a bus stop in Geelong, Australia (13) Photograph of a real time information in Bristol UK (14) Interactive information display points in New York USA (15) Screenshots of Dublin Bus mobile app (16). Sail bus shelter idea, Kwek Rui Kiat (18) Green bus stop, Sidney Wilson Nai (19) Eco-shell sustainable bus stop (20) The Amazing Whale Jaw bus stop (21) Touch screen (22) London red phone booth (23) South Africa public phone stand (24) Design trends - Minimalism (25) Design trends - Eco-friendly (26) Design trends - State of the art (26) Design trends - Traditional (27) Foundation joints method 1 (36) Foundation joints method 2 (37) 2018 Netherlands population pyramid (38) Interactive communication point display potential user interface Anthropometric data for standing and sitting heights (40)
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Acknowledgements
My heartfelt appreciation to Olga Litvinova for her guidance and support in writing this research report, especially in her willingness to entertain my ideas and help me develop them into technically viable solutions. Thanks go to Andrei Feraru for inspiring me to aim higher and providing me with the opportunity to gain such important and useful transferable skills, in particular with writing this report in an appropriately concise and professional manner. I would also like to acknowledge my family and friends without who’s encouragement I would not be where I am.
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Part 1: Exploration of the problem area
1.1 Project Statement To design a family of two products to be used separately and together; a bus stop and a public telephone. Firstly, to conduct thorough research into and then use the information and knowledge gained to inform the design. These products are to be designed for use in a specific city, Den Hague in the Netherlands. The design must take into account public use including ergonomics, risk of vandalism, weather, materials and cost as well as manufacturing and assembly methods. It is key, at this starting point, to clearly define the function of a bus stop and public telephone respectively: A bus stop must be easily identifiable, easily accessible, safe, provide access to the bus and if necessary provide a form of shelter (depending upon weather in region etc.) (1). While a public telephone must allow the user to communicate with another person audibly which includes having working microphone and speaker. An element of privacy is also expected. Public telephones use a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) that connects one phone to another by circuit switching and routing the signal through various switches operating at local, national or international level (2). Taking into consideration advancements in technology it is possible to use alternative methods of communication that satisfy the functional requirements, see section 1.2 for related concepts and design trends, and section 1.3 for related technology. Den Haag Den Haag, also known as ‘The Hague’ in English, is a city located in the south Netherlands region near to the west coast. It has a current population of 475,000 (3) and is well known as an international city of peace and justice, Royal residence and multicultural hub (4). The primary public transport provider in Den Haag is HTMbuzz (5), a subsidiary of HTM (formerly Haagsche Tramweg Maatschappij) and joint venture with Qbuzz (6). The commonly used public transport systems in Den Haag include buses, trams and trains. For this project the focus is exclusively the bus services and not the other transportation means within the city. HTMbuzz state on their website that city-wide they have 350 bus drivers, 103 buses on 8 bus lines and as such that they transport over 50,000 travellers each day via the bus network (7). This is a substantial number of travellers and so it is clear that the final design will have to be in accordance with the efficiency of the existing infrastructure and aid the general public in the use of this transport system.
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The Netherlands is quite a safe place to live and in general there is a good level of respect for public property, this is supported by the statistic that on average, for every 1,000 inhabitants only ~12 people report cases of vandalism. This is a promising statistic and I will still bear risk of vandalism in mind in my design but not use any deterrent features.
Figure 1. Registered cases of Vandalism, the Netherlands (8).
Using bicycles is incredibly popular in the Netherlands because of the flat terrain and supporting infrastructure, to the point that there are more bicycles than residents and, in Den Haag, up to 70% of all journeys are made by bicycle (9). Therefore, the design will incorporate use of a bicycle rack so that users can leave their bikes there if they wish to travel by bus as well as encouraging this positive public behaviour because cycling is the most energy efficient way to travel. Finally, the overall design should be inclusive and take into appropriate 5th – 95th percentile anthropometric data, be suitable for use by families including people with prams, the elderly, foreigners (who may not understand the Dutch language) and for people with disabilities such as wheelchair use.
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1.2 Related products, concepts and design trends in the market
Bus Stops Related concepts fall under several categories, namely; structure, ways of providing information, waiting areas, and existing bus stop concepts as a whole. There are many ways to structure a bus stop, it can be a standalone piece of signage but it could also be an indoor shelter (10) or even a canopy shelter (11).
