Ngữ Văn 10 tập 2

b U GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

uvan TAP HAI

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VI^T NAM

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO PHAN TRONG L U A N (T6ng Chu bien) LA N H A M T H I N (Chu bien phan Van) - BUI MINH T O A N (Chu bien phin Tieng Vi$t) L £ A (Chu bien phan Lam van) NGUYfiN T H A I H O A - D6 KIM H 6 I - NGUYfiN X U A N NAM VU DUONG QUY - DANG DUC SifiU - TR A N NHO THIN LUONG DUY THU - DOAN THI THU VAN

Ngu: van (Tdi bdn ldn thii tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VI^T NAM

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam - Bo Giao due va Dao tao.

01-2010/CXB/557-1485/GD

Ma sd: CH012T0

P H U S O N G BACH D A N G

TRUONG HAN smu

[Bach Ddng giang ph u)

KET QUA CAN OAT

-^

• Qua nhOng hoai niem ve qua khCr, thay dugc niem t u hao ve truyen thong cua dan toe va t u tuang nhan van cua tac gia vai viec d& cao vai tro, vi trf cua con nguai trong lich su.

• Nam dugc dac trung c a ban cua the phu ve cac mat ket cau, hinh tugng nghe thuat, lai van, dong thai thay dugc nhung dac sic nghe thuat cua PInu song Bach Dang.

TIEU DAN Truong Han Sieu (? - 1354) tu la Thang Phu, nguoi lang Phiic Am, huyen Yen Ninh (nay thuoc thanh pho Ninh Binh), vdn la mon khach (khach trong nha) cua Tr4n Hung Dao, doi Tran Anh Tong glQ chuc Han lam hoc si. Nam 1351, ong dugc thang Tham tri chfnh su. Khi mat, ong duoc vua tang tuoc Thai bao. Thai pho va dugc tha a Van Mieu (Ha Ngi). Truong Han Sieu tfnh tinh cuong true, hgc van uyen tham, dugc cac vua Tran tin cay, nhan dan kinh trgng. Tac pham hien con lai khong nhieu, trong do c6 bai Phii song Bach Ddng.

Bach Ding la mgt nhanh song dd ra bien Ddng, nam giiia Quang Ninh va Hai Phdng, noi ghi dau nhifeu chien cdng trong lich su giu nudc ciia dan tdc. Dang nhd nhat la cac tran thuy chien : nam 938, Ngd Quyen pha tan quan Nam Han; nam 1288, Tran Qud'c Tuan danh tan quan Mdng - Nguyen. Nhieu tac gia da viet ve de tai sdng Bach Ding nhu: Tran Minh Tdng {Bach Ddng giang), NguySn Sudng {B^h Ddng giang], NguySn Trai {Bach Ddng hdi khdu), NguySn Mgng Tuan {Hau Bach Dang giang phii,...). Trong do ndi tieng nhat la Truong Han Sieu vdi Bach Ddng giang phii (Phii song Bach Ddng). Chua ro bai phii dugc viet nam nao, cd le vao khoing 50 nam sau cudc khang chien chdng giac Mdng - Nguyen thing Igi. Pha song Bach Ddng mang nhung dac trung co ban cua the phii. Phii la mdt the van cd van hoac xen lan van van va van xudi, dting de ta canh vat, phong tuc, ke su viec, ban chuyen ddi,... Mdt bai phii thudng gdm4 doan : doan md, doan giai thi'ch, doan binh luan va doan ket. Bd cue baf Phii song Bach Ddng cua Truong Han Sieu cung gidng bd cue ciia bai phii nd'i chung. Nd dugc lam theo ldi phii cd the (loai phii cd trudc thdi Dudng, cd van, khdng nhat thie't phai cd ddi, cud'i bai thudng dugc ket lai bang tha). Ban dich dudi day ndi chung theo nguyen dieu, chi hai bai ca cudi dugc chuyen sang the luc bat.

VAN BAN K h a c h ' " CO k e :

Gluong buom giong gio chai voi, Luot be choi trang mai miet.

Sam go thuyen chu'^) Nguyen, Tuang, Chieu lan tham chir Vu Huyet'^^.

Cuu Giang, Ngu Ho^), Tam Ngo, Bach Viet'S), Noi CO nguoi di, dau ma chang biet.

Dam Van Mpng'^' chiia vai trSm trong da cung nhieu.

Ma trang chi bon phuang van con tha thiet.

Ben giiia dong chir buong cheo.

Hoc Tir Truong'^' chir thti tieu dao'^^ Qua cira Dai Than, ngugc ben Dong Trleu'^^ Den song Bach Dang, thuyen boi mot chieu.

Bat ngat song kinh'^"' muon dam, Thuat tha duoi tri'i ^^ mot mau.

Nuoc.troi : mpt sic, phong canh : ba thu'^^', Ba lau san sat, ben laeh diu hiu.

Song chim giao gay, go day xuang kho, Buon vi canh tham, diing lang gia lau.

(1) Khdch: phii cd the thudng dung Idi "chu - khach ddi dap", co nhan vat "khach" ke chuyen cho hap din. O day cd the la tac gia tu xung.

(2) Cfiie: dich chu "he" trong nguyen tac. Chii "he" la mgt tii d0m cd trong S& tic cua Trung Qude, thudng diing xen vao trong nhieu bai phii.

(3) Nguyen, Tuong, Vu Huyet: song Nguyen, song Tuong d tinh Ho Nam va Vu Huyet d niii Cdi Ke,. tinh Chie't Giang, dSu la phong canh dep cua Trung Quoc.

(4) Ciru Giang: ten song, sd dl ggi la Ciiu Giang vi con song do do chin con song nhd hgp thanh.

Ngu Ho: cd hai nghla: Ngu Ho la biet danh ciia Thai Ho; Ngu Ho la nam ho (hai khu vuc nSm hd, mgt lay hd Dgng Dinh lam trung tam, mSt lay Thai Ho Iam trung tam).

(5) Tam Ngo : ten mgt vdng dat cu ciia nudc Ngo bao gom ba dia phuong. Bach Viet: ten chung chi cac bg tgc ngudi Viet cd sdng d phia nam song Truong Giang (Trung Quoc).

(6) Vdn Mong: vung dam nudc rgng Idn cua Trung Qude.

(7) Tic Trudng: ten chu cua Tu Ma Thien, mdt stt gia ndi tieng cua Trung Quoc thai Han, ngudi da tung du Iich nhieu thing canh va di ti'ch lich sii.

(8) Tieu dao : thanh thoi di day di dd, khdng chiit ban tam.

(9) Dai Than, Dong Trieu: ten ciia bien, ten huyen viing song Bach Ding, Quang Ninh hifin nay.

(10) Song kinh : {kinh : ca voi) sdng ldn.

(11) Duoi tri: duoi chim tri cd hinh dai nhu banh lai thuyen. Y ta nhung con thuyen ndi duoi nhau di tren song.

(12) Bathu: co ba each hieu: ba mda thu (ba nam), ba thang cua miia thu, thing thii ba cua mua thu ; d day theo nghia thii ba.

Thuang n6l anh himg dau vang ta'", Tig'c thay dau vet luong con Itru!

Ben song cac bo lao, h6i y ta sa cau'^' ?

Co ke gay le'^' chong truac, co nguoi thuyen nhe boi sau, Vai ta ma thira ring: Day la noi chien dia buoi Trimg Hung nhi thanh^' bat 6 Ma'^', Cting la bai dat xua, thua tnrac Ngo chiia'^' pha Hoang Thao''^'.

Duong khi ay: Thuyen be muon dpi, tinh ki'^^ phap phdi.

Hung ho sau quan'^', giao guam sang choi.

Tran danh duac thua chua phan, Chien luy bae nam chong doi.

Anh nhat nguyet chir phai mo, Bau trdi dat chir sap ddi.

Kia: Tat Liet the cuang, Luu Cung'^"' chuac ddi, Nhiing tuong gieo roi'^" mpt lan, Quet sach Nam bang bdn coi!

Thd nhtmg: Trdi ciing chieu ngudi, Hung do het ldl!

Khae nao nhu khi xua : Tran Xich Bich quan Tao Thao tan tac tro bay'^^', Tran Hpp Phi giac Bo Kien hoan toan chet trui'^^^.

(1) Td:t\i viia co nghia nghi v&, vira co nghla cam than, nay it diing.

(2) S&cdu: dieu mudn cd, mudn tim.

(3) Gay le: gay lilm bang gd cay le.

(4) Trung Hung ntii tlidnfi: Triing Hung: mgt trong hai nien hieu ciia Tran Nhan Tong ttr nam 1285 den 1293 ; nhi thdnh: Tran Thinh Tong (thai thugng hoang) va Tran Nhan Tdng (vua).

(5) O'Md: tuc 6 Ma Nhi, ttrdng giac Nguyen bi bit sdng d tran Bach Ding nam 1288.

(6) Ngo chiia: Ngo Quyen.

(7) Hodng Thao (co each dgc khae la Hoing Thdo): con Ltru Cung, vua Nam Han. Hoing Thao bi thua tran va chet d song Bach Ding nam 938.

(8) Tinh ki: cd.

(9) Sdu qudn : theo cich to chuc quin ddi xua d Trung Quoc. 6 day y ndi quan dgi hung manh.

(10) Tdt Liet: tiic Hdt Tat Liet. Luu Cung: vua Nam Han. ' (11) Gieo roi: Bo Kien ntr6c Tan khi vao danh nu6c Tin co noi: "Cii nhu sd quan cua ta thi chi nem roi ngua xudng song cung ngan dong ntr6c lai dugc". Tac gia mugn y nay de noi quan Nguyen vao danh nudc ta cflng y th^ quan dong tuang manh.

(12) Xich Bich : day mii ben ba song Duong Tu. Thai Tam quoc, Chu Du diing ke hoa cong cua Gia Cat Lugng ddt thuyen dinh tan 82 van quan Tao Thao tren quang song nay.

(13) Hop Phi: ten mgt huy?n thugc tinh An Huy, Trung Quoc, nai song Hoai hgp vai song Phi. Ta Huyen da danh tan 100 van quan Bo Kien d day.

Den nay nuae song tuy chay hoai.

Ma nhuc quan thu khon rira ndi!

Tai tao cong lao'", nghin xua ca nggi.

Tuy nhien : Tir co vii tru, da co giang san.

Qua la : Trdi dat cho noi hiem tra, Cdng nhd: Nhan tai giir cupc dien an'^'.

Hpi nao bang hpi Manh Tan : nhu vuong su hp La'^', Tran nao bang tran Duy Thuy: nhu qude si hp Han<'*\ Kia tran Bach Dang ma dai thang, Boi dai vuong coi the giac nhan'^'.

Tieng thom cdn mai, bia mieng khong mdn.

Den ben sdng chir hd mat, Nho ngudi xua chir le chan'^'.

Rdi vira di vira'ca rang : Song Ddng mot ddi ddi ghe, Luong to song lon don ve bien Dong.

Nhiing nguai bdt nghia ti§u vong, Nghin thu chico anh hung luu danh.

Khach ciing ndi tiep ma ca rang: Anh minh hai vi thdnh qudn^^\ Song ddy rua sack mdy ldn gidp binh^^\ Giac tan muon thua thdng binh.

Bai ddu ddt hiem cdt minh dice cao^^^.

Theo ban dich cua DONG CHAU NGUYfiN HUU TIEN, BIJI VAN NGUYEN chinh Ii {H(/p tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II - Vdn hqc the kiX - the ki XVII NXB van hgc. Ha Ngi, 1976) (1) Tdi too cong lao-.yea nggi cac vua Tran da mgt Ian nua lap nen chien cong treii song Bach Ding.

(2) Dien an : hoa binh, an ninh vung ben.

(3) O day tac gia vi viec Tran Quoc Tuan hoi quan tai ben Binh Than nhu viec La Vgng giiip Vu Vuong hgi quan d ben Manh Tan. (4) Buy Thuy: mgt con song d tinh Son Dong, Tmng Quoc, noi Han Tin - mgt tuong gidi cua Han Cao To - dung meo thao nuoc danh thing quan Tg. Hai cau nay y noi trong tran giao tranh vdi giac Mong - Nguyen, ta co cac tudng vtra gidi chien tran vua muu lugc.

(5) The gidc nhdn: the giac dk pha. Dai vuong: chi Htmg Dao Dai Vuong Tran Quoc Tuan. Sau hai Ian tha't bai, nam 1287, giac Mong - Nguyen lai sang xam lugc nuoc ta, vua Tran Nhan Tong hoi Tran Quoc Tuan : "Giac den Iam the nao ?". Ong tau : "Nam nay the giac nhan".

(6) Hai cau nay trong nguyen van la : "Hoai cd nhan he vin the - Lam giang Iuu he hau nhan", cin tranh hieu Iam la Iai nhan vat khach tu n6i ma vin la lai cac bo lao noi voi khach.

(7) Hai vi thdnh qudn : tiic Tran Thanh Tong va Tran Nhan Tong.

(8) Gidp binh : ao giap va binh khf.

(9) Dtic cao: dich y cau "y diic mac kinh", sach Td truyen cd cau "mac chi du kinh", nghia la khong gi lan bing.

HimNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Dpe Tieu ddn de ndm dugc bd circ bai phii, vi tri ctia chien thang Bach Dang trong lich sii va de tai song Bach Dang trong van hpe. Dpe kl cac chii thich de hieu dugc cac tir kho, cac dien tich, dien cd.

2. Mo dau bai phii, ndi bat len la hinh tugng nhan vat "khach". Anh (chi) hay lim hieu: - Muc dich dao choi thien nhien, chien dia cua "khach" ?

- "Khach" la ngudi cd trang chi (chi lon), co tam hon nhu the nao qua viec nhac den nhiing dia danh lich sii cua Trung Quoc va mieu ta nhirng dia danh lich su ctia dat Viet ?

3. Cam xuc cua "khach" trud€ khung canh thien nhien sdng Bach Dang : Phan khoi, tu hao ? Budn thuong, nudi tiec vi nhiing gia tri dang liii vao qua khii ?

Ii giai each lira chpn cua anh (chi). (Luu y dac diem hinh anh thien nhien va gipng van trong doan "Qua cua Dai Than... da'u vet ludng cdn luu".)

4. Vai trd cua hinh tugng cac bo lao trong bai phii ? Chien tich tren sdng Bach Dang da dugc gpi len nhu the nao qua ldi ke ciia cdc bd lao ? Thai dp, gipng dieu cua hp trong khi ke chuyen ?

Qua ldi binh luan cua cac bo lao (doan "Tuy nhien : Tir cd vii tru... Nho ngudi xua chir le chan"), trong cac yeu td: dia the sdng niii, con ngudi, theo anh (chi), yeu td nao giir vai trd quan trpng nhat lam nen chien thang Bach Dang ?

5. Ldi ca cua cac vi bd lao va ldi ca ndi tiep ciia "khach" nhim khang dinh dieu ^ ?

6. Phat bleu ve gia tri npi dung va nghe thuat cua bai phii. ^ GHI NHO .

• Qua nhCmg hoai niem ve qua khir, Phu song Bach Ding da the hien Idng yeu nudc va niem tu hao dan tpc truac chien cdng tren sdng Bach Dang, ddng thdi ca nggi truyen thdng anh hung bat khuat, truyen thdng dao li nhan nghTa ciia dan tdc Viet Nam. Tac pham cung chua dung tu tudng nhan van cao dep qua viec de cao vai trd, vi tri cua con ngudi trong Ijch sir.

• Phii song Bach Dang la dinh cao nghe thuat cua the phu trong van hgc trung dai Viet Nam.

LUYEN TAP 1. Hpe thudc mpt sd cau trong bai phu ma anh (chi) thich.

2. Phan tich, so sanh ldi ca cua "khach" ket thuc bai Phd song Bqch Ddng vai bai tho Song Bqch Ddng {Back Ddng giang) cua Nguy§n Strong (ban dich) : Mo thil nhu nui, co cdy tuai.

Song bien gdm vang, dd ngdt trai.

Su nghiep Trting Hung ai di biet, Nua do song nui, nua do nguai.

DAI CAO BlNH NGO

NGUYfiN T R A I

[Binh Ngo dqi cda) K^T QUA CAN OAT _

Nam dugc nhung net chinh ve cudc ddi va su nghiep van hgc cua Nguyen Trai - mdt nhan vat Ijch sir, mdt danh nhan van hoa the gidi; thay dugc vj tri to Idn ciia Nguyen Trai trong Ijch sir van hgc dan tdc : nha van chinh luan kiet xuat, nha tha khai sang van hgc tieng Vift.

Hieu rd Dai cao binh Ngd cd y nghla trgng dai cua mdt ban tuyen ngdn ddc lap, khing dinh sire manh cua Idng yeu nudc va tu tudng nhan nghTa ; la kiet tac van hoc, ket hgp hai hoa giua yeu td chfnh lucln va ch^t van chuang.

N i m vung nhCrng dac trung ca ban ciia the cao, dong thdi thay dugc nhirng sang tao ciia Nguydn Trai trong Dai cao binh Ngd.

Nguyin Trai (Tranh chdn dung)

Phan mot: TAC GIA ^ I S f f i ^ ^ S S I - code DOl Nguyin Trai (1380 - 1442) hieu la Uc Trai, que gdc d lang Chi Ngai (Chi Linh, Hal Duong) sau ddi ve Nhi Khe (Thirdng Tin, Ha Tay, liay thudc Ha Ndi). Than sinh la Nguyin tJng Long (sau ddi la Nguyin Phi Khanh), mdt nho sinh ngheo, hpe gidi, dd Thai hpe sinh (Tien si) thdi Tran. Me la Tran Thi Thai, con quan Tu do (ngang Te tudng) Tran Nguyen Dan. Nguyin Trai sinh ra trong mdt gia dinh ma ben ndi cdng nhu ben ngoai deu cd hai truyin thdng ldn : yeu nudc va van hoa, van hoc.

Thud thieu thdi, Nguyin Trai da phai chiu nhirng mat mat dau thuong: tang me liic 5 tudi, sau do dng ngoai qua ddi khi Nguyin Trai mdi vira 10 tudi. Nam 1400, Nguyin Trai dd Thai hpe sinh va hai cha con ciing ra lam quan dudi trieu nha Ho. Nam 1407, giac Minh eudp nudc ta, Nguyin Phi Khanh bi chung dtra sang Trung Qude. "Ng nudc, thil nha", Nguyin Trai khic sau ldi cha dan : "Con trd ve lap chi, rua nhuc cho nudc, tra thu cho cha, nhu the mdi la dai hieu". Sau khi thoat khdi su giam long cua giac Minh, Nguyin Trai da tir Ddng Quan (Ha Ndi ngay nay) tim vao Lam Son theo Le Lpi tham gia khdi nghla. Ong da gdp phan to ldn vao chien thing ve vang cua dan tdc.

Cudi nam 1427 dau nam 1428, cudc khdi nghia Lam Son toan thing, Nguyin Trai thira lenh Le Lpi viet Dqi cao binh Ngo. Ong ham hd tham gia vao cdng cupc xay dung lai dat nudc. Nhung rdi nhirng mau thuan ndi bd trieu dinh phong kien dan den viec sat hai cac cdng than, ban than Nguyin Trai bi nghi oan, bi bat giam. Sau dd dng dugc tha nhung khdng cdn dugc tin diing nhu trudc.

Nam 1439, Nguyen Trai xin vi d an tai Cdn Son. Nam 1440, dng lai dugc Le Thai Tdng mdi ra giup viec nudc. Nam 1442, giiia luc Nguyin Trai dang ganh vac trgng trach vdi dan vdi nudc thi oan an Le Chi vien (Trai Vai) bdng dd ap xudng gia dinh, ddng hp dng. Nhan cai chet dot ngdt eua Le Thai Tdng d Le Chi vien (Dai Lai, Gia Luong, Bic Ninh), bpn gian than trong trieu vu cho dng am muu giet vua, khep vao tdi "tru di tam tdc" (giet ca ba hp). Nam 1464, Le Thanh Tdng minh oan cho Nguyin Trai, sau dd cho suu tam lai tho van cua dng va tim con chau cdn sdng sdt de bd lam quan.

Nguyin Trai la mdt bae anh hung dan tdc, mdt nha van hoa ldn. Nam 1980, To chiic Giao due, Khoa hpe va Van hoa cua Lien hgp qud'c (UNESCO) da cdng nhan Nguyin Trai la danh nhan van hoa the gidi.

I I - s o NGHIEP THO VAN 1. Nhirng tac pham chinh Nguyen Trai la tac gia xua't sic vi nhieu the loai van hgc, trong sang tac chu Han va chil Ndm, trong van chinh luan va thg tru tinh. Ong de lai mdt khdi lugng sang tac ldn vdi nhiiu tac pham cd gia tri.

Nhiing tac pham chinh vie't bing chir Han : Qudn trung tie menh tap, Binh Ngo dqi edo, Uc Trai thi tap, Chi Linh son phu, Bdng Ho di su luc. Lam San thuc luc, Vdn bia Vinh Ldng, Vdn loqi. Sang tac chii Ndm cd Quoc dm thi tap gdm 254 bai tho vie't theo the Dudng luat hoac Dudng luat xen luc ngdn (sau chii). Ngoai sang tac van hgc, Nguyin Trai cdn de lai cudn Du dia chi, mdt bd sach dia li cd nhat ciia Viet Nam. Sau tham hoa tru di tam tpc, tac pham cua Nguyin Trai bi tha't lac hoac bi thieu huy nhieu. Nam 1467, vua Le Thanh Tdng da ra lenh suu tap lai trudc tac cua dng va phai de'n the ki XDC, tac pham cua Nguyin Trai mdi dugc suu tam tuong ddi day du. Tuy nhien, di san van hgc Nguyin Trai cdn de'n ngay nay chic chin chua phai la toan bd su nghiep van hpe vT dai cua dng.

2. Nguyen Trai - nhd van chinh luan l(iet xuat Trong van hpe trung dai Viet Nam, Nguyen Trai la nha van chinh luan ldi lac nhat. Ong da de lai khd'i lugng kha ldn van chinh luan : Qudn trung tic menh tap, Binh Ngo dqi cao, chie'u bieu viet dudi trieu Le,... Tu tudng chu dao xuyen sudt cac ang van chinh luan cua Nguyin Trai la tu tudng nhan nghia, yeu nudc, thuang dan.

Qudn trung tii menh tap gdm nhiing thu tir giii cho tudng giac va nhiing giay td giao thiep vdi triiu dinh nha Minh,... Tac pham la tap van chie'n da'u "cd siic manh cua mudi van quan" (Phan Huy Chu). Siic inanh ay cd dugc tir sir ket hgp tuyet dieu giira tu tudng nhan nghia, tu tudng yeu nudc vdi nghe thuat viet van luan chie'n bae thay. Binh Ngo dqi edo la ang van yeu nude Idn cua thdi dai, la ban tuyen ngdn vi chu quyen ddc lap dan tdc, ban cao t r ^ g tdi ac ke thu, ban hung ca ve cudc khdi nghla Lam Son. 6 Binh Ngo dqi ado, siic manh cua tu tudng nhan nghla va tu tudng yeu nudc da hoa lam mdt: Viec nhdn nghla cdt a yen ddn, Qudn dieu phqt truac lo trie bqo.

Nguyin Trai quan niem khi dat nudc cd ngoai xam thi yeu nudc, nhan nghia, anh hiing la chdng xam luge. Trong^canh thai binh, dng vin udc vpng nha nudc phong kien dung nhan nghia de "tri" dan, "khoan" dan,... van chinh luan cua Nguyin Trai dat tdi trinh dp nghe thuat mau muc tir viec xac dinh dd'i tugng, muc dich de su dung but phap thich hgp den ke't cau chat che, lap luan sic ben.

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3. Nguyin Trai - nha tha triif tinh sdu sac Hal tap tho Uc Trai thi tap va Quoc dm thi tap ghi lai hinh anh Nguyin Trai vira la ngudi anh hung vT dai vira la con ngudi tran the.

Ll tudng eua ngudi anh hung la su quyen hoa gitia nhan nghia vol yeu nudc, thuong dan. Li tudng ay luc nao cung thiet tha, manh liet: "Bui 'i' mdt tac ldng uu aif2) cu - Dem ngay cudn cudn nudc triiu ddng." [Thudt hieng-hm 2).

Pham cha't, y chi cua ngudi anh hung ludn ngdi sang trong chie'n da'u chdng ngoai xam cung nhu trong dau tranh chdng cudng quyen, bao ngugc vi chan li: "Vudn quynh dau chim keu hdt - Cdi tran cd tnic diing ngan." [Tu thdn - bai 40).

Dang ngay thang, cting cdi ciia cay tnic, ve thanh tao, trong tring cua cay mai, siic sd'ng khoe khoin cua cay tiing - nhiing pham chat td't dep tupng trung cho ngudi quan tii - deu cd d Nguyin Trai. Dieu dang quy la tat ca nhiing pham chat ay khdng phai de lam dep cho rieng ban than ma la de giup dan, giup nudc "Danh cdn d i trg dan nay" [Tiing).

La bae ajih hung ydi li tudng cao ca, Nguyin Trai ciing la mdt con ngudi tran the. Ong dau ndi dau eua con ngudi, yeu tinh yeu ciia con ngudi. Nguyin Trai dau khi chiing kien nghich canh eo le cua xa hdi cu: "Phupng nhiing tiec cao dieu hay lugn -Hoa thudng hay heo cd thudng tuoi." [Tu thudt- bai 9).

Tir ndi dau trudc thdi ddi den bae "Bui mdt ldng ngudi cue hiem thay", nha tho khao khat su hoan thien cua con ngudi va mo udc xa hdi thai binh, thinh tri "Dan Nghieu Thuan, vua Nghieu Thuan".

Tinh yeu cua Nguyen Trai danh nhieu cho thien nhien, da't nudc, con ngudi, cudc sd'ng.

Tinh yeu thien nhien eua Nguyin Trai the hien qua mang tho thien nhien rat cd gia tri d Uc Trai thi tap va Quoc dm thi tap. Trong tho chir Han cd nhiing buc tranh thien nhien hoanh trang: "Kinh ngae bam vam non may khue - Giao guom chim gay bai bao tang" [Cua bien Bqch Ddng-ban dich). Thien nhien trong tho Ndm cd nhiing buc tranh lua xinh xin, phang phat phong vi tho Dudng : "Nudc biec non xanh thuyen gdi bai - Dem thanh nguyet bae khach len lau" [Bdo kinh cdnh giai - bai 26). Thien nhien binh di, dan da, tir qua nuc nac, lanh mdng toi, be rau mudng, den "ngd cay da't ai", con ddng dong,... deu di vao tho Nguyin Trai mdt each tu nhien, tao nen nhiing rung ddng tham mi. Thien nhien trd thanh mdi trudng sdng thanh tao, con ngudi ging giir gin ve dep nguyen so, khdng lam tdn (1) Bui: duy chi.

(2) Uu di: uu quoc, ai dan (Io nuoc, yeu dan).

11

thuong de'n canh vat. Nha tho khdng nd tha mai cheo vi sg lam tan vd bdng trang in tren nudc : "Nudc cdn nguyet hien xa^^^ thdi cheo" ; hdp chen rugu in bdng trang ma tudng dang hdp anh trdng : "Dem thanh hdp nguyet nghieng chen" ; ganh nudc vi pha tra, nudc in bdng trang tudng mang ca trang vi theo : "Che tien(2' nudc ghin'^' nguyet deo vi". Cd the ndi, d Nguyin Trai "long yeu thien nhien van vat la mpt kich thudc de do mdt tam hdn" (Xuan Dieu).

Tho Nguyin Trai cd nhirng cau ndi vi nghia vua tdi, ve tinh cha con xiet bao earn dpng: "Quan than^^' chua bao ldng canh canh -Tinh phu com trdi ao cha."

[Ngon chi-hai 7).

Uc Trai thudng hay ndi tdi ldng ban. Ldng ban bao gid ciing sang trong nhu vang nguyet: "Ldng ban trang ving vac cao".

Nguyin Trai gin bd tha thie't vdi que huong. Ndi nhd que trong tho Uc Trai cu the, sau sic. Que ay la Chi Ngai, Cdn Son, noi Nguyin Trai sdng vdi dng ngoai tir thud thieu thdi. Que ay cdn la canh ddng Nhi Khe ma tudi tha Nguyen Trai cung ban timg dpi ndn, vac cudc lam ddng trong ngay xuan.

Nhirng van tho Nguyin Trai viet ve thien nhien dat nudc, vi tinh cha con, tinh ban,... xiet bao gan gui, than thuang. Khia canh "con ngudi" trong ngudi anh hung Nguyin Trai chinh la ve dep nhan ban da gdp phan nang ngudi anh hung dan tdc len tam nhan loai.

Ill - KET LUAN

Xuat hien d nua dau the ki XV, thien tai van hpe Nguyin Trai trd thanh mdt hien tupng van hpe ket tinh truyin thd'ng van hpe LI - Tran, ddng thdi md dudng cho ca mdt giai doan phat trien mdi.

Ve ndi dung, van chuong Nguyin Trai hdi tu hai ngudn cam hung ldn cua van hpe dan tpc la yeu nudc va nhan dao. v i hinh thiic nghe thuat, van chuang Nguyin Trai cd ddng gdp ldn d ca hai binh dien co ban nha't la the loai va ngdn ngur. Nguyin Trai la nha van chinh luan kiet xua't, nha tho khai sang van hpe tieng Viet. Ong dem de'n cho nen van hpe dan tdc tho Dudng luat viet bing chii Ndm, gdp phan lam cho tie'ng Vi$t trd thanh ngdn ngii van hpe giau va dep.

(1) Xd: hay.

(2) Tien: nau.

(3) Ghin: ganh.

(4) Qudn thdn : vua, cha.

12

HOIOMG D A N HOC BAI 1. Vi sao cd the ndi Nguyin Trai la mdt nhan vat lich su vT dai ?

2. Anh (chi) da dpe nhiing tac phim nao ciia Nguyin Trai ? Hay gidi thieu so lugc mdt vai tac pham tieu bieu.

3. Phan tich ve dep tam hdn Nguyin Trai qua mdt sd cau tho ma anh (chi) cam nhan sau sic nhat.

4. Neu khai quat nhiing gia tri co ban vi ndi dung va nghe thuat ciia tho van Nguyin Trai. ,

GHI NHO

^

Nguyin Trai la bae anh hiing dan tdc, mdt nhan vSt toan tai hiem cd nhung lai la ngudi phai chju nhCrng oan khien tham khdc dudi thdi phong kien. Ong la nha tha, nha vSn kiet xuat, la danh nhan van hoa the gidi, cd nhCrng ddng gdp to Idn cho su phat trien cua van hoa, van hgc dan tpc.

13

VliT BAI LAM VAN SO 4 : VAN THUYET MINH (Bai iam dnha)

..-.-•

„..^

KET QUA CAN OAT Bie't van dung nhung ki^n thirc va kT nang da hgc ve van ban thuyet minh de viet dugc mdt bai van nhim trinh bay mgt each chuan xac mgt su vat, su viec, hien tugng quen thudc trong thuc te ddi song.

I - HOtiTNG DAN CHUNG

De lam td't bai van nay, anh (chi) can : 1. On lai nhirng kien thiic va ki nang da hpe ve van thuye't minh d cac ldp 8, 9.

Chu y ren luyen them nhiing mat ma anh (chi) thay minh dang cdn yeu (hieu bie't thtrc te, van dung cac phuong phap thuye't minh, lap dan y, hoac nang luc diin dat,...).

2. On luyen nhiing kien thiic va ki nang vi tieng Viet, dac biet la vi each dimg tir, dat cau, de ldi van ciia bai lam phu hpp vdi yeu cau thuyet minh.

3. Quan sat, tim hieu, hpe tap de nim dugc nhiing tri thiic chuan xac, khach quan, khoa hpe vi ddi sdng, vi viec hpe van va tap lam van.

II - GOI Y DE BAI

Hay vie't mdt bai vaa de thuyet minh mdt trong cac van de sau : 1. Vai trd cua cay cdi (hoac eua rimg, cua cac loai ddng vat hoang da, cua nhien lieu sach,...) trong viec bao ve mdi trudng sdng.

2. Tac hai eua ma tuy (hoac cua rugu, thud'c la,...) ddi vdi ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi.

3. Mdt kinh nghiem hpe van hoac iam van.

III - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI

1. Tim hieu kl de bdi de xac dinh rd cac yeu cau ve muc dich thuye't minh, ndi dung thuye't minh.

2. Cd gIng van dung nhiing tri thiic tich luy dugc qua viec hpe hdi, tim hieu thuc te ddi sdng de tim duge : - Noi dung thuyet minh chuan xac, khoa hpe, khach quan va phong phu.

- Cdch thdc thuyet minh thich hpp, giup ngudi dpe cd nhirng hieu bie't dung din va can thie't ve su vat (hien tugng) dugc thuye't minh.

3. My dimg bo cue sao cho ndi dung thuye't minh dugc trinh bay rd rang, khue chie't.

4. Chu y de khdng mic ldi ve diin dat, chinh ta, tu ngu, ngu phap. Ldi van can rd y, trong sang, mach lac de ngudi dgc tiep thu dugc di dang.

14

ODOC THEM

CHIEC NOI XANH {Lug€ trich)

Chiing ta luon ludn nim trong long chiec noi xanh cua cay cdi - do la cai may dieu hoa khi hau vT dai cua chiing ta.

Nhirng sd lieu dang tin cay cua cdc nha ve sinh hoc ket luan ring ngoi dudi tan cay bang, ta bdt dugc 4 lan cai nong chay da budi trua he tren dudng nhua.

Dien tich vo cung to ldn cua cac tang la triing diep da can 50% bui dudng, tinh ra trong mot vu he, mpt hang 100 cay d dudng phd da giii lai 340 kg bui, de giu xudng mat dudng sau moi tran mua.

Cay cdi cdn la hang rao each li tie'ng dong, ha'p thu va hat lai nhirng sdng am thanh hdn tap de khoi lam chan dong than kinh. Mot vdng dai cay day 17 - 20 m du dam bao an toan cho nha d chdng tie'ng on. Neu trong cay sat nha d hay dudng di, noi phat ra tieng dpng, thi mot vdng dai cay day 7 - 10 m la dii.

Ngudi ta vi rat dung: cay xanh la la phoi cua hanh tinh chiing ta. Tat ca cac sinH vat deu thd, va lien tuc hut dudng khi, thai than khi. Nha may lai tudn ra khi doc va khdi lam d nhiim khdng khi. Dat cung "thd", nhat la dat toi, xd'p, am, canh la cay muc, cac chat hiru ca phan giai, nam mdc va vi khuan hd hap da tha ra rat nhieu than khi.

Khdng cd cay x£uih thi chang may chdc mudn loai se ngat thd. Tuy ban dem cay ciing hd hap, nhung ban ngay cay lai hap thu than khi, ket hgp vdi anh ning de tra lai dudng khi va tao nen chat bdt dudng. Cho nen khdng khi ban ngay d nha cd cay xanh bao boc chiia rat it than khi, chimg 0,02% (dat tieu chuan ve sinh). Mdi nam tat ca cay cdi tren mat dat va dudi bien da hap thu 175 ti tan tiian khi va mdi tan than khi lai bien thanh 2,7 tan dudng khi.

Cay cdi ngan can va loc khi doc trong khdng khi. Trong rimg thdng, rimg ba huang, khdng khi hau nhu vd trung. Lugng vi triing gay benh trong khdng khi d ndng thdn hay rimg it hon thanh phd 10 lan. Chang ban vi miia he tren dudng phd Pa-ri, mdi phan khdi khdng khi chiia 5.500 vi khuan cac loai, nhung cac lang mac ngoai d chi cd 550 vi khuan trong moi phan khdi khdng khi. Dieu do chiing minh ring cay xanh da tha ra cac chat thanh triing khdng khi de tu bao ve, ma khoa hoc gpi la cha't phi-tdn-xit.

(Nguyin Bat Can - La VTnh Quyen, SUc khoe thanh nien, NXB Thanh nien. Ha Npi, 1968.

Ten doan trich do NBS dat.)

15

DAI CAO BlNH NGO

NGUY£NTRAI

(Tie'p theo)

Phan hai: TAG PHAM TIEU DAN Sau khi quan ta dai thSng, tieu diet va lam tan ra 15 van vien binh ciia giac, Vuang Thdng budc phai giang hoa, chap nhan nit quan ve nudc, Nguydn Trai thtra lenh Le Lpi viet Dqi edo hinh Ngo. Dqi cao binh Ngo cd y nghTa trpng dai cua mdt ban tuyen ngdn ddc lap 6.uqc cdng bd vao thang Chap, nam Dinh Mui (tiic dau nam 1428). Bai dai cao nay mang dac trung ca ban cua the cao ndi chung, ddng thdi cd nhiing sang tao rieng cua Nguydn Trai.

Cda la the van nghi luan cd ttr thdi co d Trung Qud'c, thudng duac vua chiia hoac thu Unh dung de trinh bay mdt chu truong, mdt su nghiep, tuyen ngdn mdt su kien de moi ngudi cimg biet. Trong the cao, cdloai van cao thudng ngay nhu chieu sach cua vua truyen xud'ng ve mdt van de nao dd, cd loai van dai cao mang y nghia mdt su kidn trpng dai, cd tinh chat quoc gia.

Cap cd the duac vie't bang van xudi hay van vin nhung phan nhieu dugc vid't bing van bien ngSu, khdng cd van hoac cd van, thudng cd dd'i, cau dai ngan khdng gd bd, mdi cap hai ve dd'i nhau. Cung nhu hich, cao la the van hiing bien, do dd ldi le phai danh thep, Ii luan phai sic ben, ket cau phai chat che, mach lac.

Dqi cao binh Ngo do Nguyin Trai thira lenh Le Lai soan thao la bai cao cd y nghTa trpng dai cua qud'c gia, duac cdng bd rdng khap ve viec dep yen giac Ngo (d day, chu Ngo chi giac Minh xam luac). Bai dai cao nay dupc vie't theo Idi van biln ngSu, cd van dung the tu luc (timg cap cau, mdi cau mudi chu nglt theo nhip 4/6), hinh tupng nghe thuat sinh ddng, gpi cam.

Bd cue bai Dqi cao binh Ngo gdm bd'n phan (NBS da danh sd de tien theo doi): - Neu luan de chinh nghia.

- Vach ro tdi ac ke thu.

- Ke Iai qua trinh chinh phat gian kho va ta't thang cua cudc khdi nghla.

- Tuyen bd chien qua, khang dinh su nghiep chinh nghia.

16

VAN BAN

1.

Timg nghe: Viec nhan nghla cdt d yen dan, Quan dieu phat'^' trudc lo trir bao.

Nhu nudc Dai Viet ta tir trudc, Vdn xung n i n van hien da lau.

Nui sdng bd cdi da chia, Phong tuc Bic Nam ciing khae.

Tir Trieu, Dinh, Li, Tran bao ddi gay nen ddc lap, Cimg Han, Dudng, Td'ng, Nguyen mdi ben xung de mdt phuong.

Tuy manh yeu timg luc khae nhau.

Song hao kiet ddi nao cung cd.

Vay nen: Luu Cung tham cdng nen that bai, Trieu Tiet'^^ thich ldn phai tieu vong.

Cua Ham Tu'^' bit sdng Toa Dd, Sdng Bach Ding giet tuoi O Ma'^'.

Viec xua xem xet, Chiing cd cdn ghi.

2.

Vira rdi: Nhan hp Hd chinh su phien ha, De trong nudc long dan oan ban.

Quan cudng Minh thira co gay hoa, Bpn gian ta ban nudc cau vinh.

Nudng dan den tren ngpn lua hung tan, Viii con dd'^^ xud'ng dudi ham tai va.

Ddi trdi lira dan du mudn nghin ke.

Gay binh ke't oan trai hai muoi nam.

Bai nhan nghla nat ca da't trdi, Nang thue khoa sach khdng dam nui.

Ngudi bi ep xudng bien ddng lung md ngpc, ngan thay ca map, thudng ludng.

Ke bi dem vao nui dai cat tim vang, khdn ndi rimg sau, nudc ddc.

(1) Dieu phqt: {dieu : thuang, phqt: triing tri) nit tir y "Dieu dan phat toi" trong Kinh Thu noi ve viec Thang, Vu vi dan ma danh ke co toi la Kiet, Tru. (2) Trieu Tiet: tuang nha Tdng ciing Quach Quy dem quan xam luac nuae ta, bi Li Thuang Kiet danh duoi.

(3) Hdm TH: (thuoc Hung Yen) noi Tran Nhat Duat pha quan Toa Do. (4) Toa Do, 6 Md: hai tuang nha Nguyen.

(5) Con dd : con mai d§ (nghia den); a day chi nhan dan, theo nghia : nha vua chan chinh yeu dan nhu con mai d6.

2-NVip/2A

17

Vet san vat, bit chim tra, chdn chdn ludi chang, Nhiiu nhan dan, bay huou den'^^ noi noi cam dat.

Tan hai ca gidng cdn trung cay cd, Nheo nhde thay ke goa biia khdn cung.

Thing ha mieng, dua nhe rang, mau md bay no ne chua chan ; Nay xay nha, mai d i p dat, chan tay nao phuc dich cho vira.

Nang ne nhiing ndi phu phen, Tan tac ca nghi canh cui.

Ddc ac thay, truc'^' Nam Son khdng ghi het tdi, Do ban thay, nudc Ddng Hai khdng nia sach miii.

Le nao trdi dat dung tha, Ai bao than nhan chiu dugc ?

3.

Taday: Nui LamSon day nghia, Chdn hoang da nuong minh.

Ngim thil ldn ha dpi trdi chung, c a m giac nudc the khdng cung sdng.

Dau long nhuc dc, chdc da mudi may nam trdi ; Nem mat n i m gai, ha phai mpt hai sdm tdi.

Quen an vi gian, sach lugc thao'^' suy xet da tinh ; Ngim trudc den nay, le hung phe'^' d i n do cang ki.

Nhiing trln trpc trong con mpng mi, Chi ban khoan mpt ndi do hdi'^'.

Vua khi cd nghla day len, Chinh luc quan thu duong manh.

Lai ngat vi: Tuan kiet nhu sao budi sdm, Nhan tai nhu la mua thu.

Viec bdn tau thie'u ke dd dan, Noi duy ac'^' hiem ngudi ban bae.

Tam long ciiu nudc, van dam dam mud'n tien vi ddng'^^; Cd xe cau hien, thudng cham cham cdn danh phia ta'^'.

(1) Chim trd, huou den : hai loai vat deu quy, long chim tra mau tim lam ao va dem, nhung huau lam vi thudc bo.

(2) Trite: thoi xua chep su sach bang each dung dao khSe chu tren the true, rdi quet son len.

(3) Sdch luac thao : sach day each dung binh, danh tran.

(4) Hung phe: hung: noi mot trieu dai dang len, phe: noi mpt triiu dai dang xudng va bi lat do.

(5) Do hoi: muu tinh viec khdi phue Iai. (6) Duy dc (hay oc): man che, eho bo tham muu trong quan dpi xua, nai ban bae viec quan.

(7) Ve dong: ehu lay tu Hdn thu, tu cau noi cua Luu Bang (Han Cao Td). Khi bi Hang Vu day vao da't Tay Thue, Luu Bang hue tiic noi: "Du diec due dong nhi, an nang uat uat cuu eu thli hd" (Ta eung mudn trd vl dong, sao chiu chet ai d chdn nay).

(8) Phia td: Tin Lang Quan nudc Nguy, nghe tieng Hau Doanh la mpt hiln si, minh ngdi phi'a huu, danh phia ta cho Hau Doanh, t^ duoc coi nhu tren huu, eo y ton trpng nguai hien.

18

2-NV10/2B

The m a : Trdng ngudi ngudi cang ving bdng, mit mu nhu nhin chdn be khoi, Tu ta ta phai dd'c ldng, vdi va hon ciiu ngudi chet dudi.

Phan thi gian hung do ngang dpe, Phan thi lo van nudc khd khan.

Khi Linh Son'^' luong het may tuan, Khi Khdi Huyen'^' quan khdng mpt dpi.

Trdi thu long trao cho menh ldn, Ta gIng chi khic phuc gian nan.

Nhan dan bdn cdi mpt nha, dung can truc'^' ngpn cd phap phdi ; Tudng si mpt ldng phu tii, hoa nudc sdng''*' chen rugu nggt ngao.

The tran xuat ki, lay ye'u chdng manh ; Dung quan mai phuc, lay it dich nhieu.

Trgn hay: Dem dai nghia de thing hung tan.

Lay chi nhan de thay cudng bao.

Tran Bd Dlng'^' sam vang chdp giat, Mien Tra Lan'^' true che tro bay'^'.

SI khi da hang, Quan thanh cang manh'^'.

Tran Tri, Son Thg nghe hoi ma mat via, Li An, Phuong Chinh'^' nin thd cau thoat than.

(1) Linh Son : niii Chi Linh, mpt ngpn nui hiem trd d xa Giao An, huyen Lang Chanh, Thanh Hoa. (2) Khoi Huyen : lau nay nguoi ta vin cho rang day la vung Khoi Sach, gan Nho Quan, Ninh Binh, giap Thanh Hoa ; gan day co y kien cho ring Khoi Huyen d man Ba Thuae, Thanh Hoa. (3) Dung cdn trdc : lay dien cu noi vl Tran Thang, Ngo Quang do khdi nghia qua gap khong kip may ed, gio can tnic Iam ca (yet can vi ki).

(4) Hod nuae song: lay dien trong Vdn tuyen chep ldi Hoang Thach Cong : "Xua co vien tuang gidi, kheo dimg binh, nhan co nguai bie'u chai ruau, vien tuong do truyin tap hpp quan dpi ben dong song, rdi do ehai ruau xudng dong song de mpi ngudi d i u nhap, gpi la chia ngpt se biii, cimg nhau chien dau mpt long". Ve dien nay, theo truyen thuyet, d huyen Lang Chanh, Thanh Hoa co truyen Suoi ruou ; a huyen Thuang Xuan, Thanh Hoa co truyen Hon dd khao d i u noi Le Lpi xua c6 lam dpng tac do rupu xudng song khao quan.

(5) Bo Ddng: ten mpt ngpn niii, con gpi la Bo Liet, B6 Cii thupe Quy Chau, Nghe An. (6) Trd Ldn : mpt dia diem thupe xa Bong Khe, huyen Con Cuong, Nghe An. (7) Tnic che tro bay: quan giac bi tan nhanh d l nhu the che tre, hay nhu tro bay.

(8) sr khi, qudn thanh : tinh than va thanh the cua quan dpi.

(9) Trdn Tri, San Tho, Li An, Phuang Chinh : bdn vien tuang cua quan Minh.

19

Thira thing rudi dai, Tay Kinh'i' quan ta chie'm lai; Tuyen binh tien danh, Ddng Dd'^' dat cu thu ve.

Ninh Kieu mau chay thanh sdng, tanh trdi van dam ; Tdt Ddng'^' thay chat day npi, nho de ngan nam.

Phuc tam quan giac, Tran Hiep da phai beu dau ; Mpt gian ke thu, LI Lugng cung danh bd mang.

Vuong Thdng gd the nguy, ma dam lira chay lai cang chay; Ma Anh'*' Cliu tran danh, ma quan ta hang lai cang hang.

Bd tay de dpi bai vong, giac da tri cimg liic kiet; Ching danh ma ngudi chiu khuat, ta day muu phat, tam cdng'^'.

Tudng chung biet le an nan, nen da thay ldng ddi d a ; Ngd dau vin duong muu tinh, lai cdn chude tdi gay oan.

Giir y kie'n mpt ngudi, gieo va cho bao nhieu ke khae ; Tham cdng danh mpt luc, de cudi cho ta't ca the gian.

Bdi the: Thing nhai con Tuyen Duc'^', ddng binh khdng ngimg; Dd nhut nhat Thanh, Thang'^', dem dau chiia chay.

Dinh Mui thang chin Lieu Thang dem binh tir Khau On tien lai; Nam ay thang mudi, Mdc Thanh chia dudng tir Van Nam tien sang.

Ta trudc da diiu binh thii hiem, chat mui tien phong; Ta sau lai sai tudng chen dudng, tuyet ngudn luong thuc.

Ngay mudi tam, tran Chi Lang'^', Liiu Thang tha't the, Ngay hai muoi, tran Ma An'^', Liiu Thang cut dau, Ngay ham lam, ba tude Luang Minh bai tran tir vong, Ngay ham tam, thugng thu Li Khanh ciing ke tu vin.

Thuan da ta dua ludi dao tung pha, Bi nudc giac quay mui giao danh nhau.

Lai them quan bd'n mat vay thanh.

Hen de'n giira thang mudi diet giac.

(1) Tdy Kinh : Tay Nhai, hoac Tay Giai do nha Ho xay dung, di tieh hien con d huyen Vinh Loc, Thanh Hoa (khong nen nham lin vai Lam Kinh d Lam San).

(2) Dong Do : Ha Npi ngay nay.

(3) Ninh Kieu, Tot Dong: hai dia diem d Chuang MI, Ha Tay (nay thupe Ha Npi) (4) Trdn Hiep, Li Luang, Vuong Thong, MdAnh : eung la eae vien tuang eiia quan Minh.

(5) Muu phqt, tdm cong : danh bang muu, danh bang tam (danh bang nhan nghla, dung nhan nghla de thuyet phue, cam hoa).

(6) Tuyen Dice: nien hieu vua Tuyen Tong nha Minh, d ngoi tii 1426 de'n 1435.

(7) Thqnh, Thang: Mpc Thanh, Lilu Thang - hai tuang nha Minh din hai dao vien binh sau Cling va diu that bai.

(8) Chi Ldng: dia diem xua la eua ai, noi Lilu Thang bi giet (gan ga xe lira Chi Lang hien nay d Lang Son).

(9) MdAn : mpt dia diem d Lang Son. 20

Sl td't ken ngudi hung hd, Be tdi chgn ke vudt nanh.

Guam mai da, da nui cung mdn, Voi udng nudc, nudc sdng phai can.

Danh mpt tran, sach khdng kinh ngae, Danh hai tran'^', tan tac chim mudng.

Ndi gid to trut sach la khd, Thdng td kien pha toang de vd.

Dd ddc Thdi Tu le gdi dang td ta tdi, Thupng thu Hoang Phuc trdi tay de tu xin hang.

Lang Giang'2', Lang Son, thay chat day dudng; Xuong Giang, Binh Than'^', mau trdi do nudc.

Ghe gdm thay sic phong van phai ddi, Tham dam thay dnh nhat nguyet phai md.

Bi ta chen d Le Hoa'*', quan Van Nam nghi ngd khiep via ma vd mat; Thua quan ta d Can Tram'^', quan Mpc Thanh xeo len nhau chay de thoat than.

Sudi Lanh Cau'^' mau chay trdi chay'^', nudc sdng nghen ngao tieng khdc ; Thanh Dan Xa thay chat thanh nui, cd ndi dam dia mau den.

Cliu binh hai dao tan tanh, quay gdt chang kip ; Quan giac cac thanh khdn dd'n, cdi giap ra hang.

Tudng giac bi cam tu, nhu hd ddi viy dudi xin ctiu mang; Than vii chang giet hai'^', the ldng trdi ta md dudng hie'u sinh.

Ma Ki, Phuong Chinh, ca'p cho nam tram chiec thuyin, ra de'n be ma vin hdn bay phach lac ; Vuong Thdng, Ma Anh, phat cho vai nghin co ngua, vi den nude ma vin tim dap chan run.

Hp da tham sdng sg chet, ma hoa hieu thuc ldng; Ta lay toan quan la hon, de nhan dari nghi sue.

Chang nhiing muu ke ki dieu, Cung la chua thay xua nay.

(1) Ddnh mot trdn, ddnh hai trdn: dieh thoat chu nhdt Co (danh hdi trd'ng thii nhat), tdi cd (danh hdi trdng thii hai).

(2) Lqng Giang: mpt dia diem thuoc Bdc Giang.

(3) Xuang Giang: song chay qua phu Lang Thuang. Thanh Xuang Giang cdn di tich gan thanh phd Bic Giang. Binh Than : thupe viing Pha Lai hien nay.

(4) Le Hoa : mpt ciia ki 5cua kia, giap ranh huyen Bat Xat, Lao Cai va huyen Mong Tu, Van Nam (Tmng Quoc). O do co song Le Hoa. Nay viing nay khong cd ciia ai.

(5) Cdn Tram : vung Kep, Lang San. (6) Ldnh Cdu, Dan Xd: hai dia diem giap ranh giua Van Nam va nuoc ta. Chua ro dich xac hai dia diem nay d vCing Lai Chau hay vung Ha Giang.

(7) Mdu chdy troi chdy: do chu "huyet Iuu phieu chir" trong thien Vu thdnh {Kinh Thu), y noi mau chay nhilu, troi ca chay (chay la m6t loai vu khi).

(8) Thdn vu chdng giet hqi: uy vu thieng lieng khong giet hai ma vin thing.

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xa tic tir day vting bin, Giang son tir day ddi mdi.

Kien khdn bl rdi lai thai'^', Nhat nguyet hdi rdi lai minh'2'.

Mudn thud nen thai binh virng chic, Ngan thu vet nhuc nha sach lau.

Au cung nhd trdi dat td tdng khdn thieng ngam giup dd mdi dugc nhu vay.

Than di!

Mdt cd nhung y'^' chien thing, nen cdng oanh lift ngan nam ; Bdn phuang bien ca thanh binh, ban chieu duy tan'*' khip chdn.

Xa gan ba cao Ai nay diu hay.

Theo ban dich cua BUI Kl'^', BUI VAN NGUYEN chinh Ii (Hpp tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II - Vdn hoc thekiX- theki XVII, Sdd. Cd tham khao mpt sd ban dich khae.)

HOdNG D A N HOC BAI 1. Bai Dqi edo binh Ngo gdm 4 doan. Hay tdm lugc npi dung cua timg doan.

Npi dung ciia timg doan hudng vao chu d i chung cua bai cao la neu cao tu tudng nhan nghia va tu tudng ddc lap dan tdc nhu the nao ?

2. Tim hieu doan md dau ("Timg nghe... chiing cd cdn ghi"): a) Cd nhirng chan li nao dugc khang dinh de lam chd dua, lam can cii xac dang cho viec trien khai toan bd ndi dung bai cao ? b) Vi sao doan md dau cd y nghla nhu ldi tuyen ngdn ddc lap ? c) Tac gia da cd each viet nhu the nao de lam ndi bat niem tu hao dan tdc ?

(Luu y each dung tir, sii dung nghe thuat so sanh, cau van biin ngiu sdng ddi, can xiing, each neu d i n chiing tir thirc tiin,...)

3. Tim hieu doan 2 ("Vira rdi... Ai bao than nhan chiu dugc") : a) Tac gia da td cao nhiing am muu, nhiing hanh ddng tdi ac nao cua giac Minh ? Am muu nao la tham ddc nha't, tgi ac nao la man rg nhat ? b) Nghe thuat cua doan cao trang tdi ac ke thu cd gi dac sic ? (Luu y nhirng cau van giau hinh tupng; gipng van thay ddi linh hoat, phu hpp vdi cam xuc.)

(1) Kien khon : {kien hay cdn chi trai, khon chi da't) trai dat. Bl, thdi: dich hai que biva thdi trong Kinh Dich {bi: be tic, thdi: thong sudt).

(2) Hoi roi lqi minh : tdi rdi Iai sang.

(3) Nhung y: ao giap mac de ra tran, day chi viee danh giac, y nay cung nit tu thien Vu thdnh da neu d tren, tiic noi viec Vu Vuang danh Tru : "Chi mpt ed nhung y ma thien ha thu ve dupe" (Nha't nhung y, thien ha dai dinh). 6 day, chi Le Lpi. (4) Duy tdn : doi mai; y noi cupc khdi nghla Lam San da md ra mpt ki nguyen mai - ki nguyen xay dung mpt nha nuoc Dai Viet tu chu va thinh vuang, duai triiu vua moi.

(5) Gan day eo y kie'n eho ring ban dieh nay la cua Tran Trpng Kim. 22

,

4. Tim hieu doan 3 ("Ta day... Cung la chua thay xua nay"): a) Giai doan dau cua cudc khdi nghia Lam Son dugc tac gia tai hien nhu the nao ? (Cd nhirng khd khan gian khd gi ? Ngudi anh hung Le Lgi tieu bleu cho cugc khdi nghia cd y chi, quye't tam nhu the nao ? Sue manh nao giup quan ta chie'n thing ?) b) Khi tai hien giai doan phan cdng thing lpi, bai cao mieu ta buc tranh toan canh cudc khdi nghia Lam Son : - Cho bie't cd nhirng tran danh nao, mdi tran cd dac diem gi ndi bat ?

- Phan tich nhirng bien phap nghe thuat mieu ta the chie'n thing ciia ta va sir that bai cua giac.

- Phan tich tinh cha't hung trang ciia doan van dugc ggi len tir ngdn ngir, hinh anh, nhip dieu cau van.

5. Tim hieu doan ket ("Xa tic tir day virng ben... Ai nay deu hay") : - Gigng van d doan nay cd gi khae vdi nhirng doan tren ? Do dau cd sir khae nhau dd ?

- Trong ldi tuyen bd n i n ddc lap dan tpc da dugc lap lai, Dqi ado binh Ngo ddng thdi neu len bai hoc lich sit. Theo anh (chi), cd nhiing bai hgc lich sir nao va y nghia cua bai hoc lich sii dd ddi vdi chung ta ngay nay nhu the nao ?

6*. Rut ra nhiing gia tri chung ve mat npi dung va nghe thuat cua Dqi edo binh Ngo, ddng thdi phan tich nhiing gia tri dd. a) Dqi edo binh Ngo dugc coi la ban tuyen ngdn ddc lap, tac pham cd mang y nghia tuyen ngdn vi quyin sd'ng cua con ngudi hay khdng ? Hay 11 giai. b) Dqi edo binh Ngo cd sir ket hgp hai hoa yeu td ehinh luan va ye'u td van chuong, anh (chi) hay phan tich de lam sang td dac diem nay vi cac mat f ke't ca'u, lap luan, nghe thuat sir dung tir ngir, xay dung hinh tugng, nghe thuat sir dung cau van, nhip dieu. ,

GHI NHO

,

Vdi nghe thuat chfnh luan tai tinh, vdi cam hung trCr tinh sau sic, Dai cao binh Ngd to cao tgi ac ke thii xam lugc, ca nggi cugc khdi nghTa Lam San. Bai cao dugc coi la ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap, mgt ang "thien cd hung van" ciia dan tgc ta.

LUYEN TAP 1. Lap sg dd ket ca'u cua Dqi edo binh Ngo va phan tich tac dung cua nghe thuat ke't eau dd.

2. Hgc thudc doan md dau bai Dm edo Mn/z Ngd. 23

TiNH CHUAN XAC, HAP D A N CUA VAN BAN THUYET MINH K^TQUACANOAT-

Hieu va budc dau viet dugc van ban thuyet minh chuan xac, hap d i n .

I - TINH CHUAN XAC TRONG VAN DAN THUYET MINH 1. Tinh chuan xac vd mot so bien phap Aim hao tinh chuin x^c cua vdn ban thuyd't minh

Muc dich cua van ban thuye't minh la cung cap nhiing tri thiic vi su vat khach quan nhim giup cho hieu biet cua ngudi dpe (ngudi nghe) them chfnh xac va phong phu. Cdng viec thuye't minh se khdng cdn y nghia, rnuc dich ciia thuyet minh se khdng dat dugc neu ndi dung cua van bin khdng chuan xac (nghla la khdng dung vdi chan li, vdi chuan muc dugc thira nhan). Chuan xac, do vay, la yeu eau diu tien va cung la yeu ciu quan trgng nhat ciia mpi van ban thuyet minh.

De dat duge su chuan xac, can ehu y nhiiu diem, nhu mpt sd diem sau day: - Tim hieu thau dao trudc khi vie't. Vi du : de thuyet minh mdt thing cinh, nen den tan noi quan sat, ghi nhan ; de thuye't minh mpt cudn sach, phai dpe di dpe lai nhiiu lan.

- Thu thap day du tai lieu tham khao, tim dugc tai lieu cd gia tri cua cac chuyen gia, cac nha khoa hgc cd ten tudi, cua eg quan cd tham quyen vi van de cin thuye't minh.

- Chu y de'n thdi diem xua't ban cua cac tai lieu de cd the cap nhat nhimg thdng tin mdi va nhiing thay ddi thudng cd (vi du : ve sd dan, san lugng hing nam,...).

2. Luyen tap

Tra ldi cac cau hdi sau day de kiem tra tinh chuan xac cua van ban thuyet minh: a) Trong mpt bai thuye't minh vi chuong trinh hpe, cd ngudi viet: "6 ldp 10 Trung hpe phd thdng, hpe sinh chi dugc hpe van hpe dan gian (ca dao, tuc ngii, cau do)". Viet nhu the cd chuan xac khdng ? Vi sao ?

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b) Trong cau sau cd diem nao chua chuan xac : Goi "Dqi edo binh Ngo" Id dng thien co hung vdn vi do la bdi vdn hiing trdng da duac viet ra tii nghin ndm trudc. c) Cd nen sii dung van ban dudi day de thuyet minh ve nha tho Nguyin Binh Khiem khdng ? Neu khdng thi vi li do gi ?

Nguyin Binh Khiem (1491 -1585) Id mot trong nhitng ong trqng noi tieng nhdt cua khoa cu Viet Nam. Ong Id ngucri ldng Trung Am, huyen Vinh Lqi, tinh Hdi Duang, nay la xd Li Hoc, huyen Vinh Bdo, Hdi Phong. Ndm 1535, thai Mqc Ddng Doanh, ong dd ddu cd ba ki thi. Nhung ong chi ldm quan vai nhd Mqc co 7 ndm, vd sau khi ddng sa xin chem 18 ten quyen thdn md khong duac, ong xin tri sl a que nhd. O qui, ong md truang dqy hoc ben song Hdn tiec song Tuy^t - hen khi mdt, hoc trd ton ong ldm Tuyet Giang Phu Tii. Mac ddu ong dd ve tri sl, nhd Mqc vdn kinh trong vd vdn hoi ong ve viec nuoc. Khi dng sdp mdt, nhd Mqc c6 phong cho ong tude Trinh Quoc cong. Vi the, nguai ddi sau goi ong Id Trqng Trinh.

Tren co sd tra ldi nhiing cau hdi da neu, hay cho bie't: Mpt van ban thuyet minh chuan xac can dap iing nhiing yeu ciu nao ?

II - TiNH HAP D A N C U A V A N BAN THUYET MINH 1. Tinh hd'p din vd mfit stf bien phdp tao tinh hd'p ddn ciia vdn bdn thuyd't minh van ban thuyet minh khdng hap din (nghla la khdng cd siic ldi cudn, thu hut su chu y) ngudi ta se khdng doc. Va mdt khi ngudi ta khdng dpe, thi van ban thuyet minh ciing khdng cd<tac dung gi. Vay tinh hap din ciing vd cung quan trpng.

Cd the ke mpt so bi^n phap lam cho van bin thuye't minh hap din : - Dua ra nhimg chi tie't cu the, sinh dpng, nhiing con sd chinh xac de bai van khdng trim tupng, mo hd.

- So sanh de lam ndi bat su khae biet, khic sau vao tri nhd ngudi dpe (dgudi nghe).

- Ket hgp va sd dung cac kieu cau lam cho bai van thuyet minh bie'n hoa linh hoat, khdng don di$u.

- Khi can, nen phdi hpp nhieu loai kien thiic de ddi tupng can thuyet minh (mdt thing cinh, mpt di tich, mpt su vat,...) dugc soi rpi tir nhiiu mat.

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2. Luyen tap (1) Hay dpe doan van sau day va thuc hien yeu ciu neu d dudi.

Ne'u bi tude di mdi trucmg kich thich, bo ndo cda dua tre se phdi chiu dung kim hdm. Vi du, cdc nhd nghien cuu tqi Trudng Dqi hoc Ykhoa Bai-lo dd phdt hien ra rdng nhitng diia tre it dugc choi diia hoqc it duac tiep xuc se co bo ndo be hon binh thudng 20 - 30% so vai lua tuoi cua chung. Cdc vdt nuoi a trong phdng thi nghiem cung cho thdy dieu xdy ra tuang tu. Cdc nhd nghien cdu tqi Trudmg Dqi hoc I-li-noi 6 Ur-ba-na Sam-pa dd phdt hien ra rdng nhitng con chuot con duac nuoi trong cui CO rdi do choi khong nhiing bieu hien su dng xu phuc tqp hon nhiing con chuot nhdt trong nhiing hop rdng khong co gi hdp ddn, md bo ndo cua nhting con chuot ndy cdn co so tiep diem thdn kinh cho moi na-ron nhiiu han (tdi 25%) so vdi nhiing con chuot kia. Noi cdch khdc, cdng trdi qua nhieu kinh nghiem cdng ldm cho bo ndo gidu hon. / ^

fVu Dinh Cu (Chu bien), Gido due huong toi theki XX]

Phan tieh bien phap lam cho luan diem Neu bi tuac di moi trudng kich thich, bo ndo cua dua tre se phdi chiu dung kim hdm trd nen cu the, d i hieu, hap din.

(2) Hay dpe doan trich sau day va phan tich tac dung tao hiing thu cua viec ke lai truyin thuye't ve hdn dao An Ma : Ho Ba Be tie Idu dd noi tieng la danh lam thdng cdnh bdc nhdt a Viet Nam...

Chuyen kerdng: Ngdy xua ngdy xua, dd Idu ldm rdi, cd khu vuc hd Ba Be ngdy nay la mot vting trti phu... Rdi bdng mot dem trdi ndi con thinh no, mua do dm dm, nuoc sdng ddng len, mat ddt nut ne vd sup xudng ldm cho cd vung ddn cu diu bi cudn theo ddng nuoc. Duy chi cd mot ngudi ddn bd sdng cd dan, hiin ldnh, chdn that Id thodt nqn, vi bd dd dugc bdo truac trdn hdng thuy sexdy ra. Theo lai dan, bd god dd lay tro rdc quanh nhd vd lay hqt thdc bd tien delqi cdn ddi thd xudng hd, vd thdc bien thdnh nhting chiec thuyen decieu ngudi gap nqn. Cd vung thung liing tru phu dd tra thdnh bien nuae menh mdng. Chi cdn mdt mdnh ddt nhd nhoi Id khu nhd ciia ngudi ddn bd sd'ng hiin ldnh due do, ngudi ta goi dd Id Pd Gid Mdi (ddo bd god)... Mdnh ddt cudi ciing cdn sdt lqi ndm giua hd Hai ddt dai mdu ma Id nai an nghi cua nhiing ngudi xdu sd trong trdn hdng thuy ndm xua. Nhdn ddn trong vung dd lap mdt din thd d ddo ndyde tuang nho den nhiing nguai dd khudt.

Vl vdy hdn ddo cd ten Id An Mq (nai an nghi cua ddn ldng).

Dd Id truyin thuyet gdn liin vai su hinh thdnh hd Ba Be theo cdch li gidi .

— cua ngudi xua.

(TIzeoBmVanDirjh, BaBe- huyen thoai va su that) 26

GHI NHO. Van ban thuyet minh can phai chuan xac. Oe dam bao yeu cau nay, nhung tri thuc trong van ban phai cd tinh khach quan, khoa hgc, dang tin cay. Cd the mdi thuc su cd ich cho ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe.

Van ban thuye't minh can phai ha'p d i n de thu hut su chu y theo doi ciia ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe. Mud'n the can su dung nhieu hinh tugng sinh dgng, nhieu so sanh cu the, va cau van phai bien hoa linh hoat. Nhung su tich, nhCrng truyen thuyet thich hgp cung lam cho van ban thuye't minh them ha'p d i n va sau sic.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

Dgc doan trich sau va phan tieh tinh hap din cua nd. /.../ That the, phd ddi vdi mdt hqngngudi, khdng cdn la mot mdn dn ntia, md Id mdt thli nghien, nhu nghien nudc trd tuai...

Ngay tit a ddng xa, mui phd cdng dd cd mdt sue huyin bi quyen ru ta nhu mdy khdi chua Huong ddy budc chdn ta, thuc bdeh ta phdi treo len dinh nui devdo chda trong, rdi lqi ra chua ngodi. Ta tien lqi gdn mdt ciia hdng bdn phd: that Id cd mdt bdi tri nen tha.

Qua ldn cua kinh ta dd thdy gi ? Mdt bd hdnh hoa xanh nhu Id mq, ddm qud dt dd budc vdo mdt cdi ddy, vdi mieng thit bd tuai vd mim, chin cd, tdi cd, sun cd, ma gdu cd, ve cting cd,... Nguai bdn hdng ddng thdi bdnh, thdi thit ludn tay, thinh thodng lqi md ndp mdt cdi thung sdt ra delay nudc dung chan vdo bdt. Mdt ldn khdi tod ra khdp gian hdng, bao phu nhiing nguai ngdi dn d chung quanh trong mdt ldn suong mong, ma hd nhu mdt buc tranh tdu ve nhiing dng tien ngdi ddnh cd a trong rieng mua thu.

Trdng md them qud '.Nhdt Id vi miia ret, cd gid bdc thdi hiu hiu, md thdy ngudi ta dn phd nhu the, thi chinh minh dimg d ngodi cUng thdy dm dp, ngon ldnh.

Cd ai lqi dung vdo dn cho duac. [...] ^__ {Theo Vu Bang, Mieng ngon Hd Noi)

(Khi phan tich, nen luu y mdt sd diem : - Sir linh boat trong viec sir dung cac kieu cau.

- Viec dung tir ngir giau tinh hinh tupng.

- Sir ket hpp nhieu giac quan va hen tudng khi quan sat.

- Cach bdc Id true tiep cam xuc khi ndi ve ddi tugng.)

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TUA'^' ''TRiCH D l i M THl''^ TAP"

HOANGDUC LUONG

K^T QUA CAN

OAT

• Hieu dugc niem tu hao sau sic va y thuc trach nhiem ciia Hoang Due Luang trong viec bao tdn di san van hgc ciia tien nhan, tu dd cd.thai do tran trgng va yeu quy di san van hgc dSn tdc.

• N i m duoc nghe thuat lap luan ciia tac gia. ^

TIEUDAN Trich diim thi tap (Tuyen tap nhimg bai tho hay) do Hoang Diic Luang (chua ro nam sinh va nam mat) sim tam, tuyen chpn, bien soan. Hoang Diic Luang nguyen quin d'huyen van Giang (tinh Hung Yen), tni quan a huyen Gia Lam (Ha Npi), thi d6 Tien sT nam Mau Tuat (1478). Khong ro ong soan Trich diim thi tap tir khi nao, chi bie't bai tua tap tha dugc ong viet nam 1497. d the ki XV, sau khi chien thang quan Minh xam lugc, nhieu nha van hod nudc ta da tien hanh suu tam tdc pham van tho cua tri thiic Viet Nam tir cac thdi ki truoc. Trich diim thi tap la mpt trong sd cac bp suu tap ay. Tuyen tap nay bao gom tha cua cac nha tha ttr thdi Tran den thai Le the ki XV (cudi tap la tha cua Hoang Diic Luang). Viec bien soan Trich diim thi tap nim trong trao luu chung cua thai dai phuc hung dan tpc d the ki XV.

VAN BAN Tho van khdng luu truyen het d ddi la vi nhieu li do : Ddi vdi tho van, cd nhan vi nhu khoai cha^^', vi nhu gam vdc; khoai cha la vi rat ngon tren ddi, gam vdc la mau rat dep tren ddi, pham ngudi cd mieng, cd mit.

(1) Tua (nguyen van la tu): bai viet dat ddau sach do tac gia hoac nguai khae dupe tac gia moi viet.

Bai tua thudng neu nhung quan diem cua nguai vi^t vl nhieu v^n dl lien quan den cudn sach nhu li do va phuang phap Iam sach, dac di^m ciia sach. Thdi xua, khi phe binh van hpe chua phat trien thi cac bai tua thudng thuc hien chiic nang phe binh nky.

(2) Diim thi: {diim : dep, thi: tho) tha hay.

(3) Khodi: goi; chd : thit nudng. Day la nhimg mdn an ngon.

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ai cung quy trgng ma khdng viit bd khinh thudng. Den nhu van tho, thi lai la sic dep ngoai ca sac dep, vi ngon ngoai ca vi ngon, khdng the dem m i t tam thudng ma xem, mieng t i m thudng ma nem dugc. Chi thi nhan la cd the xem ma bie't dugc sic dep, dn ma bie't dugc vi ngon ay thdi. Day la li do thu nhat lam cho tho van khdng luu truyen het d tren ddi.

Nudc ta tir nha Li, nha Trin dung nude den nay, vin cd tie'ng la nudc van hien, nhirng bae thi nhan, tai tii diu dem sd trudng'^' cua minh thd Id ra ldi ndi, le nao khdng cd ngudi hay ? Nhung bae danh nho lam quan to d trong quan, cac'^^ hoae vi ban viec khdng rdi thi gid de bien tap, cdn vien quan nhan tan chiic thap cung nhiing ngudi phai lan dan ve khoa trudng'^^ thi deu khdng de y den. Day la li do thli hai lam cho tho van khdng luu truyin het d tren ddi.

Thinh thoang, cung cd ngudi thich tho van, nhung lai ngai vi cdng viec nang ne, tai luc kem cdi, nen deu lam dugc nira chimg rdi lai bd dd. Day la li do thii ba lam cho fho van khdng luu truyin het d tren ddi.

Sach vd vi ddi LI - T r a n p h i n nhiiu chi thay cdng viec nha chua la duge luu hanh, nhu the dau phai vi long tdn sung Nho hpe khdng sau sic b i n g tdn sung Phat hpe, ma chi vi nha chua khdng ngan cam, cho nen sach dugc khic vao van de truyin mai lai ddi sau, cdn nhu tha van, neu chua dugc lenh vua, khdng dam khic van luu hanh. Day la 11 do thii tu lam cho thg van khdng luu truyin het d tren ddi.

Vi bd'n ll do ke tren bd budc, trai qua may triiu dai lau dai, diu den nhiing vat ben nhu da, nhu vang, lai dugc quy thin phu hp, ciing cdn tan nat trdi chim.

Huong chi ban thao sdt lai, td giay mdng manh de trong cai nip^^^ cai hdm, trai qua may lin binh lira, thi cdn giir mai the nao dugc ma khdng rach nat tan tanh ?

Diic Luong nay hpe lam tha, chi trdng vao tho bach gia'^^ ddi nha Dudng, cdn nhu tho van thdi Li - Trin, thi khdng khao ciiu vao dau dugc. Mdi khi nhat nhanh d giay tan, vach nat dugc mpt vai cau, thudng cam sach than thd, cd y do ldi bay cho hien nhan quan tii'^' luc bay gid. Than di! Mpt nudc van hien, xay dung da may tram nam, chang le khdng cd quyen sach nao cd the lam can ban, ma phai tim xa xdi de hpe tho van ddi nha Dudng. Nhu the cha dang thuong xdt lim sao !

(1) Sa truang: diem manh, diem gioi, su thanh thao.

(2) Qudn, cdc: qudn : mpt loai eong sd nhu Quoc sii qudn, sau ddi la Quoc su vien ; cdc: mot loai cong sd khae nhu Dong cdc, nai soan cong van, giay td cho vua, ddng thdi la noi giang sach cho cac vi vua edn tre va con em vua ehiia. .(3) Ve khoa trudng: vl viee thi cu.

(4) Nip: dung eu dan bang tre, mia,... dung de dung do vat.

(5) Tha bach gia: tho eua trSm nha, y ndi tho cua nhilu nha tha.

(6) Hien nhdn qudn tu: a day chi nhung ngudi tri thuc ed dao diic.

29

Tdi khdng tu lupng siic minh, mudn sira lai dieu ldi cu, quen ring sach cii khdng cdn bao nhieu, trach nhiem nang n i ma tai hen sue mpn, tim quanh hdi khip nhung sd tho thu lutrni dugc cung ehi la mdt hai p h i n trong sd mudn nghin bai. Tdi cdn thu lugm them thg eua cac vi hien dang iam quan trong triiu, chpn lay bai hay, chia xe'p theo timg loai, dugc 6 quyen, dat ten sach la Trich diim.

6 cudi cac quyen ay, man phep phu them nhiing bai vung vi do tdi viet, edt de lam sach day trong gia dinh. Rdi nhiing ngudi thich binh pham tho ca se dem truyin rdng, may ra tranh dugc ldi che trach cua ngudi ddi sau, chang khae gi hien nay ta che trach ngudi xua vay.

Nien hieu Hong Due nam thii hai muoi tam, miia xuan, Hoang Diic Luang ngudi Gia Lam, dd Tien si Hoa lang, chiic tham nghi viet Bdi tua nay.

PHAM TRONG DIEM dich {Kien vdn tieu luc, NXB Khoa hpe xa hpi. Ha Npi, 197 Cd bd sung them ban dich cua Tran Van Giap)

HUlOrNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Theo Hoang Due Luong, ed nhung nguyen nhan nao khie'n sang tac tho van cua ngudi xua khdng dugc luu truyin day du cho ddi sau ? Cho bie't nghi thuat lap luan eua tac gia.

2. Hoang Diie Luong da lam gi de suu t i m tho van cua tiin nhan ?

3. Dieu gi thdi thue Hoang Due Luong vugt khd khan de bien soan tuyen tap thg nay ? Anh (ehi) ed cam nghi gi ve cdng viee suu tim, bien soan thg van cua dng ?

4. Anh (ehi) eho bie't, trude Trich diim thi tap da cd y kie'n nao ndi vi van hien dan tdc. ^

GHI NHO

.

B i n g mdt nghe thuat lap luan chat che, Idi le thiet tha, Trich didm thi tap the hien niem t u hao, su tran trpng va y thuc bao tdn di san van hgc dan tgc.

LUYEN TAP Tim cac din chiing chiing td cae nha van, nha tho thdi xua rat tu hao vi n i n 1 van hien dan toe [Gai y: dpe lai p h i n mdt cua tac pham Dqi edo binh Ngd).

30

DocTHEM^ HIEN T A I ' LA NGUYEN KHI LCQJ CUA QUOC G I A (Jnch Bdi kidi danh tiensP^ khoaNhdm

(2)

THAN NHAN TRUNG

Tuat, nien hieuDqiBdo thuba^'^^)

TIEU DAN Than Nhan Trung (1418-1499), tu la Hau Phu, ngudi lang Yen Ninh, huyen Yen Dung (Bdc Giang).

Ong dd Tie'n sT nam 1469, la ngudi ndi tieng van chuang, dup€ Le Thanh Tdng tin dimg, thudng cho vao hau van biit. Khi thanh lap hpi Tao dan, Le Thanh Tdng ban cho dng va Do Nhuan (1446 - ?) la Tao dan phd nguyen suy.

De phat trien giao due, khuye'n khich nhan tai, tir nam 1439 tra di, nha nudc phong kie'n trieu Le dat ra le xudng danh, yet bang, ban mu ao, cap ngua, dai yen va vinh quy bai to cho nhiing ngudi dd dat cao.

Bai Dqi Bdo tam nien Nhdm Tudt khoa tien si de danh ki - Bai ki de danh tie'n sT khoa Nham Tuat, nien hieu Dai Bao thu ba (1442) - do Than Nhan Trung soan nam 1484 thdi Hong Diic. Day la mpt trong 82 bai van bia d Van Mieu (Ha Npi).

Bia Tien si. Van Mieu, Ha Ndi

VAN BAN Tdi d i u ndng can viing v i , n h u n g dau d a m tir ehdi, xin kinh can c h i p tay cui d i u m a lam bai ki r i n g : "Hiin tai la nguyen khi cua qud'c gia", nguyen khi thinh thi the n u d c m a n h , rdi len cao, nguyen khi suy thi the n u d c ye'u, rdi xudng thap. Vi vay cac dang t h a n h de minh vuong'^' chang ai khdng lay viec bdi dudng n h a n tai, ken chpn ke si, vun trdng nguyen khi iam viec d i u tien. Ke si q u a n he vdi qud'c gia trpng dai n h u the, cho n e n quy chudng ke si khdng biet the nao la cung. Da yeu m e n eho khoa danh'^', lai de cao b i n g tude trat''''. Ban an rat ldn m a v i n eho la chua du.

(1) Hien tdi: ngudi tai cao, hoc rdng va cd dao diic.

(2) Nguyen khi: khi cha't ban dau lam nen su sd'ng edn va phat trien cua su vat.

(3) De danh tien si: ghi hp ten ngudi dd tien si.

(4) Dqi Bdo : nien hieu vua Le Thai Tdng nhung nam 1440 - 1442. Dqi Bdo thd ba : nam 1442.

(5) Thdnh deminh vuong: vua tai nang, chiia sang sudt.

(6) Khoa danh : danh tieng cua ngudi thi dd.

(7) Tuac trat: chiic tude va cap bae.

31

Lai neu ten d thap Nhan'^', ban cho danh hieu Long hd'^', bay tiec Van hi'^'.

Triiu dinh mimg dugc ngudi tai, khdng cd viec gi khdng lam den miic cao nhat.

Nay thanh minh lai cho ring, chuyen hay viec tdt tuy cd mdt thdi limg liy, nhung ldi khen tieng thom chua du luu ve sang lau dai, cho nen lai dimg da de danh dat d cira Hiin Quan'"*', khie'n cho ke si trdng vao ma pha'n chan ham mp, ren luyen danh tiet, gIng sue giup vua. Ha chi la chudng van sudng, ham tie'ng hao ma thdi dau.

01, ke si chdn trudng dc'^' leu tranh, phan that nhd mpn ma dugc trieu dinh di cao rat muc nhu the, thi hp phai lam the nao de tu trpng tam than ma ra siic bao dap ?

Hay dem hp ten nhirng ngudi do khoa nay ma diem lai. Cd nhiiu ngudi da dem van hpe, chinh su ra td diem cho canh tri binh sudt may chuc nam, dugc qude gia tin dung. Ciing khdng phai khdng cd nhiing ke vi nhan hdi Ip ma hu hdng, hoac roi vao hang ngu bpn gian ac, cd le \d luc sd'ng hp chua dugc nhin tam bia nay. Vi thu hdi dd dugc mit thay thi ldng thien tran diy, y xau bi ngan chan, dau cdn dam nay sinh nhu vay dugc ? The thi viec dung tam bia da nay Ich lpi rat nhiiu : ke ac lay dd lam ran, ngudi thien theo dd ma gIng, din vi^e dl vang, chi ldi tuong lai, vira de ren giua danh tieng cho si phu, vira de cung cd menh mach'^' cho nha nudc. Thanh thin'^' dat ra dau phai la vd dung. Ai xem bia nen hieu y sau nay". {Theo ban dich cua Vien Sir hoc, ed tham khao ban dich ciia NGUYEN VAN TO, Vdn bia Hd Noi, t^p I, NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1978)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Hiin tai cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi da't nudc nhu the nao ?

2. Y nghla, tac dung cua viec khic bia ghi ten tien si ddi vdi duong thdi va cac the he sau ?

3. Theo anh (ehi), bai hpe lich sir nit ra tir viec khic bia ghi ten tie'n si la gi ?

4. Lap mdt so dd ve ket ca'u cua bai van bia ndi tren.

(1) Thdp Nhqn : ten mdt ngpn thap d Trung Hoa, tir dau the ki VIII, nha Dudng diing de khae ten nhung ngudi dd tien si.

(2) Long hd: nhiing ngirdi dd tien si duoc ghi ten d bang Long ho. Ban cho danh hieu Long hd: ban cho dd tien sT. (3) Tiec Vdn hi: tiec mimg ngudi mdi thi dd tie'n si.

(4) COa Hien Quan : b day chi trudng Qud'c Tii Giim.

(5) Trudng dc: noi hpe hanh, thi eu.

(6) Menh mqch : tinh menh va huyet m^ch, hai diii trpng yeu nhai cua con ngudi ; d day, menh mqch duoc dCing de chi van menh dat nudc.

(7) Thdnh thdn : a day chi Le Thanh Tdng.

32

KHAI QUAT LiCH SU TIENG VllT KET QUA CAN OAT • N i m dugc mdt each khai quat nguon gdc, cac mdi quan he hg hang, quan he tiep xuc, tien tnnh phat trien cua tieng Viet va he thdng c h u vie't cua tieng Viet.

• Thay rd lich su phat trien cua tie'ng Viet gan bd vdi Ijch su phat trien ciia dat nudc, cua dan tgc.

• Bdi dudng tinh cam quy trgng tie'ng Viet - tai san lau ddi va vd ciing quy bau ciia dan tdc.

I - LjCH sur PHAT TRIEN CUA TIENG VIET Tie'ng Viet Id tieng ndi cua dan tdc Viet - dan tdc chiem da sd trong dai gia dinh 54 dan tdc anh em tren dat nude Viet Nam, ddng thdi la ngdn ngii dugc dung chinh thiic trong cdc Hnh vuc hanh chinh, ngoai giao, giao due,... Tieng Viet cung dugc cac dan tdc anh em sii dung nhu ngdn ngu chung trong giao tiep xa hdi.

1. Tieng Viet trong thei ki dimg nudc Tieng Viet cd lich su phat trien lau ddi. Cung vdi nin van minh lua nudc cd ngudn gdc tir xa xua, phat trien them mdt budc dudi thdi Van Lang - Au Lac, tieng Viet duong thdi chic ban da cd mdt kho tir vung phong phu va nhiing hinh thuc diin dat uyen chuyen, dap iing yeu ciu giao tiep xa hdi ma dau vet md nhat edn cd the thay dugc qua nhirng thien truyen thuyet ed xua dugc luu truyin rdng rai de'n tan ngay nay n h u : Bdnh chimg, bdnh gidy; Thdnh Gidng,...

Vi gidi nghien eiiu chua tim dugc nhirng chiing tich chir viet rd rang nen dien mao tieng Viet thdi ki nay chimed the tim hieu mdt each khai quat qua mdt sd van di ehu yeu n h u : ngudn gde, quan he hg hang, tie'p xuc vdi ngdn ngu van tu Han d thdi ki dau. a) Ngudn gdc tieng Viet Nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu gin day cua nhiiu nha Viet ngir hpe da chiing minh tieng Viet ed ngudn gdc ban dia: Ngudn gdc va tien trinh phat trien cua tieng Viet gin bd vol ngudn gd'c va tien trinh phat trien eua dan tdc Viet - cdng ddng ngudi da cd nhirng ddng gdp to ldn vao edng cudc kie'n tao nen van minh lua nudc tren dia ban Ddng Nam A tien sir, dac biet la d vung ddng bing Bic Bd va Bic Trung Bp hien hay. Tieng Viet dugc xac dinh thudc hg ngdn ngii Nam A. 3-NV10/2A

^^

b) Quan he ho hdng cua tieng Viet Trong nhiiu thien nien ki, qua su tiep xuc vdi nhiiu ngdn ngii thudc cac hp ngdn ngii khae, hp ngdn ngir Nam A da phan chia thanh mdt sd ddng, trong dd co ddng Mdn - Khmer phan bd d viing cao nguyen Nam Ddng Duong va miin phu can vimg nui Bic Ddng Duong. Hai ngdn ngir Mdn va Khmer dugc lay lam ten gpi cho ddng vi dd la hai ngdn ngir sdm cd chir vie't; nhiing dan tpc ndi hai ngdn ngir nay da .xay dung nen nhiing n i n van hoa kha phat trien. Tir ddng Mdn - Khmer da tach ra tieng Viet Mudng chung (tieng Viet cd) va cud'i eung tach ra thanh tieng Viet va tieng Mudng. Qua trinh nay de lai nhieu dau vet cd the khao sat dugc qua viec ddi chie'u tieng Viet vdi tieng Mudng, tieng Khmer va vdi mdt sd ngdn ngir Mdn - Khmer khae nhu tieng Ba-na, tieng Co-tu,... Trong tieng Viet hien dai, nhiing tir nhu chim, sdng, cd, chdn, tay,... da duoc chung minh la cd ngudn gdc Mdn - Khmer. Ddi chieu tieng Viet vdi tieng Mudng, cd the tim thay sir tuong iing ve ngii am, ngu nghla cua nhiiu tir. VI du : Viet

Mudng

ngdy

ngdi

mua

mua

trong

tiong

Theo cac nha nghien ciiu, tieng Viet thdi xua chua cd thanh dieu ; trong he thdng am diu, ngoai phu am don cdn ed phu am kep nhu tl, kl, pi,... trong he thdng am eudi cdn cd cac am nhu -I, -h, -s,... Ve mat ngir phap, tir dugc han dinh dat trudc, tir ban dinh dat sau (vi du n h u : cdy cao, hoa dep, cd xanh,...). Dd la mpt net rieng biet cua tieng Viet khi dem so sanh vdi tieng Han - mpt thii tieng co quan he giao luu tie'p xue kha sau rdng vdi tie'ng Viet qua hang ngan nam lich su.

Van d i ngudn gdc tieng Viet va dien mao tie'ng Viet d thdi ki d i u hien dang dugc gidi nghien eiiu trong va ngoai nudc tie'p tuc di sau tim hieu. Tuy nhien, co the khing dinh r i n g : Ngay tir thdi dimg nudc, trong qua trinh giao hoa vdi nhiiu ddng ngdn ngir trong viing, tieng Viet vdi cdi ngudn Nam A da sdm tao dung dugc mgt CO sd viing chic de cd the tiep tuc tdn tai va phat trien trudc sir xam nhap d at cua ngdn ngii van tu Han d nhiing the ki diu Cdng nguyen.

2. Tieng Viet trong thoi k\ Bae thuoc va chong Bae thuoc Nhu da trinh bay d p h i n tren, trong qua trinh phat trien, tieng Viet da cd quan he tiep xuc vdi nhieu ngdn ngir khae trong khu vuc. VI dtJ nhu vdi tie'ng Thai chang ban, nhiing tir nhu ddng, rdy, budc, ngdt, ngon,... da duge chirng minh la cd su gid'ng nhau d muc dp nha't dinh vi ngii dm va ngii nghla vdi nhimg tir tuong iing trong tieng Thai.