Figure 2. Image of standalone signage for a bus stop in London, UK.
Figure 3. Image of a bus stop providing (indoor) shelter in Buffalo, USA (10).
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Figure 4. Photograph of canopy structure used as bus shelter in Aarau, Switzerland (11).
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There is a significant need for some form of shelter in Den Haag because there are high precipitation rates. The annual average rainfall in 2016 was 768.0mm (12) and below is shown the monthly distribution.
Figure 5. Average rainfall in Den Hague, monthly distribution (12).
As for ways of providing information I have discovered that this can be through a printed timetable (13), a real time information display (14), an interactive touch screen LCD display (15) or through a mobile application (16).
Figure 6. Image of a printed timetable at a bus stop in Geelong, Australia (13).
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Figure 7i. Photograph of a real time information display in Bristol, UK (14).
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Figure 7ii. Interactive information display points In New York, USA (15).
Figure 8. Screenshots of Dublin Bus mobile app (16).
Interestingly it was found by D. J. Bartram, University of Hull, that representing the required bus route information was more effective than information presented in lists (17). Additionally, it is worth noting that it is more convenient for the users to be given information in real time to reduce confusion and aid ease of travel as well as being common place at bus stops now and as such is a familiar if not expected method of providing information. Existing bus stop whole concepts:
Figure 9. Sail bus shelter idea, Kwek Rui Kiat (18) Figure 10. Green bus stop, Sidney Wilson Nai (19)
Figure 11. Eco-shell sustainable bus stop (20) FDA Department of Industrial Design
Figure 12. The Amazing Whale Jaw bus stop (21) 5
Public Telephone Public telephones may seem outdated and underused in contemporary society but the need for immediate communication should you not have access to a mobile phone or if it should break or even lose charge is clear. The following research was conducted with the aim of discovering the best way to re-introduce this product to the public of Den Haag. Figure 13 (22) Touch screens provide means for users to interface with apps and therefore each other. Touch screens are commonplace today between tablets and mobile phones etc. so many public users are familiar with how they work and can give a “modern� feel to a product which could encourage use, especially by younger generations.
Figure 14 (23) In London the old-style public telephone boxes are still in use because of their retro/vintage style. Re-using previous concepts is now a trend in the entire design market (fashion through architecture).
Figure 15 (24) Most phone booths do not have seats because the idea is for the public not to hang around or use these phones for extended periods of time. I could achieve this by also not having seating in the phone area and perhaps limiting time use. Also, here we can see the use of bright colour to help identify the product from its surroundings and make it recognisable.
Overall, I think it is best to provide a communication point rather than specifically a phone because communication is now through social media, private messaging and video chatting not just through talking over the phone. FDA Department of Industrial Design
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Bus Stops and Public Telephone as Products Together – Design Trends in Current Market Figure 16 (25) Minimalism – Reduced forms and clean lines are popular the world over because of the aesthetical harmony, especially in contemporary offices, homes and public spaces in Europe.
Figure 17 (26) Environmental/eco-friendly – Using recycled materials, renewable energy and plant life to make a project environmentally sustainable is very popular at the moment because many people are aware of the impact we have on our environment and like to feel part of something positively changing that.
Figure 18 (27) State-of-the-art – Wow factor projects, especially in public spaces and architecture, are admired because of our contemporary fascination with new and emerging technologies and materials and therefore products that look ‘cool’.
Figure 19 (28) Traditionalist – Old-style products that use easily available materials, often wood or metal, have a certain flair that comes from the fact that they are not mechanically produced. This is a design trend but in some countries is also based on necessity if they do not have access to other materials or machinery.
To conclude the design trends section, I think it is most appropriate when designing for use in Den Haag to create a design that focuses on being environmentally sustainable because the Netherlands is a very agriculturally rich country and there is a lot of emphasis with in the Dutch culture on working with the environment and awareness of the consequences if we simply use it. Also, I will focus on a minimalistic style to suit the growing city and contemporary multicultural hub it is.