^^

3-NV10/2B

Tuy nhien, do hoan canh lich su, su tiep xuc giira tie'ng Viet va tie'ng Han da diin ra lau dai nha't va sau rdng nha't. Thdi Bic thudc, tieng Han theo nhiiu nga dudng da truyen vao Viet Nam. Vdi chinh sach ddng hoa cua phong kie'n phucmg Bic, tieng Viet bi chen ep nang ne. Nhung, thdi gian gin mdt nghin nam Bic thudc va chd'ng Bic thudc, xet rieng ve niat ngdn ngii, cung la thdi gian dau tranh de bao tdn va phat trien tie'ng ndi cua dan tdc.

Tieng Viet, vdi ngudn gdc Nam A, cd nhieu dac tnmg khae tieng Han vdn khdng eung ngudn gdc va khdng cd quan he hp hang. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh tiep xuc, de tiep tuc phat trien manh me, tie'ng Viet da vay mupn rat nhiiu tir ngii Han. Chieu hudng chu dap cua viec vay mugn nay la Viet hoa, trudc het la vi mat am dgc, sau dd la vi mat y nghla va pham vi sir dung. Vdi hudng Viet hoa mat am dpe cua chii Han, d i n dan qua nhiiu the ki, ngudi Viet da xac lap dugc each dgc chii Han rieng biet, ggi la each dgc Han Viet (hoac am Han Viet cua chii Han). Vdi each dpe nay, ve nguyen tic, cd the mupn bat cu tir Han nao thay cin thie't, khdng gap khd khan ve mat cau am, phat am. Nhu vay, cd the vay mugn trgn ven nhiing tir ngir Han, chi Viet hoa vi am dpe, cdn y nghia va ke't ca'u thi vin giii nguyen n h u : tdm, tdi, due, menh, ddc lap, tudo, gia dinh, hqnh phuc,... Day la phuang thiic vay mupn phd bie'n nhat; ngoai ra, tir ngir Han cung dugc vay mugn bing nhiiu each khae nhu: rut ggn, dao lai vi tri cae yeu td, ddi yeu td (trong cac tir ghep), ddi nghla hoac thu hep, md rpng nghla,...

Dac biet, nhiiu tir ngir Han dugc Viet hoa dudi hinh thuc sao phdng, dich nghla ra tieng Viet. Vi du: dan tdm thanh ldng son, cuu trung thanh chin ldn, chin tdng; hdng nhan thanh md hdng; thanh thien thanh trdi xanh ; thanh su thanh sd xanh,... Nhiiu tir ngii Han da chuyen ddi sic thai tu tir khi dung trong tieng Viet. Vl du : tir thu. doqn, trong tieng Han vdn khdng ed nghla xau, nhung vi sau lai cd nghla xau trong tie'ng Viet.

Nhieu tir Han da dugc dung nhu yeu td' tao tir de tao ra nhiiu tir ghep chi thdng dung trong tie'ng Viet.

Vidu: Sl dien

(Han + Han)

hao gdm

(Han + Viet)

sdng ddng

(Viet + Han)

Trong thdi ki Bic thudc, tie'ng Viet da phat trien manh me, mgt p h i n la nhd nhiing each thiic vay mupn theo hudng Viet hoa ndi tren. Nhiing each thuc Viet hoa dd da lam phong phu cho tie'ng Viet ca d nhiing thdi ki sau nay va cho den tan ngay nay.

35

3. Tieng Viet dudii thdi l(i doc lap tu chii

Bit dau tir the ki XI, cimg vdi viec xay dung va cung cd them mdt budc nha nudc phong kien ddc lap d nudc ta, Nho hgc dan dan dugc di cao va giii vi tri dpe tdn. Viec hpe ngdn ngii - van tu Han dugc cac trieu dai Viet Nam chu ddng day manh. Mdt nin van chuong chii Han mang sic thai Viet Nam hinh thanh va phat trien. Diiu can chu y la, nhiing sir viec ke tren, nhin chung, tren thuc te da khdng ngan chan su trudng thanh va phat trien cua tieng Viet. Trai lai, chinh nhd nhimg boat ddng ngdn ngii - van hoa dugc day manh, trong dd cd viec vay mugn tir ngir Han theo hudng Viet hoa, tieng Viet ngay cang them phong phu, tinh te, uyen chuyen. Dua vao viec vay mugn mdt sd yeu td van tu Han, mdt he thdng chir viet da dugc xay dung nhim ghi lai tie'ng Viet. Dd la chii Ndm. Nhd'cd chii Ndm, ngay nay chiing ta cd the thay dugc kha cu the dien mao cua tieng Viet van hoc, mupn nha't la tir the kl XIII trd di.

Vdi chii Ndm, tieng Viet ngay cang khang dinh nhiing uu the cua minh trong sang tac tho van, ngay cang trd nen tinh te, trong sang, uyen chuyen, phong phti.

Cd the thay rd dieu nay qua nhiing vin tha tuyet dieu, diy mau sic, am thanh, hinh anh, ham chua nhiing tinh cam ldn lao, sau sic, vi du nhu: Ngdi dau cdu nudc trong nhu loc, Dudng ben cdu cd moc cdn non.

Dua chdng long ddc ddc budn, Bd khdn bdng ngua, thuy khdn bdng thuyin. {Chinh phu ngdm, ban dich)

Hoac nhu: Long lanh ddy nuoc in trdi, Thdnh xdy khdi biec non phai bdng vdng.

(Nguygn Du, Truyen Kieu)

Tieng Viet d thdi ki sau nay da rat gin vdi tieng Viet thdi hien dai.

4. Tieng Viet trong thdi ki Phap thuoc

Dudi thdi Phap thudc, mac dii chti Han mat dia vi chinh thd'ng, nhung tieng Viet vin tiep tuc hi chen ep. Ngdn ngii hanh chinh, ngoai giao, giao due luc nay la tie'ng Phap. Nhung cung vdi su thdng dung ciia chii qud'c ngii va viee tiep nhan nhiing anh hudng tieh cue ciia ngdn ngii - van hoa phuong Tay (chii yeu la ngdn ngii - van hoa Phap), van xudi tie'ng Viet hien dai da nhanh chdng hinh thanh va phat trien. Bao chi, sach vd tie'ng Viet (chu qude ngii) ra ddi va ngay cang nhieu.

Nhimg cau van vie't theo kieu bien ngiu hoac gd bd trong nhirng khudn khd chat 36

hep da dugc md rdng ra, trd nen ranh mach, trong sang hon. Nhiiu the loai mdi nhu van xudi nghi luan chinh tri - xa hdi, van xudi phd bie'n khoa hgc - kl thuat, tieu thuyet, kich da xuat hien va dan d i n chie'm Hnh nhiing vi tri ma trudc day vin la vi tri cua van xudi chir Han va thg phu cd dien. Nhiiu tir ngu, thuat ngu mdi da duge Sli dung, tuy chu ye'u vin la tir Han Viet (nhu chinh ddng, giai cap, kinh te, hien thuc, ldng mqn,... bdn kinh, dn sd), hoac tir gdc Phap (nhu sdm, ldp, axit, bada, dxi,...). Tho mdi xua't hien vdi hinh thirc ngdn tir khdng hi rang budc vi sd chii, sd cau, vi bing trie, niem luat, dd'i ngiu,.,. ; tieu thuye't lang man va hien thue nd rg vao khoang nhiing nam 30 cua the ki XX. Nhiing boat ddng sdi ndi cua van chuong, bao chi iam cho tieng Viet cang them phong phu, uyen chuyen.

Tir khi Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong ra ddi va nha't la sau khi ban Di cuang vdn hod Viet Nam dugc cdng bd vao nam 1943, tieng Viet cdn gdp p h i n tich cue vao cdng cupe tuyen truyin each mang, keu gpi toan dan doan ke't da'u tranh tien len gianh ddc lap, tu do cho da't nudc. Cung tir dd, tie'ng Viet ngay cang td rd tinh nang ddng va tiim nang phat trien ddi dao, du sue vuon len dam duong trach nhiem nang ne trong giai doan mdi.

Rieng trong Hnh vuc khoa hgc tu nhien va cdng nghe, tieng Viet cung td rd kha nang thich iing cao. Cd the neu van d i xay dung thuat ngu khoa hpe iam vi du de minh chimg.

Xay dung he thdng thuat ngii khoa hpe la nhiem vu vd cung quan trpng ddi vdi viec nghien eiiu, giang day va phd bie'n khoa hpe bing tieng Viet. Trudc nam 1945, nhiiu nha tri thiic da quan tam den cdng viec nay, vi du nhu : GS. Hoang Xuan Han cdng bd quyen Danh tii khoa hoc nam 1942.

5. Tig'ng Viet tuf sau Cach mang thdng Tdm den nay Sau each mang thang Tam, dac biet la sau khi miin Bic dugc hoan toan giai phdng (nam 1954), cdng cupc xay dung he thdng thuat ngir khoa hpe ndi rieng va chuan hoa tieng Viet ndi chung da dugc tien hanh mpt each manh me hon.

Ke't qua la hiu he't cac nganh khoa hpe - ki thuat hien dai diu da bien soan dugc nhimg tap sach thuat ngii chuyen dimg, chu yeu dua tren ba each thiic sau day: - Phien am thuat ngii khoa hpe cua phuong Tay (chu ye'u la qua tieng Phap).

Vi du : acide —> axit (a-xit), amibe -> amip (a-mip).

- Vay mupn thuat ngii khoa hpe - kl thuat qua tieng Trung Qude (dpe theo am Han Viet). Vi du : sinh quyen, mdi sinh.

- Dat thuat ngii thuin Viet (dich y hoac sao phdng). VI du : vung trdi (thay cho khdngphqn); thieu mdu (thay cho bdn huyet); dm gdc ludi, ndi hoi, mdy thdi Id cao,...

Nhin chung, nhirng thuat ngii khoa hpe hien dang thdng dung trong tieng Viet deu dat dugc tinh chuan xdc, tinh he thd'ng, gian tien, phu hgp vdi tap quan sir dung ngdn ngii cua ngudi Viet Nam. 37

Vdi ban Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap do Chu tich Hd Chi Minh dgc trudc ddng bao ca nudc va nhan dan toan the gidi vao ngay 2 - 9 - 1945, tieng Viet da cd dugc vi tri xiing dang cua minh trong mgt nudc Viet Nam ddc lap, tu do. Chuc nang xa hpi cua tieng Viet dugc md rdng. Nd da thay the hoan toan tieng Phap trong cac Hnh vuc boat ddng cua nha nudc va cua toan dan, ke ca Hnh vue ddi ngoai. Tie'ng Viet dugc dung d mpi bae hpe (tir phd thdng eho tdi dai hpe, va sau nay la tren dai hpe) va d mpi Hnh vuc nghien ciiu khoa hpe tir tha'p tdi eao. Dugc coi nhu ngdn ngii qud'c gia, tieng Viet trd thanh mdt ngdn ngii da chuc nang nhu ngdn ngir cua cac nude tien tien tren the gidi, gdp p h i n tich cue vao nhirng boat ddng rdng ldn, n h i m nang cao dan tri, phat trien van hoa, khoa hpe - kl thuat chung cho ca khdi cdng ddng nhieu dan tdc, giu vai trd quan trpng trong su nghiep xay dung mpt Viet Nam "dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi cdng bing, dan chu, van minh".

GHI NHOLich su tie'ng Viet g i n bdvdi Ijch suhinh thanh va phat trien ciia dan tgc Viet Nam. Tieng Viet thugc hg ngdn ngu Nam A, ddng M d n - Khmer va cd quan he g i n gui vdi tieng Mudng. Qua hang ngan nam phat trien, tie'ng Viet ngay cang trd nen phong phii, tinh te, uyen chuyen, cd day dii kha nang dam duang vai trd ngdn ngir qud'c gia trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nudc.

II-CHUfVIET CUA TIENG VIET Chii viet la cdng cu die luc cho boat ddng ngdn n g i i - van hoa. Chinh vi vay, de dap ling nhiing yeu ciu cua xa hdi tren con dudng phat trien, cac dan tgc diu cd gIng xay dtmg mdt he thdng chii vie't, hoac tu sang tao ra, hoac vay mupn, cai tien chir vie't cua cac ngdn ngir khae, de ghi lai ngdn ngii eua dan tdc minh.

Theo truyen thuyet va da sir, tir thdi xa xua, ngudi Viet cd da cd chii vie't rieng.

Sir sach Trung Qud'c da md ta hinh dang thii ehii viet nay trdng nhu "dan ndng npc dang boi". Vdi trinh dp phat trien eua qud'c gia Van Lang - Au Lac, viec ngudi Viet cd cd the da su dung mpt he thdng chir vie't rieng trong Hnh vuc quan 11, diiu hanh xa hdi la mdt dieu hpp II. Tuy nhien, do nhiiu nguyen nhan, cho de'n nay, chung ta chua tim thay da'u tich rd rang cua thu chii vie't ay. The rdi, eung vdi su du nhap va truyen ba ngdn ngii - van tu Han, chii Ndm da xua't hien. Cha Ndm Id mdt he thdng chti viet ghi dm, dung cha Hdn hodc bd phdn cha Hdn duac cdu tqo lqi de ghi tieng Viet theo nguyen tdc ghi dm tiet, tren casa cdch doc cha Hdn cua ngudi Viet (dm Hdn Viet). Nhd cd chu Ndm, nhiiu chiing tich cua tie'ng Viet cd xua da dugc bao tdn, nhiiu tac pham van hgc cd gia tri da dugc luu truyin. Cd the khang dinh rang ehii Ndm la mpt thanh qua van boa ldn cua dan tdc. Tuy nhien, he thdng chii viet nay cdn cd nhugc diem: khdng the danh vin duge, hgc chii nao biet chir ay ; mudn hpe chu Ndm mdt each thuan lpi thi lai phai cd mdt vdn chii Han nha't dinh.

38

Vao niia d i u the ki XVIl, mdt sd giao si phuong Tay da dua vao bd chu cai La-tinh de xay dung mdt thu chii mdi ghi am tieng Viet, nhim phuc vu cho viec truyen giang dao Thien Chua, sau nay duge ggi la ehii qud'c ngu. Cdng viec nay chic b i n do nhiiu ngudi phuong Tay thudc cac qud'c tich khae nhau cung lam va da phai trai qua mpt qua trinh tim tdi, nghien ciru kha lau dai. Nhiiu the he ngudi Viet Nam eung da gdp p h i n quan trpng vao viec xay dung va hoan thien he thd'ng chii viet mdi me nay.

Chii qud'c ngir d thai ki d i u chua phan anh mpt each khoa hpe co' cau ngii am tieng Viet, cdn chiu nhiiu anh hudng cua each ghi am theo tieng nudc ngoai.

Vl du : de ghi tir sdch trong tieng Viet, ngudi ta da timg viet sayc ; de ghi tir dng nghe, ngudi ta da vie't theo nhieu each khae nhau : ungne, ounghe, ounguch,...

Tuy nhien, nhd cd chii qud'c ngir ciia thdi dd, chung ta eiing da dugc thay mdt sd net cd xua cua tie'ng Viet. Vi du : xua nay bd ngua

vd ngua

bldi nui

trdi nui

mldt chem

nhdt (ldt) chem

mldi

ldi

Trong vdng gin hai the ki tiep theo, chii qude ngir dugc cai tien timg budc va cudi ciing da dat tdi hinh thue dn dinh va hoan thien ngay nay. Chii quoc ngu la thu chii don gian ve hinh the ket eau, su dung cac chii cai La-tinh vdn rat thdng dung tren toan the gidi. 6 chii qud'c ngir, giira chii va am, giiia each viet va each dpe ed sir phu hpp d miic dd kha cao. Dd la uu diem ma mpt sd he thdng chii viet khae khdng cd, tuy cung su dung bd chii cai La-tinh (vl du, vdi chii viet eua tie'ng Anh chang ban, nhieu khi vie't gidng nhau ma dpe khae nhau). Vdi chii qude ngii, chi cin hpe thudc bang chii cai va each ghep vin la cd the dpe duge ta't ca mgi ehii trong tie'ng Viet.

Lue diu, chii qud'c ngii chi la mpt cdng cu truyen giao, dugc dung de ghi chep cdng viec trong nha thd, in kinh bdn giao II. Pham vi sii dung chi ban che trong cac xii dao. Dau thdi ki Phap thugc, mdt sd nha nho da bay td sir ac cam ddi vdi thu ehii cua phuong Tay nay. Tuy nhien, do nhiiu nguyen nhan khae nhau, chu qud'c ngir vin tiep tuc dugc phd bie'n va ngay cang sau rdng. Vao cudi the ki XK da thay xua't hien cac van ban chii qud'c ngii ghi lai cac truyen Ndm nhu Truyen Kiiu, Truyen Luc Vdn Tien,... Mdt sd sach kinh dien Nho hgc dich ra tie'ng Viet nhu Trung dung, Dqi hoc,... eung da duge in bing chti qude ngir. Cung vao thdi ki nay, mgt vai tdc pham viet bing chii qude ngii da duge luu hanh nhu Chuyen dai xua, Chuyen khdi hdi, Chuyen di thdm Bdc Ki ndm At Hgi (1876). Diu the ki XX, chii Han va chir Ndm bi gat bd khdi Hnh vuc hanh chinh, hpe hanh thi cii. Viec sir dung chii qude ngii duge day manh. Trai vdi nhiing si phu ldp trudc, nhiing ngudi 39

yeu nudc trong phong trao Duy tan da thay dugc d chir qude ngii nhiing kha nang to ldn ciia mdt phuong tien md mang dan tri. Tren bao chi tbdi dd da thay xuat hien nhiing vin tho ed ddng cho thu ehii nay: Trudc het phdi hoc ngay qud'c ngu Khdi ddi dudng tieng cha khdc nhau.

Cha ta ta dd thudc Idu Ndi ra nen tieng nen cdu nen ldi...

Ddng Kinh nghia thuc - mpt td chuc van ddng each mang hdi diu the ki XX da ra siic cd dpng cho viec bpe tap va phd bien chii qud'c ngii. Trong tai lieu Vdn minh tdn hoc sdch do td ehirc nay xuat ban, khi neu sau viec cin phai xuc tien de md mang dan tri, viee phd bien rdng rai chu qud'c ngii dugc dua len hang dau.

Trong qua trinh da'u tranh each mang de gianh lai ddc lap, tu do cho dan tpc, Dang ta rat chu y de'n viee phd cap chir qude ngii. Dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang, phong trao "Truyin ba qude ngii" vdi td chiic la Hdi truyin ba qud'c ngii dugc trien khai rgng rai va thu dugc nhieu ke't qua kha quan.

Thang Tam nam 1945, Cach mang Viet Nam gianh dugc thing lpi rue rd. Nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa ra ddi. Td dd, cung vdi tieng Viet, chii qude ngir cung da gianh dugc dia vi xiing dang trong mgi Hnh vuc boat ddng cua dat nudc ta.

GHI NHO

Chu Ndm la mdt thanh qua van hoa Idn lao, bieu hien y thuc ddc lap tu chii cao ciia dan tgc va la.phuang tien sang tao nen mgt nen van hgc chu Ndm . uu tii, nhung do cd nhieu ban che nen da dugc thay the bang chir quoc ngir, mgt he thd'ng chii viet uu viet, cd vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sdng xa bdi va su phat trien ciia da't nudc ta.

Ill - LUYEN TAP 1. Hay tim vi du de minh boa cho cac bien phap Viet boa tir ngii Han dugc vay mupn da neu trong bai.

2. Anh (chi) cho biet cam nhan cua minh vi nhung uu diem cua chii qud'c ngii vdi tu each la cdng cu phu trg cua tieng Viet.

3. Hay tim them vl du de minh hoa cho ba each thiic dat thuat ngir khoa hgc da neu trong bai.

40

H U N G D A O DAI V U O N G

NGO si LIEN

TRAN QU6C TUAN (Trich Dqi Vietsu ki todn thu)

KET QUA CAN DAT Tha'y dugc cai hay, sue hap din ciia mgt tac pham Ijch su nhung dam chat van hgc qua nghe thuat ke chuyen va khic hoa chan dung nhan vat Ijch su.

Cam phuc va tu hao v i tai nang, due do ciia ngudi anh hung dan tgc Tran Qud'c Tuan, ddng thdi hieu dugc nhung bai hgc dao li quy bau ma dng de lai cho ddi sau.

S^

TIEU D A N Ngd Sl Lien, chua rd nam sinh va nam mat, ngudi lang Chiic Li, huyen Chuong Diic, nay thudc xa Chiic Son, huyen Chuang Mi, Ha Ndi. Ong dd Tien si nam 1442 dudi trieu Le Thai Tdng, dugc cu vao Vien Han lam. De'n ddi Le Thanh Tdng, dng giu chiic Hiiu thi lang bp Le, Trieu liet dai phu kiem Tu nghiep Qud'c Tir Giam, Tu soan Qude su quan. Ong da vang lenh Le Thanh Tdng bien soan bd Dqi Viet sic ki todn thu.

Dqi Viet sU ki todn thu la bd chinh su Idn ciia Viet Nam thdi trung dai do Ngd Si Lien bien soan, hoan tat nam 1479, gom 15 quyen, ghi chep lich su tir thdi Hong Bang cho den khi Le Thai To Ien ngdi (nam 1428). Theo ldi tua cua chinh tac gia d dau tap sach tlii Dqi Viet sii: ki todn thu dugc bien soan dua tren ca sd sach Dqi Viet sii ki ciia Le Van Huu a thdi Trln va Sic ki tuc bien cua Phan Phu Tien d dau thdi Hau Le. Tac pham the hien tinh than dan tdc manh me, vira cd gia tri su hoc vira cd gia tri van hpe.

VAN BAN Thang 6, ngay 24, sao sa.

H u n g Dao Dai Vuong dm. Vua ngu tdi n h a tham, hdi r i n g : - Neu cd d i i u c h i n g may m a giac p h u o n g B i c lai sang xam lugc thi ke sach n h u the nao ?

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Vuong tra ldi: - Ngay xua Trieu Vu'^' dung nudc, vua Han cho quan danh, nhan dan lam ke "thanh da"'^', dai quan ra Kham Chau, Liem.Chau ddnh vao Trudng Sa, cdn doan binh thi danh up phia sau. Dd la mdt thdi. Ddi Dinh, Le dung dugc ngudi tai gidi, dat phuong Nam mdi manh ma phuong Bic thi met mdi suy yeu, tren dudi mdt da, ldng dan khdng lia, xay thanh Binh Ld'^' ma pha duge quan Tdng. Dd lai la mdt thdi. Vua Li md nen, nha Tdng xam pham dia gidi, dung Li Thudng Kiet danh Kham, Liem, den tan Mai Llnh'^' la vi cd the. Vira rdi Toa Dd, O Md Nhi bdn mat bao vay, vi vua tdi ddng tam, anh em hoa muc, ca nudc nha gdp siie, giac phai bi bit. Dd la trdi xui nen vay. Dai khai, nd eay trudng tran, ta dua vao doan binh.

Diing doan (binh) che trudng (tran) la su thudng cua binh phap. Neu chi thay quan nd keo de'n nhu liia, nhu gid thi the d i che ngu. Ne'u nd tie'n cham nhu each t i m an, khdng ciu thing chdng, thi phai chpn dimg tudng gidi, xem xet quyin bie'n, nhu danh ed vay, tuy thdi tao the, cd dugc ddi quan mdt long nhu cha con thi mdi dung dugc. Va lai, khoan thu sue dan de lam ke sau r i b i n gdc, dd la thugng sach giii nudc vay.

Qud'c Tuan la con An Sinh Vuong, luc mdi sinh ra, cd mgt thiy tudng xem cho va bao : "Ngudi nay ngay sau cd the giup nudc ciiu ddi". Den khi ldn len, dung mao khdi ngd, thdng minh hon ngudi, dpe rpng cac sach, cd tai van vd. An Sinh Vuong trudc day vdn cd hiim khich vdi Chieu Lang^^', mang long ham hue, tim khip nhdng ngudi tai nghe de day Qude Tuan. Luc sip mat. An Sinh cim tay Qud([; Tuan gidi giang ring : - Con ma khdng vi cha lay dugc thien ha thi eha dudi sudi vang cung khdng n h i m m i t dugc.

Qud'c Tuan ghi de diiu dd trong ldng, nhung khdng cho la phai.

Den khi van nudc d trong tay, quyin quan quyin nudc deu do d minh, dng dem ldi eha dan ndi vdi gia nd la Da Tupng, Yet Kieu. Hai ngudi gia nd can dng: - Lam ke ay tuy dugc phu quy mpt thdi ma de lai tieng xa'u ngan nam. Nay dai vuong ha chang du phu va quy hay sao ? Chung tdi the xin chet gia lam gia nd, chii khdng mudn lam quan ma khdng cd trung hie'u, chi xin lay ngudi lam thit de la Duyetf^' lam thiy ma thdi!

(1) Trieu Vu.: Trieu Vu De, tiic Trieu Da, ed liie dupe coi la vua nudc ta tii nam 208 de'n nam 137 tr. CN. (2) Thanh dd: lam vudn khdng nha trd'ng, khien quan xam luoc tdi khdng ed mdt nguon hau can tai chd nao.

(3) Binh Ld : thanh luy xua thudc tinh Thai Nguyen.

(4) Mai Linh : deo d phia nam Trung Qud'c.

(5) Chieu Ldng: tiie Tran Thai Tdng.

(6) Sd Chieu Vuang chay loan ra nude ngoai, cd ngudi lam thit de ten la Duyet di theo. Sau Chieu Vuong phuc nghiep, trd ve nudc, ban thudng eho Duy6t. Duyet ttr choi va ndi: "Nha vua mat nudc, tdi khdng dupe giet de, nay vua ve nudc, tdi Iai dupc Iam nghe giet de, tude lpe the la dii, cdn thudng gi nua".

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Qud'c Tuan cam phuc den khdc, khen ngpi hai ngudi.

Mpt hdm Qude Tuan vd hdi eon dng la Hung Vu Vuong : - Ngudi xua ed ea thien ha de truyen cho con chau, con nghi the nao ?

Hung Vu Vuong tra ldi : - Diu khae hp eung cdn khdng nen, hudng ehi la cimg mpt hp !

Qud'c Tuan ngim cho la phai.

Lai mpt hdm Qude Tuan dem chuyen ay hdi ngudi eon thu la Hung Nhupng Vuong Qud'c Tang. Qude Tang tien len thua : - Tdng Thai Td'^' vd'n la mdt dng lao lam rudng, da thira eo day van nen ed dugc thien ha.

Qud'c Tuan rut guom ke tdi: - Ten loan thin la tir dua con bat hieu ma ra.

Dinh giet Qude Tang. Hung Vu Vuong hay tin, vol chay tdi khdc Idc xin chiu tdi thay, Qud'c Tuan mdi tha. Den day dng dan Hung Vu Vuong : - Sau khi ta chet, day n i p quan tai da rdi mdi cho Qud'c Tang vao vieng.

Miia thu, thang 8, ngay 20, Hung Dao Vuong Qud'c Tuan mat d phu de Van Kiep, dupc tang Thai su Thupng phu Thupng qud'c cdng Nhan Vu Hung Dao Dai Vuong.

Thanh Tdng cd soan bai van bia d sinh tir'^' ciia Qud'c Tuan, vi dng vdi Thugng phu'^' ngay xua. Lai vi dng cd cdng lao ldn, gia phong la Thupng qude cdng, cho phep dng duge quyin phong tude cho ngudi khae, tir Minh tu trd xud'ng, chi cd tude Hiu thi phong trudc rdi tau sau. Nhung Qud'c Tuan chua bao gid phong tude cho mgt ngudi nao. Khi giac Hd vao eudp, Qud'c Tuan lenh cho nha giau bd thdc ra cap luong quan, ma cung chi cho hg lam lang tudng gia chu khdng dam cho hg tude lang tudng thue, dng kinh can giir tiet lam tdi nhu vay day.

Qud'c Tuan lai timg soan sach de khich le tudng si dudi quyin, din ehuyen Ki Tin chet thay de ciiu thoat Han Cao'^', Do Vu gio lung chiu giao de ciiu Sd Tu'^^ The la day dao trung dd.

(1) Thai To nha Hau Td'ng ten la Luu Du, vdn la ngudi lam rudng, sau nhan dip loan lac noi len gianh dupe thien ha.

(2) Sinh tic: den thd ngudi cdn sdng, danh eho nhung ngudi cd cdng lao diic dp ldn trong viec ciiu nudc, giup dan.

(3) Thuang phu: La Vpng tuc Thai Cdng Vpng, hp Khuang ten Thuang, ngudi cd nhi6u muu lupc giup Chu Van Vuang lam nen nghiep ldn. Vu Vuong len ngdi, tdn Thai Cdng Vpng lam Thupng phu.

(4) Han Cao To bi Hang Vu bao vay, be tdi la Kl Tin gia lam Han Cao To ra hang, bi Hang Vu giet, Cao To nhd dd thoat nan.

(5) Do Vu : be tdi eua Sd Chieu Vuang thdi Xuan Thu. Sa Tii: Sd Chieu Vuang, liic lanh nan d trp, bi ke eudp dam. Do Vu da gia lung ra chiu dam de eiiu Sd Chieu Vuang.

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Khi sip mat, dng dan con ring : - Ta chet thi phai hoa tang, lay vat trdn dung xuong, bl mat chdn trong vudn An Lac, rdi san da't va trdng cay nhu cu, de ngudi ddi khdng biet chd nao, lai phai lam sao cho mau muc.

Qude Tuan giii Lang Giang, ngudi Nguyen hai lan vao eudp, dng lien tiep danh bai chung, sg sau nay cd the xay ra tai hoa dao ma chang. Ong lo nghi tdi viec sau khi mat nhu the day.

Ong lai kheo tien cir ngudi tai gidi cho da't nudc, nhu Da Tugng, Yet Kieu la gia thin cua dng, cd du cdng dep 6 Ma Nhi, Toa Dd. Bpn Pham Ngii Lao, Tran Thi Kien, Truong Han Sieu, Pham Lam, Trinh Dii, Ngd SI Thudng, Nguyin The True vdn la mdn khach cua dng, deu ndi tieng thdi do vi van chuong va chinh su, bdi vi dng cd tai muu luge, anh hung, lai mdt ldng giii gin trung nghla vay. Xem nhu khi Thanh Tdng vd bao Qud'c Tuan ring : "The giac nhu vay, ta phai hang thdi", Qude Tuan tra ldi : "Be ha chem diu tdi trudc rdi hay hang". Vi the, ddi Trung Hung lap nen edng nghiep hie'm cd. Tieng vang den giac Bic, chung thudng gpi dng la An Nam Hung Dao Vuong ma khdng dam gpi ten. Sau khi mat rdi, cac chau huyen d Lang Giang h i cd tai nan, dich benh, nhiiu ngudi cau dao dng. Den nay, mdi khi dat nudc cd giac vao eudp, den li d d i n dng, h i trap dung kie'm cd tieng keu thi the nao eung thing ldn.

Qude Tuan timg soan sach Binh gia dieu li yeu luac de day cac ti tudng [...].

Qude Tuan lai suu tap binh phap cac nha, lam thanh Bat qua! ciru cung dd, dat ten la Vqn Kiep tdng bi truyin thu.

H O A N G VAN LAU dich {Dqi Viet sic ki todn thu, tap II, NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1985)

HirOTNG D A N HOC BAI 1. Anh (ehi) rut ra dugc diiu gi qua ldi trinh bay cua Trin Qud'c Tuan vdi vua vi ke sach giii nudc ?

2. Chi tiet Trin Qud'c Tuan dem ldi cha dan ra hdi y kien hai ngudi gia nd cdng hai ngudi con va nhiing phan iing cua dng khi nghe eau tra ldi eua hg ed y nghla nhu the nao ?

3. Doan trich da lam ndi bat nhiing dae diem gi vi nhan each cua Trin Quoc Tuan ? Chi ra su kheo leo trong nghe thuat khic boa chan dung nhan vat cua. tac gia. (Nhan vat dugc dat trong nhung mdi quan he va nhiing tinh hudng nhu the nao ?)

4. Anh (chi) cd nhan xet gi vi nghe thuat ke chuyen d:ong doan trich ?

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Chi tie't vi ldng tin ciia dan chung vao sir hien linh cua Hung Dao Vuong, dac biet la hinh anh "trap dung kie'm cd tie'ng keu" cd y nghla gi ? a) Cho thay tin ngudng va nhiing tap tue thd cung cua nhan dan ta thdi xua. b) Cho thay ldng cam phuc va ngudng md cua nhan dan ddi vdi Hung Dao Vuong sau sic den miic hg da thin thanh hoa dng, cho ring dng da trd thanh thin linh de giup dan, giu nudc. c) Chi la nhiing truyin thuye't de lam ndi bat tam ldng thuong dan yeu nudc va khi phach anh hiing cua dng - nhirng net dep da trd thanh bat tii trong ldng ngudi. d) Y kie'n khae. '

r

GHI NHO

_,

Bang nghe thuat ke chuyen hip d i n , vdi nhung chi tie't chgn Igc va xiic ddng, doan trfch khae hoa dam net hinh anh Tran Quoc Tuan, mgt nhan each vT dai, bat tu trong Idng dan tgc. ^

LUYEN TAP 1. Tir nhirng ehi tiet trong doan trich, anh (chi) hay tdm tit lai cau chuyen vi Trin Qud'c Tuan (khdng qua 20 ddng).

2. Stru tam nhirng cau chuyen cd lien quan den Trin Qude Tuan hoac nhiing bai thg viet vi dng (tir eae tai lieu lich sii, tai lieu van hgc, cac giai thoai trong dan gian).

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 4 Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

45

DOC THEM

Li

THAI SU TRAN THU DO

NGO si LIEN

(Trich Dqi Viet su ki todn thu)

VAN BAN Giap Tl, nam thu bay'^l Mua xuan, thang gieng.

Thai su'2) Trin Thii Dp chet (tudi 71); truy tang Thupng phu Thai su Trung Vu Dai Vuong.

Thu Do tuy khdng cd hgc van, nhung tai lugc hon ngudi, iam quan triiu LI dugc mgi ngudi suy tdn. Thai Tdng^^' lay dugc thien ha deu la nhd muu sue cua Thu Do ca, cho nen nha nudc phai nhd cay, quyin hon ca vua.

Bay gid cd ngudi hacf'*^ vao ra m i t Thai Tdng, khdc ndi r i n g : - Be ha tre tho ma Thu Dp quyen hon ea vua, ddi vdi xa tie se ra sao ?

Vua lap tiic ha lenh xa gia den nha Thii Dd va dem ca ngudi hac dd dl theo.

Vua dem ldi eua ngudi hac ndi ta't ca cho Thu Dp bie't. Thu Dd tra ldi : - Dung nhu ldi ngudi ay ndi.

Rdi lay tien lua thudng eho anh ta.

Linh Tir Qude Miu'^' cd lin ngdi kieu di qua chd thim cam, ngudi quan hieu'^' ngan lai khdng eho di. Ve nha, khdc bao Thu Dp r i n g : - Mu nay lam vg dng ma bpn quan hieu khinh nhdn nhu the.

Thil Dp gian, sai di bit. Ngudi quan hieu kia chic minh phai chet. Khi den noi, Thu Dd van hdi trudc mat. Anh ta dem su thue tra ldi. Thii Dd ndi: - Nguoi d chuc thap ma biet giii phep nhu the, ta cdn trach gi niia ?

(1) Nam thic bdy: tiic nam thii bay nien hieu Thieu Long, ddi vua TrSn Thanh Tdng, vua thii hai trieu nha Tran.

(2) Thdi su: chiic quan eao nhat trong trieu, cd quyen tham gia y kie'n trong mpi viee ehinh su.

(3) Thdi Tong: tiic Tran Thai Tdng, vua dau tien trieu nha Tran.

(4) Nguai hqc: ngudi vach tdi ldi cua vi quan nao do trong trieu.

(5) Linh Tu Qude Mdu : vo Tran Thu Dp. (6) Qudn hieu : chiic quan vd nhd.

46

Ben lay vang lua ban thudng rdi cho vi.

Thli Do timg duyet dinh sd hd khau, Qude Miu xin eho rieng mdt ngudi lam cau duong'^'. Thu Dp gat dau va bien lay hp ten que quan cua ngudi dd. Khi xet duyet den xa np, hdi ring, ten kia dau. Ngudi ay mimg, chay den. Thu Dp ndi: - Nguoi vi cd Cdng chua'^^ xin cho dugc lam cau duong, khdng vi nhu ngudi cau duong khae dugc, phai chat mdt ngdn chan de phan biet.

Ten kia keu van xin thdi, hdi lau mdi tha eho ; tir day khdng ai dam den nha tham rieng niia.

Thai Tdng timg mud'n cho ngudi anh cua Thu Dp la An Qude lam tudng.

Thd Dd ndi: - An Qude la anh thin, ne'u la ngudi hiin^^^ thi thin xin nghi viec, cdn nhu cho thin la hiin hon An Qud'c thi khdng nen cu An Qud'c. Ne'u anh em eung la tudng thi viec trong trieu se ra sao ?

Vua ben thdi.

Thu Dp tuy lam Te tudng ma pham cdng viec khdng viec gi la khdng de y.

Vl the ma giiip nen nghiep vuong, giii dugc tie'ng tdt eho den chet. Thai Tdng ed iam bai van bia d sinh tir de td quy men khae ngudi [...].

CAO HUY GIU dich {Dqi Vietsu ki todn thu, tap II, NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1971)

HU6NG DAN DOC THEM 1. Neu nhirng tinh tiet lien quan den Trin Thu Dp. Mdi tinh tiet da bde Id mdt khia canh nao vi tinh each cua dng ? Tir do, anh (ehi) ed nhan xet gi vi nhan each ciia Trin Thu Dp ?

2. Neu nhiing net dac sic trong nghe thuat ke ehuyen va khic boa nhan vat cua nha viet sii (chu y nhiing xung ddt kich tinh, nhirng bude ngoat bat ngd, thu vi trong eae tinh tie't lam ndi bat tinh each nhan vat).

(1) Cdu ducmg: chiic dich nhd trong xa, Io viee bat giu va ap giai pham nhan.

(2) Cdng chua : chi Linh Tir Qud'c Mau. Ba nguyen la hoang hau cua vua Li Hue Tdng, khi nha Li mai, hi giang lam Thien Cue Cdng chiia, roi lay Tran Thu Dp. (3) Ngudi hien : ngudi cd tai diic han ngudi.

47

PHUONG PHAP THUYET M I N H KET QUA CAN OAT • Hieu ro tam quan trgng ciia phuang phap thuye't minh va nhtrng yeu cau ddi vdi viec van dung phuang phap thuye't minh.

• N i m dugc mdt so phuang phap thuyet minh cu the.

I - TAM QUAN TRQNG CUA PHUONG PHAP THUYET MINH De lam tdt mdt bai van thuyet minh thi diiu quan trgng nha't la phai bleu biet rd rang, chinh xac, diy du ve su vat, hien tupng cin dugc thuye't minh, va phai thuc ldng mong mudn truyin dat nhiing tri thuc ay eho ngudi dpe (ngudi nghe).

Nhung neu chi cd tri thuc vi su vat, hien tupng cin thuye't minh va ldng mong mudn truyin dat nhimg tri thuc dd thdi thi da du de lam tdt bai van thuye't minh chua ? Hay thir dat minh vao dia vi cua mpt ngudi biet rat rd mdt dieu gi dd va rat mud'n ndi dieu dd ra cho mpi ngudi cung rd, nhimg lai chua n i m dugc cac phuong phap (eae each thiic) trinh bay. Lieu ta cd the dat dugc mue dich cua minh khdng ?

Tir dd, anh (chi) hay rut ra ket luan vi vai trd cua phuong phap trong viec lam bai van thuyet minh va mdi quan he giiia phuong phap thuyet minh vdi muc dich thuyet minh.

II - MOT SO PHUONG PHAP T H U Y I T MINH 1. On tap cac phuong phap thuyet minh da hoc 6 THCS, anh (chi) da biet sir dung cac phuong phap thuyet minh : neu dinh nghla; Uet ke; neu vi du; dimg sd Ueu; so sanh; phan loai, phan tich. Anh (chi) hay: a) Cho biet tac gia mdi doan trich dudi day da sir dung nhiing phuong phap nao.

- Ong (Trin Qud'c Tua'n - NBS) lqi kheo tien cu ngudi tdi gidi cho ddt nudc, nhu Dd Tuong, Yet Kieu la gia thdn cua dng cd du cdng dep 6 Md Nhi, Toa Dd. Bon Phqm Ngu Ldo, Trdn Thi Kien, Truong Hdn Sieu, Phqm Ldm, Trinh Du, Ngd Si Thudng, Nguyin The True vdn Id mdn khdch cua dng, diu ndi tieng thdi dd vi vdn chuang vd chinh su [...]. {Theo Ngd SI Lien, Dqi Vi$t sii ki todn thu, tap II, NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1985) 48

Ba-sd Id mdt thi si - ngudi hdnh huang danh tieng sdng a Nhdt vdo theki XVIL Ba-sd Id but danh. Trong thuc te, ddy la but danh thu ba cua dng.

Dudi nhitng vdn tha ddu tien, dng ki Id Mu-ne-phu-sa. Mudi ndm sau, dng chon cdi ten Td-sdy, cd nghia Id "Ddo xanh", de td ldng ngudng md nhd tha Trung Hoa ddi Dudng danh tieng Li Bqch (705 - 762) - vi hai cha "LiBqch" vdn cd nghla Id "Man trdng". Mdi cho den ndm 36 tudi, khi dd Id mdt nhd thacd uy tin vd nhiiu ngudi theo hoc, dng mdi ddi but danh Id Ba-sd. {Theo Han Thuy Giang, Thi si Ba-sd vd "Con dudng hep thien li", Bao Vietnamnet, ngay 20 - 11 - 2005)

Trung binh, ngudi ta cd tu 40.000 den 60.000 ti tebdo, nghla Id 10.000 ldn nhiiu hon sdcu ddn sdng tren Trdi Ddt hien nay. Nhung tebdo ndy dugc cdu tqo bdi 6 trieu ti tiphdn tie, nghla Id 60 ldn nhiiu han sdtinh tu trong vu tru.

Nhting phdn tu lqi duac tqo thdnh tu 1 ti ti nguyen td. Mdt con sd khdng Id, tuang duang vdi sdtinh tu cd trong 10.000 vu tru nhu vU tru cua chung ta.

Neu mdi nguyen tu ddi 1 mm, mdt tebdo se ddi 10 cm, thi mdt ngudi cao 1,75 m se bien thdnh ngudi khdng Id vdi chiiu cao 1.750 km ! May thay, dieu ndy khdng xdy ra vi nguyen tu Id cue nhd.

(Theo Con ngudi vd con so.

Tap ehi Kien thiic ngdy nay, so 327)

Nhqc cu cua dieu hdt ndy (hdt trdng qudn - NBS) gidn di khdng chd ndi: dan kim, ddn nhi, ddn sen,... het thdy diu Id dd bd. Tdt cd nhqc cu chi gdm mdt cdi hdsdu, cd cdi thung bdng thiec up tren, tren thung cd mdt sai ddy kem ddi chimg ndm sdu thudc cdng giUa hai cdi coc. Cdm mdnh gd, gd khe mdt chut vdo ddu ddy, cdi ddy bat vdo thung phdt ra mdt thu dm thanh gidn gid nhip theo tieng hdt that duyen ddng: Thinh thung thinh Mot ddn cd trdng bay tung, Ben nam ben nd ta cung cdt len, Cdt len mdt tieng linh dinh, Cho loan sdnh phuang, cho minh sdnh ta... {Theo Vu Bang, Thuang nha mudi hai, NXB van hpe. Ha Ndi, 1993)

b) Phan tich tac dung cua timg phirong phap trong viec lam cho su vat hay hien tugng duge thuye't minh cang them chuan xac, sinh ddng va hap din.

4 • NVIO/2 A

49

2. Tim hieu them mot so phuong phap thuyet minh Trong thuc te, eae phuang phap de thuyet minh cdn da dang, phong phu hon nhiiu so vdi nhiing gi da neu trong diem 1. Dudi day, ta hay tim hieu them mpt sd phuang phap thuyet minh khae ntia. a) Thuyet minh bdng cdch chu thich Hay dpe lai cau van "Ba-sd la but danh." da d i n d tren.

- Vl sao khdng the cho ring tac gia cau dd da thuye't minh bing each dinh nghla ? [Gai y: Hay xet xem thdng tin "Id but danh" cd neu len dugc nhiing dac diem ban chat giup ngudi dpe phan biet duge Ba-sd vdi cac nha thg, nha van khae hay khdng ?)

- Trong cau van "Ba-sd la but danh.", tac gia da thuye't minh bing each chii thich. Vay the nao la thuyet minh bing each chu thich ? So vdi each thuc thuyet minh bing dinh nghla, each thuc thuye't minh bing chu thich co nhiing ban che va nhiing uu diem gi ? Hay tim them 1 - 2 vl du khae vi each thiic thuyet minh nay. b) Thuyet minh bdng cdch gidng gidi nguyen nhdn - ket qud Dudi day la doan van dugc viet de tie'p tuc gidi thieu vi thi si Ba-sd : Mdt de tu mang den cho dng mot cdy Iq nhdp gidng tu xu Trung Hoa. Ddy Id cdy chudi, gidng chudi tieu. Vd ngay tuc thi, nhd tha say me nd. Ong bi nhung tdu Id ddi vd rdng kia quyen ru, tdu Id "du ldn deche cho mot dn sl". Trong con gid, tdu Id kia rdch tudp gai cho dng nghi den cdi dudi lodi phuang hodng trong huyin thoqi, hodc mdt chie'c quqt mdu xanh td toi vi gid. Ong viet: "Tdi thich dugc ngdi dudi gdc cdy chudi cua tdi vd ldng nghe thanh dm cua gid, cua mua vang len phia tren tdu la". [...].

Trong tieng Nhdt, ten cdy chudi Id ba-sd, vd khdng Idu sau, cdc de tie dd goi nai dn cu quqnh vdng cua dng Id Ba-sd-an, hay Liu Cdy Chudi, hay Am Ba Tieu. Cdn cdi ten ndo thich hgp cho dng lay ldm but danh hem ten lodi cdy md dng yeu men ? , /

(Tfteo Han Thuy Giang, Thi si Ba-sd vd "Con dudng hep thien li", Tldd)

- Doan van dugc vie't de ndi vi : (1) niim say me cay chudi cua Ba-sd ; (2) lai lich cua but danh Ba-sd. Theo anh (chi), trong hai muc dich a'y, muc dich nao la chu yeu ? Vi sao ?

- Cac y cua doan van cd quan he nhan - qua vdi nhau khdng ? Ne'u cd thi dau la nguyen nhan va dau la ket qua ? Vi sao cd the ndi ring md'i quan he ay da dugc trinh bay mdt each hgp li va sinh ddng, de nhd dd, hinh anh cua thi si Ba-sd cd the hien len cu the, ha'p din hon ?

50

4 • NVIO/2 B

I l l ' YEU CAU DOI von VIEC VAN DUNG PHUONG PHAP THUYET MINH 1. Tu nhiing d i n chiing trong bai bgc, anh (ehi) nhan thay, ngudi lam van can cii vao dau de quye't dinh nen chgn phuong phap thuyet minh nao trong bai ndi hoac bai viet eua minh ?

2. Viee van dung phucmg phap thuyet minh phai nham dat tdi muc dich chu yeu la ndi cho that rd ve su vat hay hien tugng. Nhung do cd phai la muc dich duy nhat khdng ? Nhimg din chiing dugc neu trong bai hgc eho thay : phuong phap thuyet minh cdn dugc van dung de dat tdi muc dich nao khae niia ? .

^

GHI NHO

• Mud'n lam bai van thuye't minh cd ke't qua, ngudi lam bai phai nam dugc phuang phap thuye't minh.

• Nhtrng phuang phap thuye't minh thudng gap la : djnh nghla, chu thich, phan tich, phan loai, liet ke, giang giai nguyen nhan - ket qua, neu vi du, so sanh, dung sd lieu,...

• Viec lua chgn, van dung va phdi hgp cac phuang phap thuyet minh can tuan theo cac nguyen tac : khdng xa rdi muc dich thuye't minh ; lam ndi bat ban chat va dac trung ciia su vat, hien tugng ; lam cho ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe) tie'p nhan d i dang va hung thu.

IV-LUYEN TAP 1. Nhan xet vi su ehpn lira, van dung va phdi hpp cac phuong phap thuyet minh trong doan trieh sau : Trong mudn vdn lodi hoa md thien nhien dd tqo ra tren the gian ndy, hiem cd lodi hoa ndo md su ddnh gid vi nd lqi dugc thdng nhdt nhu la hoa lan.

Hoa lan dd dugc ngudi phuong Ddng tdn la "Lodi hoa vuong gid" (Vuang gid chi hoa). Cdn vdi ngudi phuang Tdy thi lan la "Nu hodng cua cdc lodi hoa".

Ho lan thudng dugc chia thdnh hai nhdm : Nhdm phong lan bao gdm tdt cd nhang lodi sdng bdm tren da, tren cdy, cd ri ndm trong khdng khi. Cdn nhdm dia lan lqi gdm nhang lodi cd ri ndm trong ddt hay ldp thdm muc.

Cd the ndi trong the gidi cua hoa, chua cd lodi ndo dqt den su phong phu tuyet vdi nhu lan, vdi nhiing su bien thdi rdt da dqng ve ri, thdn, la vd ddc biet Id hoa. Chi rieng 10 lodi cua chi lan Hdi Ve nu dd cho thdy su da dqng tuyet vdi cua hoa vd cua la vi hinh ddng, sdc mdu. Vdi cdnh mdi cong lugn nhu gdt hdi, cdnh hoa trong mdnh vd mang hod sdc tuyet dieu cua trdng, vdng, phdt tim, ndu, khi cd ldn gid nhe, hoa Hdi Ve na rung rinh, tudng nhu cdnh budm mdnh mai dang bay lugn. . /

{Theo Le Hoang, Hoa lan Viet Nam, Tap chi ^ C r - Tri thUc Id sice mqnh, sd 5, 1997)

51

2. Trong mdt budi giao luu vdi ban be qud'c te, anh (chi) mudn gidi thieu vdi cac ban mdt trong nhiing nghi truyin thdng ciia da't nudc minh (trdng lua, nudi tim, lam do gdm,...).

Hay viet ldi gidi thieu cua anh (chi) thanh mpt bai van thuyet minh dai khoang 500 chu.

m OOC THtiVl

NGH£NU6ITAM [Luoc trich) Nuoi tim la mot nghe can ban cua nudc ta. Cac noi cd bai trong dau thi nudi tam nhieu ban cac noi khae.

Cach nudi tim tnrdc het mua tning ngai treo de cho mat cho nd nd ra con sau nho nhd roi bd vao nong, lay la dau thai thuc nhd nhu sgi thudc la, ric vao nong cho nd an.

Mdi ngay phai cho nd an ba muoi sau hoac bdn muoi lan, it nhat cung phai hai muoi sau lan. Cho an nhu the do mot tuan li, rdi thai to hoac de ca la cho nd an mdi ngay do nam, sau lan. Nudi cho de'n khi con tim vang anh bung ra thi bat nd len ne cho nd keo ta lam td, goi la qua ken.

Thanh ken roi, trong ba ngay phai uom ngay. Ngudi uam to phai xem nudc trong noi uam ndng vira dp de cho sgi to keo len khdi diit. Bp ken trong noi uom phai bd timg ti mpt, lay dua nhao di nhao lai de lay spi gd'c ra cho dugc nhanh va deu nhau. Khi lay gan het gdc thi bd diia ma keo bing tay cho de'n khi ra ban sgi to. Dimg keo lay gd'c nhieu qua ma hao to. Ken phai bd vao noi cho deu, dimg co khi nhieu khi it. Moi ban uom thi uam hai mdi. Mudn cho to di keo va de ban thi cho bay con ken thanh mot sgi. Cdn ngudi quay ta thi thudng thudng dimg tre con quay cung dugc, quy hd quay cho diu.

Moi liic bd ken vao quay de lay gdc ra tbi phai dung Id uom cho deu lua.

Nghe nudi tim va nghe lam rudng diu la nghi nghiep can ban rat he trpng cho viec sinh nhai va lai rat khd nhpc hon ca mpi nghe, nudc nao thi cung phai trpng hai nghe ay lam cdt. {Theo Phan Ke Binh, Viet Nam phong tuc, NXB TP. Ho Chi Minh, 1995)

52

VIET BAI LAM VAN S6 5 : V A N THUYET MINH KET QUA CAN OAT Biet van dung nhCrng kien thuc va kT nang da hoc ve van ban thuyet minh de viet dugc mdt bai van nhim trinh bay mgt each cu the, chuin xac, hap dan, sinh ddng v i mgt su vat hay hien tugng.

I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG

De lam tdt bai van nay, ngoai nhirng diiu can chu y chung nhu ddi vdi bai lam van sd 4, anh (chi) can: 1. Chu y ren luyen de viec thuyet minh khdng chi dem lai nhiing tri thiic chuan xac, khoa hpe, khach quan ma cdn sinh dpng, ha'p dan dugc ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe).

2. Mudn the, khi quan sat, tim hiiu cac su vat, hien tugng trong thuc te, cin chu y de nim dugc nhirng net rieng bi$t, dac sic, cd siic cudn hut ddi vdi ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe).

3. Mat khae, cin chu y den cac phep tu tir, cac each thiic diin dat cd the lam cho ngudi dpe (ngudi nghe) cd hiing thu theo ddi viec trinh bay, gidi thieu su vat (hien tugng).

I I - GOIYDEBAI

Hay viet mgt bai van thuyet minh ngan (khoang tren dudi 2 trang giay) de gidi thieu vi mpt trong cac ddi tupng sau : 1. Mpt danh lam thing canh cua dat nudc que huong.

2. Mdt loai hinh ca nhac (hay san khau) ma anh (chi) hing yeu thich.

3. Mdt nganh thu cdng ml nghe (hoac mpt dac san, mpt net van hoa am thuc) cua dia phuong minh.

4. Mdt li hpi ghi lai nhiing net dep cua phong tuc truyin thd'ng hoac the hien khi the sdi ndi eua thdi dai.

Ill - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI

Ngoai nhiing diiu can chu y ehung nhu ddi vdi bai lam van sd 4, anh (chi) ein: 1. Chu y van dung tdt phiamg phdp thuyet minh, nhat la cac phuong phap cd kha nang tao ra siic sdng, siic cudn hut cho viec gidi thieu, trinh bay sir vat (hien tugng).

2. Tim dugc each thiic bdcuc va diin dqt sao cho ndi dung thuyet minh vira khue chiet, mach lac, trong sang, lai vira cd tinh nghe thuat.

53

l a OOC THEM

CANH THIEN NHIEN XU NGHE Cai dep cua xir Nghe khong phai d noi canh dong phi nhieu, khdng phai b trong mau me cua tho nhuong, trong anh sang va khi bau cua thdi tie't. Cai dep cua Nghe - Tinh la d noi nui non himg vi, d noi sdng sau, nudc trong, vdi nhung canh vat bao la. Mpt day nui am tham giang dai nhu mpt biic binh phong phia sau dat nudc. Phia trudc mat, bien Ddng lai lang, menh mong. Ngoai khoi, bon dao Song Ngu simg siing dimg nhu mpt toa cot da tru trdi. May con sdng Lam Giang, Phd Giang, La Giang cuon ciipn tir dai ngan chay xudng, tudi gioi cho nhiing canh dong ma canh tay cua nguoi dan cay da eudp doat vdi thien nhien, timg manh, timg manh mpt, may ngan nam nay. Ddi ben bd, mil non, lang mac gieo vao dong nudc trong veo nhirng tang bdng em dem, uyen chuyen. Niii rimg xii Nghe cd mpt ve hiing vi xiing dang vdi cai ten ngudi ta da dat cho nd tir xua : Giang Man, Thien Nhin, Dai Hue, Hong Son,... IQii che dp khoa cu cdn thinh hanh, ca ho nhu mdi mpt lang deu nhin thay trong ndi, len'^' ciia minh mpt eai bang, mpt quan but, mpt cai an thu, hoac mot thanh guom, mpt chie'c an, mpt con nghe vang, mpt con voi trang, mpt cai yen ngua... Nhung hdn len Kim Nhan ve phia Tay thi qua la mpt danh lam thing canh. Phai ngim qua nui da ay vao budi ehieu, khi mat trdi da xe xud'ng dau non, thi mdi "thay ro ca mot dam hao quang y nhu noi cai mii va dau ban tay vang cua mpt pho tugng Phat". [...] Cho nen, nhin phong canh Nghe - Tinh la phai nhin cho toan biic: mil non, sdng ngdi, lang mac, dong dien, cay cdi,... cho de'n nhiing con dudng to, nhd, dudng da't do, dudng da't thd, dudng da, len ldi tir thung iQng nay de'n thung lung kia, dau mdi ciing nbau'2' noi ben nudc, hay vit dd'c len tan lung deo... Neu ngudi bp hanh bie't nhin, bie't ngim, thi tren cac neo dudng qua lai do, tinh cam thien nhien trong cap mat cua hp cd le ciing khdng de'n ndi that vpng, ma cdn cd the hudng thu dugc nhtrng cam giac hiing vT, vdi ca mpt luc lugng quye'n dd say sua niia la khae ! Nhung ai la ngudi dau tien da cat tie'ng hat len may cau : Duong vo xie Nghe quanh quanh, Non non, nudc nuae, nhu tranh hoq do Ai vo xii Nghe thi vo... ?

{Tuyin tap Ddng Thai Mai, tap II, NXB van hpe. Ha Ndi, 1984)

(1) Len : mil cd vach da eao dung dung.

(2) Ddu md'i cdng nhau : d day hieu la chum Iai, hpi tu Iai cung nhau.

54

CHUYEN CHUC P H A N SU''" OEN TAN VIEN

NGUY£NDU

[Tdn Vien tuphdn su luc - trich Truyin ki mqn luc) KET QUA CAN OAT

"^

• Thay dugc tfnh each dung cam, kien cudng cua nhan vat Ngd Tu Van - dai dien cho chi'nh nghTa chdng lai nhCrng the luc gian ta ; qua do bdi duang them Idng yeu chinh nghia va. n i i m tu hao v i ngudi tri thuc nudc Viet.

• Tha'y dugc nghe thuat ke chuyen sinh dgng, hap d i n , giau kich tinh cua tac gia Truyin ki man luc.

TIEU D A N Nguyin Dir (cd ngudi doc la Nguyen Tu), sd'ng vao khoang the ki XVI, chua rd nam sinh va nam mat, ngudi xa Dd Tung, huyen Trudng Tan, nay thudc huyen Thanh Mien, tinh Hai Duong. Ong xua't than trong gia dinh khoa bang (cha dd Tien si ddi Le Thanh Tdng), timg di thi va da ra lam quan, nhung khdng bao lau thi tir quan lui ve an dat. Ong de Iai tac pham noi tie'ng la Truyen kl mqn luc, qua tac pham cd the thay dugc quan diem sd'ng va ta'm ldng cua dng vdi cudc ddi.

Truyen ki la mdt the van xudi tu su thdi trung dai phan anh hien thuc qua nhQng ye'u to' ki la, hoang dudng. Trong truyen truyen ki, the gidi con ngudi va the gidi cdi am vdi nhiing thanh than, ma quy cd su tuong giao. Dd chinh la ye'u td' tao nen su hap din dac biet cua the Ioai.

Tuy nhien, dang sau nhiing tinh tie't phi hien thuc, ngudi dpe ed the tim thay nhiing van de cdt ldi cua hien thuc cflng nhu nhimg quan niem va thai dp cua tac gia.

Truyen ki mqn luc cua Nguyen Du la tac pham viet bang chu Han, gom 20 truyen, ra ddi vao nira dau the ki XVI. Tac pham thuc su la mdt sang tac van hpe vdi su gia cdng hu ca'u, sang tao, trau chudt, gpt giua cua Nguyen Dii chii khdng phai chi la mdt cdng trinh ghi chep don thuan. Cac truyen hau he't d thdi Li, Tran, Ho, Le so, va dgu cd ye'u td hoang dudng, nhung ding sa,u nhflng ye'u td' hoang dudng dd chinh la hien thuc xa hdi phong kie'n duong thdi vdi day riy nhflng te trang ma tac gia mudn vach tran, phe phan. Qua tac pham, ngudi dpe thay duoc sd phan bi tham cua nhflng con ngudi nhd be trong xa hpi, nhflng bi kich tinh yeu ma thiet thdi thudng roi vao ngudi phu nfl. Tac pham cung the hien tinh than dan tdc, hoc Id niem tu hao ve nhan tai, van hoa nudc Viet, de cao dao diic nhan hau, thuy chung, dong thdi khang dinh quan diem sdng "lanh due ve trong" cua ldp tri thuc an dat duong thdi. Truyen ki mqn luc vua cd gia tri hien thuc va nhan dao cao, vua la mdt tuyet tac cua the loai truyen ki, tung dupc Vfl Kham Lan (the kl XVII) khen tang la "thien co ki biit". Tac pham da dupe dich ra nhieu thu tie'ng nudc ngoai va dupc danh gia cao trong so cac tac pham truyen ki d cac nudc dong van. .

(1) Chiec phdn su: {phdn su : suy xet su tinh) chiie quan coi viee xu an ngay xua.

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VAN BAN Ngd Tii van ten la Soan, ngudi huyen Yen Dung, da't Lang Giang. Chang vdn khang khai'^\ ndng nay, thay su ta gian thi khdng the chiu dugc, vung Bic ngudi ta van khen la mdt ngudi cuong true. Trong lang trudc cd mgt ngdi d i n linh ling lim. Cudi ddi nha Hd, quan Ngd sang lan eudp, vung ay thanh mgt noi chiin trudng. Bg tudng'^' cua Mdc Thanh cd vien Bach hd'^' hp Thdi, tu tran d gin din, tir day lam yeu lam quai trong dan gian. Tu Van rat tiic gian, mpt hdm tim gpi sach se, khan trdi, rdi cham lira dot din. Mpi ngudi diu lac d i u le ludi, lo sg thay cho Tir Van, nhung chang vin vung tay khdng c i n gi ca.

Ddt din xong, chang vi nha, thay trong minh khd chiu, dau lao dao va bung run run, rdi ndi len mpt con sdt ndng sdt ret. Trong khi sdt, chang thay mdt ngudi khdi ngd, cao ldn, diu dpi mu tru di den, ndi nang va quin ao rat gidng ngudi phuang Bic, tu xung la cu si*'*', den ddi lam tra lai ngdi din nhu cii va ndi: - Nha nguoi da theo nghiep nho, dpe sach vd ciia thanh hiin, ha khdng bie't cai diic cua quy than sao, cd gi lai dam khinh nhdn huy tupng, dot den, khien cho huong lira khdng cd chd tua nuong, oai linh khdng cd noi hien hien, vay bao lam sao bay gid ? Biet diiu thi dung tra ngdi din nhu cu. Neu khdng thi, vd cd buy din Lu Son, c d Thieu se khd ldng tranh khdi tai va'^'.

Tir Van mac ke, vin cii ngdi nga't nguang tu nhien. Ngudi kia tiic gian ndi: - Phong dd'^' khdng xa xdi gi, ta tuy hen, ha lai khdng dem ndi nha nguoi din day. Khdng nghe ldi ta thi rdi se biet.

Ndi rdi phat ao di.

Chiiu tdi, lai cd mpt dng gia, ao vai mu den, phong dp nhan nha, thiing thinh di vao den trudc thim, vai chao ma r i n g : - Tdi la Thd cdng d day, nghe thay viec lam rat thu cua nha thiy, vay xin den de td Idi mtmg.

Tii van kinh ngae ndi: - The ngudi ddi mu tru den day ban nay, chang phai la Thd cdng day u ?

Sao ma nhiiu thin qua vay ?

(1) Khdng khdi: ngay thing va hao hiep, ua Iam vi6c nghla.

(2) Bo tudng: tudng dudi quyen eua mdt vi dai tudng.

(3) Bach hd: chuc quan vd vao thdi Nguyen va thdi Minh d Trung Quoc.

(4) Cu si: ngudi tri thiic di d an.

(5) Cd Thieu : ngudi thdi Tam qud'c, lam quan d Du Chuang, chu truong viec pha hu^ cdc d^n thd dam than, trong sd dd ed den Lu Son. Sau than Lu Son den xin dung d^n I^, Co Thieu ehi cudi ma khdng tri Idi. Than gian bio: "Ba nam niia nguoi se ch^t". Den ki han dd, Thi$u bi dm, moi ngudi deu khuyen Thifiu nen dung Iai d^n, Thieu ndi: "Ta khdng the thang dupc ehfnh". Roi sau Thieu chei.

(6) Phong do : phu ciia Diem Vuong d cdi am.

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Ong gia ndi: - 6, day la vien tudng bai tran cua Bic triiu, cai hdn bo vo d Nam qude, tranh chiem mieu din cua tdi, gia mao hp ten cua tdi, quen dung chude ddi lira, thich lam. trd tham ngugc'^', Thugng de bi nd bung bit, ha dan bi nd quay ray, pham nhiing viec hung yeu tac quai'^' diu tu nd ca, chu cd phai tdi dau. Xin ke diu dudi de nha thiy nghe : "Tdi lam chuc Ngu sii dai phu'^' tir ddi vua Li Nam De*^', vi chet vi viec cin vuong ma dugc phong d day, giup dan do vat da hon mdt nghin nam nay, khi nao lai lam viec gieo tai ric va de kiem mieng an nhu ten giac giao boat kia da lam. Gin day vi tdi thieu sir d i phdng, hi nd danh dudi, nen phai den nuong tira d din Tan Vien da vai nam nay".

Tir van ndi: - Viec xay ra d i n nhu the, sao ngai khdng kien d Diem Vuong va tau len Thupng de, lai di khinh bd chuc vi, lam mpt ngudi ao vai nha que ?

Ong gia chau mat ndi: - Ri ac mpc lan, khd long lay ddng. Tdi da dmh thua kien, nhung ma cd nhiiu ndi ngan trd: Nhiing din mieu gin quanh, A/I tham cua dut, diu benh vuc cho nd ca. Tdi chi giii dugc mpt chut ldng thanh, nhung khdng lam the nao de thdng dat dugc len, cho nen danh tam an n h i n ma ngdi xd mgt noi.

Tu van ndi: - Han cd thuc la tay hung ban, cd the gieo va cho tdi khdng ?

- Hin quye't chdng chgi vdi nha thiy, hien da kien thiy d Minh ti'^'. Tdi nhan luc h i n di ving len den day bao cho nha thay biet de ma heu ke, khdi phai chet mdt each oan udng.

Ong gia lai dan Tii Van : - H i d Minh ti cd tra hdi, thay cu khai ra nhiing ldi ndi cua tdi. Niu b i n choi, thiy keu xin tu giay den din Tan Vien, tdi se khai rd thi nd phai do mieng. Neu khdng nhu the thi tdi den vui lap trgn ddi ma thay cung khd ldng thoat nan.

Tu van vang ldi. Den dem, benh cang nang them, rdi thay hai ten quy su den bat di ra't gap, keo ra ngoai thanh vi phia ddng. Di dd nua ngay den mdt toa nha rat ldn, xung quanh cd thanh sit cao vpi den may chuc trupng. Hai ten quy den ndi vdi ngudi canh cdng, ngudi canh cdng di vao mdt luc rdi ra truyin chi r i n g : (1) Tfidm nguoc: tan ac qua miic.

(2) Hung yeu tdc qudi: day len nhung chuyen yeu ma, lam nhung dieu quy quai; y ndi gay hai cho ngudi.

(3) Ngu sic dqi phu: ehiic quan phu trach viec can gian vua.

(4) Li Nam Di: tiic Li Bdn, cdn gpi la Li Bi, khdi nghla duoi quan dd hd nha Luong, len ngdi hoang d6', xung la Nam Viet De, d ngdi dupe 4 nam (544 - 548), dat qud'c hieu la Van Xuan.

(5) Minh ti: am phu.

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- Tdi sau ac nang, khdng dugc du vao hang khoan giam'^'.

Ndi rdi xua tay bao di ra phia bic. O do cdmpt con sdng ldn, tren sdng b i c mdt cai cau dai udc ban nghin thudc, gid tanh sdng xam, hoi lanh tha'u xuong. Hai ben ciu cd den may van quy Da Xoa diu m i t xanh tdc dd, hinh ddng nanh ac. Hai con quy dung gdng dai, thimg ldn gdng trdi Tu Van ma giai di rat nhanh.

Tir Van keu to : - Ngd Soan nay la mdt ke si ngay thing d trin gian, ed tdi ldi gi xin bao cho, khdng nen bat phai chet mdt cdch oan udng.

Chpt nghe tren dien cd ldi quat: - Ten nay budng binh ngoan cd, neu khdng phan doan cho rd, chua chic nd da chiu nhan tdiBen sai d i n Tu Van vao cira dien. Tii Van vao den noi, thay ngudi ddi mii tru / dang keu ciu d trudc san.

Diem Vuong ming Tir Van ring : - Ke kia la mpt ngudi cu si, trung thuin lim liet'^', cd cdng vdi tien triiu, nen hoang thien cho dugc huyet thuc'^' d mpt ngdi d i n de din cdng khd nhgc. May la mdt ke ban si'*', sao dam hdn lao, tdi ac tu minh ldm ra, cdn trdn di ding nao ?

Tii van ben tau trinh dau dudi nhu ldi Thd cdng da ndi, ldi rat cirng cdi, khdng chiu nhun nhudng chut nao. Ngudi ddi mu trti ndi: - Ay la d trudc vuong phu ma b i n cdn ghe gdm nhu the, mdm nam mieng mudi, dom dat bia tac. Hudng hd d mdt noi d i n mieu quanh hiu b i n sg gi ma khdng dam cho mdt mdi lua.

Hai ben cai cg nhau mai vin chua phan phai trai, vi the Diem Vuong sinh nghi.

Tir van ndi: - Neu nha vua khdng tin ldi tdi, xin dem tu giay den din Tan Vien de hdi; khdng dung nhu the, tdi xin chiu them cai tdi ndi can.

Bay gid ngudi kia mdi cd ve sg, quy xud'ng tau r i n g : - Ga kia mdt ke hpe trd, that la ngu budng, qua dang tdi lim. Nhtmg da trach mIng nhu vay, ciing du ran de rdi. Xin dai vuong khoan dung tha cho b i n de td cai diic rdng rai. Chang can ddi hdi day dua. Neu thing tay tri tdi no, sg hai den cai due hieu sinh.

(1) ^ofln gidm : rdng lupng giam bdt hinh phat.

(2) Trung thudn : mpt long ngay thing ; ldm liet: manh me, oai phong.

(3) Duac huyet thuc : dupc thd tu va hudng nhung vat pham ciing te' la dpng vat nhu bd, de, Ipn, ga,...

(4) Hdn si: hpe trd ngheo.

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Diem Vuong quat ldn r i n g : - Cii nhu ldi b i n thi nha nguoi dang tdi chet. Diiu luat tri tgi lira ddi da sin sang dd. Cd sao nha nguoi dam lam sir lap Id nhan tdi nhu vay ?

Diem Vuong lap tuc sai ngudi den din Tan Vien de lay chiing thuc. Sai nhan vi tau, nhat nhat dung vdi ldi Tii Van. Vuong ca gian, bao cac phan quan ring : - Lu cac nguoi chia toa sd, giii chuc su, cim lenh chi cdng, lam phep chi cdng, thudng thi xung dang ma khdng thien vi, phat thi dich xac ma khdng nghiet nga, vay ma cdn cd su ddi tra can bay nhu the ; hudng chi vi ddi nha Han, nha Dudng budn quan ban nguc, thi nhiing mdi te cdn ndi sao het dugc !

Liin sal lay ldng sit chup vao dau, khau gd nhet vao mieng, bd ngudi ay vao ngyc Cuu U'^'.

Vuong nghi Tii Van cd cdng trir hai, truyin cho vi thin din kia, tir nay p h i n xdi lgn cua dan cung te, nen chia cho Tii Van mpt nira va sai linh dua Tir Van vi.

Chang vi den nha, te ra minh chet da dugc hai ngay rdi. Nhan dem nhirng viec da qua ke cho mpi ngudi nghe, ai cung kinh hai va khdng tin la thuc. Sau dd hg ddn mpt ba ddng vi phu bdng'^', ddng len cung ndi dung nhu ldi Tir Van. Ngudi lang ben mua gd, dimg lai mdt toa d i n mdi. Cdn ngdi mp cua ten tudng giac kia thi tu dung thay bi bat tung len, hai cdt tan tanh ra nhu cam vay.

Sau dd mpt thang, Tir Van thay Thd cdng den bao : - Lao phu da trd vi mieu, cdng cua nha thiy khdng biet lay gi din dap dugc.

Nay thay d din Tan Vien khuyet mgt chan phan su, lao da vi nha thiy hit sue tien cir, dugc due Thanh Tan ngai da bing long, vay xin lay viec do de din on nghla.

Ngudi ta sdng 6 ddi, xua nay ai ching phai chet, miin la chet di cdn dugc tieng vi sau. Neu trung trinh dd nira thang, sg se vi tay ngudi khae mat. Nen cd gIng dl, dimg coi la viec thudng.

Tu van vui ve nhan ldi, ben thu xep viec nha, rdi khdng benh ma mat.

Nam Giap Ngp, cd ngudi d thanh Ddng Quan'^' vdn quen biet vdi Tir Van, mdt budi sdm di ra ngoai ctia tay vai dam, trdng thay trong suong mu cd xe ngua di den am im, lai nghe tieng quat: - Ngudi di dudng tranh xa, xe quan phan su!

(1) Nguc Cliu U: nguc tdi chin tang d am phu, noi giam giu va trung phat nhung ke khi sd'ng gay nhieu tdi ae.

(2) Phil bdng : mdi gpi hon ngudi chei hoac thin thanh ve. Theo su me tin ciia dan gian, cd the gpi hdn ngudi chei hoae thanh than d coi am ve nhap vao ngudi dang sdng de trd ehuyen. Ngudi cd nhifeu cam ung vdi cdi am, cd the cho mupn xac de ngudi cdi am nhap vao gpi la "dng (ba) ddng" hay "dng (ba) bdng".

(3) Ddng Quan : tiie thanh Thang Long, nay la Ha Npi.

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Ngudi ay ngang diu trdng thi tha'y, ngudi ngdi tren xe chinh la Tu Van. Song Tu van chi chip tay thi li chii khdng ndi mdt ldi nao, rdi thoit da cudi gid ma biin mat. Den nay con chau Tu Van hay cdn, ngudi ta truyin ring dd la "nha quan phan su"!

Than di! '^' Ngudi ta thudng ndi: "COng qud thi gdy". Ke sl chi lo khdng cung cdi dugc, cdn gdy hay khdng Id viec cua trdi. Sao lqi dodn trudc Id se gdy md chiu ddi cdng ra mim ?

Ngd Tu Vdn la mot chdng do vdi. VI citng cdi md ddm dot chdy din td, chdng lqi yeu ma, ldm mdt viec han cd thdn vd ngudi. Bdi the dugc ndi tieng vd dugc giu chuc vi a Minh ti, that Id xiing ddng. Vdy ke sl, khdng nen kieng sgsu cung cdi.

Theo bin dich cua TRUC KHE NGO VAN TRIEN {Truyin ki mqn luc, NXB Van hoa, Ha Ndi, 1957.

Cd tham khio mdt so bin dich khae.)

HOIOMG DAN HOC BAI 1. Theo anh (chi), viec lam cua nhan vat Ngd Tu Van cd y nghla gi ? a) The hien quan diem va thai dp cua ngudi tri thiic mudn da pha su me tin thin linh cua quin chung binh dan. b) The hien su khang khai, chinh true va diing cam mudn vi dan trir hai. c) The hien tinh hieu thing cua ngudi tre tudi. d) The hien tinh thin dan tpc manh me qua viec diet trii hdn ten giac xam lugc hung bao, bao ve Thd thin nudc Viet, ngudi tirng cd cdng giup LI Nam Di chdng ngoai xam. e) Y kien khae.

Giai thich nguyen nhan su chpn lua ciia anh (chi).

2. Theo anh (chi), chi tiet Diem Vuong xir kien d am phii ndi len dieu gi ? a) The hien niim tin cua con ngudi thdi trung dai: ben canh cdi tran cdn cd mpt the gidi khae la am phu, noi con ngudi sau khi chet se phai de'n de nhan su phan xet va thudng phat vi nhiing viec lam cua minh khi cdn sdng. b) The hien khat vpng cdng II chua thuc hien dugc trgng cugc sdng tran the cua ngudi xua.

(1) Tu day den het la ldi binh (cudi mdi tmyen t6 phan binh luan ngin cua chinh tac gii - n6u nhan xet v^ su viec, nhan vat trong truydn va dua ra quan diem hoic ldi khuySn cua minh).

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c) Nhim day xung dot kich tinh ciia truyen den cao trao de nhan vat chinh Ngd Tir Van - cd dip bdc Id ban linh, khi phach cua minh. d) Cd y nghla khuyen ran, giao due con ngudi nen sdng va hanh ddng the nao cho dung din, hgp le phai, tranh iam diiu ac. e) Y kien khae.

Giai thich li do sir lua chgn cua anh (chi).

3. Chi tiet Ngd Tu Van dugc nham chiic phan su o din Tan Vien cd y nghla gi ?

4. Phan tich nghe thuat ke chuyen dac sic va hap d i n cua Nguyin Dii. 5. Neu chu d i cua truyen. .

GHI NHO

.

• Chuyen chdc phan suden Tan Vien d i cao tinh than khang khai, cuang true, dam da'u tranh chdng lai cai ac tru hai cho dan ciia Ngd Tu Van, mgt ngudi trf thuc nudc Viet ; ddng thdi the hien niem tin cdng li, chinh nghia nha't djnh se chie'n thing gian ta.

• Bing nghe thuat ke chuyen Idi cudn, nhan vat dugc xay dung sic net, tinh tiet va diin bien truyen giau kjeh tinh, truyen da de lai an tugng manh me trong Idng ngudi dgc.

LUYEN TAP 1. Neu dugc yeu ciu viet doan ket cua truyen, anh (chi) se ddng tinh vdi each kit thuc nhu da cd hay se chpn mpt each kit thuc khae ? Trinh bay va giai thich y kien ciia minh.

2, Tdm tit truyen (khdng qua 20 ddng).

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LUYEN TAP VliT OOAN VAN THUYET MINH KET QUA CAN DAT Van dung nhung kie'n thuc va kl nang da hoc ve doan van, ve van thuyet minh de vie't dugc mgt doan van cd d& tai gan gui, quen thugc trong hgc tap hoac trong ddi sd'ng. *>-

'

_.

I - DOAN VAN THUYET MINH 1. Hay nhlclai : a) The nao la mgt doan van ? b) Mdt doan van cin dat dugc nhting yeu ciu nao trong cac yeu ciu ke dudi day: - Tap trung lam rd mdt y chung, mpt chu d i chung thdng nhat va duy nha't.

- Lien kit chat che vdi cac doan van diing trudc va sau nd.

- Diin dat chinh xac, trong sang.

- Gpi cam, hung hdn.

2. Theo anh (chi), giiia mpt doan van tu su va mdt doan van thuyet minh cd nhiing diem nao gidng va khae nhau ? Vi sao cd su gidng nhau va khae nhau nhu the ?

3. Mpt doan van thuyet minh cd the gdm bao nhieu p h i n chinh ? Cac y trong doan van thuyet minh cd the dugc sip xep theo cac trinh tu thdi gian, khdng gian, nhan thiic, phan bae - chiing minh khdng ? Vi sao ?

II - VIET DOAN VAN THUYET MINH Gia sir phai viet mpt bai van thuyet minh de cung cap cho ngudi dpe nhiing hieu biet chuan xac vi mpt nha khoa hgc hoac mpt tac pham van hoc, mpt cdng trinh nghien ciiu, mpt dien hinh ngudi tdt, viec td't, anh (chi) hay: 1. Phac qua dan y dai cuong cho bai viet.

2. Tiep dd, hay diin dat mgt y trong dan y thanh mdt doan van.

Ggiy : a) Tra ldi mpt sd cau hdi: - Anh (chi) dinh tap viet doan van nao ? Doan ay n i m d vi tri nao trong bai van ?

- Cau chuyen doan can dugc viet the nao de doan van se viet cd the tiep ndi dugc vdi doan van trudc do ?

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- Phai sip dat cac y theo thu tu nao de bao dam tinh chat che va mach lac cua doan van ?

- c i n su dung nhiing phuong phap thuyet minh nao va diin dat the nao de doan van khdng chi chuan xac ma cdn sinh ddng, hap dan ?

- Cd the bgc tap dugc gi tir doan van sau : Vdi Anh-xtanh, thcri gian [...] trd nen co ddn khi nd td ra phu thuoc vdo chuyen dong cua ngudi quan sdt. Neu ta chuyen ddng cdng nhanh thi thai gian cdng chdm lqi. Chdng hqn, mdt ngudi a tren con tdu vu tru bay vdi mdt van td'c bdng 87% van tdc dnh sdng se thdy thai gian chdm lqi mdt nua. Anh ta se gid di chdm hon hai ldn so vdi ngudi sinh ddi vdi anh ta a Trdi Ddt. Ngudi sinh ddi vdi anh ta a Trdi Ddt cd nhiiu nep nhdn vd tdc bqc sdm hon anh ta. Tim anh ta ddp nhanh hon vd anh ta dn nhiiu bua hem, udng nhiiu rugu vang hon vd doc sdch nhiiu hon. Dd Id nghich li cap sinh ddi cua Ldng-gia-vanh (ten cua nhd vdt li ngudi Phdp phdt bieu nghich li ndy). [...] O 99% van td'c dnh sdng, thdi gian chdm lqi 7 Idn^ O99,9% van tdc dnh sdng, thdi gian chdm lqi 22,4 ldn.

(M.Ri-cac - Trinh Xuan Thuan, Cdi vd hqn trong ldng bdn tay, NXB Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh, 2005 )

b) Viet va sira chira : Viet toan bd doan van ra giay nhap, sau dd kiem tra xem : - Chu d i cua doan cd dugc the hien rd rang va nha't quan khdng; - Viec sit dtang phuong phap thuyet minh ed hgp h khdng ; - Cac cau trong doan cd trong sang va lien kit vdi nhau khdng; - Lam the nao de siia chiia nhirng ldi cua doan van (neu cd). ..

..

GHI NHO

,

De cd the viet td't mdt doan van thuyet minh, c i n phai : - N i m virng cac kien thuc v i doan van thuyet minh va cac kT nang viet doan van thuyet minh.

- Cd dii nhtrng tri thuc can thiet va chuan xac de lam ro y chung cua doan.

- s i p xe'p hgp li cac tri thuc dd theo mgt t h u t u ro rang, ranh mach.

- Van dung diing d i n , sang tao nhtrng phuang phap thuyet minh va d i i n dat de doan van trd nen cu the, sinh dgng, ha'p dSn.

Ill - LUYEN TAP 1. Viet doan van nd'i tiep theo doan ma anh (chi) vira hoan thanh tren ldp.

2. Tir nhirng kit qua va tiin bg da dat duge, hay viet mdt bai van thuyet minh de gidi thieu mdt con ngudi, mpt miin que, mdt danh lam thing canh hoac mdt phong trao boat ddng ma anh (chi) da ed dip tim hiiu kl.

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ca OOC THEM

CAY HO GUOM Lan cay ven Ho Guom nhu lan mi, nhu ai dudn ddi long may. Khdng the nghi cai dam nudc tuyet vdi ay lai ving bang mi nhiing rem cay.

Cay cdi Ho Guom cua Ha Npi thoat nhin khdng ra the thiic nao, nhung de y kl se thay dugc mpt le ldi ciia mdi bong cay bdng nudc. Mdi cai cay ben nhau deu mang chiing tich cua lich sir va thdi gian.

Tir trong Dao Ngpc giua bd, nhirng cay da, cay si, cay sanh, cay d i va nhtrng cay gao ma dau dinh lang nao cung sum se. Nhirng gd'c gao bien lanh, xu xi nhu da tang vi nhiing nhat dao tude vd cay tir thud trong phd cdn nhtrng cot den dau t h l p d cac nga tu dudng thap dao, ngudi ta lay vd gao ve lam thudc bop chan sai, tay gay - nhirng bai thud'c ai ciing thuoc.

Nhtmg cay trong vudn da tbanb dai thu cung thay d day< Bay cay loc vimg vun lai mpt khdm ma non loc vimg de kem an gdi ca me. Nhiing cay sung cd quai mdi miia xuan vin trd la, qua sung mud'i dua, la sung non lot nem chao tren Phiing udng vdi rugu gao Mi Tri cua ba lang Mai. Va nhiing cay me cay sau vd'n mpc trudc ngo, canb nau qua me chua, nudc rau mud'ng lupc dam sau,...

O hay, bat chgt vao miia thu, hoa vdng, cbi de'n miia boa vdng do khe tren mat ho mdi nhd, chir hing ngay qua duoi gdc vdng, khdng ai de y toi loai cay cpc rao qua quen mat ay.

Va ca nhiing cay rimg, nhtrng cay rimg cung tdi, rimg Mai Chau, rimg dao Cat Ba, dng lao nao da quay ve day nhtrng cay kim giao - ma tieng don ngay xua vua chiia cam dua chi cam dua bang gd quy nay.

Hai tieng "bo liiu" xua nay gin bd than thiet vdi Ho Guam, Ho Guom ho liiu.

Nhung chd ai tudng Mc sam uat nha't thi quanh Ho Guom chi toan duong lieu. Le liiu Ho Guom khdng yeu kieu vi dam liiu, dam dai. Ma tir thud nao, liiu Ho Guom chi lac dac. Nhtrng cay liiu diing mot minh budng tdc trong gid in bong bo diem trang biic tranh bo cud'i thu phlng lang, boa loc vimg do bay roi timg dam xud'ng mat nudc.

Hd Guom, bo cac thu cay. Nhung toi nhd nha't va cho den gid vSn khdng bieu sao ben Ho Guom ngay trudc lai cd mot cay d mdi vd'n que d miin Nam, giua miia ha hoa nd nhu hoa dao. Cbing le da co mpt dng lao tnrgng vac dng tranh cd tien Giang JCiiu dem mpt canh d mdi chiet ra trdng xudng ven bd chd da't chd nudc lich sii nay ?

Cud'i the ki trudc, nguoi Phap moi chiem Ha Npi. Lich sii dau thuong quang ay da sang trang rdi, nhung cdn da'u tich trong cay. Ay la nhting cay gd tech chi thay d rimg Thugng Lao, nhting cay cp dai chau Phi, nhtrng cay hoa phugng vi que tan Tan Ghi-ne ngoai chau Dai Duong> ngudi Phap da dem tir cac thudc dia tdi.

Cay quanh Hd Guom tu bpi cac thir cay cua lang nudc va cua thdi the.

(Bai viet ciia Td Hoai, trong Nguyin Vinh Phiic, Hd Hodn Kiem vd den Ngoc Son, NXB Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh, 2003) 64

NHUNG Y i u CAU VE SU DUNG TliNG VIET KET QUA CAN OAT

^

N i m dugc nhtrng yeu cau ve su dung tieng Viet, ddng thdi cd y thuc ren luyen thdi quen va nang luc su dung tieng Vjet theo cac yeu cau dd. ^

'

I - Sir DUNG DUNG THEO CAC CHUAN MUC CUA TIENG VIET 1. Ve ngir am va chiif Viet a) Hay phat hien ldi vi chii viet (do anh hudng cua phat am khdng dung chuan muc); chiia lai cho dung : - Khdng gidc qudn do a ddy.

- Khi sdn trudng khd ddo, chung em chai dd cdu hodc ddnh bi.

- Tdi khdng cd tiin le, anh ldm on ddi cho tdi. h) Dgc doan hgi thoai sau day giiia mdt ngudi chau (d thanh phd) vdi mdt ngudi bae (d ndng thdn ra choi) va phan tich su khae biet cua nhiing tir phat am theo gipng dia phuong so vdi nhiing tir tuong irng trong ngdn ngii toan dan: - The tqi sao dang a thdnh phd, bdc lqi vi nhd que ?

- A... chuyen dy thi ddi ldm. Nhdn nha rdi bdc ke. Dung md... chdng qua cung Id do cdi duyen, cdi sd... Gi the, chdu ?

- Bdc ndi giong nd khang khdc the ndo dy. Trdi bdc ndi Id giai [...].

Nhung md bdc ndi Id dtmg md. Bdo bdc ndi la bdu.

- An nudc dddu ndi giong a dd md, chdu... ^ ,-- Q^^ y^j^ Khang, Heo may gid long) 2. Vetufngiif

a) Hay phat hien va chiia ldi vi tir ngii trong cac cau sau : - Khi ra phdp trudng, anh dy vdn hien ngang den phut chdt lot.

- Nhitng hoc sinh trong trudng se hieu sai cdc vdn de md thdy gido truyin tung.

- So ngudi mdc vd chet cdc benh truyin nhiim dd gidm ddn.

- Nhung benh nhdn khdng cdn phdi md mdt dugc khoa Dugc tich cue pha che, diiu tri bdng nhting thu thudc tra mdt ddc biet.

5 - NVIO/2 A

65

b) Lua chpn nhiing cau dung tir diing trong cac cau sau : - Anh dy cd mdt yeu diem: khong quyet dodn trong cdng viec.

- Diem yeu cua ho la thieu tinh thdn dodn ket.