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1.3 Related technology, materials, production technique Digital -LCD (liquid crystal display) display, this is what displays the image. An LCD display consumes less energy that LED or gas-plasma technologies. Best LCD displays used active matrixes. (29) -Touch screen, also called a digitizer and is a layer that goes on top of the LCD screen to allow interaction with the screen. The digitizer reads the signal from the touch and transports it to the processing unit to then produce a change in the image displayed by the LCD screen (30). -Holograms. These can be achieved through a hologram pyramid or on flat surfaces using 3D glasses, however technology has advanced to the point that companies like Glimm are able to produce 3D LCD screens without the need for 3D glasses. The difficulty with this technology is it is high cost because it is so advanced for the current market and it is problematic to produce the actual images or video to display because unlike other existing technologies that only require 1 or 2 discrete images this requires 8 (31). -Wifi. Wireless internet connection is common-place now and easy to provide given that there is a power source. Lighting -There are two main types of energy efficient light bulbs; Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Both CFLs and LEDs are cost-effective options but LEDs are more efficient than CFLs and are particularly good for replacing spotlights and dimmable lights. (32) -Natural light. Only available during the daylight and in Amsterdam, nearby to Den Haag it is only sunny 35.8% of daylight hours. The remaining 64.2% of daylight hours are likely cloudy or with shade, haze or low sun intensity so using natural light will not be very effective (33). Energy -Solar. Solar energy can be harnessed in forms; thermal or photovoltaic. Only photovoltaic is appropriate for use on a bus stop and is where power is produced when sunlight strikes the semiconductor material and creates an electric current. This type of power source is installed as an array of panels containing cells where the electric current is produced. The cells are made using silicon which is the second most common material in the earth’s crust and therefore not a limited resource. Solar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable and domestic energy source in comparison to coal, oil, gas or nuclear power (34). -Wind. Harnessing wind power requires a turbine which has a rotor with blades that are turned by the wind and in turn they move the stator inside to produce AC current (this can then be converted into DC depending on needs). Installation of a wind turbine requires lots of space and can be an expensive initial investment cost (35). -Water. Energy can be generated through kinetic movement of water in 2 common ways; tidal and hydroelectric. Both use the same principle of capturing water in a dam then letting it turn turbines either as the tide changes or as the water falls downwards. Neither of these though are applicable for use on land or on such a small scale as a bus stop.
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Manufacture and production With the recent developments in 3D printing almost any conceivable form is manufacturable. However, 3D printing is not cost effective and is only suitable for prototyping in this context. Most manufacturing methods fall into 3 categories; Liquid state forming, Plastic state forming and Solid state forming. The manufacturing and production possibilities depend on the form desired and the material used. Part of the production includes assembly and intent to assemble. As for the placement and ground work of the bus stop foundation I have looked to the following examples: Figure 20 (36) Focusing on the right-hand side of the image, here, a concrete beam with steel rods to reinforce it is buried in the ground and a wooden plank is bolted on top and attached to that using brackets and bolts are upright posts. This could work for concrete to wood or concrete to metal.
Figure 21 (37) This instead is more suitable for concrete to metal because it takes into account the movement of metal as it gets hotter and colder and also is more accurate because of the location tubes and dual anchor system to the plate. The steel packing is an interesting additional feature.
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Materials are evaluated bearing in mind that materials used for this project must balance aesthetics with functional properties. Emphasis is on sustainability of the material and environmental impact of its use because the Dutch are very aware of how they affect the environment and it is also my responsibility as a designer to ensure as small an impact on the environment as possible. Material Stainless Steel
Aluminium
GRP
Concrete
Acrylic Steel cables
(Reinforced) Glass Brick
Nike Grind Material
Positives Corrosion resistant, high strength and self-healing so will remain bright and shiny for decades. Is available in tubing or sheets. Fully recyclable. Can be polyester powder coated to provide chemical and corrosion resistance. Light weight. Fully recyclable. Lightweight and can take the shape of complex 3D forms.
Good for the foundation to provide structural support. Resists weathering very well. Affordable and available, can be recycled. Easy to replace. Very good tensile strength. Often used to provide support to the shelter roof or canopies. Scratch resistant and easy to clean. High quality aesthetics. Easily available. Not hard to repair or replace. Natural raw materials so it is sustainable. Recycled using old used shoe wear which would otherwise go to landfill. Versatile because it is made up of many small pieces. Relatively soft rubber like texture which provides better surface to walk on than concrete. Is porous therefore allows water to pass through to ground underneath.