- Bon gidc dd ngoan cd chdng trd quyit liet.

- Bd ddi ta dd ngoan cudng chien ddu sudt mgt ngdy dem.

- Tieng Viet rdt gidu dm thanh vd hinh dnh, cho nen cd the ndi dd Id thu tiidng rdt linh ddng, phong phu.

3. Vengiiiplidp

a) Hay phat hien va chua ldi vi ngii phap trong cac cau sau : - Qua tdc phdm "Tdt den" ciia Ngd Tdt Td dd cho ta thdy hinh dnh ngudi phu nu ndng thdn trong che'dd cd.

- Ldng tin tudng sdu sdc cua nhfing the he cha anh vdo luc lugng mdng non vd xung kich se tiip budc minh. b) Lua chpn nhiing cau van dung trong cac cau sau : - Cd dugc ngdi nhd dd ldm cho bd sdng hqnh phuc han.

- Ngdi nhd dd ldm cho bd sdng hqnh phuc hon.

- Cd dugc ngdi nhd, bd dd sdng hqnh phuc han.

- Ngdi nhd dd mang lqi niim hqnh phuc cho cudc sdng cua bd. c) Timg cau trong doan van sau diu dung, nhung doan van vin khdng cd dugc tinh thd'ng nhat, chat che. Hay phan tich ldi va chiia lai: Thuy Kiiu vd Thuy Vdn diu Id con gdi cua dng bd Vuang vien ngoqi Ndng Id mdt thieu nu tdi sdc ven todn, sdng hod thudn hqnh phuc vdi cha me. HQ sdng em dm dudi mgt mdi nhd, cung cd nhitng net xinh d^p tuyit vdi. Ve dep cua Kieu hoa cung phdi ghen, liiu cung phdi hdn. Cdn Vdn cd net dep doan trang thuy mi. Cdn vi tdi thi ndng han hdn Thuy Vdn. Thi nhung ndng ddu cd dugc hudng hqnh phuc.

4. ve phong cdchngfin ngiii a) Hay phan tich va chiia lai nhiing tir dimg khdng phu hpp vdi phong each ngdn ngir: - Trong mpt bien ban ve mpt vu tai nan giao thdng: Hodng hdn ngdy 25-10, luc 17h 30, tqi km 19 quoc Id IA dd xdy ra mdt vu tai nqn giao thdng.

- Trong mpt bai van nghi luan : "Truyen Kiiu" cua Nguyen Du dd neu cao mdt tu tudng nhdn dqo het site la cao d?p.

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5-NV10/2B

b) Hay nhan xet vi cac tir ngir thudc ngdn ngir ndi tiong phong each ngdn ngii sinh boat d doan sau day: Bdm cu, tu ngdy cu bdt di a tu, con lqi sinh ra thich di d tii; bdm cd the, con cd ddm ndi gian thi trdi tru ddt diet, bdm qud di d tii sudng qud. Di a tu cdn cd cam demd dn, bdy gid vi ldng vi nudc mdt thudc cdm dui khdng cd, chd ldm gi nen dn. Bdm cu, con lqi den keu cu, cu lqi cho con di a tii. {NamCao, Chi Pheo)

(Chu y each dung cac tir xung hd, tir ngir dua day, thanh ngir, tuc ngii, each ndi ap iing,... cua Chi Pheo).

Nhiing tir ngii va each ndi nhu tren cd the su dung tiong mpt la don d i nghi dugc khdng ? Vi sao ?

GHI NHO

.

Khi su dung tieng Viet trong giao tiep, can dam bao nhtrng yeu cau ca ban sau : - Ve ngu am va chu viet, can phat am theo am thanh chuan ciia tieng Viet, can viet dung theo cac quy tic hien hanh v i chi'nh ta va v i chu viet ndi chung.

- V i tu ngu, can diing tu ngir dung vdi hinh thuc va ca'u tao, vdi y nghia, vdi dac diem ngu phap ciia chting trong tieng VieL - V i ngtr phap, can ca'u tao cau theo dting quy tic ngtr phap tieng Viet, diin dat dung cac quan he y nghla va su dung da'u cau thich hgp. Han nua, cac cau trong doan van va van ban can dugc lien ket chat che, tao nen mdt van ban mach lac, thd'ng nhat.

- V i phong each ngdn ngtr, can ndi va viet phti hgp vdi cac dac trung va chuan muc trong ttrng phong each chuc nang ngdn ngu.

II - Sir DUNG HAY, DAT HIEU QUA GIAO TIEP CAO 1. Trong cau tuc ngii "Chet ditng cdn hon sdng quy", cac tir dung va quy duac sir dung theo nghla nhu the nao ? Viec su dung nhu the lam cho cau tuc ngii cd tinh hinh tupng va gia tri bleu cam ra sao ?

2. Hay phan tich hieu qua bieu dat cua viec dung an du va so sanh trong cau sau: Chung ta ludn ndm trong ldng chiec ndi xanh cua cdy cdi, do Id cdi mdy dieu hod khi hdu cua chung ta.

(Nguyen Ba Cat - La Vinh Quyen, Siic khoe thanh nien)

3. Trong Ldi keu goi todn qud'c khdng chien, Hd Chi Minh viet: Ai cd sung dung sung. Ai cd guom dting guom, khdng cd guom thi dung cudc, thudng, gay gdc. Ai cung phdi ra sue chdng thuc ddn Phdp, cuu nudc. {Hd Chi Minh todn tap, tap 4, NXB Chinh tri qude gia. Ha Ndi, 2000) 67

Hay phan tich gia tri nghe thuat eua phep diep, phep ddi, cua nhip dieu trong nhimg cau van tren.

CHI N H O .

Khi ndi va khi viet, c h i n g nhung can su dung t i i n g Viet dung theo cac chuan muc cua hd, ma cdn can su dung mdt each sang tao, cd su chuyen ddi linh boat theo cac phuang thuc va quy t i c chung, theo cac phep tu t u de cho Idi ndi, cau van cd tinh nghe thuat va dat hieu qua giao tiep cao.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Lua chgn nhiing tir ngii viet dung trong cac trudng hpp sau : bdn hodng I bdng hodng ; chat phdt i chdt phdc ; bdn quan I bdng quan ; ldng mqn / ldng mqng; hiu tri/hieu tri; udng rieu/udng rugu; trau chudt/chau chudt; ldng ldn / ndng ndn; dep de / dep de; chdc che / chqt che.

2. Phan tich tinh chinh xac va tinh bieu cam cua tir lap (thay cho tir hqng) va cua tir se (thay cho tu phdi) trong ban thao Di chuc cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh (Luc dau Bae dung cac tir hqng, phdi, sau dd gaeh bd): - Ndm nay, tdi vua 79 tudi, dd la [hang] lap ngudi "xua nay hiem"...

- Vi vdy tdi de sdn mdy ldi ndy, phdng khi tdi [phai] se di gap cu Cdc Mdc, cu Le-nin vd cdc vi cdch mqng ddn anh khdc, thi ddng bdo cd nudc, ddng chi trong Ddng vd bdu bqn khdp nai khdi cdm thdy dot ngdt. {But tich "Di chuc" ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, trong Ho Chi Minh todn tap, tap 12, IMXB Chinh tri qud'c gia. Ha Ndi, 2000)

3. Phan tich chd dung, chd sai cua cac cau va cua doan van sau : Trong ca dao Viet Nam nhimg bdi vi tinh yeu nam nu la nhting bdi nhieu hon td't cd. Ho yeu gia dinh, yeu cdi td dm cung nhau sinh sdng, yeu nai chdn nhau cdt rdn. Ho yeu ngudi ldng, ngudi nudc, yeu tu cdnh rudng ddng den cdng viec trong xdm ngodi ldng. Tinh yeu dd ndng nhiet, ddm thdm vd sdu sdc.

4. cau van sau dugc td chiic mach lac theo cau true ngii phap cua tieng Viet (chu ngii - vi ngii - bd ngii - thanh phan phu chu), ddng thdi cung dam da sic thai bieu cam va cd tinh hinh tupng cu the. Hay phantiehva iam sang td diiu dd.

Chi Su yeu biet bao nhieu cdi chdn ndy, noi chi dd oa oa cdt tieng khdc ddu tien, noi qud ngot trdi sai dd thdm hdng da de chi. y ^ /

(Anh Due, Hdn Ddt)

5. Dpe lai bai lam van sd 4 cua anh (chi), hay phan tieh va siia chira cac ldl (ne'u cd) ve chii viet, ve tir ngu, vi cau van, vi ca'u tao doan bai.

68

TOM TAT VAN BAN THUYET MINH KET QUA CAN OAT Hieu muc dich, yeu cau, ttr dd biet each tdm tit mgt van ban thuyet minh cd ngi dung dan gian.

V

,

I - MUC DICH, YEU CAU T 6 M TAT VAN DAN THUYET MINH Tuong tu vdi tdm tit van ban ttr su, viec tdm tit van ban thuyet minh nhim hieu va ghi nhd nhiing npi dung co ban cua bai van hoac gldi thieu vdi ngudi khae vi dd'i tupng thuyet minh hoac vi van ban do,... Van ban tdm tit cin ngln gpn, ranh mach, sat vdi npi dung co ban cua van ban gdc.

II - CACH TOM TAT MOT VAN DAN THUYET MINH 1. Dpe va tdm tit van ban sau : NHA SAN Nha san la cdng trinh kien true cd mai che dung de d hoac dung vao nhiing muc dich khae nhau nhu de hpi hpp, de td chiic sinh boat van hoa cdng ddng.

Toan bd nha san dugc dimg bing vat lieu tu nhien gianh, tre, mia, gd,... Mat san diing tre hoac gd tdt b i n ghep liin nhau, lien kit d lung chimg cac hang cdt.

Gim san la kho chiia ciii va mdt sd ndng cu, noi nudi tha gia sue hoac bd trd'ng.

Khdng gian cua nha gdm ba khoang. Khoang ldn d giira thudc phin cdt ldi cua can nha dung de d, noi nay cd the ngan thanh mdt sd budng nhd, d giua dat mdt be da't vudng rdng, tren be la bep dun'^' va sudi am. Hai khoang diu nha, ben nay ggi la "ting quan"'^', dung de tiep khach, hoac danh cho khach d, ben kia gpi la "ting chan"'^'. Id mai, kha rdng, dat cac dng nudc dung de rua chan tay, chuan hi vat dung dun nudc, nau an,... Hai diu nha cd ciu thang lam bing gd hoac dung mdt cay buong ldn deo thanh timg kha'c thay b^c thang,...

(1) Cd vimg dat bep d tang chan.

(2), (3) Theo tie'ng dan toe Thai d Tay Bic.

69

Nha san tdn tai d mdt sd noi tien the gidi, dac biet phd bien d miin nui Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A. Loai hinh kien tnic nay xuat hien vao khoang diu thdi dai Da mdi, rat thich hgp vdi nhitng noi cu tru cd dia hinh phtic tap nhu d lung chimg nui hay ven sdng, sudi, dim liy. Nha san vira tan dung dugc nguyen lieu tai chd de giai quyet mat bing sinh boat, vira giii dugc ve sinh trong nhu ciu thoat nudc, lai vira phdng ngira dugc thu dii va cac loai cdn trung, bd sat cd nge ddc thudng xuyen gay hai. Trong cac ngdi nha tret thudc loai hinh kien true dan gian ciia ngudi Viet va nhiiu dan tdc khae cdn luu lai dau an cua nha san. Nha thuy ta bao gid eung phai la nha san.

Nha san ciia cac dan tdc Mudng, Thai va mdt so dan tdc d Tay Nguyen tren dat nudc Viet Nam chung ta dat trinh dp cao vi ki thuat va tham ml khdng chi de d, de sinh boat edng ddng ma nhiiu noi da trd thanh diem hen hap din cho khach du lich trong nude va the gidi. {Theo Bio tang Dan tdc hoe Viet Nam va Tu dien bdeh khoa Viet Nam, tap 3, NXB Tir dien bach khoa. Ha Ndi, 2003)

Ggiy:

a) Trudc hit hay dpe ki van ban va xac dinh : - van ban Nhd sdn thuyet minh ve ddi tupng nao ?

- Dai y cua van ban la gi ? b) Cd the chia van ban tren thanh may doan, y chinh cua mdi doan la gi ? c) Viet tdm tit van ban Nhd sdn vdi dp dai khoang 10 cau.

2. Tkih (chi) hay neu each tdm tit mdt van ban thuyet minh.

GHI NHO.

• Torn tit van ban thuyet minh nhim hieu va nim dugc nhtrng ndi dung chfnh ciia van ban dd. Ban tdm tit phai rd rang, chinh xac so vdi ndi dung cua van ban gdc.

• Mudn tdm tit va(i ban thuyet minh, can xac djnh muc dich, yeu cau tdm tat ; dgc van ban gd'c de nim vung ddi tugng thuyet minh ; tim bd cue ciia van ban. TCr dd, viet tdm lugc cac y de hinh thanh van ban tdm tit.

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m-LUY|NTAP 1. Dgc p h i n Tieu ddn bai Tha hai-cu cua Ba-sd [Ngu vdn 10, tap mdt) va thuc hien cac yeu ciu neu d dudi.

Ma-su-d Ba-sd (Matsuo Basho, 1644 - 1694) Id nhd tha hdng ddu cua Nhdt Bdn. Ong sinh ra d U-e-nd, xul-ga (nay Id tinh Mi-e) trong mdt gia dinh vo sicdp thdp. Khodng ndm 28 tudi, dng chuyen den j^-dd (nay Id Td-ki-d), sinh sdng vd ldm tha hai-cu vdi but hieu Id Ba-sd (Ba Tiiu). Mudi ndm cudi ddi, Ba-sd ldm nhting cudc du hdnh ddi di hdu khdp ddt nudc, vtea di vita viet du ki vd sdng tdc tha hai-cu. Ong trut hai thd cudi cung d 0-sa-ka. Tdc phdm cua Ba-sd: Du ki "Phai thdn dong ndi" (1685), "Dodn vdn trong ddy" (1688), "Cdnh dong hoang" (1689), "Ao tai cho khi" (1691), vd ndi tieng nhdt Id "Ldi len mien 6-ku" (1689),... Ngodi Ba-sd, a Nhdt Bdn cdn cd nhieu nhd tha hai-cu noi tieng khdc n tia nhu: Y.Bu-sdn (1716 -1783), KIt-sa (1763 -1827), M.Si-ki (1867 -1902),...

So vdi cdc the loqi tha khdc trin thigidi, tha hai-cu cd sd tit vdo loqi it nhdt, chi cd 17 dm tiet (hodc hem mdt chut), dugc ngdt ra ldm 3 doqn theo thu tu thudng la 5 -7 -5 dm (chi cd 7, 8 chu Nhdt). Mdi bdi tha hai-cu deu cd mdt tii tha nhdt dinh, thudng chi ghi lqi mgt phong cdnh vdi vdi su vdt cu the, trong mgt thdi diem nhdt dinh de tie do khai ggi len mdt xuc cdm, mdt suy tu ndo dd.

Thdi diim trong tha dugc xdc dinh theo mua qua quy tdc sd dung "quy ngu" (tit chi mua). Tha hai-cu thdm ddm tinh thdn Thiin tdng vd tinh thdn vdn hod phucmg Ddng ndi chung. Hai-cu thudng thi hien con ngudi vd vqn vdt ndm trong mdi quan hi khdng khit vdi mdt cdi nhtn nhdt thi hod. NhOng hien tugng cua tu nhiin nhu dm thanh, mdu sdc, dnh sdng, mui huang,... diu cd su tuang giao vd chuyin hod ldn nhau, trong mdt quy ludt ldn lao vd bi dn cda tu nhiin.

Cdm thuc thdm ml cua hai-cu cd nhdng nit rdt rieng, rdt cao vd rdt tinh ti: di cao cdi vdng ldng, Dan sa, U huyin, Mim mai, Nhe nhdng,... Vi ngdn ngu, hai-cu khdng dung nhieu tinh tie vd trqng tie dieu thi hod su vdt. Nhu mdt buc tranh thuy mdc, hai-cu thudng chi diing nhiing nit chdm phd, chi ggi chu khdng td, chita rdt nhiiu khodng trdng cho tri tudng tugng ciia ngudi doc. Cting vdi nghi thudt vudn cdnh, hoa dqo, trd dqo, hdi hoq, tiiu thuyit,... tha hai-cu Id mdt ddng gdp ldn cua Nhdt Bdn vdo kho tdng vdn hod nhdn loqi.

Yeu c a u : a) Xac dinh ddi tugng thuyet minh cua van ban. b) Tim bd cue cua van bin. c) Viet doan van tdm tit p h i n thuyet minh vi tho hai-cu.

71

2. Dgc van ban sau va thuc hien cac yeu ciu neu d dudi.

DEN NGOC SON VA HON THO HA NOI Din Ngpc Son an dudi mau xanh cay la, nim d phia ddng bic Ho Guom la mpt cum di tich dac sic vira the hien rat rd ti'nh chat hoa ddng, dung hpp giiia van boa ngoai nhap vdi van boa ban dia, giira cac yeu td Nho - Phat - Dao ma ngudi Viet tiep nhan tir ben ngoai lai vira dep nhu mpt bai tho trii tinh...

Huyin thoai ke ring : Xua kia, ve dep quyen ru noi day da khien cac tien nii thudng giang trin tim mat, dao choi, ngam canh tren hd va ngudi trin da dung din thd cac nang tren manh dat nay.

Den cudi ddi Le, ehiia Nggc Son dugc xay dung lam noi thd Phat ; ttr thdi Nguyin, noi day mdi ehuyen thanh den thd Thanh nhu hien nay.

Nam 1864, Nguyin Van Sieu (Thin Sieu) - nha nho, nha van boa ldn cua Ha Ndi da dting ra sira sang lai toan bd canh quan khu vuc din Nggc Son va de lai nhiiu di but bat hii noi day.

Kien true ciiaden Nggc Son la mgt he thdng lien hoan an chiia da'u an ca ba he tu tudng - tdn giao : Nho, Phat, Dao boa quyen vdi nhau that tu nhien va the hien dudi nhiing hinh tupng kien true vira chan that vira huyin ao.

Den tham din Ngpc Son, hinh tupng kien true diu tien gay an tupng la Thap But, Dai Nghien - mpt bleu tupng ciia tri tue van hoa. Thap But dung tien nui Ngpc Bdi, dinh thap cd ngpn but trd len trdi xanh cao vut, tien minh thap la ba chii son td thanh thien (viet len trdi xanh) day kieu hanh, hai ben ldi di cd dip

Den Ngoc Son (Hd Noi) 72

ndi hinh ca boa rdng va hd vuon minh - hinh anh "Cira Rong", "Bang Hd" - tugrig tnmg cho viec thi eii, dd dat cua Nho hgc ngay xua; ddng thdi day cung la mdtip quen thudc cua Dao Giao. Dao Giao tdn Lao Tir lam Giao chu bdi dng la mdt con ngudi dao cao, due trgng khien rdng va hd cung phai quy phuc. Vdi nhirng hinh tugng tren, ldi di nay din tdi cdng Dai Nghien...

Gpi la "Dai Nghien" bdi cdng nay la hinh tugng "cai dai" dd "nghien muc" hinh tiai dao tac bing da dat tren diu ba chu ech vdi tham y sau xa "ao nghien rudng chii" - cai t i m m i t chat hep cua ngudi ta nhu "ech ngdi day giing" se dugc md mang, hieu nhiiu, biet rdng nhd su hgc hanh... Phia sau Dai Nghien la ciu The Hue (noi dgng anh sang ban mai) do t h i m cong cong ndi sang Dao Nggc, tdi ciia vdm thli ba cd cai ten ggi rat tho, rat ggi cam "Die Nguyet Lau" (liu dugc trang), do cung chinh la cdng din. Hal ben, phia dudi liu nay la hinh Long Ma va Rua Than dip ndi. Sau cdng tam quart vdi "Die Nguyet Lau" la mpt vung cay la tuoi xanh.

Dd chinh la Dao Ngpc -. noi toa lac ngdi d i n thieng giira ri rao sdng nudc...

Nhin tir ngoai vao, Thap But - Dai Nghien the hien tinh thin cua Dao Nho ; trong dien chinh lai thd cac vi thin cua Dao Giao, song cac vi nay diu lien quan den viee hpe hanh, khoa cir, dd dat; ba vi thd noi hau dien (Quan De tiic Quan van Trudng, Tao Quan, Diic Thanh Trin) khdng chi the hien tinh thin cua Dao Giao ma cdn la su d i cao nhiing con ngudi trung nghla, khdng phan biet dan tdc, dang cap va long vao dd la ca ldng tu hao dan tpc vdi su tdn vinh Dire Thanh Trin. Sau niia phai ke den Phat A Di Da dugc phdi thd d hau cung theo md hinh tiin Thanh hau Phat thudng gap trong nhiiu ngdi d i n d Viet Nam. Dd chinh la mpt tdng the kien tnic vira mang da'u an tam linh vtra hien hien mpt tam hdn yeu cai dep va cai thien...

Vdi cau The Hue, vdi Die Nguyet Lau, noi day ngung tu ca anh sang cua Da't - Trdi, ciia Am - Duong hoa hpp... An minh dudi nhirng vdm cay la tuoi xeinh, sol "bdng tren mat nudc hd lung hnh huyin ao, d i n Ngpc Son dep nhu mdt biic trjinh thuy mac, mpt bai tho trd tinh, gpi ngudn cam hiing thi ca khdng bao gid can cua nhiing tam hdn tho Ha Npi. .

— {Jheo Luang Quynh Khue, Tap ehi Truyen hinh Hd Ndi, thing 11- 2005)

Yeu c i u : a) xac dinh van ban Din Ngoc San vd hdn thaHd Ndi thuyet minh van d i gi.

So vdi cac van ban thuyet minh d phan tren, ddi tugng va ndi dung thuyet minh eua Luong Quynh Khue cd gi khae ? b) Viet tdm tit doan gidi thieu canh Thdp But, Dai Nghien.

73

H 6 | TRONG

CO THANH

(Trich hdi 28 - Tam qud'c diin

IAOUANTRUNG

nghla) KiT QUA C A N OAT -

• Hieu dugc tinh each cuang true den ndng nay - mgt bieu hien cua long trung nghla cua Truang Phi cung nhu tinh cam keo san giCra ba anh em kit nghla vudn dao.

• Qua doan trich, cam nhan dugc khdng khf chiin tran vdn la dac diem cua Tam qude diin nghTa.

TIEUDAN Tac gia La Quan Trung (1330 - 1400 ?) ten La Bin, hi$u H 6 Hii tin nhan, ngudi vung Thai Nguyen thudc tinh Son Tay eti. Ong ldn len vao cudi thdi Nguyen dau thdi Minh, tinh tinh cd ddc, le loi, thich mdt minh ngao du day dd. Khi Minh Thai To danh dudi dugc quan Mdng Co, thd'ng nhat dat nudc, dng chuyen tam suu tam va bien soan da sir. Ngoai tam quoc diin nghia, dng cdn viet Tuy Duong luong trieu chi truyen, Tdn Du&ng ngd dqi sii diin nghla, Binh yeu truyen,...

La Quan Trung la ngudi dau tien ddng gdp xuat sic cho trudng phai tieu thuyet lich su thdi Minh - Thanh a Trung Qud'c. Tam qude diin nghla cd anh hudng sau rong den nhieu nudc tren the gidi, trong dd cd Viet Nam. Tam quoc diin nghla ra ddi vao dau thdi Minh (1368 -1644), gom 120 hoi, ke chuyen mot nudc chia ba goi la "cat cii phan tranh"' ' trong gan 100 n i m cua nudc Trung Qud'c thdi co (the ki II, III). Dd la cudc phan tranh gitra ba tap doan phong kien quan phiet: Nguy - do Tao Thao cam dau, chiem giO phia bae ttr Trudng Giang trd 16n ndn goi la Bae Nguy; Thuc - do Luu Bi cam dau, chiem giir phia tay nam nen goi la Tay Thuc; Ngd - do Tdn Quyen elm diu, chiem giir phia ddng nam nen goi la Ddng Ngd. Tam quoc diin nghia phoi bay cue dien chinh tri Trung Hoa ma dudng net ndi bat la "cat cii phan tranh", ca ldn nud't ca be, chiin tranh lien mi6n, nhan dan ddi khd, di6u linh. Trong mot thdi ki nhu vay, nhan dan mong mud'n hoa binh, 6n dinh, thd'ng nha't. Nguydn vong dd duge gm gam vao mpt trieu dinh cd dng vua biet thuong dan, cd vin yd b i quan biit thuc hien dudng ldi "nhan chinh". Ong vua dd la Luu Bi, trieu dinh do la nha Thuc. Nha Thuc cd vua Luu Bi ddng ddi nha Han, bie't thuang dan va vi dan, tugng tnmg cho chii nhdn, cd cic muu si gidi nhu Khong Minh, tugng trung cho chir tri, lai cd nim tudng gidi (ngu ho tudng) nhu Quan Cdng, Truang Phi, Trieu Van, Ma Sieu, Hoang Tmng, tupng trung cho chu dung.

Hp lai tren dudi mdt ldng vi su nghiep chung m i bieu tugng la ba anh em ket nghia Luu, Quan, Truang - vua tdi ma la anh em, the sd'ng chet bdn nhau vi su nghiep khdi phuc nhi Han. Dd'i lap vdi hp la phia Tao Thao va trieu dinh Tao Nguy.

(1) Cdt cic phdn tranh : {cat: cit, cic: chiem giu) chig^m giir tirng vung, tranh nhau quyen lpi.

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Doan trich thudc hoi 28, trudc dd ba anh em Luu, Quan, Truang niu minh dudi trudng Tao Thao. Hieu dugc ban chat gian hiing cua Tao Thao, ho tim each bd di. Thao eho quan dudi dinh, ba anh em that tin mdi ngudi mdt ngi. Quan Cdng vi phai hd td'ng hai chi dau (vg Luu Bi) nen tam hang Tio Thio vdi dieu kien hang Han chii khdng hang Tao (vua Han dang bi Tao khdng che); he bie't tin anh d dau la se di ngay. Tao Thio tim each thu phuc Quan Cdng : ba ngay mot tiec nhd, nam ngay mdt tiec ldn, lai ban thudng chiic tude, vang bae, mi nir,... Nhung Quan Cdng "than tai Tao doanh, tam tai Han" - vira nghe tin Luu Bi dang d ben Vien Thieu la lap tiic tri he't an tin, vang bae chau bau, len ngua di tim anh. Tren dudng dl, bi cac tudng Tao ngan cin, Quan Cdng vung long dao chem ludn siu tudng, vugt nam cua quan. De'n Co Thanh, gap dugc Truong Phi, vui mimg khdn xiet. Nao ngd...

Ban do thdi Tam Quoc 75

VAN DAN [...] Chau Thuang theo Quan Cdng sang Nhii Nam. Di dugc vai ngay, trdng xa xa tren dinh nui cd mdt toa thanh. Quan Cdng hdi ngudi dia phuong la thanh nao. .

Ngudi dia phuong thua : - Day gpi la Cd Thanh. May thang trudc, ed mdt tudng, ten gpi la Truong Phi, din vai muoi quan ki'^^ din, dudi quan huyen di, chiem lay thanh, md quan tau ngua, chua cd tich luong'^' nay cd den ba nghin quan ma. Chung quanh day khdng ai dam chdng lai.

Quan Cdng nghe ndi, mimg rd vd cting: - Em ta ttr khi that tan'^' d Ttr Chau, lau nay vin khdng biet d dau, ai ngd lai boa ra d day!

Liin sai ngay Tdn Can vao thanh bao tin, bao Truong Phi ra ddn hai chi.

Truong Phi tir khi trdn vao nui Mang Dang d hon mdt thang, mpt hdm ra ngoai nghe ngdng tin tiic Huyin Dtic, chpt di qua Cd Thanh, vao huyen vay luong thuc.

Quan huyen khdng cho vay. Phi ndi gian dudi quan huyen di, eudp lay an thu''*', chiem thanh, tam lay chdn nuong than.

Hdm ay Tdn Can theo lenh Quan Cdng vao thanh ra m i t Truong Phi. Thi li*^' xong, ndi chuyen Huyin Due da bd Vien Thieu sang Nhir Nam, Van Trudng thi d Hiia Dd, vira dua hai phu nhan'^' den day. Rdi mdi Truong Phi ra ddn.

Phi nghe xong, chang ndi chang ring, lap tiic mac ao giap, vac mau'^' len ngua, d i n mpt nghin quan, di tit ra cira bae. Tdn Can thay la, nhung khdng dam hdi cung phai theo ra thanh.

Quan Cdng trdng thay Truong Phi ra, miing ro vd cimg, giao long dao'^' cho Chau Thuong cam, te ngua lai ddn. Truong Phi m i t trgn trdn xoe, rau hum venh ngugc, hd hit nhu sam, mua xa mau chay lai dam Quan Cdng.

Quan Cdng giat minh, vol tranh mui mau, hdi: - Hien de cd sao nhu the, ha quen nghla vudn dao ru ?

(1) Qudn ki: linh eudi ngua.

(2) LwoTig: luang thuc.

(3) Thdt tdn : tan tie mdi ngudi mdt noi.

(4) An thu: eon da'u.

(5) Thi li: chao hdi.

(6) Phu nhdn : vg. Day li vg cua Luu Bi. (7) Mdu : (cdn goi la xd mdu, bdt xd mdu hoac truqng bdt xd mdu) mdt loai vu khi co, cin dai, dau nhon.

(8) Long dao: eay dao ldn ed cham hinh eon rong.

76

Truang Phi h i m h i m quat: - May da bdi nghla'^', edn mat nao den gap tao nira ?

Quan Cdng ndi: - Ta the nao la bdi nghla ?

Truong Phi ndi: - May bd anh, hang Tap Thao, dugc phong hau tu tudc'^', nay lai den day danh lira tao ! Phen nay tao quyet liiu sdng chit vdi may!

Quan Cdng ndi: - Chuyen nay em khdng biet, ta ciing khd ndi. May cd hai chi d day, em den ma hdi.

Hai phu nhan nghe thay the, vdi vang ven man xe, gpi: - Chu Ba sao lai the ?

Phi ndi: - Xin hai chi hay thong tha, d i tdi giet thing phu nghla nay da, rdi se mdi hai chi vao thanh.

Cam phu nhan ndi: - Khoan da chu Ba, khoan da! Chd hap tap ma lam can bay gid, chu Hai khdng biet tin tuc mgi ngudi nen phai tam nuong minh ben Tao. Nay da biet anh nha d Nhii Nam, khdng ngai hiem trd, dua bpn ta den day. Chu khdng dugc nghi lim nhu the!

Mi phu nhan cung ndi: - Chu Hai trudc d Hiia Dd, thuc la bat die dl.

Phi ndi: - Hai chi bi lira ddi day. Trung thin'^' tha chiu chit khdng chiu nhuc. Cd le dau dai trupng phu'*' lai thd hai chu ?

Quan Cdng ndi: - Hiin de dimg ndi vay, oan udng qua!

(1) Bdi nghia: phin bdi lai ldi the kei nghia. Ba anh em Luu Bi, Quan Vu, Truong Phi kei nghia noi vudn dao, the sd'ng chei ben nhau.

(2) Phong hdu tic tude: phong hau va ban eho tude vi.

(3) Trung thdn : be tdi trung.

(4) Dqi truang phu : ngudi dan dng cao thugng, cd tai nang xuat ehung.

77

Tdn Can ndi: - van Trudng den day la cdt de tim tudng quan.

Truong Phi m I n g : - May cung ndi lao, nd dau cd bung tdt, nd lai day tat la de bit ta dd !

Quan Cdng ndi: - Neu ta den bit em, tat phai dem theo quan ma chii!

Truong Phi trd tay ding xa, ndi: - Khdng phai quan ma la gi kia ?

Quan Cdng ngoanh lai, qua nhien thay bui bay mu trdi, mdt toan quan ma keo din, cd hieu phap phdi chi'nh la cd Tao. Truong Phi ndi gian ndi: - Bay gid cdn ehdi niia thdi ?

Rdi mua bat xa mau ham hd xdng lai dam Quan Cdng. Quan Cdng vira dd vtra can : - Hiin de hay khoan, xem ta chem ten tudng ay, de td long thuc cua ta!

Truong Phi ndi: - Neu may qua ed long thuc, ta danh ba hdi trd'ng, may phai chem dugc ten tudng ay.

Quan Cdng nhan ldi.

Mdt lat, quan Tao keo den, Sai Duong dl diu, vac dao te ngua xdng den, quat to : - May giit chau ngoai tao la Tan Ki, lai trdn den day. Tao phung menh Thtra tudng den bit may.

Quan Cdng ehing ndi mpt ldi, mua long dao xd lai, Truong Phi thing eanh danh trd'ng. Chua diit mpt hdi, d i u Sai Duong da lan dudi da't. Quan Tao chay tan tac. Quan Cdng bit mdt ten linh cam cd hieu hdi ehuyen d i u dudi. Ten linh thua: - sai Duong nghe tin tudng quan giet chau ngoai la Tin Ki, ndi gian dimg dung mudn sang Ha Bic danh nhau vdi tudng quan, Thtra tudng'^' khdng cho di, nhan sai sang Nhii Nam danh Luu Tich, khdng ngd di den day lai gap tudng quan.

Quan Cdng sai ten Hnh den ke chuyen ay cho Truong Phi nghe. Phi hdi kl viec d Hua Dd. Ten linh ke bet ndng ndi ttr dau den cud'i. Bay gid Phi mdi tin anh la thuc [...] Phi mdi hai chi vao thanh.

Vao den nha, hai ba mdi ke lai nhiing viec Quan Cdng da trai qua. Truong Phi nghe hit chuyen, rd nirdc m i t khdc, thup lay van Trudng'^'...

Theo bin dich cua PHAN. KE BINH, BUI KI hieu dinh {Tam qude diin nghla, NXB Pho thdng, Hi Ndi, 1959) (1) Thica tudng: ehiie quan eao nhai trong trifeu dinh, thtra lenh vua cam quan tri nude. 6 day ehi Tao Thao.

(2) Vdn Trudng: tuc Quan Van Trudng, cdn goi la Quan Vu, Quan Cdng.

78

HUiorNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Tai sao Truong Phi ndi gian dinh dam chit Quan Cdng ?

2. Vi sao cd the dat nhan di cho doan trich la Hoi trdng Cd Thdnh ?

3. Cd y kien cho ring "ndng nhu Truong Phi" cdn la ndng ldng mud'n biet sir thue, ndng ldng xac dinh phai trai, dung sai, chu khdng phai chi la ndng nay do ca tinh gan dd. Anh (chi) cd ddng y khdng ? Vi sao ?

4. Tai sao ndi: Neu khdng cd chi tiet Truang Phi thing tay giiic trdng thi doan van se te nhat, mat het y vi Tam quoc ? ,

GHI NHO

/

,

> Linh bdn doan van thau tdm trong hdi trdng. Ddla hdi trd'ng thach thuc, minh oan va doan tu . Kit nghTa anh em, ban be,.. phai nhim muc dich trong sang, cao ca thi mdi vung bin.

\

LUYEN TAP 1. Ke lai cau chuyen bing mdt doan van khoang 30 ddng.

2. Tinh each cua Truang Phi dugc bleu hien qua nhimg chi tiet nao ?

3. Tinh each cua Trupng Phi va Quan Cdng khae nhau nhu the nao ?

79

,OOCTHEM jO OCTHEMVj T A O T H A O U O N G R l f O U

LAOUANTRUNG

LUAN A N H HUNG (Trich hdi 21 - Tam qud'c diin nghla)

TIEU DAN Doan nay trich ttr hdi 21, trude doan Hoi trdng Co Thdnh (hoi 28). Khi dd, ba anh em Luu, Quan, Truong dang nuong niu tren dat Tao, nhin nhin chd thdi de ra di muu do nghiep ldn.

VAN BAN Huyin Diic'^' bay gid sg Thao nghi minh cd muu dd gi, ben iam mdt vudn rau d sau nha, ngay ngay vun xdi, tudi t i m de lam cho Thao khdi ngd.

Quan, Truong thay vay hdi r i n g : - Anh khdng luu tam den viec ldn thien ha, hoc lam chi cai viec cua ke tieu nhan'2' nay ?

Huyen Due ndi: - Hai em biet dau y anh !

Hai ngudi tir do khdng dam ndi gi niia.

Mdt hdm, Quan Vu, Truong Phi cimg di choi ving, Huyin Diic dang lom khom tudi rau, bdng thay Hiia Chu va Truong Lieu d i n vai chuc ngudi vao vudn, ndi ring: - Thira tudng sai chung tdi den mdi su quan den ngay phii.

Huyin Due giat minh hdi: - Viec gi khan cap the, hai dng ?

Hua Chir thua: - Khdng rd. Chung tdi chi biet vang lenh den mdi.

Huyen Diic theo hai ngudi vao phu yet kien Thao, Thao cudi ndi r i n g : - Huyen Diic dp nay d nha lam mpt viec ldn lao day nhi!

Huyin Due sg tai mat. Thao cim tay Huyin Due dit vao vudn sau nhd, ndi ring: - Huyen Diic hoc lam vudn, chic khdng phai la mdt viec d i dang ?

(1) Huyen Dice: Luu Huyen Diic, tiic Luu Bi. (2) Tieu nhdn : ke nhd nhen, hen ha, dd'i lap vdi qudn tii.

80

Huyin Diie bay gid mdi viing da, dap r i n g : - Khdng cd viee gi, iam de tieu khien dd thdi.

Thao ndi: - Vira rdi thay tren canh mai da ed qua xanh, sue nhd khi trude di danh Truong Tu, di dudng khdng cd nudc, tudng si khat eao eudng hgng. Bay gid ta nghi dugc mdt ke, cim roi vd trd ndi r i n g : Trudc mat cd rimg mo. Quan si nghe thay ndi din mo, ai ciing ua nudc dai, do dugc khat nudc. Nay cd mo that, nen hai xudng ma thudng. Va lai rugu nau vtra ehin, cho nen mdi su quan den tieu dinh udng rugu.

Huyin Diic bay gid tran tinh lai dugc, theo den tieu dinh, da thay bay mam bat, giiia ban bay mpt dia mo xanh, mpt binh rugu ndng.

Hai ngudi ngdi ddi dien, an udng vui ve. Luc rugu nga nga say, chpt thay may den mu mit, con mua to sip keo den.

Quan h i u trd len trdi, bam : - Cd vdi rdng lay nudc.

Thao va Huyen Due cting dua vao lan can ngim xem, Thao hdi: - Sir quan cd biet rdng nd bien hoa the nao khdng ?

Huyin Due ndi: - Tdi chua dugc tudng.

Thao ndi: - Rdng thi luc to, luc nhd, luc bay, lue nap. Lue to thi ndi may phun mil; luc nhd thi thu hinh an bdng; khi bay ra thi heng trong trdi dat; khi an thi nup d dudi sdng.

Nay dang mua xuan, rdng gap thdi bien hoa, cdng nhu ngudi ta luc die chi, tung hoanh ttong bdn be. Rdng vi nhu anh hung ttong ddi. Huyin Diic lau hay da di khap bdn phuong, bao nhieu anh hung ddi nay, ban da biet ca, xin thir ndi cho nghe.

Huyin Due thua: - Bi nay ngudi trin m i t thit, biet dau dugc anh hung.

Thao ndi: - Huyin Due khdng nfen nhun minh qua!

Huyin Diic ndi: - Bi nay dugc nhd on Thira tudng lam quan trong triiu, anh hung trong thien ha thuc khdng dugc biet.

Thao ndi: - Da danh khdng biet mat nhung cung cd nghe tieng chu ?

Huyin Due ndi: - Vien Thuat d Hoai Nam, binh luong'^' nhiiu, cd the cho la anh hung dugc chang ?

(1) Binh luang: binh linh va luang thuc.

6-NV10/2A

81

Thao cudi ndi: - Xuong khd trong ma, chi nay mai la ta b i t duge !

Huyen Due lai ndi: - Anh Vien Thuat la Vien Thieu d Ha Ble, bdn ddi iam tam edng, cd nhiiu diy td cii; hien nay nhu con hd dii hung cu d Ki Chau; bd ha nhiiu tay tai gidi, cd the cho la anh hung dugc chang ?

Thao lai cudi ndi: - Vien Thieu ngoai mat manh bao, trong bung nhut nhat, thich muu meo ma khdng quyet doan, lam viee ldn lai lo den ban than, thay lgi nhd thi lai qu6n minh, khdng thi gpi la anh hung dugc !

Huyin Due lai ndi: - Cd mdt ngudi ndi tieng trong tam ke tuan kiet, uy danh khip ca chin chau, la Luu Canh Thang, cd the cho la anh hung dugc chang ?

Thao lai cudi: - Luu Bieu cd hu danh nhung khdng ed thuc tai, khdng phai anh hung.

Huyin Due lai ndi: - Cd mpt ngudi, sire luc duong khoe, diing d i u xii Giang Ddng, la Tdn Ba Phu, ban la anh biing ?

Thao ndi: - Tdn Sach nhd danh tieng eiia bd, khdng phai anh hung.

Huyin Diic ndi: - Luu Quy Ngpc d Ich Chau cd phai la anh hung khdng ?

Thao ndi: - Luu Chuong tuy la tdn tha'tti' nhung chi nhu con chd giii nha, sao gpi la anh hung dugc ?

Huyin Diic lai ndi: - Nhu bgn Truong Tu, Truong Ld va Han Toai thi the nao ?

Thao vd tay cudi to : - Lu tieu nhan nhung nhuc ay thi ndi lam gi ?

Huyin Diic ndi: - Ngoai nhiing ngudi ay ra, Bi thuc khdng cdn biet ai niia.

Thao ndi: - Anh hung la ngudi trong bung ed chi ldn, cd muu cao, cd tdi bao trum dugc ca vu tru, cd chi nudt ca trdi dat kia.

(1) Ton thd't: ddng hp nha vua.

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6-NV10/2B

Huyin Dire mdi hdi: - Ai ed the xiing dang duge nhu t h i ?

Thao lay tay trd vao Huyen Due, rdi lai trd vao minh ndi ring : - Anh himg trong thien ha bay gid ehi cd su quan va Thao ma thdi.

Huyen Diie nghe ndi giat nay minh, bat giac thia, dua cam d tay roi ca xudng da't. Dung luc ay, con mua sip den, cd mdt tieng sam rin vang. Huyin Due ung dung cui xud'ng nhat dua va thia, ndi tang r i n g : - Gdm that! Tieng sam dii qua !

Thao cudi hdi r i n g : - Trupng phu ciing sg sam a ?

Huyin Diic ndi: - Diic thanh ngay xua gap luc sam dii gid to ciing ddi sic mat, sao tdi lai khdng sg!

Huyin Due da che day duge hit viec giat minh danh roi ca thia dua khi nghe Thao gpi minh la anh hung.

Thao thay the khdng nghi ngd gi Huyin Diic niia.

Theo ban dich cua PHAN KE BINH, BUI KI hieu dinh {Tam qude diin nghia, Sdd)

HirOlNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Phan tich tam trang va tinh each cua Luu Bi khi phai d nhd Tao Thao.

2. Qua each dd'i xir cua Tao Thao vdi Luu Bi va each danh gia nhiing nhan vat anh hung ma Luu Bi de xua't, anh (chi) bleu gi vi tinh each cua nhan vat nay ?

3. Phan tich nhirng diem khae nhau vi tinh each giiia Luu Bi va Tao Thao.

4. Vi sao each ke chuyen trong doan van lai hap d i n ngudi dgc ?

TRA BAI LAM V A N SO 5 Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

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VIET BAI LAM VAN SO 6 : THUYET MINH VAN HOC (Bai lam d nha)

KET QUA CAN OATViet dugc bai van thuyet minh van hoc chuan xac, ha'p d i n , sat diing vdi yeu cau.

I - HUtifNG DAN CHUNG 1. Be lam bai td't, ein dn lai yeu ciu va phuong phap lam van thuyet minh.

2. Tim hieu that kl tac pham, tac gia, the loai,... se phai thuyet minh.

3. Rut kinh nghiem cac bai viet trudc de viet tdt hon.

H - GOI Y DE BAI Co the lira chpn mdt trong nhiing ddi tupng sau day de lam bai van thuyit minh van Hpe: - Mdt tac pham van hoc - Mpt tac gia van hpe - Mdt the loai van hoc hoac kit hpp thuyet minh vi mpt tac gia, tac pham nhu: - Truong Han Sieu va Phu sdng Bqch Ddng - Nguyin Du va Truyen Kiiu

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HI - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI 1. Cin nhd trpng tam cua bai thuyet minh. Vl du : - Khi thuyet minh vi mdt tac pham vaii hpe, ttpng tam phai la ndi dung va gia tri ciia tac pham ay. Phan dd cin ndi that rd, that cu the. Tat nhien bai viet cd ndi den tac gia va thdi dai nhung d i u n h i m gdp p h i n soi sang ndi dung tac pham. Cd the trpng tam eua bai viet mdi ndi rd.

- Khi thuyet minh vi mpt tac gia van hoc, ttpng tam phai la su nghiep van hpe cua tac gia ay (thudng gdm nhiiu tdc pham). Trudng hpp nay lai ein lam ndi bat npi dung, gia tri mpt so tac pham tieu bleu cho tu tudng va nghe thuat cua tac gia. Chinh nhiing tac pham dd la ddng gdp cua tac gia vao gia tai van hoc dan tpc.

Nhiing chuyen khae (vg con, ban be,...) neu ndi den cung edt lam sang td them su nghiep van hpe, va chi chiem mpt p h i n nhd.

2. Nen d i n ra vai doan van, doan tho that dae sic va ngln de bai viet them sinh ddng, ha'p din.

3. Nen dpe kl cac p h i n Tiiu ddn ttong SGK Nga vdn 10 de hoc tap kinh nghiem..

Phin Tiiu ddn thudng thuyet minh vi tac pham, tac gia hay loai the,... Ldi van sue tich, sang rd. Vi du, Tiiu ddn eua bai Chuyen chuc phdn su den Tdn Viin cd ba p h i n : p h i n d i u thuyet minh vi nha van Nguyin Dir; p h i n hai thuyit minh vi the truyen ki; p h i n ba thuyit minh v i tac pham Truyin ki mqn luc.

Tieu dan bai Phu sdng Bqch Ddng (Bach Ding giang phu) cd ba p h i n : p h i n diu ndi vi cudc ddi Truong Han Sieu; p h i n hai ndi vi sdng Bach Ding va tho van viet vi sdng Bach Dang; p h i n ba ndi vi bai Phu sdng Bqch Ddng vai nhiing dac trung co ban eua the phu. Tham khao tieu d i n d cac bai khae va tuy theo de bai, hgc smh lap mdt dan y cho rd rang mach lac, thuan tien cho ngudi dpe tiep nhan cung nhu phu hpp vdi mach suy nghi cua minh.

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TiNH GANH LE LOI GUA NGUOI GHINH PHU (Trich Chinh phu

Nguyen tac chu Han: Ban diin Ndm:

DANGTRANCON

DOAN THI DIEM

(?)

ngdm) KET QUA CAN DAT -

• Cam nhan dugc ndi dau khd ciia ngudi chinh phu phai sdng trong canh cd dan, chia fia ddi lua va hieu dugc y nghTa d i cao hanh phiic lua ddi qua doan trfch.

• Nim dugc nghe thuat nni§u ta ndi tam qua doan trich. ^ . , -^

^

TIEUDAN Chinh phu ngdm, nguyen van chtr Hin, do Dang Tran Cdn sing tic. Dang Tran Cdn (chua rd nam sinh, nam mat) ngudi ling Nhan Muc, ten ndm la lang Moc, huyen Thanh Tri, nay thudc phudng Nhan Chinh, quan Thanh Xuan, Ha Ndi. Ong sd'ng vao khoing mia dau the ki XVIII. Ve sang tic, ngoii tic pham chinh la Chinh phu ngdm, dng cdn lam tha chir Hin va vie't mdt so' bai phii chir Hin. Theo cic tai lieu lich su, dau ddi Le Hien Tdng, cd nhieu cudc khdi nghia ndng dan no ra quanh kinh thinh Thang Long. Trieu dinh cat quan dinh dep, nhieu trai trang phii ttr gia ngudi than ra tran. Dang Tran Cdn cim ddng trudc ndi kho dau mat mat cua con ngudi, nha't la nhtmg ngudi vg linh trong chie'n tranh, da vie't Chinh phu ngdm. KTiiic ngam nay gom 476 cau tha lam theo the trudng doin cii (cau tho dii ngin khdng deu nhau).

Chinh phu ngdm ndi len su oin ghet chien tranh phong kie'n phi nghia, dac biet li the hien tam trang khao khit tinh yeu, hanh phiic liia ddi vd'n It dugc tha van cic thdi ki trudc chii y. Do do tic pham da dugc ddc gia cung thdi he't siic tan thudng. Nhi^u ngudi cdn dich Chinh phu ngdm sang tho Ndm (tuc tha tie'ng Viet) de khiic ngam dugc tmyen ba rdng rai ban. Bin dien Ndm hien hanh la bin dich thanh cdng nha't. Ngudi dich da diing the tha song that luc bit, mdt the tha do ngudi Viet sing tao. Vdi kinh nghiem nay, ve sau cic khue ngam, than, van cd cim hiing trii tinh hau he't dugc viei bing song thai luc bat.

Van de dich gii cua bin dich hien hanh vin chua rd. Cd ngudi cho rang dd la Doan Thi Diem. Doan Thi Diem (1705 - 1748) hieu la Hdng Ha nfr si, ngudi ling Giai Pham, huyen Van Giang, tran Kinh Bae (nay thudc tinh Hung Yen) ; ndi tie'ng thdng minh ttr nhd.

Ba lap gia dinh khi mudn (nam 37 tuoi), chong ba la Nguyen Kieu ; vira cudi xong, Nguyen Kieu da di su Trung Qud'c. Cd the ba da dich Chinh phu ngdm trong thdi gian niy.

Ba cdn la tie gia cua tap truyen chtr Hin Truyin ki tdn phd.

Lai cd thuyet ndi dich gia cua Chinh phu ngdm la Phan Huy Ich. Phan Huy Ich (1750 -1822) tu la Du Am, ngudi lang Thu Hoach, huyen Thien Loc, tran Nghe An (nay thudc tinh Ha Tinh), sau di cu ra ling Sai San, phii Quoc Oai, nay thudc Hi Tay; dd Tie'n si nam 26 tuoi; sang tic cdn cd Du Am vdn tap, Du Am ngdm luc.

Doan trich dudi day thudc bin dich hien hinh, viei ve tinh canh va tam trang ngudi chinh phu phai sd'ng cd dan, buon kho trong thdi gian dai ngudi chong di dinh tran, khdng cd tin tire, khdng rd ngay trd ve.

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VAN BAN Dao hien ving tham gieo timg budc, Ngdi rem thua ru thae^^^ ddi phen.

Ngoai rem thudcf^^ ching mach tin, Trong rem, dudng da cd den biet chang ?

Den cd biet dudng bang ching biet, Ldng thiep rieng bi thiet ma thdi.

Budn r i u ndi chang nen ldi, Hoa den'^) kia vdi bdng ngudi kha thuong.

Ga eo dc gay suong nam trdng'^'.

Hoe (^' phat pho ru bdng bdn ben.

Khic gid ding ding nhu nien, Md'i siu ding dac tua miin bien xa.

Huong guong ddt hdn da me mai,

, Anh bia cudn Chinh phu ngdm bi luc

Guong gupng soi le lai chau chan. s i t cim*^' gupng gay ngdn dan.

Day uyen^^^ kinh dut phim loan'^' ngai ehiing.

(1) Ru: budng xudng. Thdc: cudn len. Rii thdc ddi phen : budng xudng cudn len nhieu lan.

(2) Thudc: chim khich, dugc coi la loii chim bao tin lanh - cd khich de'n, ngudi di xa trd ve.

(3) Hoa den : dau bae den dau da chiy thinh than nhung lai dugc ngon lua nung do len ttdng nhu hoa.

(4) Ndm trdng: nam eanh (mdt dem ed nam eanh).

(5) Hoe: cay hoe.

(6) Sdt cdm: dan cam va din sit giy hoa am vdi nhau, thudng dugc dting de vi eanh vg ehdng hoa thuan. Guong giy dan sit dan cam vi chinh phu dang trong einh ed don.

(7) Ddy uySn : nguyen van "uyen uong huyfin" - day dan uyen uong. Mot gidng chim, uyen : chim tirdng, uong: chim mai, thudng di vdi nhau. "Uyen uong" la bieu tugng cho Itia ddi gin bd, hoi hgp. 6 day y ndi sg lam diit day dan uyen uong vi cd the bio hieu dieu khdng may (xua gpi li sdi) ciia tinh cim vg chong.

(8) Phim loan : nguyen van "loan phugng tru" - phim dan loah phugng. Phuang : chim trd'ng, loan : chim mai. Loan phuang eung la bleu tugng ve lua ddi gin bd. 6 day y ndi sg day din ehung la diem gd, ggi nen su khdng may min cua lira ddi dang xa nhau.

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Ldng nay giri gid ddng^'^^ cd tien ?

Nghin vang'^' xin gui den non Yen'^'.

Non Yen dti chang tdi miin, Nhd chang tham tham dudng len bing trdi.

Trdi tham tham xa vdi khdn thau, Ndi nhd chang dau dau nao xong.

Canh budn ngudi thiit tha'*' ldng, canh cay suong dugm tieng trtmg mua phun.

(Theo Nhiing khue ngdm chon loc, NXB Giio due. Hi Ndi, 1994)

HUiorNG D A N HOC BAI 1. Hay chi ra cac yeu td ngoai canh the hien tam trang ngudi chinh phu va y nghla diin ta ndi tam cua cac yeu td dd.

2. Theo anh (chi), nhiing dau hieu nao cho thay ndi cd don cua ngudi chinh phu ?

3. Hay cho biet vi sao ngudi chinh phu dau khd.

4*. xac dinh nhiing cau tho la ldi cua ngudi chinh phu va cho biet gia tri bleu hien cua nd.

5. Dpe diin cam doan trich (neu ngam dugc cang td't). Hay nhan xet vi nhac dieu cua the tho song that luc bat (cd so sanh vdi cac the tho ma anh (chi) biet). :.

GHI NHO

.

Doan trich mieu ta nhtrng cung bae va sic thai khae nhau cua ndi cd dan, budn khd d ngudi chinh phu khao khat duac sdng trong tinh yeu va hanh phuc lua ddi.

LUYEN TAP Hay van dung cac bien phap nghe thuat ta tam ttang ttong doan trieh de viet mdt doan van (hoae tho) ngln mieu ta mpt ndi budn hay niim vui cua ban than anh (chi).

(1) Gid ddng: (ddng phong) gid miia xuan.

(2) Nghin vdng: long thuong nhd, tran trpng quy nhu nghin vang.

(3) Non Yen : mii Yen Nhien. Dau Hien ddi Hau Han duoi giic Bie Thien Vu den mii Yen Nhifin, khae da ghi edng d dd roi trd ve. 6 day cd nghia li noi chien tran ngoai bien ii xa xdi.

(4) Thiei tha: (eit, mai) d day cd nghia la dau ddn.

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-

LAP DAN Y BAI VAN NGHl LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT ~ • Nam dugc each lap dan y bai van nghj luan.

• Lap dugc dan y bai van nghj luan. ^

^

.

»-^

I - TAC DUNG CUA VIEC LAP DAN Y Lap dan y la cdng viec lua ehpn va sip xep nhirng npi dung eo ban dtr dinh trien khai vao bd cue ba p h i n eua van ban. Viee lap dan y bai van nghi l u | n giup cho ngudi viit bao quat dugc nhiing npi dung chii yeu, nhiing luan diem, luan cu cin trien khai, pham vi va muc dd nghi luan,... nhd dd ma tranh dugc tinh trang xa di, lac d i hoac lap y; tranh dugc viec bd sdt hoac trien khai y khdng can xiing. Hon nira, cd dan y ngudi viet se phan phdi thdi gian lam bai hgp li, khdng bi roi vao tinh trang "diu vol dudi chudt" nhu da thay trong kha nhiiu bai lam van d nha trudng.

M - CACH LAP DAN Y BAI VAN NGHj LOAN VI du ta cin lap dan y bai van nghi luan vdi d i bai sau : Bdn ve vai trd vd tdc dung to ldn cua sdch trong ddi sd'ng tinh thdn cua con ngudi, nhd vdn M. Go-ra-ki cd viet: "Sdch md rdng trudc mdt tdi nhang chdn trdi mdi."

Hdy gidi thich vd binh ludn y kiin tren.

Trudc tien, anh (chi) hay dpe kl, xac dinh yeu eau cua d i bai va lin lupt tien hdnh cae budc sau : 89

1. Tim y cho bai van Tim y la tim he thdng luan diem, luan cu cho bai van. a) Xdc dinh ludn di Bai van cin lam sang td van d i gi ? Quan diem eua ehung ta vi van d i do nhu the nao ? b) Xdc dinh cdc ludn diim can cii vao d i bai, vao yeu cau cua bai van va huy ddng nhiing hieu biet cua minh, anh (chi) hay suy ngbl va tra ldi cdc cau hdi sau day: - Sach la gi?

- Sach cd tac dung nhu the nao ?

- Thai dp ddi vdi sach va viec dpe sach nhu the nao ? c) Tim ludn cu cho cdc ludn diem Hay lin lugt tia ldi cac cau hdi sau day: - Ddi vdi luan diem I (Sach la san pham tinh thin ki dieu cua con ngudi): + sach la san pham thudc linh vuc nao cua con ngudi ? + sach phan anh, luu giii nhiing thanh tuu gi cua nhan loai ? + Sach cd chiu anh hudng cua thdi gian va khdng gian khdng ?

- Dd'i vdi luan diem 2 (Sach md rdng nhiing chan trdi mdi) : + sach dem lai cho con ngudi nhting hieu biet gi vi tu nhien va xa hdi ? + sach cd tac dimg nhu the nao vdi cupc sdng rieng tu va qua trinh tu hoan thien mmh ?

- Ddi vdi luan diem 3 (Cin cd thai dp dung ddi vdi sach va viec dpe sach): + Thai dp cua anh (chi) dd'i vdi cae loai sach ? + Dpe sach nhu the nao la tdt nha't ?

2. Lap dan y

Anh (chi) hay sip xep cac luan diem, luan cii da xac dinh dugc vao bd cue sau day: a) Mdbdi Nen md bai true tiep hay gian tiep ? Lam the nao de neu duge van d i va phuong hudng nghi luan cho toan bai ? b) Thdn bdi - Sip xep cac luan diem theo ttinh tu nao cho hpp li ?

- Sip xep cac luan eii cho ttmg luan diem ra sao ?

- Cin trien khai luan diem va luan cu nao nhiiu nha't ? Tai sao ?

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- Can lua chpn va sii dung cac ki hieu gi dat trudc cac d i muc d i dan y dugc rd rang, minh bach ? c) Kit bdi - Nen kit bai theo kieu ddng hay md ?

- Khing dinh nhiing ndi dung nao ?

- Mb ra nhiing ndi dung nao de ngudi dpe tiep tuc suy nghi ?

GHI NHO

.

• Mudn lap dan y bai van nghj luan, can nim chic yeu cau ciia de bai de tim he thd'ng luan diem, luan cu rdi sip xep, trien khai chiing theo thu tu hgp li, cd trpng tam.

• Dan y bai van nghj luan gdm ba phan : md bai (gidi thieu va djnh hudng triin khai van di), than bai (trien khai lan lugt cac luan diem, luan cu) va. ket bai (nhan manh hoac md rgng van di).

Ill - LUYEN TAP 1. Sau day la mpt d i lam van: Trong mdt ldn ndi chuyen vdi hoc sinh, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh dd chi rd: "Cd tdi md khdng cd due Id ngudi vd dung, cd due md khdng cd tdi thi ldm viic gi cung khd.".

Theo anh (chi), nen hiiu vd van dung ldi dqy dd cua Ngudi nhu thi ndo ?

Mpt ban da tim duge mdt sd y : a) Giai thieh khai niem tdi va due. h) Cd tai ma khdng cd dire la ngudi vd dung. c) Cd due ma khdng cd tai thi iam viec gi cung khd.

Hay: - Bd sung cac y cdn thieu.

- Lap dan y cho bai van.

2. Hay lap dan y cho bai van nghi luan vdi d i bai sau day: Trong lap anh (chi) cd mdt sd bqn gap khd khdn trong ddi sdng nin chinh mdng hgc tap. Cdc bqn do thudng mugn cdu tuc nga "Cdi khd bd cdi khdn" di tu biin hd. Theo anh (chi), nen hiiu vd van dung cdu tuc ngu ndy nhu thi ndo ?

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TRUYEN KIEU

NGUYINDU

KET QUA CAN OAT Hieu dugc anh hudng ciia hoan canh xa hgi va cac nhan td thugc cugc ddi rieng dd'i vdi su nghiep sang tac ciia N g u y i n Du ; n i m vung nhung diem chinh trong su nghiep sang tac va nhung dac trung c a ban v i npi dung va nghe thuat ciia tha van dng. i N i m dugc mgt sd dac diem c a ban v i ndi dung va nghe thuat ciia Truyen Kieu qua cac doan trich. ^

Phan mot: TAC GIA

I - code DOI Nguyin Du sinh nam 1765 tai Thang Long, ten ehii la Td Nhu, hieu la Thanh Hien. Td tien Nguyin Du vdn ttr lang Canh Hoach, huyen Thanh Oal, tran Son Nam (nay thudc Ha Ndi) sau dl cu vao xa Nghi Xuan, huyen Tien Dien (nay la lang Tien Diin, huyen Nghi Xuan, tinh Ha Tinh). Cha Nguyin Du la Nguyin Nghiim (1708 - 1775) va me la Trin Thi Tin (1740 - 1778), que Ble Ninh. Vg Nguyin Du la con gai Doan Nguyin Thuc, que d Quynh Cdi, tran Son Nam (nay thupe tinh Thai Binh). Nguyin Du may m i n duge tiep nhan truyin thdng van hoa eua nhiiu vung que khae nhau. Dd la mpt tiin d i thuan lpi cho su tdng hpp nghe thuat cua nha dai thi hao dan tpc.

Thdi tho au va nien thieu, Nguyin Du sdng tai Thang Long trong mdt gia dinh phong kien quyen quy. Than phu dng da cd luc giii chuc Te tudng trong triiu dinh Le - Trinh. Nhung mdi 10 tudi da md edi cha, nam 13 tudi, md cdi me, Nguyin Du den sdng vdi ngudi anh cung cha khae me la Nguyin Khan«(1734 - 1786). Nguyen Khan ttmg lam quan tdi chuc Tham tung, ndi tieng phongjuu mpt thdi, tiian vdi chua Trinh Sam va la ngudi rat me hat xudng. Trong tiidi gian nay Nguyin Du cd 92

nhiiu diiu kien thuan lpi d i dui mai kinh sii, ed dip bleu biet vi eude sdng phong Itm, xa hoa eua gidi quy tdc phong kien - nhimg diiu dd da de lai da'u an trong sang tac van hpe cua dng sau nay. Su xuat hien kha dam net hinh tupng nhiing ngudi ca nhi, kl nii vdi tiing dan gipng hat va than phan dau khd cua hp trong sang tac cda Nguyin Du rat cd the la su am anh tir nhiing gi dng da chiing kien trong gia dinh ngudi anh. Nam 1783, Nguyin Du thi Huong dd tam trudng (tu tai) va dugc tap am'^' nhan mdt chuc quan vd nhd d Thai Nguyen. Nhung cudc ddi yen a khdng keo dai dugc bao Mu. Do nhiiu bien ed lich sir, ttr nam 1789, Nguyin Du da roi vao cupc sd'ng day khd khan gian khd hon chuc nam trudc khi ra lam quan cho nha Nguyin. Nhiing trai nghiem trong mdi trudng quy tdc va cudc sdng phong trin dem lai eho Nguyin Du mpt vdn sdng thuc te phong phu, da thdi thuc dng suy ngim nhiiu vi xa hdi, vi than phan con ngudi, tao tiin d i quan trpng eho su hinh thanh tai nang va ban Unh sang tao van chuong. Hon mudi nam lan ldn chat vat d cac vtmg ndng thdn khae nhau cung la dip Nguyin Du hpe hdi, n i m viing ngdn ngii nghe thuat dan gian: "Thdn ca sa hoc tang ma ngu" (Tieng hat noi thdn da giup ta biet ngdn ngii trong nghe trdng dau trdng gai). Day la vdn bleu biet rat ein thiet cho su hinh thanh phong each ngdn ngii cua cac sang tac bing chii Ndm, dac biet la Truyin Kiiu.

Sau nhiiu nam sdng hit siic khd khan chat vat d cac vung que khae nhau, din nam 1802, Nguyin Du da ra lam quan cho nha Nguyin. Hoan Id cua Nguyin Du kha thuan lpi. Nam 1802, dng nham chuc Tri huyen tai huyen Phu Dung (nay thupe Khoai Chau, Hung Yen), sau ddi sang Tri phu Thudng Tin (nay thudc Ha Npi). Ttr nam 1805 den nam 1809, dng duge thang ehiic Ddng Cac dien hpe si, nam 1809, dugc bd lam Cai ba dinh Quang Binh. Nam 1813, dng dugc thang Cin Chanh dien hpe si va giii chiic Chanh sii di Trung Qude. Sang Trung Qud'c, Nguyin Du true tiep tiip xtic vdi mpt n i n van hoa ma tir nhd dng da quen thudc qua nhiiu sii sach va tho van. Chuyen di su de lai nhiing da'u an sau dam trong tho van, dac biet gdp p h i n nang t i m khai quat cua nhiing tu tudng vi xa hdi va than phan eon ngudi trong sang tac cua dng. Nam 1820, Nguyin Du lai dugc cir lam Chanh sii di Trung Qud'c nhung lin nay chua kip len dudng thi dng da mat vao ngay 10 thang 8 nam Canh Thin (18 - 9 - 1820).

Nam 1965, Hdi ddng Hoa binh the gidi da edng nhan Nguyin Du la danh nhan van hoa the gldi va ra quyit dinh ki niem trpng the nhan dip 200 nam nam sinh cua dng.

(1) Tap dm: {tqp: truyen lai ddi sau, dm: nhd on ngudi trudc de lai ma con chiu duoc phong tang chiie tude hoic miin cho mdt trich nhiem nao do) con chiu duge thira hudng ehiic vu nao do ciia cha. Nguyin Du dugc mdt vien vo quan ho Ha d Thai Nguyen nhan lim con nudi, vi dng ho Ha khdng ed con nen khi chei, Nguyin Du dugc tap am ehiic vu do.

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H - s i r NGHIEP VAN HOC 1. Cac $ang tac chinh a) Sdng tdc bdng cha Hdn : Hien nay gidi nghien ciiu da suu t i m dugc 249 bai tho chii Han do Nguyin Du viet vao cac thdi ki khae nhau : - Thanh Hiin thi tap (Tap tho ciia Thanh Hien) gdm 78 bai viet chu yeu trong nhiing nam thang trudc khi ra lam quan nha Nguyen.

- Nam trung tqp ngdm (Cac bai tho ngam khi d phuong Nam) cd 40 bai viet thdi gian lam quan d Hue va Quang Binh, nhiing dia phuang d phia nam Ha Ttnh, que huong dng.

- Bae hdnh tqp luc (Ghi chep trong chuyen di sang phuong Bic) gdm 131 bai tho sang tac trong chuyin di sii Trung Qude.

Tho ehii Han cua Nguyen Du the hien tu tudng, tinh cam, nhan each cua dng.

Cac bai tho trong Thanh Hien thi tap va Nam trung tqp ngdm tuy bleu hien mpt tam trang budn dau, day diit nhung da eho thay rd khuynh hudng quan sat, suy ngim vi cudc ddi, vi xa hdi eua tac gia. Trong Bae hdnh tqp luc, nhiing diem dac sic cua tu tudng, tinh cam Nguyin Du dugc the hien rd rang hon. Tho Nguyin Du viet khi di su Trung Qude cd ba nhdm dang ehu y : - Ca ngpi, ddng cam vdi cac nhan each cao thugng va phe phan nhiing nhan vat phan dien; - Phe phan xa hpi phong kien cha dap quyin sd'ng con ngudi ; - Cam thdng vdi nhiing than phan nhd be dudi day xa hpi, bi doa day hit hui.

Xet vi d i tai va cam hiing sang tac, cd nhiiu diem tuong ddng giiia Truyin Kieu va cac bai tho chir Han trong Bdc hdnh tqp luc. b) Sdng tdc bdng chu Ndm : Nguyin Du cd Doqn trudng tdn thanh (cdn gpi la Truyin Kiiu) va Vdn chiiu hdn.

Truyen Kiiu dugc sang tac tren co sd cdt truyen cua tieu thuyet chuong hdi Trung Qud'c Kim Vdn Kiiu truyin. Tuy nhien, Nguyin Du da sang tao nen mdt tac pham mdi, vdi cam bring mdi, nhan thiic li giai nhan vat theo each cua rieng dng, vdi the loai truyen tho khae ban Kim Vdn Kiiu truyen la tac pham tu sy van xudi.

Tren mdt n i n tang nhan dao chu nghla viing chai, vdi tai nang dieu luyen, vdi su lua chpn the loai truyen tho kit hpp nhuan nhuyin ca chat tu su va chat trii tinh, vdi sir am hieu ddng thdi ea ngdn ngii binh dan eung nhu ngdn ngii van hoc bae hoc, Nguyin Du da sang tao nen mdt kiet tac ddc nha't vd nhi ciia van hpe trung dai Viet Nam.

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Truyin Kiiu la truyen tho viet b i n g the tho lue bat. Vdn chiiu hdn nguyen ten la Vdn tithdp loqi chung sinh (Van te mudi loai chung sinh) viit bing the tho song tha't luc bat. Bai van t i the hien mpt phuong dien quan trpng eua chu nghla nhan dao trong sang tac Nguyin Du. Theo quan niem xua, hdn cua nhiing ngudi chet bat hanh cin dugc sieu sinh tinh dp. Nguyin Du viet bai tho ehieu hdn cho nhieu hang ngudi khae nhau, ke ca nhiing ngudi thudc ting ldp phong kien quy tpc. Song tam ldng nhan ai ciia nha tho vin hudng vi nhihig than phan nhd be, dudi day xa hpi nhu cac em nhd, cac kl nir, nhiing anh hpe trd ngheo. Do gia tri nhan dao sau sic ma Vdn chiiu hdn da dugc phd bien rpng rai, ke ca trong pham vi nha chua.

2. Mot vai dac diem ve noi dung va nghe thuat cua tho van Nguyen Du a) Ddc diim ndi dung : Neu so vdi nhiiu nha nho xua iam tho de ndi chi (hudng vi li tudng ngudi quan tir) thi net ndi bat xet vi ndi dung cua sang tac Nguyin Du la su d i cao xuc cam, tuc d i cao tinh. Ndi dung quan trpng hang d i u trong tho chii Han, Truyen Kiiu, Vdn chieu hdn la tinh cdm chdn thdnh, la su cam thdng sau sic ciia tac gia ddi vdi cupe sdng va eon ngudi, dac biet la nhiing con ngudi nhd be, bat hanh, ngudi phu nu. Ngudi an may, ngudi mu hat rong, nhirng ca nhi, kl nii,... vd'n hi xa hdi cu coi re dugc nha tho ndi den bing mdt ta'm ldng tran trpng, thuong yeu. Nhirng khai quat cua dng vi cudc ddi, vi than phan con ngudi thudng mang tinh triet li cao va tha'm d i m cam xuc. Nha tho triet li vdi ndi dau vi than phan bat hanh cua phu nir trong xa hdi cu : "Dau ddn thay phan dan ba - Ldi ring bae menh cung la ldi chung" [Truyen Kiiu), "Dau ddn thay phan dan ba - Kiip sinh ra the biet la tai dau ?" [Vdn chiiu hdn). Ong khai quat ban chat tan bao cua xa hdi phong kien, bde id su phan no dd'i vdi nhirng ke da ham hai Khuat Nguyen : "Hau the nhan nhan giai Thupng Quan - Dai dia xii xii giai Mich La" (Ngudi ddi sau ai cung la Thupng Quan - Tren mat da't, dau cung cd sdng Mich La)'^'. Y nghla xa hdi sau sic cua tho ca Nguyin Du gan chat vdi tinh ddi, tinh ngudi bao la cua nha tho. Dac biet, cin lim y d i n eai nhin nhan dao sau sic cua Nguyin Du vi dng la ngudi d i u tien trong van hpe trung dai da

(1) Hai cau tho trich tu bii tha Phdn "Chieu hdn". Khuat Nguyen (khoing 340 - 278 trudc Cdng nguyen) Ii nha tha ldn ciia Trung Qude thdi co. Thuong Quan Ngan Thugng da giem pha khie'n cho Khuat Nguyen hi Sd Hoai Vuong ruong bd, phii luu diy xud'ng Giang Nam. Ddng sdng Mich La li noi iChuat Nguyen da uat lie nhiy xud'ng trim minh. Tuong truyen Tdng Ngpcia nhi tha Cling thdi Khuii Nguyen da lim bai Chieu hon de gpi hdn Khuai Nguyen vi duong gian.

Nguyin Du viei bai Phdn "Chieu hon" (Bae lai bai Chieu hon): neu hdn Khuai Nguyen cd trd vi edi the niy thi cung chang ed gi tdt dep. Vi tren cdi ddi niy, dau dau eUng day nhung ten quan lai ddc ic, nhirng ddng sdng oan nghiet. Phdn "Chieu hdn" thupe loai tho ed eim hiing phe phan xa hpi sau sic, manh me va cd siie khii quit nhai cua tho ehu Han Nguyin Du.

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neu len mdt each tap trung van d i vi than phan nhiing ngudi phu nii cd sic dep va tai nang van chuang nghe thuat (tho, nhac,...). Ong da d i cap den mpt van de rat mdi, nhung ciing rat quan trpng cua chu nghla nhan dao trong van hpe : xa hdi ein phai tran trpng nhiing gia tri tinh than, do dd can phai tran trpng chu the sang tao ra nhiing gia tri tinh than dd. Nguyin Du la tac gia tieu bleu cua trao luu nhan dao chu nghla trong van hpe cudi the ki XVIII dau the ki XIX cdn vi dng d i cao hanh phuc cua con ngudi tu nhien, tran thi. Truyin Kiiu tham d i m tinh t h i n ngpi ca, tran trong ve dep ki dieu cua tinh yeu liia ddi. b) Ddc diim nghi thudt: Nguyin Du la nha tho cd hoc van uyen bae. Ong nim vimg nhieu thi tho cua Trung Qud'c, lam tho theo the ngu ngdn cd thi, ngu ngdn ludt, thdt ngdn ludtvaca, hdnh [nhqc phu),... Tho chii Han cua dng d the tho nao cung cd bai xuat sic. Dac biet phai ndi den tai nang nghe thuat cua nha tho trong cac sang tac bing chii Ndm. Nguyin Du da gdp phan trau ddi ngdn ngii van hpe dan tdc, lam giau cho tiing Viet qua viec Viet hoa nhiiu yeu td ngdn ngir ngoai nhap. Din Truyen Kieu eua dng, the tho luc bat da chiing td kha nang chuyen tai ndi dung tu su va trii tinh to ldn cua the loai truyen tho.

HUiorNG DAN HOC BAi 1. Anh (chi) cd nhan xet gi vi cupc ddi cua Nguyin Du ? Nhiing dac diem vi cupc ddi cua Nguyin Du gdp p h i n li giai nhiing thanh cdng trong sang tac cua nha tho nhu t h i nao ?

2. Cho biit cae sang tac chinh cua Nguyin Du va dac diem chu yeu cua chung.' ,

GHI NHO Nguyin Du la nha tha nhan dao chii nghia tieu bieu ciia van hgc Viet Nam trung dai. Ong cd ddng gdp to Idn ddi vdi van hgc dan tdc v i nhiiu phuang dien ngi dung va nghe thuat, xung dang dugc ggi la thien tai van hgc.

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,

P H O N G CACH N G O N HOU NGHE THUAT

KET QUA CAN OAT • N i m dugc khai niem ngdn ngu nghe thuat, phong each ngdn ngtr nghe thuat vdi cac dac trung c a ban ciia nd.

• Cd kT nang phan tfch ya sir dung ngdn ngu theo phong each ngdn ngCr nghe thuat. ^

I - N G O N NGiJf NGHE THUAT Ndi den ngdn ngii nghe thuat (ngdn ngii van chuong, ngdn ngu van hpe) trudc hit la ndi den ngdn ngir gpi hinh, gpi cam dugc dung ttong van ban nghe thuat.

Ngdn ngii nghe thuat cdn dugc su dung trong ldi ndi hing ngay va ca trong van ban thudc cac phong each ngdn ngir khae. Chang han, trong van ban chinh luan, de eho ll le va lap luan ed siic thuyit phue, lay ddng long ngudi, ngudi viit vin cd luc dung nhiing tir ngii va viet nhiing cau van cd tinh hinh tugng cu the va giau sue bleu cam. Vi d u : Chung lap ra nhd tu nhiiu hon trudng hoc. Chung thang tay chem giit nhiing ngudi yiu nudc thuang ndi cua ta. Chung tdm cdc cudc khdi nghla cua ta trong nhung bi mdu.

(Hd Chf iVIinh, Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap)

Ngdn ngii trong cac van ban nghe thuat dugc phan chia thanh ba loai: - Ngdn ngir tu su trong truyen, tiiu thuyit, but ki, ki su, phdng su,...

- Ngdn ngii tho trong ca dao, ve, tho (nhiiu the loai khae nhau),...

- Ngdn ngii san khau trong kich, cheo, tudng,...

Mdi loai tren day lai cd thi chia thanh nhiiu the. Trong eae the loai nay, eae phuong tien diin dat cd tinh nghe thuat dan xen lin nhau de ngudi dgc tham binh, thudng thue, giao cam: hoac la cai hay eua am dieu, hoac ve dep chan thuc sinh dpng cua hinh anh, hoac nhting cam xue chan thanh gpi ra nhiing ndi niim vui, budn, yeu, thuong trong cupc sdng.

7-NVIO/2 A

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Nhu the, ngdn ngir nghe thuat khdng ehi thuc hien chiic nang thdng tin, nia diiu quan trpng la nd thuc hien chuc nang tham ml: bleu hien eai dep va khoi gpi, nudi dudng cam xuc tham ml d ngudi nghe, ngudi dpe.

Vi d u : Trong ddm gi dep bdng sen Ld xanh bdng trdng lqi chen nhi vdng Nhi vdng bdng trdng Id xanh 'Gan bun md chdng hdi tanh mui bun. {Ca dao)

Ngdn ngu trong bai ca dao nay khdng chi de thdng tin v i noi sinh sd'ng, cau tao, huong vi va su trong sach cua cay sen, ma quan trpng la khang dinh va nuoi dudng mdt tu tudng, mdt cam xuc tham m l : cai dep cd the hien hiiu va bao tdn ngay trong nhirng mdi trudng cd nhiiu cai xau.

Ngdn ngii nghe thuat tuy lay ngdn ngii tu nhien, hing ngay iam chat lieu nhung khae vdi ngdn ngir hing ngay d chuc nang tham ml. Pham chat tham ml ma nd cd dugc la do su lua chpn, xep dat, trau chudt, tinh luyen cua ngudi sii dung theo cac muc dich tham ml khae nhau.

GHI NHO. Ngdn ngu nghe thuat la ngdn ngu chii yeu dung trong cac tac pham van chuang, khdng chi cd chuc nang thdng tin ma cdn thoa man nhu cau tham m i ciia con ngudi. Nd la ngdn ngu dugc td chuc, xep dat, lua chgn, tinh luyen tu ngdn ngu thdng thudng va dat dugc gia tri nghe thuat - tham ml.

II - PHONG CACH NGON NGUT NGHE THUAT Tuy ngdn ngu nghe thuat dugc sir dung da dang v i the loai, phong phu vi mau sic, bien hoa vi tinh sang tao nhung diu thdng nha't d ba dac trung co ban : tinh hinh tupng, tinh truyen cam va tinh ca the hoa. Cac dac trung nay iam nen phong each ngdn ngu nghe thuat.

1. Tinh hinh tuong Tinh hinh tugng la dac trung co ban eua ngdn ngii nghe thuat.

Vi du: trong bai ca dao vi eay sen d tren, ndi dung tu tudng, tinh cam, cam xuc vi cai dep khdng phai dugc bleu hien true tiep qua ttr ngu va cau van thdng 98

7-NV10/2B

tiiudng ma qua cac hinh tupng cu t h i [Id xanh, bdng trdng, nhi vdng), va qua ca cac ldp lang trong ngoai de gpi ta,... Hon nua, bao trum len ta't ca la hinh tugng sen nhu la mdt tin hieu tham ml vi pham chat thanh cao, dep de trong tu nhien va ca trong xa hdi loai ngudi.

De tao ra hinh tupng ngdn ngu, ngudi viet thudng dung rat nhiiu phep tu tir: so sanh, an du, hoan du, ndi qua, ndi giam ndi tranh,... Nhting phep tu tir nay dugc dung sang tao, hoac don le hoac phdi hpp vdi nhau. Sau day la mpt sd vidu: So sanh: Ta di tdi, trin dudng ta budc tiip.

Ran nhu thep, vitng nhu ddng Ddi ngu ta trung trung diep diep Cao nhu nui, ddi nhu sdng Chi ta lan nhu biin Ddng trudc mat!

(To Huu, Ta di tdi)

-Andu: Nhung cting cd nhting cdy vugt len dugc ddu ngudi, cdnh Id sum si nhu nhting con chim dd du ldng mao, long vu. Dqn dqi bdc khdng giit ndi chung, nhang vit thuang cua chung chdng ldnh nhu trin mdt thdn thi cudng trdng. Chung vugt lin rdt nhanh, thay thi nhting cdy dd ngd... Cu thi hai ba ndm nay rtmg xd nu udn tdm nguc ldn cua minh ra, che chd cho ldng.

(Nguyin Trung Thanh, Ricngxd nu)

- Hoan du; Ta dd ldn len rdi trong khdi lua Chung nd chdng cdn mong dugc ntia Chan bdn chdn mdt ddn tdc anh hung.

Nhang bdn chdn tu than bui, lay bun Dd budc dudi mat trdi cdch mqng.

(To Huu, Ta di tdi)

Nhu mdt kit qua ta't yeu eua tinh hinh tupng, ngdn ngu nghe thuat cd tinh da nghla. Tir ngu, cau van, hinh anh hoac toan bd van ban nghe thuat ed kha nang ggi ra nhiiu nghla, nhiiu ting nghla khae nhau. Mpt tu sdng dat dung chd trong cau tho "Mdt tieng chim keu sdng cd rung" (Khuong Hiiu Dung) vira cd kha nang tao nen mdt hinh anh eu the, rd net, vira gpi nhiiu lien tudng, tir do ham chua nhiing y nghla sau xa. Hinh tupng "banh ttdi nudc" trong bai tha cung ten cua 99

nii si Hd Xuan Huong khdng chi mieu ta vi mdt mdn an dan tdc, ma cdn ngu y ndi den than phan cua ngudi phu nir trong xa bdi luc dd, ddng thdi khing dinh ve dep ben ngoai va pham chat ben trong eua hp.

Tinh da nghla cua ngdn ngu nghe thuat eiing quan he mat thiet vdi tinh hdm sue : ldi it ma y sau xa, rpng ldn. Ngudi viet ehi dung mdt vai cau (tham chi thay ddi mpt vai ttr) ma cd the gpi ra nhung hinh tupng khae nhau : hinh tugng banh trdi nudc, hinh tugng ngudi phu nu vdi nhiing pham chat td't dep trong canh "bay ndi ba chim".

2. Tinh truyen cam Trong ldi ndi da chiia dung nhiing yeu td tinh cam, the hien d su lua chpn cac yiu td ngdn ngu: ttr ngir, cau, each ndi, gipng dieu,...

Ti'nh truyin cam trong ngdn ngii nghe thuat the hien d chd lam cho ngudi nghe (dpe) cung vui, budn, yeu thich,... nhu chinh ngudi ndi (viet). Sue manh cua ngdn ngir nghe thuat la tao ra su hoa ddng, giao cam, cudn hut, ggi cam xiic cho ngudi dgc.

Nang luc ggi cam xuc cua ngdn ngii nghe thuat cd dugc la nhd su lua chpn ngdn ngu de mieu ta, binh gia ddi tugng khach quan (truyen va kich) va tam trang chu quan (tho trir tinh). Ngdn ngir tho thudng giau hinh anh, nhung cd khi khdng cd hinh anh ma vin cd siic ha'p d i n la thudng, do sir cam thdng sau sic vdi sd phan, hoan canh cua con ngudi. VI du : Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd!

Ldi rdng bqc minh cung Id ldi chung.

(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

van xudi nghe thuat cung rat ddi dao cam xuc. Dd la nhd su phd'i hpp nhuin nhuyen giua ngdn ngir tu su, mieu ta vdi bieu cam. Doan van da d i n (mue 11.1) eua Nguyin Trung Thanh trong Ritng xd nu mieu ta rat eu the, vdi hinh anh rd net, ddng thdi hoc Id rd cam xue ciia ngudi viet va khoi gpi su ddng cam d ngudi dpe.

3. Tinh ca the hoa Ngdn ngii la phuong tien diin dat chung ciia cdng ddng nhung khi dugc cac nha van nha tho sir dung thi d mdi ngudi lai cd kha nang the hien mdt gipng rieng, mpt phong each rieng, khdng d i bit chude, pha trdn. Chang ban, gipng tho To Hiiu khdng gidng vdi gipng tho Che Lan Vien, gipng tho Xuan Dieu khdng gid'ng gipng tho Huy Can, cau van Nam Cao khdc cau van Nguyin Cdng Hoan. Su khae nhau vi ngdn ngii la d each dung tir, dat cau va d each sir dung hinh anh, bit

100

ngudn tir ca tinh sang tao cua ngudi viet. Chi'nh nhiing bien phap xu 11 ngdn ngu da tao ra gipng dieu rieng, phong each nghe thuat rieng cua timg nha van trong sang tao nghe thuat.

Tinh ea t h i hoa cdn dugc thi hien d ve rieng trong ldi ndi cua ttmg nhan vat trong tac pham nghe thuat (vi du : ldi ndi eua Chi Pheo khae ldi ndi cua ba Kien,...) ; d net rieng trong each diin dat timg su viec, timg hinh anh, timg tinh hudng trong tac pham (vi du : cung la trdng nhung trong nhiing tinh hudng khae nhau eua Truyin Kiiu lai duge mieu ta eu the gpi nhiing ve dep khdng gidng nhau, khdng lap Iai nhau). Tinh ca the hoa tao cho ngdn ngir nghe thuat nhdng sang tao, mdi la, khdng trting lap. ,

GHI NHO

.

Phong each ngdn ngu nghe thuat cd ba dac trung c a ban : tinh hinh tugng, tinh truyen cam va tinh ca the hoa.

Ill - LUYEN TAP 1. Hay chi ra nhiing phep tu tu thudng dugc sii dung de tao ra tinh hinh tupng eiia ngdn ngii nghe thuat.

2. Trong ba dac trung (tinh hinh tupng, tinh truyin cam va tinh ea the boa), dae trung nao la tieu bieu cua phong each ngdn ngii nghe thuat ? Vi sao ?

3. Hay lua chpn ttr thich hgp cho trong ngoac don de dua vao chd trdng trong eae cau van, cau tho sau va giai thich li do lua chpn tir dd. a)

"Nhdt ki trong tu" /.../mdt tdm ldng nhd nudc. {Theo Hoii Thanh)

[biiu hiin, phdn dnh, thdm dugm, eanh cdnh, bdc Id,...) b)

Ta tha thiit tu do ddn tdc Khdng chi vi mdt ddi ddt rieng Ke dd /.../ tren minh ta" thudc ddc /.../ mdu xanh cd Trdi Ddt thieng. {Theo To Huu)

Ddng 3 [gieo, vdi, phun, rdc) Ddng 4 [huy, diet, tieu, triet, giet)

101

4. Co nhiiu bai tho cua cac tac gia khae nhau viet vi mua thu, nhtmg mdi bai tho mang nhiing net rieng vi tir ngii, nhip dieu va hinh tugng tho, the hien tinh ea the trong ngdn ngii. Hay so sanh de thay nhiing net rieng dd trong ba doan tho sau: a)

Trdi thu xanh ngdt mdy tdng cao, Cdn true la pha gid hdt hiu.

Nudc biic trdng nhu tdng khdi phu.

Song thua dimdc bdng trdng vdo.

(Nguyin Khuye'n, Thu vinh)

b)

Em khdng nghe mua thu Ld thu rcri xdo xqc Con nai vdng nga ngdc Dqp tren Id vdng khd.

(Luu Trpng Lu, Tieng thu)

c)

Mua thu nay khdc rdi Tdi ditng vui nghe giua nui ddi Gid thdi rung tre phdp phdi Trdi thu thay do mdi Trong biic ndi cudi thiit tha.

(Nguyin Dinh Thi, Ddt nudc)

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TRUYEN KIEU

NGUYEN DU

(Tiep theo)

Phan h a i : CAC DOAN TRICH

TRAO D U Y l N KET QUA CAN OAT ^ • Hieu dugc tinh yeu sau nang va bl kich ciia Kieu qua doan trich. Ddi vdi Kieu, tinh va hieu thdng nhat chat che.

• N i m vung nghe thuat mieu ta tam trang nhan vat qua doan trich. ^

.•:!mini!:s^i&s.'mamr''im

TIEU DAN Bpn sai nha gay nen vu i n oan sai dd'i vdi gia dinh Thuy Kieu, nang budc phai hi sinh md'i tinh vdi Kim Trong, ban minh lay tien hdi Id cho chting de ctiu cha va em khdi ddn tra khio da' man.