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Negatives Hardness means components cost more to machine. Comes from a metal ore therefore uses up a finite resource. Comes from a metal ore therefore uses up a finite resource. If thin can be quite weak. Less durable than steel. Expensive and not environmentally friendly, plus it uses harmful chemicals during the laying up and curing process. Visually looks bulky/heavy and monotone colour is an eye sore. Becomes dirty very quickly. Scratches and marks easily. Are not as easy to assemble as other static joints. Possible low risk of metal blisters if in reach of public. Expensive to replace and can present a danger to users if broken. Rustic visual effect which doesn’t lend itself to minimalism and brick walls especially can take up a lot of space. Single source (Nike). Cannot be recycled for further use once used. Unusual material to use, may not be what residents are used to and will take time for them to adjust.
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1.4 Characteristics of potential user group Population:
Figure 22. 2018 Netherlands population pyramid (38).
This shows that the largest age group is between 40 and 50 with other peaks between 25-30 and 65-70. A large number of the population are above retirement age and this will make up a significant fraction of the people taking the bus. This means the bus stop and phone design should take into consideration elderly peoples needs like arm rest to push off from and no steps. Purpose Different people use the bus and therefore the bus stop for different reasons and at different times of the day. Youth generally use it for getting to and from school and the shops, adults for getting to and from a place of business and all age groups and types of people use the bus for leisure activities. At the bus stop people do a whole host of activities while they are waiting, the main ones include; eating, talking, reading, using mobile phones, smoking and resting (both themselves and any luggage or bags they have with them). This means I need to provide a bin as part of the design and a place to lean or sit. Exclusions to User-Group -Commuters who use the train or their own car. -People that live close to their school or workplace for who it is quicker and easier to walk or cycle.
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1.5 Conclusion 1.1 The products must be a family of products, the design must meet all stated functional requirements for each respective aspect and the design should include a bicycle rack. 1.2 The design should include use of a shelter because of the high rate of precipitation, using a map is the most effective form of communication and the design is to use Real Time Information (RTI) display. Current trends that the design will fit and be inspired by include minimalism and eco-friendly sustainable design. The phone booth part of the design will be a communication point rather than the traditional phone only box/stand. 1.3 The design will make use of an LCD touchscreen display for the communication point and non-touchscreen LCD screen for the RTI display. It will include solar powered LED lights. The lights will be connected to an independent, constant power source in case not enough energy is produced and in case of excess energy production there will be a storage facility in the base of the shelter with the other electronic components that should not be accessible to the general public. Primary materials to be considered in idea generations are ‌. 1.4 The bus stop area must have arm rests and no steps to take into account the elderly. Following on from this there must be a designated seating area and rubbish bin as part of the design.
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Part 2: Exploration of the solution area
2.1 Project constraints, objectives and directives ➢ Project Constraints The bus system is in competition with other transport systems, namely the tram and cycling. This can be solved by incorporating and encouraging cyclists to use the bus. Tourists may not understand Dutch or know their way around so this posses a langue barrier issue. To solve this the design will make use of bus numbers not words wherever possible and the joint use of a list with timings and map with current GPS tracked locations of relevant buses. Bicycle lanes are a normal part of the infrastructure but in some, more densely populated parts of the city this takes away from the available space for the bus stop. A potential solution is to have a version of the bus stop which is specifically for use in very limited spaces or to design the entire concept as a long but thin shape. Budget for this project is provided by The Hague Municipal Council (39), funding is substantial because of the positive state of the economy nevertheless the budget is finite. ➢ Project Objectives The bus stop should meet the following directives: - Be a safe place to wait for the bus. - Provide relevant information regarding bus arrival times. - Must act in support of existing transport system and infrastructure and encourage use of buses and bicycles. - Have a minimalistic design. A simple form will be easier for users to navigate and will make it easier to clean and maintain as well as looking aesthetically pleasing and appropriate. - Use solar panels and solar powered lighting. It must be taken into consideration that the communication points will not necessarily be used frequently like the bus stop therefore fewer are needed. ➢ Project Directives Directives include to fulfil all objectives and create a design that will satisfy the project requirements, the expected Municipal Council requirements and the specific user group requirements.