Viec bin minh da thu xep xong xudi, Kieu ngoi tring dem nghi de'n than phan vi tinh yeu roi ning nhd em gii la Thuy Van thay minh kei duyen vdi Kim Trong. Doan trich sau day (tir cau 723 de'n cau 756) la ldi Thuy JCieu ndi ciing Thuy Van.

Thuy Kieu - Thuy Van (Tranh minh hoq cua Nguyin Thi Hap) 103

VAN BAN " . . . C a y e m e m e d chiu ldi, Ngdi len cho chi lay rdi se thua.

Giira dudng dirt ganh tuong tu, Keo loan'^' chip mdi to thtra mac em.

Ke ttr khi gap chang Kim, Khi ngay quat udc khi dem chen t h i t^).

Su dau sdng gid bat ki, Hiiu tinh'^' khdn le hai b i ven hai.

Ngay xuan em hay cdn dai, Xdt tinh mau mu thay ldi nudc non.

Chi du thit nat xuong mdn, Ngam cudi chin sudi''*' hay cdn thom lay.

Chiec vanh vdi biic td may*^\ Duyen nay thi giii vat nay cua chung.

Du em nen vg nen chdng, Xdt ngudi menh bac'^' It long chang quen.

Mat ngudi cdn chut cua tin, Phim dan vdi manh huong nguyin ngay xua'^'.

(1) Keo loan : thii keo ehe bing huyei chim loan dung de gin ket cae vat.

(2) Quqt udc, chen the : hai ngudi ting nhau quat de ngd y udc hen trim nam, udng ruau the nguyin chung thuy.

(3) Hieu tinh : hieu vdi eha me, tinh vdi ngudi yeu. Hieu : mdt pham trii dao diic quan trgng cua dao Nho. Hi sinh quyin lgi rieng tu, ca nhan, ke ei tinh yeu cho hieu li mdt nguyen tic iing xu pho bie'n cua ngudi xua.

(4) Chin sudi: tiic "ciru tuyin", ehi im phu - cdi cua ngudi chet theo quan niem xua.

(5) Vdnh : eii vdng, xuyen deo tay. Cau 318 : "Xuyen ving ddi chie'c khin li mdt vudng". Td mdy: td giay ed trang tri hinh miy ghi ldi thi nguyin eua hai ngudi, cung cd the li thu ttr giira hai ngudi.

(6) Menh bqc: {bqc: mong dd'i lap vdi hdu : diy dan) so menh bat hanh.

(7) Ddn vi huang: nhung vat rai Kim - Kiiu timg cd ehung kl niem (ddt huong va giy dan ben nhau). Xem them ehii thich (1), tr. 105.

104

Mai sau dii cd bao gid, Ddt Id huong ay so to phim nay'^'.

Trdng ra nggn cd la cay, Thay hiu hiu gid thi hay chi vi '2'.

Hdn cdn mang nang ldi thi, Nat than bd liiu'^' d i n nghi true mai '^'.

Da dai'^' each mat khuat ldi, Rudi xin gigt nudc cho ngudi thac oan.

Bay gid tram gay guong tan, Ke lam sao xiit mudn van ai an !

Tram nghin gin lay tinh quan'^'.

To duyen ngan ngui ed ngin ay thdi!

Phan sao phan bae nhu vdi!

Da danh nude chay hoa trdi Id lang.

Oi Kim lang! Hdi Kim lang!

Thdi thdi thiep da phu chang ttr day!" {Theo DAO DUY ANH. TIC dien "Truyen Kieu", NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1974)

(1) Mai sau dii cd bao gid - Ddt Id huang dy so ta phim ndy: Kiiu nhd den dem the nguyin khi nang sang nha Kim Trpng, ehing Kim di them huong vao Id huong, sau khi thi nguyin, nang da dinh dan cho Kim Trpng nghe.

(2) Ngudi xua tin ring cd linh hon ton tai khi the xic khdng cdn. Hdn Dam Tien cung da hien vi qua fin gid "Ao do dd Idc rung cdy - 6 trong dudng cd huang bay it nhieu".

(3) Bo liiu : ten mot loai eay, chi ngudi phu nuyeu dudi.

(4) Trdc mai: cay tnic va cay mai, chi tinh yeu lua ddi.

(5) Dq ddi: am phu.

(6) Tinh qudn : {qudn : tu tdn ximg cd sic thii tdn trpng) ngudi con gii xua diing tir nay de gpi ngudi yeu.

105

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Viec Kiiu nhIc din eae ki niem cua tinh yeu ed y nghla gi ?

2. Hay tim nhiing ttr ngii cho thay Kiiu da nghi den eai chet. Viec tap trung day dac nhung ttr ngii do cd y nghla gi ?

3. Kieu ddi thoai vdi nhiing ai ? Phan tich diin biin tam trang cua Kiiu qua cac ldi thoai trong doan trich.

4. Nhan xet vi mdi quan he giiia tinh cam va II tri, nhan each va than phan ciia Kiiu qua doan trich. ^

GHI NHO Doan trich the hien bi kjeh tinh yeu, than phan bat hanh va nhan each cao dep cua Thuy Kieu, ddng thdi cho thay tai nang rhieu ta ngi tam nhan vat ciia N g u y i n Du.

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TRUYEN KIEU

NGUY£NDU

(Tiep theo)

N 6 I THUONG JVIINH KET QUA CAN OAT

• Hieu dugc tinh canh trd treu ma Thuy Kieu phai duang dau va y thifc sau sac ciia nang ve pham gia.

• Tha'y dugc vai trd ciia cac phep tu tu, nha't la cac hinh thuc dd'i xung trong doan trich. ^

TIEUDAN Klii Ma Giam Sinh dua Kieu de'n nha chiia cua Tii Ba, Kieu da quyei liet chd'ng lai am muu bien ning thanh kl nir, nhung cudi ciing nang da roi vao biy cua Tii Ba va budc phai ra tie'p khach. Doan trich ta tinh cinh trd treu ma Kieu da gap phai va ndi niem thuang than xdt phan cua Kieu (tit cau 1229 de'n cau 1248).

VAN BAN Biet bao budm la ong loi '^', Cupe say diy thang tran cudi sud't dem.

Dap diu la gid eanh chim^2', Sdm dua Tdng Ngpc td'i tim Trudng Khanht^^.

Khi tinh rugu luc tan canh, Giat minh minh lai thuong minh xdt xa.

(1) Budm la ong loi : a day "budm ong" dung de chi nhung ngudi hie'u sac. "Budm li ong loi" nguyen li "budm ong la loi", dupe tic gia tach ra thinh hai ve ddi lap nhau. Ld lcri diin ta su sudng sa, dua cgt cua khich lang choi.

(2) Ld gid cdnh chim : cum tit nay cd lien he vdi hai cau co thi "Chi nghenh nam bic dieu - Diep td'ng vang lai phong" (Canh ddn chim nam bae - La dua gid lai qua), chi canh ngudi ki nu tiep khich bd'n phuang.

(3) Tdng Ngoc va Trudng Khanh : Tdng Ngpc la mpt tic gia noi tieng vi the phu thdi Chie'n qude, trong dd cd bai Phii Cao Dudng. Trong ldi tua bai phii cd ndi Tdng Ngpc ke chuyen tien vuong nudc Sd chiem bao gip than nu mil Vu Son sang lam may chiiu lam mua. Trong van canh eau tho, "Td'ng Ngpc" chi loai khich choi phong luu. Trudng Khanh la ten tu cua Tu Ma Tuang Nhu, danh si ddi Hin, ngudi da timg giy khiic nhac Phuang cdu ki hodng (Chim phugng tim chim hoang) de quyen rii Trie Van Quan, mdt qua phu xinh dep noi tieng. 6 day, Trudng Khanh eung ehi loai ngudi an choi phong luu.

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Khi sao phong gam ru la, Gid sao tan tac nhu hoa giiia dudng.

Mat sao day gid dan suong.

Than sao budm chdn ong chudng bay than!

Mac ngudi mua Sd may Tin'^', Nhiing minh nao biet cd xuan la gi'^).

Ddi phen gid tua hoa ki'^', Nira rem tuyet ng^m bdn b i trang thau.

Canh nao canh ching deo siu, Ngudi budn canh cd vui dau bao gid ?

Ddi phen net ve cau tho, Cung cim trong nguyet nudc cd dudi hoa. , Vui la vui guong keo la, Ai tri am dd man ma vdi ai ? {Theo DAO DUY ANH, Tic dien "Truyen Kieu", Sdd)

HirCTNG D A N HOC BAI 1. Theo anh (chi), doan trich tren day cd the chia thanh may doan nhd ? Cho biet npi dung cua mdi doan.

2. But phap udc le trong doan trich cd y nghla nhu the nao dd'i vdi viec diin ta than phan eo le eua nang Kiiu ? Qua dp, ed the ndi gi v i tinh cam cua tac gia ddi vdi nhan vat ?

3. Cho biet cac dang thiic ddi xiing khae nhau dugc sir dung trong doan trich va gia tri nghe thuat cua chung.

4. "Ndi thuong minh" cua nhan vat cd y nghla mdi me nhu the nao dd'i vdi van hpe trung dai ?

5. Trong cupc tai ngp, Kim Trpng ndi vdi Kiiu : "Nhu ndng lay hiiu ldm trinh Bui ndo cho due dugc minh dy vay ?". Theo anh (chi), doan trich nay cd the gdp phin li giai cau ndi dd nhu the nao ? ^

CHI N H O -

,

Thuang than xdt phan va y thuc cao ve nhan each la chii de ciia doan trich.

Tac gia da su dung mdt each tap trung nghe thuat ddi xung de lam ndi bat chil d i dd.

(1) Mua Sd may Tdn : mua Sd: mua d Vu Son nudc Sd (xem lai dien Tdng Ngpc d chii thieh (3) tr.l07), ehi quan he than xae. Vi Tdn thudng duoc diing ddi vdi Sanen cd mdy Tdn ddi vdi mua Sd chu mdy Tdn khdng ed dien rieng.

(2) Ndo biet cd xudn ldgi:y ndi khdng vui thii gi.

(3) Gid tua hoa ke: gid va hoa ehi nam nu. Hai ddng tir tua, ke diin ti su li loi cua ngudi khich ling choi vi kl nir khi ngoi ben nhau.

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LAP LUAN TRONG VAN NGHI LUAN KET QUA CAN OAT • Ciing CO va nang cao hieu biet ve yeu c l u va each thiic xay dung lap luan da hoc d THCS. • Xay dung dugc lap luan trong bai van nghi luan. ^

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I - KHAI NIEM VE LAP LUAN TBONG BAI VAN NGHj LUAN Hay dpe doan van lap luan sau day va tra ldi cau hdi.

Ngudi dting binh gidi Id a chd biit xet thdi thimd thdi Dugc thdi cd thi thi bien mdt ldm cdn, hod nhd thdnh ldn. Mdt thdi khdng thi thi mqnh quay thdnh yiu, yen chuyin ldm nguy, chi nhu khodng trd bdn tay md thdi. Nay cdc dng khdng rd thai thi, lqi trang sue bdng nhUng ldi ddi trd, the chdng phdi la ke that phu hen kem u ? Sao du decung ndi viic binh dugc.

(Nguyin Trai, Thudu Vuong Thdng ldn nda)

a) Kit luan (muc dich) cua lap luan la gi ? b) De d i n tdi kit luan dd, tac gia da dua ra nhirng 11 le hoac din ehiing (luan cii) nao ? c) Hay cho biet the nao la mdt lap luan.

II - CACH XAY DUNG LAP LUAN van nghi luan n h i m xac lap cho ngudi dpe, ngudi nghe mpt tu tudng, quan diem nao dd. Mudn vay, ngudi viet phai biit trinh bay y kiin ciia minh va dua ra nhimg \i le, d i n ehiing thuyit phue, nghla la phai biet lap luan. Thdng thudng, de xay dung mdt lap luan, ngudi viit phai xac dinh dugc luan diem chinh xae, minh bach ; tim eae luan eu thuyit phuc va biit van dung cac phuong phap lap luan hpp 11.

1. Xac dinh luan Oiem Luan diem la y kiin the hien tu tudng, quan diim trong bai van nghi luan.

De hiiu sau them vi luan diem, hay dpe van ban sau rdi tra ldi cac cau hdi.

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CHU TA Vtra a Xo-un (Han Qude) vi nudc, di cdng tac d mpt sd thanh phd, thay cin phfei viet ngay mpt dieu.

Ai cung biet Han Qude phat trien kinh te khd nhanh, vao loai "con rdng nhd", cd quan he kha chat che vdi cac nudc phuong Tay, mdt n i n kinh t i thi trudng nhpn nhip, cd quan he qud'c t i rpng rai. Khip noi diu cd quang cao, nhung khdng bao gid quang cao thuong mai dugc dat d nhiing edng sd, hdi trudng ldn, danh lam thing eanh. Chii nudc ngoai, chu yeu la tieng Anh, n i u cd thi viet nhd dat dudi ehii: Trieu Tien to hon d phia tren. Di dau, nhin dau cung thay ndi bat nhirng bang hieu ehii Trieu Tien. Trong khi dd thi d mpt vai thanh phd cua ta nhin vao dau ciing thay tiing Anh, ed bang hieu eua cac co sd cua ta ban hoi ma chu nudc ngoai lai ldn ban ca chir Viet, cd luc ngd ngang tudng nhu minh lac sang mpt nudc khae.

Bao ehi d Han Qude kha nhiiu. Tdi khdng biet chii Triiu Tien nhung cung xem qua kha nhiiu td bao. Cd mpt sd td bao, tap chi, so bdo xuit ban bing tieng nudc ngoai, in rat dep. Nhung cac td bao phat hanh d trong nudc diu khdng cd may trang viet bing tieng nudc ngoai, trir mgt so tap chi khoa hpe, ngoai thuong cd in d trang cudi muc luc bing tieng nudc ngoai de ngudi dpe nudc ngoai nhd dich nhirng bai cin dpe. Trong khi dd d ta, kha nhieu bao, ke ca mpt sd td bao cua cac nganh cua nha nudc ta cd cai "mdt" la tdm tit mpt sd bai chinh bing tieng nudc ngoai d tiang eudi, xem ra de cho "oai" trong khi dd ngudi dpe trong nudc lai bi thiet mat may trang thdng tin.

Phai chang, dd cung la thai dp tu trpng cua mpt qud'c gia khi md ciia vdi bSn ngoai, ma ta nen suy ngim. {Theo Huu Thp, Bdn linh ViStNam)

a) Bai van nghi luan tien ban vi van d i gi ? Quan diem cua tac gia v i van d i do nhu t h i nao ? b) Bai van cd bao nhieu luan diem ? Tim cdc luan diem dd.

2. Tim luan Clii De lam sang td cho luan diem, lam cho ngudi doc hieu, tin vao tinh dung din ciia nd, ngudi viit phai dua ra cac 11 le va bing chiing thuyet phuc, tiic la tim cae luan eu eho luan diem. Doc lai doan van lap luan d muc I, van ban Cha ta d muc II va thue hien cac nhiem vu dudi day : a) Tim cac luan cu cho mdi luan diem. b) Cho biet dau la luan cu II le, dau la b i n g chiing thue te.

3. LUa Chon phuang phap lap iuan De lap luan thuyet phuc va chat che, ngudi lap luan cdn phai biet ap dung cac phuong phap lap luan hgp H. Phuong phap lap luan la each thue lira ehpn, sip xep luan diem, luan eu sao cho lap luan chat che va thuyet phue.

no

a) Hay dpe l^i hai ngii lieu tren, xac dinh va phan tich cac phuong phap lap luan dugc van dung. b) Ke them mdt so phuong phap lap luan thudng duge sir dting trong van ban nghi luan.

GHI

NHQ

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• Lap luan la dua ra cac If le, bing chirng nham d i n dit ngudi nghe (dgc) den mdt kit luan nao dd ma ngudi ndi (viet) mudn dat tdi.

• De xay dung lap luan trong van ban nghi luan, cin xac dinh dugc luan diem chinh xac, minh bach ; tim cac luan cu (li le va bang chirng) thuyet phuc va van dung cac phuang phap lap luan hgp li (phuang phap quy nap, phuang phap diin dich, phuang phap neu phan di,...).

IM-LUYEN TAP 1. Tim va phan tich cac luan diem, luan cu va phuong phap lap luan trong doan trich a bai Khdi qudt vdn hoe Viet Nam tu thi ki X den hit the ki XIX [Ngu vdn 10, tap mdt, tr. 109) sau day : Chii nghla nhdn dqo trong vdn hoc trung dqi cdng rdt phong phii, da dqng, . biiu hien d ldng thuong ngudi; lin dn, tdedo nhang thi luc tdn bqo chd dqp lin con ngudi; khdng dinh, de cao con ngudi vi cdc mat phdm chdt, tdi ndng, nhting khdt vong chdn chinh nhu khdt vong vi quyen sdng, quyen hqnh phuc, quyin tu do, khdt vgng vicdng li, chinh nghla; di cao nhang quan he dqo due, dqo li tdt dep giaa ngudi vdi ngudi.

Cd the thdy nhting bieu hien cua chu nghla nhdn dqo ndi trin qua cdc tdc phdm vdn hoc Phdt gido thdi Li ["Cdo binh, bdo moi ngudi" cua Mdn Gidc, "Td ldng" cua Khdng Ld,...), sdng tdc cua Nguyin Trdi ["Dqi cdo binh Ngd", "Tung", "Cdnh ngdy he",...), Nguyin Binh Khiim ["Ghet chudt", "Nhdn",...), Nguyin Da ["Chuyen ngudi con gdi Nam Xuang", "Chuyin chuc phdn su din Tan Vien",...). Cdm hung nhdn dqo ddc biet ndi bat a cdc tdc phdm thudc giai doqn vdn hoc thi ki XVIII - giaa the ki XIX nhu "Chinh phu ngdm", "Cung odn ngdm khdc", tha Ho Xudn Huong ["Bdnh trdi nudc", "Mdi trdu", chum tha "Tu tinh"), "Truyen Kiiu" eua Nguyin Du, "Truyen Luc Vdn Tien" ciia Nguyin Dinh Chiiu,...

2. Hay tim luan cu iam sang td luan diem sau : a) Dgc sach dem lai cho ta nhiiu diiu bd ich. b) Mdi trudng dcing bi d nhiim nang n i . c) van hoc dan gian la nhting tac pham nghe thuat ngdn tir truyin mieng.

3. Chpn mdt trong cac lap luan vua xay dung d bai tap 2 de viit thanh mpt doan van.

Ul

TRUYEN KIEU

NGUYEN DU

(Tiip tiieo)

CHi KHi ANH HUNG KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Qua nhan vat Tu Hai, hieu dugc li tudng anh hiing ciia Nguyin Du. • N i m dugc dac trung nghe thuat trong viec ta nhan v^t anh hiing ciia Nguyin Du.

V^ TIEU DAN Cudc ddi BCieu tudng nhu be tac hoan toan khi lan thii hai roi vao lau xanh thi Tir Hai bdng xuat hien vi dua Kieu thoit khdi canh d nhuc. Hai ngudi sd'ng hanh phuc "Trai anh hung gii thuyen quyen - Phi nguyen sinh phugng dep duyen cudi rong". Nhung Tir Hai khdng bing ldng vdi cudc sd'ng em dem ben canh nang Kieu tai sic, chang mud'n cd su nghiep ldn nen sau nua nam da tit biet Kieu ra di. Doan trich (tir cau 2213 de'n cau 2230) bao gom ngdn ngir tic gia va ngdn ngO dd'i thoai cho tha'y chi khi cua Tir Hai.

Thuy Kieu-Tir Hai (Tranh minh hoq ciia Tq Thdc Binh)

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VAN BAN Niia nam huong lua^^^ duong ndng, Trupng phu thoit da ddng ldng bdn phuong'^'.

Trdng vdi*^' trdi be menh mang, Thanh guom yen ngua'^^ len dudng thing rong'^'.

Nang r i n g : "Phan gai ehu tdng'^', Chang di thiep ciing mpt long xin di".

Tii ring : "Tam phuc tuong tri'^', Sao chua thoat khdi nii nhi thudng tinh ?

Bao gid mudi van tinh binh, Tiing chieng day da't bdng tinb'^' rpp dudng.

Lam eho rd mat phi thudng'^^ Bay gid ta se rude nang nghi gia'^'^l Bing nay bdn be'^^^ khdng nha, Theo cang them ban biit la di dau ?

Danh ldng chd dd it lau, Chiy chang la mdt nam sau vol gi!".

Quyit ldi diit ao ra dl, Gid may bing da den ki dam khoi'^^'. {Theo DAO DUY ANH, Tic dien "Truyen Kieu", Sdd)

(1) Huang Ilia : thdi xua, nam nir khi thi nguyin tinh yeu ehung thuy thudng thap den cham huang de cao ciing trdi dai, than linh. Do dd, huang liia (hay lica huang) diing de chi tinh yeu.

(2) Ldng bdn phuong: "bd'n phuang" (nam, bic, tay, ddng) cd nghia la thien ha, the gidi. Theo Kinh Li, xua sinh con trai, ngudi ta lam cii cung bing ciy dau, ten bing cd bdng (ndi tit: tang bong) ban ten ra bdn phuang, tugng tnmg cho mong mudn sau nay ngudi con trai Iim nen su nghiep ldn. Ldng bdn phuang: ehi nguyen lap cdng danh, su nghiep (Nguyin Cdng Tru: "Chi lam trai nam bae tay ddng - Cho phi siic viy viing trong bd'n be").

(3) Trdng vdi: trdng ra xa.

(4) Thanh guom yen ngua: y ndi Tir Hii chi mdt minh vdi mdt thanh guom, mdt con ngua.

(5) Thdng rong: di liin mdt maeh.

(6) Phdn gdi cha tdng: {chd tdng: dao Nho quy dinh "tam tdng" - ngudi phu nu, d nhi theo eha, lay chong theo chdng, chdng chei theo con) phin gii thi phii theo chdng.

(7) Tdm phuc tuang tri: {tdm : ldng, phuc: da) hai ngudi da hieu biei long da nhau, tiic la da hieu nhau sau sie.

(8) Tinh : cd, bdng tinh : bdng cd.

(9) Phi thudng: khdng gidng cii binh thudng, tue li xuii ehiing, hon ngudi.

(10) Nghi gia : bai Ddo yeu {Kinh Thi) cd cau "Chi tu vu quy - Nghi ki thai gia" (Ngudi con gai vi nhi chdng - Nen cua nen nhi). Nghi gia a day cd nghia li ngudi chong ddn ngudi vg vi nhi.

(11) Bdn be: chi the gidi, thien ha.

(12) Gid mdy bdng da den ki ddm khai: thien Tieu dao du trong sich Trang Tii {Nam Hoa kinh) cd truyen ngu ngdn ke ring chim bang la mdt gid'ng chim rii ldn, dap cinh lam ddng nudc trong ba ngan dam, cudi gid mi bay len chin ngin dam. Chim bing trong tho vin thudng tupng trung cho khat vpng cua nhirng ngudi anh hung cd bin linh phi thudng, khao khit lam nen su nghiep ldn. Y ci ciu : Da den lue chim bing bay len eiing gid miy.

8-NV10/2A

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Hir0NG DAN HOC BAI 1. Anh (chi) hay cho biet ham nghia eua eae cum tir ldng bdn phuang va mat phi thudng. Tim nhung tir ngu the hien su trari trpng, kinh phue cua Nguyin Du vdi Tu Hai. 2. Ttr Hai bgc Id 11 tudng anh hung cua minh qua ldi ndi vdi Thuy Kieu nhu the nao ?

3. Neu nhan xet vi dac diem cua each mieu ta (hien thue hay li tudng boa) ngudi anh hung Ttr Hai trong doan trieh. Day ed phai la each mieu ta phd bien cua van hoc trung dai khdng ?

GHI NHO

.

Ngudi anh hung Tii Hai la mpt sang tao dac sac cua N g u y i n Du v i phuang dien cam hiing sang tao va nghe thuat mieu ta.

^^"^

8-NV10/2B

TRUYEN KIEU

NGUYJNDU

(Tiep theo)

/OOC THEM V

LCOJ THE NGUYEN TIEU D A N Mpt hdm, khi ca gia dinh sang choi ben ngoai, Kieu da dm gap Kim Trpng. Chieu ta, nang trd ve nha, dugc tin ca nha van chua ve, Kieu quay lai gap Kim Trong. Hai ngudi da lam li thi nguyen gin bd trudc vang trang sang ving vac. Doan trich sau day (ttr cau 431 de'n cau 452) ke ve viec Kieu sang nha Kim Trong va lam le the nguyen.

VAN BAN Cua ngoai vdi ru rem the, xam xam bang ldi vudn khuya mdt minh.

Nhat thua*^' guong'^' gigi d i u eanh, Nggn den trdng Ipt trudng huynh'^^ h i t hiu.

Sinh vtra tua an'^^ thiu thiu, Dd chiiu nhu tinh dd chiiu nhu me.

Tieng sen'^' se dpng giac hoe'^, Bdng trang da xe hoa le^^^ lai gin.

(1) Nhdt thua : {nhdt: mau, diy) chi inh tring chieu xuyen qua la cay tao thanh nhung khoing sing khdng deu nhau, chd sing nhieu chd sing it.

(2) Guong: a day chi mat trang.

(3) Trudng huynh: xua cd ngudi nha ngheo khpng cd den de dpe sich, phii bit dom ddm lim den hpe. Do do, trudng huynh duac dung chi phdng hpe cua nho sinh, dong thdi ggi y hie'u hpe. Ci cau d diy y ndi: nhin ttr ben ngoii vio thay inh sing den ttr phdng hpe eiia Kim Trpng Ipt ra diu diu.

(4) An : eai ban hpe xua.

(5) Tieng sen : tie'ng budc chan nhe nhing eiia ngudi dep.

(6) Xem ehu thich (4) trong Ngii vdn 10, tap mdt, tr. 129.

(7) Hoa le: hoa cay le, d diy ehi ngudi dep.

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Bang khuang dinh Giap non thin'i'.

Cdn ngd giac mdng dem xuan mo mang.

Nang ring : "Khoang ving dem trudng, Vi hoa nen phai trd dudng tim hoa.

Bay gid rd mat ddi ta, Biet dau rdi niia ehing la chiem bao ?"

Vol mimg lam li rude vao, Dai sen'^^ ndi sap Id dao'^' them huong.

Tien t h i '•*' cung thao mpt chuong, Tdc may(^^ mpt mdn dao vang*^' chia ddi.

Vimg trang ving vac giiia trdi, Dinh ninh hai mieng mpt ldi song song.

Tdc to^^' can van tac long.

Tram nam tac mgt chii ddng^^' den xuong. {Theo DAO DUY ANH, Tit dien "Truyen Kieu", Sdd) HU^G DAN DOC THEM

1. Neu nhan xet vi ham nghla cua cac ttr vdi, xdm xdm, bdng.

2. Khdng gian tho mpng va thieng lieng cua cugc t h i nguyin dugc Nguyin Du ta nhu the nao ?

3. Lien he vdi trieh doan Trao duyin de chi ra tinh chit logic nha't quan trong quan niem vi tinh yeu cua Kiiu.

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 6 Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

(1) Dinh Gidp non thdn : bai Phu Cao Dudng eua Td'ng Ngpc ke ring vua nudc Sd choi dat Cao Dudng nam mo thay mot ngudi din b i dep, hdi d dau, ngudi dd ndi li than nu niii Vu Giap.

Non thdn : than niii ay. Ci eau cd nghia li Kim Trpng cim thay Kiiu xuii hien nhu li than nu eua niii Vu Giip.

(2) Ddi sen : cai dai hinh hoa sen de dat ciy nen.

(3) Ld ddo : eii Id huong hinh trii dao. Ca ciu y ndi Kim Trpng dat them nen sip eho th6m sing, thap them huong eho them tham.

(4) Tien the : {tien : td giay) td gii'y viei ldi thi.

(5) rdc mdy: tdc xanh nhu may.

(6) Dao vdng: chi eon dao quy, eung cd the day chi li phep tu tir thuan tuy khi ti con dao mi Kieu va Kim Trpng dting de eit tdc thi nguyin, gid'ng nhu trudng hgp but hoa, IS hoa, them hoa,...

(7) Tdc ta: ehi nhirng diiu ehi li, ti mi.

(8) Chu dong: chir ddng tim, ddng ldng.

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V A N BAN VAN HOC KET QUA CAN OAT • Nam dugc cac tieu chi chii yeu ciia mgt van ban van hoc theo quan niem ngay nay.

• N i m dugc ca'u true ciia van ban van hgc vdi cac tang : ngdn tu, hinh tugng, ham nghla.

• Van dung nhung hieu biet ndi tren de tim hieu tac pham van hoc.

Chung ta da biit nhiiu loai van ban : mieu ta, tu su, thuyit minh, nghi luan,...

Trong dd, cd mdt sd van ban dugc gpi la vdn bdn vdn hoc.

Vay van ban van hoc la gi ?

Ranh gidi gitia van ban van hoc va nhiing van ban phi van hpe (khdng phai la van hgc) khdng phai luc nao cung rd rang, cd dinh. Mdi thdi dai, mdi qude gia ed the cd quan niem khae nhau. Cd thdi ngudi ta khdng phan biet lim giiia van va sii (van su bat phan), van va triet (van triet bat phan). Nam Hoa kinh eua triet gia Trang Tu, Su ki cua Tu Ma Thien duge xem la nhirng van ban van hgc tuyet vdi.

Cd nhiiu van ban vdn la nhiing van kien quan tipng cd y nghla lich sii xa hdi nhu Chiiu ddi dd ciia Li Cdng Uan, Hich tudng sl cua Tran Qude Tuan, Dqi cdo binh Ngd ciia Nguyin Trai,... cdn dugc xem la nhiing van ban van hpe quan trpng cua nudc nha.

Tieu chi phan dinh van ban van hpe la mpt van de phuc tap, tuy thudc vao quan niem ciia mdi qud'c gia trong timg thdi ki lich sii de xae dinh.

I - Tliu CHi CHU YEU CUA VAN BAN VAN HOC Ta chua ban d i n nhiing tieu chi chung nhat, nghiem ngat nhat cho ta't ca van ban van hoc cua mpi thdi dai, mpi qude gia. Ngay nay, ndi chung, da sd nhan dien mpt van ban van hpe theo cac tieu chi sau : 1. van ban van hpe (truyen ed tich, bai tho, cudn tiiu thuyit, thien but ki, vd kich,...) la nhiing van ban di sau phan anh bien thuc khach quan va kham pha the gidi tinh cam va tu tudng, thoa man nhu eau tham ml eua eon ngudi. Nhiing chu d i nhu tinh yeu, hanh phuc, ban khoan dau khd, khat vpng vuon den chan thien - mi,... thudng trd di trd lai vdi nhiing chiiu sau va sic thai khae nhau trong van ban van hoc.

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2. van ban van bpe dugc xay dung bing ngdn tir nghe thuat, ed hinh tugng, cd tinh tham ml cao. Nd khdng trin trui, bpe tnic, don nghla. Sir dung nhiiu phep tu ttr (an du, hoan du, nhan boa, tupng trung,...), van ban van hgc thudng ham sue, gpi len nhiiu lien tudng, tudng tugng. Van ban nao eung phai cd y nghla. Van ban van hoc cung vay. Nhung khi xac dinh mdt van ban van hoc phai chu y den pham chat cua ngdn ttr diin dat.

Cd nhimg van ban luc ra ddi nhim nhiing muc dieh thuc tiin, vi sau lai dugc xem la van ban van hgc, khi y nghla cao sau da hai boa vdi each diin dat hoan hao, thoa man nhu ciu tham ml cua ngudi dgc.

3. van ban van hpe duge xay dung theo mgt phuong thiic rieng - ndi cu the hon la mdi van ban van hoc deu thudc vi mpt the loai nhat dinh, va theo nhiing quy udc, each thuc cua the loai do. Kich ban cd hdi, cd canh, cd ldi dd'i thoai, ddc thoai,... Tho thi cd vin dieu, luat, cd cau tho, khd tho,... Truyen lai cd nhiing quy ude vi xay dung nhan vat, kit ca'u cdt truyen, cac loai ldi van,...

Tuy vay, van ban van hoc khdng chi la nhiing bien phap, nhung ki xao ngdn tir ma la mdt sang tao tinh thin cua nha van. Tu tudng, tinh cam, nhung trai nghiem trudng ddi sau sic la diiu khdng the thieu tiong nhirng tac pham Idn. va niu khdng cd tu tudng, tinh cam dung, khdng ddng cam vdi niim vui va ndi dau cua con ngudi, ngudi dpe cung khd cd the hieu dugc cai hay cai dep cua van ban van hpe.

II - CAU TRUC CUA VAN BAN VAN HOC

ca'u true cua van ban van hpe mang nhiiu ting ldp, ta cin tim hieu de cd the tiip nhan dugc cai hay cai dep eua nd.

Nhin chung, cin chu y den cac ting, ldp sau day khitiepcan mpt van ban van hpe: 1. Tang ngon tii - tii ngir am den ngii nghia

Dpe van ban, ta phai hieu rd ngd nghla cua ttr, ttr nghla tudng minh din ham nghla, ttr nghla den den nghla bdng (vl du : con chd sdi, ldng lang dq sdi; mua xudn, tudi xudn; ngdi sao dim, ngdi sao diin dnh,...). Cting vdi ngd nghla phai chii y den ngu dm.

Vidu: Chu be lodt chodt Cdi xdc xinh xinh Cdi chdn thodn thodt Cdi ddu nghinh nghenh.

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Nhiing eau bdn chir, nhimg tir My hen tiip : lodt chodt, thodn thodt, xinh xinh, nghinh nghinh vdi am thanh eua nd cung gpi len mdt cai gi nhanh nhen, tuoi tre.

Ting ngdn ttr la budc thu nha't ein phai vupt qua de di vao chiiu sau cua van ban.

2. Tang hinh tugng Hinh tupng dugc sdng tao trong van ban nhd nhung chi tiit, cdt truyen, nhan vat, hoan canh, tam trang (tuy quy md van ban : truyen ngln, truyen vtra, truyen dai,... va tuy the loai: tu su, trii tinh, kich,...) ma cd su khae nhau.

Lay mpt van ban ggn nhd nhu bdn cau ca dao sau day lam vi du : Trong ddm gi dep bdng sen, Ld xanh bdng trdng lqi chen nhi vdng.

Nhi vdng bdng trdng Id xanh, Gdn biin md chdng hdi tanh mui bun.

Tac gia dung hinh tugng, mau sic, huong vi d i ndi len y cua minh. Cau 2, 3 tudng nhu triing lap, nhung do la su quan sat tir ngoai vao trong [la xanh, bdng trdng, nhi vdng), rdi lai quan sat ttr trong ra ngoai [nhi vdng, bdng trdng, Id xanh).

Nhd su quan sat kl cang ttr nhiiu phia nen cau kit cang cd sue nang. Tu hinh tugng hoa sen do, ta suy ra ham nghia eua bai.

Cdnh mai trong tho cua thiin su Man Giac : Dung tudng xudn tdn hoa rung hit.

Dim qud sdn trudc mdt cdnh mai. hoac cdy tung trong tho Nguyin Trai: Thu din cdy ndo chdng Iq lung, Mdt minh Iqt thud ba ddng.

Ldm tuyin ai rang gid ldm khdch, Tdi ddng luang cao dt cd dung. khdng n h i m ndi ve cdy mai, cdy tting, ma ehinh la mudn xay dimg nen nhiing hinh tugng de gui gIm tinh y vdi cudc ddi.

3. Tang ham nghia Khi gap mdt ngudi, diiu d i thay la guong mat, hinh dang ben ngoai. Dan din qua tiip xuc ta mdi hiiu chiiu sau an kin trong tam hdn eua hp. Dpe tac pham van hpe cung vay : tir ting ngdn tir den ting hinh tugng, din din ta tim ra ting ham nghla (y nghla an kin, y nghla tiim tang) eua van ban.

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Cd tim ra ham nghla ta mdi hieu duge nhiing diiu nha van mudn tam su, nhimg the nghiem vi cupc sdng, nhung quan niem vi dao diic xa hpi, nhiing hoai bao,... Dd la nhung "tac long" ma nha van mud'n kl thac eho ddi.

Bai ca dao Trong ddm gi dep bdng sen khdng ehi ndi vi hoa sen. Tu hinh tugng hoa sen dep va thom giira bun liy, ngudi nghe si dan gian ca ngpi ehi khi giii viing su trong sach cua con ngudi. Thdi thudng khi ndi vi nhirng khiem khuyet trong tinh each, ngudi ta thudng do ldi cho hoan canh. That ra, nhung ngudi cd ban Unh vin giu dugc pham chat cua minh trong mdi trudng khdng thuan lpi. Bai Cdo tqt thi chung (Cao benh, bao mpi ngudi) cd cau : Dung tudng xudn tdn hoa rung hit.

Dim qua sdn trudc mdt cdnh mai.

Tac gia khdng chi ke vi mpt sir that. Hinh anh hoa rung hoa nd ndi ve sir sdng tuan hoan bat diet. Dd la cai nhin binh than yeu ddi cua ngudi hieu rd quy luat, nim viing chan 11.

Khi nghiin ngim ham nghla cua bai van, bai tho la luc ta nang cao tam hdn minh, lam cho cudc sdng ndi tam trd nen sau sic, phong phu hon.

De di sau vao ham nghla cua van ban van hoc, ta cin di qua cac ldp : di tai, chu de, tu tudng, cam hiing chu dao,... Diiu nay se ndi d bai sau.

IM - TIJT VAN BAN DEN TAC PHAM VAN HOC

Nha van sang tac ra van ban van hgc. Dd la mdt he thdng ki hieu tdn tai khach quan. Khi nam im tren gia sach, van ban la mpt tap giay cd chir, chua the ndi den tac dpng cua nd ddi vdi xa hdi. Chi cd thdng qua viec dpe, he thdng ki bleu ay mdi hien len trong tam tri ngtrdi dgc nhting su viec, nhiing hinh tugng nhan vat, nhung suy nghi vui budn cua con ngudi va cudc ddi. Va nhiing gia tri van hpe vdn tiim an trong van ban se dugc ngudi dpe tiep nhan. Nhu ndt nhac dugc xudng len, van ban van hgc luc do mdi thuc su phat huy chiic nang cua tac pham van hpe. Ngudi dpe eang trai nghiem sau sic cudc sd'ng, cang hieu biet tha'u dao quy luat nghe thuat, npi dung tac pham cang hien len diy du hon, phong phu hon trong tam tri. Bay gid mdi cd the ndi din tac ddng cua tac pham vdi con ngudi, vdi cudc ddi.

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HU^G DAN HOC BAI 1. Hay neu nhiing tieu chi chu yeu cua van ban van hpe.

2. Vi sao ndi: hieu tang ngdn ttr mdi la budc thu nhat ein thiet de di vao ehieu sau cua van ban van hpe ?

3. Phan tieh y nghla mdt hinh tugng ma anh (chi) yeu thieh trong mdt bai tho, hoac doan tho ngln.

4. Ham nghla cua van ban van hpe la gi ? Cho vl du cu the. :

• Ngay nay mdt van ban dugc coi la van ban van hgc khi :

'.

GHI NHO

.

- Phan anh va kham pha cugc sdng, bdi duang tu tudng va tam hdn, thda man nhu cau tham mi ciia con ngudi.

- Ngdn tucd nhieu tim tdi sang tao, cd tfnh hinh tugng, cd ham nghia sau sac, phong phu.

- Dugc viet theo mpt the loai nhat dinh vdi nhiing quy uac tham ml rieng : truyen, tha, kich,...

• Van ban van hoc mang nhieu tang Idp : ngdn tii, hinh tugng, ham nghia.

Di sau vao cac tang Idp dd ta mdi hieu dugc van ban van hoc.

LUYEN TAP Dgc cac van ban sau va thuc hien cac yeu ciu neu d dudi.

(1)

NOI DUA Ngudi dan bd ndo ddt dua nhd di trin dudng kia ?

Khudn mat tre dep chim vdo nhdng miin xa ndo...

Dua be dang ldm chdm mudn chqy lin, hai chdn nd cd nem vi phia trudc, bdn tay hoa hoa mdt dieu mua ki Iq. Vd edi mieng nhd liu lo khdng thdnh ldi, hdt mdt bdi hdt chua tung cd.

Ai biit ddu, dua be budc cdn chua vang lqi chinh la ncri dua cho ngudi ddn bd kia sdng.

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* *

*

Ngudi chiin sl ndo da bd cu trin ducmg kia ?

Ddi mdt anh cd cdi dnh riing cua ddi mdt da nhiiu ldn nhin vdo cdi chit Bd cu lung cdng tua trin cdnh tay anh, budc tung budc run rdy.

Tren khudn mat gid nua, khdng biit bao nhiiu nip nhdn dan vdo nhau, mdi nip nhdn chiia dung bao ndi cue nhoc gdng gdi mdt ddi.

Ai biit ddu, bd cu budc khdng cdn vang lqi chinh Id nai dua cho ngudi chien si kia di qua nhang thu thdeh.

(Nguyin Dinh Thi, Tia ndng, NXB Vin hoc, H i Ndi, 1983)

a) Hay tim hai doan cd cau true (each td chiic) cau, hinh tupng tuong tu nhau cua bai Noi dua. h) Nhiing hinh tupng [ngudi ddn bd - em be, ngudi chiin sl - bd eu gid) gpi len nhiing suy nghi gi vi noi dua trong cudc sd'ng ?

(2)

THOI GIAN Thai gian qua ke tay Ldm khd nhiing chiic Id Ki niim trong tdi Rai nhu tieng sdi trong ldng giing eqn Riing nhdng cdu tha cdn xanh Rieng nhdng bdi hdt cdn xanh Vd ddi mdt em nhu hai giing nudc.

(Van Cao, Ld, NXB Tic pham mdi. H i Ndi, 1998)

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a) Theo anh (ehi), cac cau sau day ham chiia y nghla gi ?

- Ki niim trong tdi Roi nhu tiing sdi trong long giing eqn - Rieng nhang cdu tha cdn xanh Rieng nhang bdi hdt cdn xanh (ddi sdnh vdi hai cau md diu cua bai, chu y tir xanh) -

Vd ddi mdt em nhu hai giing nudc.

b) Qua bai Thai gian, Van Cao dinh ndi len diiu gi ?

(3)

MINHVATA Minh Id ta ddy thdi, ta vdn giii cho minh.

Sdu thdm minh u ? Lqi Id ta ddy!

Ta giii tro, minh nhen thdnh lua chdy, Giii viin dd con, minh dung lqi nen thdnh.

(Che Lan Vien, Ta gici cho minh, NXB, Tic pham mdi, Hi Ndi, 1986)

a) Giai thich rd quan niem cua Che Lan Vien vi mdi quan he giiia ngudi dpe [minh) va nha van [ta) a cac cau I, 2. b) Ndi rd quan niem cua Chi Lan Vien vi van ban van hpe va tac pham van hpe trong tam tri cua ngudi dpe d cac cau 3, 4.

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THIfC HANH CAC PHEP TU TIT : P n i p DIEP VA PHEP DOI KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Nang cao kien thuc ve phep diep va phep ddi.

• Luyen ki nang phan tich va ki nang sir dung phep diep va phep dd'i.

I - LUYEN TAP VE PHEP DIEP (DIEP NGO)

1. Dpe nhiing ngii lieu sau de tra ldi cac cau hdi.

(1)

Treo lin cdy budi hdi hoa, Budc xudng vudn cd hdi nu tdm xudn.

Nu tdm xudn nd ra cdnh biic, Em cd chdng rdi anh tiic em thay.

Ba ddng mdt md trdu cay, Sao anh chdng hdi nhiing ngdy cdn khdng ?

Bdy gid em da cd chdng, Nhu chim vdo long nhu cd mdc cdu.

Cd mdc cdu biit ddu md go, Chim vdo ldng biit thud ndo ra. {Ca dao)

(2)

- Gdn muc thi den, gdn den thi sdng. '

'

{Tuc ngii)

- Cd cdng mdi sdt cd ngdy nen kim. {Tuc ngd)

- Bd con vi td vi tiin khdng phdi vi tiin vi gqo. {Tuc ngU)

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a) - 6 ngii lieu (1), nu tdm xudn dugc lap lai nguyen v^n. Neu anh (chi) thu thay t h i bing hoa tdm xudn hay hoa cdy ndy,... thi eau tho se nhu the nao ?

(Cd gi khdc vi y, hinh anh va nhac dieu ? Cd ggi dugc hinh anh ngudi con gai khdng ?)

- Cung d ngii lieu (I) : Bdy gid em, dd cd chdng, Nhu chim vdo long, nhu cd mdc cdu.

Cd mdc cdu biit ddu md go, Chim vdo long biit thud ndo ra.

Vi sao cd su lap lai d hai cau sau ? Neu khdng lap lai nhu t h i thi su so sanh da rd y chua ? Cach lap nay cd gidng vdi nu tdm xudn d cau tren khdng ? b) Trong cac cau d ngii lieu (2), viee lap ttr cd phai la phep diep tu ttr khdng ?