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2.2 Further research
Advertisements Advertisements on public buildings, especially places like bus stops and train stations that see a lot of people passing through every day can provide a source of income for the city municipality and can be fed back into the maintenance of the bus stops and communication points. Interface design of comms booth screens Possible suggestions for a simplistic layout are below: Figure 23 Interactive communication point display potential user interface.
Dimensions – standing heights, male and female percentiles, all necessary to be exact etc. The 95th percentile male standing/stature height is 188.6cm (40) therefore the roof/ceiling must be at least 190cm to ensure all other users can pass through and use the bus stop or communication point effectively. Seats must be a maximum of 37.8cm because that is the given popliteal height of a 5th percentile female (40). However if the seats are to lean on and perch rather than sit this height can be exceeded.
Figure 24: Anthropometric data for standing and sitting heights (40).
Ticket machines are not necessary because passengers can buy the bus ticket on the bus or on their mobile phone, however I do want to note that it is possible to fully integrate the design with the use of ticket machines should the relevant authorities deem the presence of a ticket machine necessary. It can simply be installed and used in the same vicinity to the bus stop but is not part of the current design. FDA Department of Industrial Design
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Part 3: Design solution 3.1 Description of design solution
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Joints and foundation joining methods
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Bus stop and communication point family of products Bus stop only Both products use stainless steel body with recognizable curved form. Both have a bicycle rack attached so they are dual purpose even on their own.
Communication point only Communication point still contains 2 ‘pods’ for personal conversations, video chats etc. but this could be adapted to multiple ‘pods’ depending on if the area is residential or in the city centre.
Orthographic projections with dimensions
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3.1 Design Solution Justification
The final design provides a safe, easily accessible bus shelter and or communication point that satisfies all relevant functional requirements as defined at the beginning of the project. In addition, this final design also encourages use of bicycles and inter transport movement to reduce harmful emissions to the environment by placing a bicycle rack on the opposite side of either the bus stop or communication point thus also utilising space. It has ample seating at the bus stop as well as a very clear display which includes both Real Time Information display to keep the waiting passengers fully informed and a live tracker GPS map of expected buses. This is to help tourists and foreigners as well as local residents because it is more effective to display information as a map rather than a timetable. Further more the products are designed to reflect a modern Den Haag with stylish sweeping lines and a clean minimalist feel. These sweeping curves also aid in delivering water to the street drainage system or to the surrounding ground. The design exceeds eco-friendly expectations because all materials used, with the exception of concrete for parts of the foundation, are fully recyclable and furthermore the lighting units are solar powered. Despite the city not receiving a lot of sunlight throughout the year UV and infrared radiation from the sun will still reach the solar panels and help create some if not all of the electricity for the lighting. Further to this the lighting is connected to the mains electrical supply should the solar powered electricity not be enough and to reduce unwanted electrical consumption the lights have a dual system whereby they are connected to a thermistor resistor which will only activate the lights if the light reaching the sensor (located on ground level inside of the bus) stop/communication point on a timer falls below a set level of Lumineers per meter. The second part of this system is that when the lights are on because there is not enough natural light a timer is triggered ensuring if the bus stop or communication point is not in use then only the minimum number of safety lights remain on, saving energy. This in itself is important because the Dutch people are very fond of looking after the environment and most of the residents are aware of the impact wasting energy/resources etc. can have on the environment and our collective responsibility to reduce this. The communication point provides several means of communicating with others including a home page of apps such as WhatsApp, Skype, Facetime, Phone call and so on. This not only provides the users with flexibility but provides an income for the city from the advertisements that are displayed on these screens while they are not being used. Over all the concept is well thought through and because of the same materials and similar form for both separately products it is clear whether used together or separately that these are a family of products.
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References (1) https://nacto.org/docs/usdg/bus_stop_guidelines_trimet.pdf Bus stop functional definition 1, design considerations p5 – accessed 23/02/2018 (2) https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone-country-codes1.htm Public telephones, system p2 – accessed 20/03/2018
(3) http://www.world-guides.com/europe/netherlands/south-holland/the-hague/ The Hague Tourist Information and Tourism – accessed 21/03/2018 (4) https://www.denhaag.nl/en/in-the-city/introducing-the-hague/statistics-on-the-hague.htm Statistics on Den Haag, published 28 March 2017 – accessed 21/03/2018 (5) https://www.htm.nl/english/public-transport-in-the-hague-routes-and-times/ HTM Den Haag public transport system – accessed 23/04/2018 (6) http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/T_DenHaag.html Den Haag trams, HTM (joint venture information on buses) – accessed 23/04/2018 (7) https://www.overhtm.nl/nl/over-ons/ons-vervoer/htmbuzz/ HTMbuzz – accessed 23/04/2018 (8) (Figure 1) https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2005/39/big-city-crime-rates-down Published 2005 by Ineke Engelhard and Harry Eggen, Big City Crime rates down, Registered cases of vandalism – accessed 21/03/2018 (9) http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23587916 Published 2013 by Anna Holligan, Why is cycling so popular in the Netherlands? – accessed 23/02/2018 (10) (Figure 3.) https://www.buffalorising.com/2017/02/bus-shelter-blues/, Published 2017, written by queenseves, Bus stop shelter blues – accessed 08/03/2018 (11) (Figure 4) https://www.designboom.com/architecture/vehovar-jauslin-formtl-aarau-bus-station-canopy-0326-2014/, Photos by Niklaus Spoerri, Photo 6 on main page – accessed 08/03/2018 (12) https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,the-hague,Netherlands Weather rain statistics for 2016, under section called ‘AVERAGE MONTHLY SNOW AND RAINFALL IN THE HAGUE (MILLIMETER)’ – accessed 08/03/2018 (13)https://railgallery.wongm.com/bus-stops/E114_3627.jpg.html Wongm’s rail Gallery – accessed 08/03/2018 (14) https://travelwest.info/bus/real-time-information/bus-stops-bristol-rti-displays Bristol RTI display – accessed 08/03/2018 (15) https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/21/touchscreen-subway-maps_n_2918266.html Written by Betsy Isaacson, Touchscreen Subway Maps To Be Installed In 77 New York City Subway Stations – accessed 08/03/2018 (16) https://www.appszoom.com/android_applications/maps-and-navigation/dublin-bus_fkael.html Screenshots 2 and 3, Dublin bus mobile app – accessed 08/03/2018
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(17)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15833804_Comprehending_spatial_information_The_relative_effici ency_of_different_methods_of_presenting_information_about_bus_routes maps are more effective than lists, paper on it, (Comprehending Spatial Information: The Relative Efficiency of Different Methods of Presenting Information About Bus Routes) Abstract on website/ opening summary of findings paragraph on page 103 in paper. Accessed 00:04 08/05/2018
(18) (Figure 9) http://www.coroflot.com/ruikiat/Public-Space-Design Published by Kwek Rui Kiat 2011, Sail bus shelter, Image 3 – accessed 08/03/2018
(19) (Figure 10) https://www.behance.net/gallery/11048521/Green-bus-stop-project Published by Sidney Wilson Nai 2013, image 2 – accessed 5/04/2018
(20) (Figure 11) https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/ecoshel Published by manzil 2010, Sustainable bus stops image 1 – accessed 05/04/2018
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(32) http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/home-energy-efficiency/lighting Which light bulbs are energy efficient? – accessed 21/04/2018 (33) http://www.amsterdam.climatemps.com/sunlight.php Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Amsterdam, Netherlands – accessed 21/04/2018 (34) http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/solar.html accessed 12:50 – accessed 23/04/2018 (35) https://www.energymatters.com.au/components/wind-energy/ how a windd turbine works, accessed 23/04/2018 (36) (Figure 20) https://www.bobvila.com/articles/how-to-build-a-porch/ Published by Joey Provey, ‘So, You Want To… Build A Porch’, Porch foundation. Illustration: Inspectapedia.com – accessed 26/04/2018 (37) (Figure 21) https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/288230444881705127/?lp=true – accessed 05/05/2018 (38) (Figure 22) https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisaties/population-pyramid Published 2016 Population pyramid, Age composition in the Netherlands 2016 – accessed 26/04/2018 (39) https://www.denhaag.nl/en/municipality-of-the-hague/municipal-organisation.htm - accessed 05/05/2018 (40) Human Dimension & Interior Space, Published by Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik, Ergonomics and Anthropmetrics, page 102
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