Viec lap ttr d nhting cau do cd tac dung gi ? c) Phat bieu dinh nghia vi phep diep.

2. Bai tap d nha a) Tim ba vi du cd diep tir, diep cau nhung khdng cd gia tri tu ttr. b) Tim ba vi du trong nhiing bai van da hpe ed phep diep. e) Viet mdt doan van cd phep diep theo ndi dung tu ehpn.

II - LUYEN TAP VE PHEP DOI 1. Dpe nhiing ngii lieu sau de tra ldi cac cau hdi.

(1)

- Chim cd td, ngudi cd tdng. {Tuc ngd)

- Ddi cho sqch, rdch cho tham. {Tuc ngd)

- Ngudi ed chi dt phdi nen, nhd cd nin dt phdi vang. {Tuc ngd)

(2)

Tiin hoc li: diet trd tham nhang, Hdu hdnh vdn : tru thdi cua quyen. {Cdu ddi, bio Gido due vd Thdi dqi, sd Xuin 2000)

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(3)

Van xem trang trong khdc vdi, Khudn trdng ddy ddn net ngdi nd nang.

Hoa cudi nggc thdt doan trang, Mdy thua nudc tdc tuyit nhudng mdu da.

(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

(4)

Rdp mugn diin viin vui tui nguyit Trdt dem thdn the hen tang bdng.

(Nguyin Cdng Tni)

a) 6 ngu lieu (I) va (2), anh (chi) 'thay cdch sip xep ttr ngii cd gi dac biet ?

Sir phan chia thanh hai ve cau can ddi dugc gin kit lai nhd nhiing bien phap gi ? Vi tri cita cac danh tir [chim, ngudi; td, tdng,...), cac tinh ttr [ddi, rdch, sqch, tham,...), cae ddng tir [ed, diet, tru,...) tao the can ddi nhuthe nao ? b) Trong ngii lieu (3) va (4) cd nhiing each dd'i khae nhau nhu the nao ? c) Tim mpt sd vi du vi phep dd'i trong Hich tudng sl (Trin Hung Dao), Dqi cdo binh Ngd (Nguyin Trai), Truyin Kiiu (Nguyin Du) va tho Dudng luat. Dpe mpt vai cau ddi ma anh (chi) nhd dugc. d) Phat bleu dinh nghla vi phep. ddi.

2. Phan tich cae ngir lieu sau va tra ldi cac cau hdi.

- Thudc ddng dd tdt, su that mdt ldng. {Tuc ngQ)

- Bdn anh em xa, mua ldng gieng gdn. {Tuc ngii)

a) Phep ddi trong tuc ngii cd tac dung gi ? Vi sao ngudi ta khdng the thay dugc nhiing tir trong dd (vi du : nhiiu ngudi mud'n thay bdn va mua) ? Phep dd'i phai dua vao nhung bien phap ngdn ngii nao di kem (vin, ttr, cau) ? b) Vi sao tuc ngii ngan ma khai quat dugc hien tupng rdng, ngudi khdng hpe ma eung nhd, khdng cd y ghi lai ma vin dugc luu truyin ?

3. Bai tap d nha a) Tim mdi kieu ddi mpt vi dii. b) Ra mdt ve ddi cho cac ban cung dd'i, kieu nhu: Tit din, cd nhd vui nhu Tit. 126

N p i DUNG VA H I N H THUC CUA V A N BAN VAN HOC KET QUA CAN OAT Hieu va budc dau biet van dung cac khai niem thudc npi dung va hinh thuc de tim hieu van ban van hoc.

I - CAC KHAI NIEM CUA NOI DUNG VA HINH THUIC TRONG VAN BAN VAN HOC Trong van ban van hoc, khdng the tach biet npi dung khdi hinh thuc, hay hinh thuc khdi npi dung. Npi dung chi cd the the hien trong hinh thuc. Va hinh thuc phai la hinh thuc cua mdt ndi dung nao dd. Nhung trong nghien ciiu khoa hoc ngudi ta cin phan chia ndi dung va hinh thiic cua van ban van hpe de ed the di sau tuan tu vao cac ldp cua van ban, cung nhu hieu din din mdi quan he giiia nha van va hien thuc cudc sdng hoac d i chuyen nghien eiiu mpt phuang dien nao dd cua van ban. Vi n h u : ndi dung tu tudng trong Truyen Kiiu, hoac cac hinh thuc kit can cua truyen ngln 1930 - 1945,...

1. cac khai niem thudng dugc col la thugc vi mat npi dung cua van ban van hpe gdm: d i tai, ehu di, tu tudng, cam hiing nghe thuat.

Di tdi la linh vuc ddi sdng dugc nha van nhan thue, lua chpn, khai quat, binh gia va the hien trong van ban.

Viec lua chpn d i tai da budc diu bde Id khuynh hudng va y dd sang tac cua tac gia, vi du : d i tai ciia Tat den la cudc sd'ng bi tham cua ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam trudc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, trong nhiing ngay stm thue. Vdi d i tai dd, Ngd Ta't To the hien su gin bd cua minh dd'i vdi cudc sdng ngudi ndng dan.

Chu di la van d i co ban duge neu ra trong van ban. Chu d i thi hien diiu quan tam cung nhu chiiu sau nhan thuc cua nha van ddi vdi cudc sdng.

Vi du : Chu d i eua Tdt den la su mau thuin giiia ndng dan va bpn eudng hao quan lai trong ndng thdn Viet Nam. Tam quan tipng cua chu d i khdrig phu thudc vao khudn khd van ban.

Cd nhiing van ban khudn khd nhd nhung mang chu d i ldn. Bai tho than thdi Li [Sdng nui nudc Nam) cbi cd 28 ehu ma nhu mdt ban tuyen ngdn khing dinh chu quyin cua mpt qud'c gia ddc lap.

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Mdi van ban cd the cd mdt hoac nhieu chu d i tuy quy md ciing nhu y dinh cua tac gia. Trong nhiing tieu thuyit do so nhu Tam qude diin nghla cua La Quan Trung, hay Chie'n tranh vd hod binh cua L. Tdn-xtdi, ta thay nhiiu chu d i dan xen phiic tap, cd chinh cd phu. Lai cd nhiing van ban quy md nhd, d i tai cd the ddng nha't vdi chu di, ta khdng nha't thiet phai cd cdng phan biet rach rdi (ching ban trong mpt sd bai tho tu tuyet, tho bat cu,...).

Tu tudng cua vdn bdn la su li giai ddi vdi chu d i da neu len, la nhan thuc ciia tac gia mudn trao ddi, n h i n gui, ddi thoai vdi ngudi dpe. Tu tudng la linh hdn ciia van ban. Trong Tat den, tu tudng len an nhiing the luc hac am hoanh hanh d ndng thdn Viet Nam thdi Phap thudc va su tran trgng yeu thuong ngudi ndng dan hi ap biic hien len rat rd.

Cdm hiing nghe thudt \a npi dung tinh cam chu dao cua van ban. Nhung trang thai tam hdn, nhiing cam xuc dugc the hien dam da, n h u i n nhuyin trong vaa ban se truyin cam va ha'p din ngudi dpe. Qua cam hiing nghe thuat, ngudi dpe cam nhan dugc tu tudng, tinh cam ciia tac gia neu len trong van ban.

Cam hiing trong Tdt den la ldng cam phin, la su to cao bgn hao II quan lai d ndng thdn cung nhu chinh sach da man ciia thuc dan Phap. Nhting trang viit cdn the hien rd tam ldng gin bd vdi ndng thdn, yeu thuong, tran trpng nhiing pham chat tdt dep eua ngudi ndng dan d nha van Ngd Tat To. Hieu nhiing khai niem nay, khi dgc mpt van ban, ta cd the khao sat ttmg yeu td mdt each cd he thd'ng de eudi eung cd mpt nhan dinh tdng hgp, chinh xac.

2. Cae khai niem thudng dugc coi la thudc v i mat hinh thiic : ngdn tu, kit cdu va the loqi.

Ngdn tu la yeu td diu tien cua van ban van hoc. Cac chi tiet, cac su viec, cac hinh tugng, cae nhan vat,... va cac thanh td khae dugc tao nen nhd ldp ngdn ttr.

Khdng ed ngdn ttr, ta khdng cd can cu cu the de tim hieu, de thudng thtic van ban.

Vay phai di sau khai thac ldp ngdn ttr de tim hieu, kham pha. Ngdn ttr hien dien trong cau, trong hinh anh, trong gipng dieu cua van ban. Cd ngdn ttr tai hoa cua Nguyin Tuan; ngdn ttr trong sang, tinh te cua Thach Lam; cd ngdn ttr chan chat, diy fnau sic Nam Bd cua Son Nam,... Khdng cd ngdn ttr nao la khdng it nhiiu mang dau an eua tac gia.

Kit cd'u la su sip xep, td chuc cac thanh td cua van ban thanh mgt don vi thd'ng nhat, hoan ehinh, cd y nghla. Nhu ban thiet ke cin thiet cho viee xay dung ngdi nha, bat ki van ban van hpe nao cung phai cd mpt kit cau nha't dinh. Kit ca'u ham chua dung y cua tac gia sao cho phu hpp vdi ndi dung van ban. Cd kit cau hoanh trang eua cac sir thi, kit cau diy yeu td bat ngd eua truyen trinh tham, va kit cau md theo ddng suy nghi eua tuy but, tap van,...

Thi loqi la nhiing quy tic td chuc hinh thue van ban thich hpp vdi ndi dung van ban : hoac cd chat tho, chat tieu thuyet, chat kich,... Ta't nhien, the loai eung 128

cd cai bien, ddi mdi theo thdi dai, va mang sic thai rieng cua tac gia. Luc bat trong tho Nguyin Binh rat khae vdi luc bat trong tho Huy Can, cang khae vdi luc bat dieu luyen cua Nguyin Du. Nhu tren da ndi, van ban ngdn tu, kit eau, the loai,... chi tdn tai nhu la hinh thiie cua mdt ndi dung nao dd, khdng the cd "hinh thuc thuin tuy". De nhan m ^ h diiu nay, ngudi ta dung khai niem "hinh thue mang tinh ndi dung". Diiu do ed can eii xac dang. Va dd eung la diiu ta cin ludn nhd trong qua trinh tim hieu va phan tich van ban.

II - Y NGHIA QUAN TRONG CUA NOI DUNG VA HINH THUfC VAN BAN VAN HOC van hpe cd nhiing chuc nang chii yeu : chuc nang nhan thuc, chuc nang giao due, chuc nang tham ml, chuc nang giao tiep,... Nha van chan chinh ludn ludn suy nghi, tran trd sao cho ngi dung van ban cua minh tham nhuan tinh than nhan van, tinh thin dan ehu va nhiing tu tudng sau sic khae cd tac dung nang cao pham chat, hoan thien eon ngudi. Khdng quan tam den npi dung van ban, ehi chu y din hinh thue cdt sao khae la, gpi tinh hiiu ki eua mpt sd ngudi dpe la hudng di khdng cd trien vpng. Ta't nhien, van hpe la mpt nghe thuat. Khdng dat den mpt trinh dp nghe thuat nha't dinh, mpt van ban ngdn tu khdng duge xem la mpt van ban van hgc dich thuc. Do dd cin coi trpng, trau ddi, cin tim tdi nhting hinh thuc mdi me, hap dan, cd tinh nghe thuat cao.

Vl vay, van ban van hoc can phai ed su thdng nha't giiia npi dung va hinh thuc thdng nhat npi dung tu tudng cao dep va hinh thuc nghe thuat hoan ml. Nhiing van ban van hoc uu tu da dat dugc su thdng nha't ay. Truyen Kiiu, Chinh phu ngdm, Cung odn ngdm khue va nhiiu ang tho van khae cua Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Du, Cao Ba Quat hay cua Td Hiiu, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, Chi Lan Vien,... la nhiing van ban nhu vay.

Nhiiu van ban khae cdn chua cd su phu hgp giiia npi dung va hinh thuc : hoac ndi dung cd p h i n uu trpi hon hinh thuc, hoac hinh thiic cd p h i n uu trdi hon ndi dung. Dd la diiu ta cin nhan biet va phan tich cu the trong qua trinh tim hieu van ban van hoc. .

GHI NHO .Ngi dung va hinh thuc ciia mgt van ban van hoc la hai mat khong the chia tach. Ngi dung chi cd the tdn tai trong mgt hinh thuc nhai dinh. Va bat ki hinh thuc nao cung mang mpt ngi dung,... Cac khai niem thudng dugc col thugc ve mat ngi dung la de tai, chii de, t u tudng, cam hung nghe thuat. Cac khai niem thudng dugc coi thugc ve mat hinh thirc la ngon tu, k i t cau va the loai.

Su hai boa giua ngi dung tu tudng cao dep va hinh thirc nghe thuat hoan mT la pham chat ciia cac van ban van hgc uu tii.

9 - NVIO/2 A

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HI/ONG DAN HOC BAI 1. Di tai cua van ban van hpe la gi ? Cho vi du.

2. Chu d i la gi ? Cho vi du.

3. Mdi quan he gitia cam hiing va tu tudng trong van ban van hgc.

4. Hay neu y nghia quan trpng cua ndi dung va hinh thuc van ban van hgc.

LUYEN TAP 1. So sanh d i tai ciia hai van ban van hoc Tat den cua Ngd Tat To va Bude dudng cung cua Nguyin Cdng Hoan.

2. Phan tich tu tudng bai tho sau cua Nguyin Khoa Diim.

MEVAQUA

r

Nhitng miia qud me tdi hdi dugc Me vdn trdng vdo tay me vun trdng Nhang mua qud ldn rdi lqi mgc Nhu mat trdi, khi nhu mat trdng La chung tdi tu tay me ldn lin Cdn nhang bi vd bdu thi ldn xudng Chung mang ddng giot md hdi man Rd xudng ldng thdm ldng me tdi Vd chung tdi mdt thu qud trin ddi Bdy muoi tudi rne mong chd dugc hdi Tdi hodng sg, ngdy bdn tay me mdi Minh vdn cdn mdt thu qud non xanh. {Tha Viet Nam 1945 -1985, NXB Van hoc, H i Npi, 1985)

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9-NV10/2B

CAC THAO TAC NGHl LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT • Hieu dugc khai niem thao tac nghi luan.

• Nam dugc mpt sd thao tac nghi luan thudng gap va yeu cau ddi vdi viec van dung cac thao tac dd. ^

I - KHAI NIEM 1. Neu mdt sd vi du de chung td ring trong thuc te, ngudi ta vin bay ndi den tir thao tdc. Ttr nhiing vi du ay, hay cho biet tir thao tdc dugc dtmg vdi y nghla nao: - Chi mdt viee lam nao dd.

- Chi viee thuc hien mdt sd ddng tac bat ki trong khi lam viec.

- Chi viee thue hien nhiing ddng tac theo trinh tu va yeu ciu kl thuat nhat dinh.

2. Thao tdc nghi ludn la mpt trong nhiing loai thao tac ma con ngudi vin thudng tien hanh trong ddi sdng. Theo anh (chi), so vdi cac loai thao tac khae, thao tac nghi luan cd nhiing diem gi tuong ddng va nhiing diim gi khae biet ?

II - MOT SO THAO TAC NGHI LOAN CU THE

^

1. On lai cac thao tac phan tich, tong hgp, diin djch, quy nap a) Hay nhd lai cac kien thuc da hoc d chuong trinh Ngir van THCS de diin chinh xac ttmg tir phdn tich, tdng hgp, diin dich, quy nqp vao vi tri thich hpp trong nhiing chd trd'ng dudi day: - /.../ Id kit hgp cdc phdn (bd phdn.), edc mat (phuang dien), cdc nhdn td cua vdn de cdn bdn ludn thdnh mdt chinh thi thdng nhdt dixem xet.

- I ...I Id chia vdn di cdn bdn ludn ra thdnh cdc hd phdn (cdc phuang dien, cdc nhdn td) died thi xem xet mdt cdch can ki vd kl cdng.

- I ...I Id tu cdi riing suy ra cdi chung, tie nhitng su vdt cd biit suy ra nguyen li phd biin.

- I ...I Id tie tien di chung, cd tinh phd biin suy ra nhitng kit ludn vi nhung su vdt, hien tugng riing.

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b) Trong ldi tua Trich diim thi tap, Hoang Diic Luang nhan dinh : "Tha vdn khdng luu truyin hit d ddi Id vi nhieu li do". Tiep dd, dng lin lugt trinh bay bdn II do khien tho van thdi xua da khdng thi truyin lai diy du dugc. Anh (chi) thay, d trudng hpp cu the nay, tac gia da sir dung thao tac phan tich hay diin dich ? Su dung thao tac do cd tac dung gi ?

Dua vao kit qua tim hieu tren, hay nhan xet va danh gia vi each su tiling thao tac nghi luan trong lap luan sau : "Hien tdi la nguyen khi cua qude gia", nguyin khi thinh thi thi nudc mqnh, rdi lin cao, nguyen khi suy thi thi nudc yiu, rdi xud'ng thdp. Vi vdy cdc ddng thdnh di minh vuong chdng ai khdng ldy viic bdi dudng nhdn tdi, ken chon ke sl, vun trdng nguyin khi ldm viec ddu tien.

(Than Nhin Trung, Bdi ki de danh tien si khoa Nhdm Tuat, nien hieu Dqi Bdo thii ba)

c) Ciing trong ldi tua Trich diim thi tap, sau khi neu bdn li do hqn ehi, Hoang Diic Luong rut ra kit luan: Vay thi cac ban thao tho van cii mdng manh kia cdn giu mdi thi ndo dugc md khdng rdch ndt tan tdnh ?

Kit luan nay ed dugc la nhd tac gia da tdng hpp hay quy nap ? Thao tac tdng hpp (hay quy nap) dd giup gi cho qua trinh lap luan cang trd nen cd siic thuyet phuc hon ?

Hay xet xem, trong doan trich sau day cd sir dung thao tac tdng hgp (hay quy nap) gid'ng vdi trudng hgp tren khdng ? Vi sao ?

Ta thudng nghe: Ki Tin dem minh chit thay, cuu thodt cho Cao Di; Do Vu chia lung chiu gido, che chd cho Chiiu Vuang; Du Nhugng nudt than debdo thu cho chu; Thdn Khodi chat tay CUM nqn cho nudc; Kinh Due, mdt chdng tudi tre thdn phd Thdi Tdng thodt khdi vdng vdy Thi Sung; Cdo Khanh, mdt bi tdi xa, mieng mdng Loc Son, khdng theo muu ki nghich tdc. Tuxua, cdc bdc trung thdn nghla sl bd minh vl nudc, ddi ndo khdng cd ?

(Tran Qude Tuan, Hich tudng si)

d) Nhiing nhan dinh neu dudi day dung hay khdng dung ? Vi sao ?

- Thao tac diin dich ed kha nang giup ta nit ra chan Ii mdi ttr cac chan II da biit.

- Thao tac quy nap ludn ludn dua lai cho ta nhiing kit luan chic chin va xac thuc.

- Tdng hpp khdng chi la thao tac dd'i lap vdi thao tac phan tich ma cdn la su tiep tuc va hoan thanh ciia qua trinh phan ti'ch.

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2. Thao tac so sdnh a) Trong bai Tinh thdn yiu nudc cua nhdn ddn ta, sau khi d i n ra nhiing tam guong cua su cd'ng hiin, hi sinh cho khang chien, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh tdng k i t : Nhitng cii chi cao quy dd, tuy khdc nhau nai viic ldm, nhung diu gid'ng nhau nai ldng ndng ndn yiu nudc.

Tac gia phai dung thao tac nao de cd the nhan rd su khdc nhau va gid'ng nhau ? cau van tren dugc viet n h i m nha'n manh den su khae nhau hay su gidng nhau ? b) Doan Bdn vi viec so sdnh due nhd Li vd nhd Li trong Dqi Viet su ki ciia Le van Huu d i n dudi day cd cung muc dich nha'n manh su khae nhau (hoac gidng nhau) nhu cau tren khdng ?

Cd ngudi hdi Li Dqi Hdnh vdi Li Thdi Td ai hon ?

Trd ldi rdng : Vi mat dep gian bin trong, ddnh gidc bin ngodi di ldm mqnh nudc Viet ta vd ra uy vdi ngudi Tdng thi cdng cua Li Thdi Td khdng bdng Le Dqi Hdnh gian nan khd nhoc. Vi mat dn uy rd ret, ldng ngudi vui ve suy tdn, ldm cho van nudc Idu ddi, dephuc lqi cho con chdu thi Dqi Hdnh khdng biit lo xa bdng Li Thdi Td. Thi thi Li Thdi Td hem.

Ttr do suy ra: Thao tac so sanh bao gdm may loai chinh ? c) Cd ngudi hoai nghi tac dung cua so sanh, vi "mpi so sanh diu khap khiing".

Anh (ehi) cd tan thanh y kiin dd khdng ? Vi sao ?

Theo anh (chi), de cd the so sanh dung each thi ta cin phai chu y nhiing dieu gi ? Hay chpn nhting cau tra ldi dung trong sd cae eau sau : - Nhiing ddi tugng (su vat, hien tupng) dugc so sanh phai cd mdi Uen quan vdi nhau vi mdt mat (mdt phuong dien) nao dd.

- Nhiing ddi tupng dugc so sanh phai hoan toan tuong ddng hoac tuong phan vdi nhau.

- Su so sanh phai dira tren nhiing tieu chi cu the, rd rang va cd y nghla quan trpng ddi vdi su nhan thiic ban chat eua van d i (su vat, hien tupng).

- Nhiing kit luan rut ra ttr su so sanh phai chan thuc, mdi me, bd ich, giup cho viee nhan thue su vat (hien tugng, van di) dugc sang td va sau sic hon.

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GHI NHCr • Thao tac nghi luan la nhtrng ddng tac dugc thuc hien theo trinh t u va yeu cau ki thuat dugc quy dinh trong boat dgng nghi luan.

• Phan tich, tdng hgp, d i i n djch, quy nap va so sanh la nhtrng thao tac thudng gap trong boat dgng nghi luan.

Mdi thao tac deu cd uu the rieng va cung cd the cd ban che rieng. Ngudi nghi luan can n i m vung cac uu t h i va ban c h i dd de cd the van dung nhung thao tac thich hgp, bao dam cho boat dgng nghi luan dat dugc hieu qua cao.

Ill - LUYEN TAP 1. Tim hieu doan trich sau day va cho biet: - Tac gia mudn chiing minh diiu gi ?

- D i lam rd diiu phai chirng minh, tac gia da su dung nhiing thao tac nghi luan chu yiu nao ?

- each dung nhiing thao tac nghi luan dd hay d chd nao ?

Tha Ndm Nguyin Trdi dd tiip thu nhiiu thdnh tuu ciia vdn hod ddn gian, vdn hoc ddn gian. Cii khoai, qud di, be rau mud'ng, ludng doc mung,... vdn rd't xa Iq vdi vdn chuong bdc hoc dd duge Nguyin Trdi dua vdo tha Ndm cUa minh mdt cdch rd't tu nhiin. Tuc nga, thdnh ngd, ca dao, nhdng ddc diem thanh dieu tiing Viet, tdt cd nhdng khd ndng phong phu dy ciia ngdn ngQ ddn gian dd dugc Nguyin Trdi khai thdc mdt cdch tdi tinh, dicho hinh tugng thacd nhieu mdu sdc ddn tdc vd ldi thacd dm diiu phong phu. [...]

Vii't ve tdc dung cua mdt ldn ddn ca, mdt net ddn nhqc, Nguyin Trdi dd co nhang phdt hien tdi tinh. Ong ehdi hat lin ba ldn thi mat hd phii khdi lqi rdng thim ra. Chu chdn trdu thdi lin mdt tiing sdo thi mat trdng tren bdu trdi dugc ddy cao han. Khdng gian rdng them ra, ldn thim lin. Vdn nghe co thivd phdi ndng con ngudi lin mdt tdm vdc cao dep han la nhu thi. {Theo Vd Nguyen Giip, Nguyin Trdi - nhd vdn hod ldn, trong Nguyin Trdi tha vd ddi, NXB Vin hpe. Hi Npi, 1997)

2. Viet mdt doan van nghi luan sao cho dat dugc cac yeu ciu sau day: - De cap tdi mdt van d i dang dugc dat ra cap thiit trong ddi sd'ng (muc dich, ddng CO hpe tap ; phdng chdng te nan xa hdi ; d i phdng tai nan giao thdng,...). • - . Cd gIng sir dung cd hieu qua mdt hoac nhiiu thao tac nghi luan vita duoc hoc.

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OOC THEM

XIN THAY HAY DAY CHO CON TOL..

Con tdi se phai hpe ta't ca nhung dieu nay. [...] Rang cii mdi mpt ke thii ta gap d noi nay thi d ncri kbac ta lai tim tha'y mpt ngudi ban. Bai hpe nay se mat nhieu thoi gian, tdi biet, nhung xin thay hay day cho chau hieu ring mpt ddng dd-la Idem dugc do cong sue cua minh bo ra cdn quy bon nhieu so voi nam dd-la nhat dugc tren he phd...

Xin hay day cho chau each chap nhan that bai va each tan hudng niem vui chien thing. Xin bay day cho chau tranh xa su do ki. Xin day cho chau biet dugc bi quyet ciia niem vui tham lang. Day cho chau ring nhirng ke hay bat nat ngudi khae la nhiing ke d i bi danh bai nha't...

Xin day cho chau biet den the gioi ki dieu ciia sach, nhung cung de cho chau dii thdi gian de lang le suy tu ve su bi an muon thud cua cupc sdng : dan chim tung canh tren bau trdi, dan ong bay lugn trong ning, va nhiing bdng hoa nd ngat tren ddi xanh...

6 trudng, xin thay bay day cho chau biet chap nhan tbi rdt con vinh du hon gian lan khi thi. Xin bay tao cho chau cd niem tin vao y kien rieng ciia ban than, cho dii ta't ca mpi ngudi xung quanh deu cho rang y kien ay la khdng dung...

Xin bay day cho chau biet each ddi xii diu dang vdi nhirng ngudi boa nha va ciing ran ddi vdi ke thd bao. Xin tao cho chau siic manh de khdng chay theo dam dong khi tat ca mpi ngudi chay theo thdi the.

Xin hay day cho chau biet phai ling nghe ta't ca mpi ngudi nhung cung xin thay day cho chau biet can phai sang lpe nhiing gi nghe dugc qua mpt ta'm ludi chan II de chau chi ddn nhan nhung gi tdt dep ma thdi.

Xin hay day eho chau biet each mim cudi khi budn ba... Xin hay day cho chau biet rang khdng cd su xau hd trong nhirng gipt nudc mit. Xin bay day cho chau biet che giiu nhiing ke yem the va can trpng trudc su ngpt ngao day cam biy.

Xin bay day cho chau ring co the ban co b i p va tri tue cho nguoi ra gia cao nhai nhung khdng bao gid dugc de cho ai ra gia mua trai tim va tam bdn minh. [...] Xin hay ddi xii diu dang nhung dimg vudt ve nuong chieu chau bdi vi chi cd su thu thach cua liia mdi toi luyen nen nhirng thanh sit ciing rin. Hay giiip chau cd dii can dam bieu lo su kien n h i n va cd du kien n h i n de bieu Ip su can dam.

Xin hay day cho chau biet ring chau phai ludn cd niem tin tuyet dd'i vao ban than boi vi khi do chau se ludn cd niem tin tuyet dd'i vao nhan loai.

Day qua la mpt yeu cau qua ldn, tdi biet, thua thay, nhung xin thay cd gang bet sue minh... Con trai tdi la mpt cau be tuyet vdi.

(Theo Nhung cdu chuySn ve ngudi thdy, NXB Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh, 2004)

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VIET BAI LAM VAN S6 7 : VAN NGHi LUAN (Bai lam d nha) KET QUA CAN OATVan dung kien thuc chung ve van nghj luan va cac ki nang lap luan, lap dan y da dugc hgc d THCS va mdi dugc dn tap d Idp 10 de viet dugc mgt bai nghi luan cd npi dung sat hgp vdi thuc te sinh boat va hgc tap d trudng THPT. ^ '

I - HUONG D A N CHUNG Day la bai lam van nghi luan diu tien trong nam hoc. De lam tdt bai nay, can phan biet su khae nhau giiia kieu bai nghi luan vdi kieu bai tu su va thuyet minh.

"Vdn nghi ludn la vdn dugc vii't ra nhdm xdc lap cho ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe mot tu tudng, quan diim ndo dd" [Nga vdn 7, tap hai). "Nghi ludn: Ban va danh gia cho rd vi mdt van d i nao dd. Vdn nghi ludn la the van dung li le phan tich, giai quyet van di." [Theo Hoang Phe, Tudiin tiing Viet, Sdd). Dpe lai cac bai: Lap ddny bdi vdn nghi ludn. Lap ludn trong vdn nghi ludn vh. Cdc thao tdc nghi luqn.

II - GUI Y MOT SO DE BAI D i 1. Dan tpc ta cd truyin thdng Tdn su trong dqo. Theo anh (chi), truyin thdng ay dugc ndi tiip nhu t h i nao trong thuc te cupc sdng hien nay ?

De 2. Cd y kiin cho ring: Nhang thdi xdu ban ddu Id ngudi khdch qua dudng, sau trd nen ngudi bqn thdn d chung nhd vd kit cue biin thdnh dng chu nhd khd tinh.

Anh (chi) thay y kien nay nhu the^nao ?

Di 3. Hudng iing dot thi duaXay dung mdi trudng xanh, sqch, dep do Doan Thanh nien Cdng san Hd Chi Minh phat ddng, chi doan ldp lOA td chuc hdi thao vdi chu d i : Hdy vi mdt mdi trudng xanh, sqch, dep.

Anh (chi) hay viit bai tham gia hgi thao dd.

De 4. Hoc bai tha Thudt hodi ciia Pham Ngu Lao, cd ban cho r i n g : Su hd then eua tac gia la thai qua, kieu ki. Nguge lai, cd ban ngpi ca va eho ring dd la bieu hi$n mpt hoai bao ldn lao cua ngudi thanh nien yeu nude.

Hay cho biet y kien cua anh (chi).

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Ill - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI Cac d i bai.tren duge neu ra chi cd tinh chat tham khao va de hgc sinh tap viet, chuan bi lam td't d i bai ma thiy (cd) giao se dua ra. Sau day la mpt sd gpi y de chuan bi npi dung bai viet cho ttmg d i bai.

Del 1. Giai thieh truyin thdng Tdn su trong dqo.

- The nao la tdn su ?

- Dflolagi?

- Thi nao la Tdn su trong dqo ?

2. Tdn su trong dqo \a mdt truyin thdng tdt dep eua dan tdc ta.

3. Truyin thd'ng ay can giii nhung ed su bd sung.

De3 1. Nen hieu y kien dd nhu the nao ?

2. Trudng cua chung ta hien nay nhu t h i nao ?

3. Lam the nao de trudng chung ta xanh, sach, dep ?

De4 1. Nhiing \i le va bing chiing din den hai quan niem khae nhau dd la gi ?

2. Y kien eua anh (chi) vi nhiing hoai bao tiong bai tho ciia Pham Ngd Lao nhu the nao ? Tai sao ?

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ON TAP PHAN TliNG VIET

KET QUA CAN OAT

^

Cung cd, he thdng boa nhtrng k i i n thuc c a ban va cac kT nang chii yeu ve tieng Viet da hoc trong nam hgc de n i m vung va su dung tdt ban.

1. Hoat ddng giao tiip la gi ? Cd nhiing nhan td giao tiep nao tham gia va chi phdi boat ddng giao tiep bing ngdn ngii ? Trong boat dpng giao tiep cd nhung qua trinh nao ?

2. Lip bang so sanh dac diem eua ngdn ngii ndi va ngdn ngii viet: Hoan canh va dieu kien sii dung

Cac ye'u td phu trg

Dac di^m chii yeu vetuvacau

Ngdn ngir ndi Ngdn ngtr viei

3. van ban ed nhiing dac diem co ban nao ? Hay phan tich cac dac diem ay qua mpt van ban cu the trong sach giao khoa Ngd vdn 10.

Diin ten cac loai van ban (phan biet theo phong each ngdn ngii) vao so do phan loai sau day:

138

4. Lap bang ghi cac dac diem eg ban cho thay cac dac trung eua phong each ngdn ngir sinh boat va phong each ngdn ngii nghe thuat theo mau sau : Phong cich ngdn ngtr sinh hoat

Phong cich ngdn ngu nghe thuat

- Tinh cu the

5.. a) Trinh bay khai quat vi : - Ngudn gde cua tieng Viet.

- Quan he hp hang cua tiing Viet.

- Lich Sli phat trien cua tieng Viet. b) Anh (chi) hay ke ten mpt sd tac pham van hpe Viet Nam : - Viit bihg chii Han. - Viit bing ehii Ndm. - Viet bing ehii qude ngii.

6. Tdng hpp nhiing yeu ciu ve sir dung tieng Viet dung chuan muc theo bang m i u sau: Ve ngir am va chu Viet - Cdn phdt dm dung - ...

Vetirngu:

Ve ngir phap - ...

Ve phong each ngdn ngii - ...

7. Trong nhung cau sau, cau nao anh (chi) cho la dung : a) Mudn chiin thdng ddi hdi ta phdi chu ddng tiin edng. h) c) d) e) g) h)

Mud'n chien thdng, ta phdi chu ddng tie'n cdng.

Dugc tham quan danh lam thdng ednh ldm chung ta thim yiu dd't nudc.

Dugc tham quan danh lam thdng cdnh, chung ta cdng them yiu ddt nudc.

Qua hoqt ddng thuc tiin nen ta rut ra dugc nhang kinh nghiim quy bdu.

Qua hoqt ddng thuc tiin, ta rut ra dugc nhitng kinh nghiem quy bdu.

Nhd trdi qua hoqt ddng thuc tiin, nen ta rut ra nhang kinh nghiim quy bdu.

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LUYEN TAP VIET DOAN VAN NGHI LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT Viet dugc cac doan van ngln phii hgp vdi vj tri va chuc nang ciia chiing trong bai van nghi luan. <-

Vdi di bai : "Sdch md rdng trudc mdt tdi nhting chdn trdi mdi." (Go-ro-ki), van dimg bai hgc Lap ddn y bdi vdn nghi ludn, chung ta cd dan y sau : I-M6BAI

- Neu vai trd cua sach ttr xua den nay trong ddi sd'ng tinh thin cua con ngudi.

- Trich din eau ndi cua M. Go-ra-ki.

11 - THAN BAI

1. sach la san pham tinh thin ki dieu cua con ngudi. a) sach la san pham cua van minh nhan loai. b) Sach la kit qua cua lao ddng tri tue. c) sach cd siic manh vugt thdi gian va khdng gian.

2. Sach md rdng nhiing chan trdi mdi. a) sach cung cap nhung bleu biet vi thi gidi xung quanh, ve vd tru bao la, vi cac da't nudc xa xdi tren thi gidi. b) Sach giup hieu biit vi cupc sd'ng con ngudi qua cac thdi ki khae nhau, hieu biit ddi sd'ng van boa, tam tu, tinh earn, khat vgng cua con ngudi nhiing noi xa xdi. c) Sach giup eon ngudi tu kham pha dan tpc minh, ban than mmh va chip canh nhiing udc mo, nudi dudng khat vpng.

3. Cin cd thai dp dung vdi sach va viec dpe sach. a) Dpe sach mang lai lpi ich nen phai biet chpn sach ma dpe, biet hoc hdi va lam theo nhiing dieu tdt dep trong sach. b) sach rat quan trpng nhung chi hpe trong sach vd thi vin chua du ma phai biet hoc ca tiong thuc te.

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Ill - KET B A I

- Khang dinh tac dung to ldn cua sach va viee dpe sach.

- Neu phuong hudng hanh ddng eua ca nhan.

Yeu cau: 1. Anh (ehi) hay chpn mdt muc nhd trong dan bai tren de viet thanh mpt, hai doan van ngln (trong 25 phut).

2. Ddi bai viet eho nhau doc va nhan xet, danh gia.

3. Ca ldp chpn mpt bai viit tieu biiu de danh gia, nhan xet tap the.

CQ OOC THEM

TAC DUNG CUA SACH Sach dua den cho ngudi dpe nhiing hieu biet mdi me ve the gidi xung quanh, ve vii tru bao la, ve nhiing dat nudc va nhirng dan tpc xa xdi. Nhtrng quyen sach khoa hpe cd the giiip ngudi dpe kham pha ra nhirng vQ tru vd tan vdi nhiing quy luat cua nd, hieu dugc Trai Da't trdn mang tren minh nd bao nhieu dat nudc kbac nhau. Nhirng quyen sach xa hgi bpe lai giiip ta bieu biit ve ddi sdng con ngudi tren cac phin dat khic nhau do vdi nhirng dac diem vi kinh te, lich su, van hoa, nhiing truyen thdng, nhirng khat vpng.

Sach, dac biet la nhiing cudn sach van hpe, giup ta bieu biet ve ddi sd'ng ben trong cua con ngudi, qua cac thdi ki kbac nhau, d cac dan tpc khae nhau, nhiing niem vui va ndi budn, hanh phuc va dau khd, nhirng khat vpng va da'u tranh ciia hp.

Sach cdn giup ngudi dpe phat hien ra cbinh minh, bieu rd minh la ai giua vii tru bao la nay, hieu mdi ngudi cd mdi quan he nhu the nao vdi ngudi kbac, vdi ta't ca mpi ngudi trong cpng ddng dan tpc va cpng ddng nhan loai nay. Sach giup cho ngudi dpe hieu dugc dau la hanh phuc, dau la ndi khd cua mdi ngudi va phai lam gi de sdng cho diing va de di tdi mpt cupc ddi that su. Sach md rpng nhiing chan trdi udc ma va khat vpng.

(Theo Ldm vdn 10, NXB Giio due. Ha Ndi, 2000. Nhan de do NBS dat.)

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VIET QUANG CAO

KET QUA C A N OAT 1 Hieu yeu c l u va each viet quang cao cho mgt san pham hoac mpt dich vu.

• Viet dugc van ban quang cao.

I - VAI TRO VA YEU CAU CHUNG CUA VAN BAN QUANG CAO 1. Van ban quang cao trong doi song van ban quang cao la van ban thdng tin vi mpt san pham hay dich vu nhim thu hut va thuyit phuc khach hang tin vao chat lupng, lpi Ich, su tien lpi ciia san pham, dich vu ma bam thich mua hang va sti dung dich vu dd.

Hay dpe cac quang cao sau day va tra ldi cac cau hdi.

BAN MAY VI TINH Mdy mdi 100%, dung hdng INTEL - IBM, ldi sudt thd'p, thd tuc don gidn, tiin trd trudc thdp.

Liin he : Cdng ti X, sd nhd ..., phd..., Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh.

Diin

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thoai;...

PHONG KHAM DA KHOA H.D - Khdm chaa benh theo yeu cdu.

- Do tap thi gido su, bdc sl gidi cua cdc benh vien trung uong dam nhdn.

- Vdi trang thiit bi khdm chaa binh ddng bo, hien dqi, chinh xdc, nhanh chdng, gid cd hgp li.

SdS, dudng..., TP. HdNdi. Dien thoqi:... Di ddng:...

a) cac van ban tren quang cao vi diiu gi ? b) Anh (chi) thudng gap cac loai van ban dd d dau ? c) Hay ke them mpt vai van ban cung loai.

2. Yeu cau chung cua van ban quang cao a) Trao ddi theo nhdm cac npi dung sau : - De tao su hap din, cdc van ban tren dugc trinh bay nhu t h i nao ?

- Hay nhan xet each sii dung tir ngii, viit cau trong cac van ban tren. b) Theo anh (chi), cac quang cao sau day cd mat nao chua dat yeu cau : (I) Cd dy tre. Cd dy dep. Cd dy la sinh viin. Cd dy thich the thao. Cd dy thich mua sdm. Cd dy .thich gap go bqn be. Cung nhu cdc bqn, cd dy udng nudc gidi khdtX. (Quing cio mdt Ioai nude giai Idiat) (2)

A: - Minh vua chup dnh Huang ddy.

B -.-Ai? Huong hd ? Cdu cd biet biit danh cua cd dy la gi khdng ?

"Hac cd nuang" day!

(Huong xua't hien)...

A: - Dung goi cd dy Id "Hdc cd nuong" naa nghe! "Bqch cd nuong" day.

(Quang cio cho mpt loai kem lim tring da)

143

Ckri y:

- Quang cao (1) da di vao trgng tam chua ? Cd dam bao tinh thdng tin khdng ?

- Quang cao (2) cd qua ldi khdng ? Da thuc su thuyit phuc chua ?

Tir kit qua thao luan, anh (chi) hay neu mpt sd yeu ciu cua van ban quang cao ve cac mat: - Npi dung thdng tin - Tinh hap din - Tinh thuyit phuc.

II - CACH VIET VAN BAN QUANG CAO

Di bai: Viet quang cao cho san pham rau sach.

Hay thuc hien mpt so viec sau : 1. Xac dinh noi dung co han cho ldi quang cao

Rau sach cd nhiing uu diem gi so vdi rau binh thudng vi cac mat: cham bdn, Sli dung thudc bao ve thuc vat, chat lugng, gia ca ?

2. Chon hinh thuc quing cao

- Chpn phuong phap trinh bay. Cd the lua chpn mdt trong cac each sau : + Dung each quy nap : Lin lugt ke nhiing im viet ciia rau sach rdi cud'i cting khang dinh gia tri cua nd. + Dirng each so sanh : So sanh tinh uu viet cua rau sach so vdi cac loai rau khae.

- Chpn ttr ngii khang dinh tuyet dd'i va cac kieu cau de khang dinh tinh uu viet ciia rau sach va ldi cudn ngudi dpe.

- Kit hpp vdi tranh anh, hinh thuc trinh bay. .

GHI NHO • Van ban quang cao la loai van ban thdng tin, thuyet phuc khach hang v i chat lugng, Igi ich, su tien lgi,... ciia san pham, dich vu do dd thich mua hang va su dung dich vu do.

• Van ban quang cao can n g l n ggn, sue tich, ha'p d i n , tao an tugng, trung thuc, tdn trpng phap luat va thuan phong m l tuc.

• De v i i t van ban quang cao can chpn dugc npi dung ddc dao, gay an tugng, t h i hien tinh uu viet cua san pham, djch vu rdi trinh bay theo kieu quy nap hoac so sanh va su dung nhung t u ngu k h i n g dinb tuyet ddi.

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.

MiaUYENTAP 1. Sau day la mdt so quang cao : a) Quang cao mdt loai xe d td : Sang trong, tinh ti, mqnh me, quyen rU. Dd chinh Id xe F.E... Khdng chi Id mdt chiec xe, F.E cdn sdng cung bqn, cung bqn vugt qua moi khd khdn...

F.E - mqnh me, day quyin ru. h) Quang cao mpt loai siia t i m mdi : • Budc vdo thigidi ddc biet cua H. mdi, mdt thigidi tham ngdt huang hoa, vdi nhting khoanh khdc bay bdng eua riing minh... Mdt ldn da min mdng quyin ru... H. mdi - bi quyit ldm dep cua tdi vd eung Id cua bqn. c) Quang cao mpt loai may anh tu dgng M.: Bqn chi cdn dn nut, moi viic cdn lqi M. si ldm ndt.

Hay phan tich tinh sue tich, hap d i n va tac dung kich thich tam \i ngudi mua hang cua cac quang cao tren.

2. Chgn mdt tiong cac d i tai sau day rdi timg nhdm cimg nhau ban bae va viet quang cao. Cac nhdm trinh bay trudc ldp de chpn mdt quang eao an tugng nhat.

- Quang cao cho viec di xe buyt.

- Quang cao cho mpt tian da bdng hoac dem lien hoan van nghe.

- Quang cao cho mpt danh lam thing canh, mpt mdn an dac san cua dia phuong.

- Quang cao cho mdt sang kien, mgt td bao tudng cua ldp.

10-.NVIO/2 A

^^^

TONG KET PHAN VAN HOC KET QUA CAN DAT N i m lai mgt each he thdng nhung kien thuc ca ban da hoc trong chuang trinh Ngu van Idp 10 : - Cac bo phan chu yeu cua van hgc Viet Nam. - Nhtrng thdi ki phat trien ciia van hgc Viet Nam. - Nhiing dac diem Idn ve ngi dung va nghe thuat ciia van hgc Viet Nam trong ca qua trinh phat trien va trong tung giai doan.

- Nhirng tac gia, tac pham tieu bieu.

- Mdi quan he giua van hgc Viet Nam vdi van hgc khu vuc va t h i g i d i .

- Thanh tuu nghe thuat tieu bieu cua van hgc nudc ngoai.

- Nhung khai niem c a ban ve van ban van hgc. i Cd nang luc phan tich van hgc theo tung ca'p dp : ngdn ngu, hinh tugng van hgc, su kien, tac gia, tac pham.

1. van bgc Viet Nam gdm hai bd phan ldn : vdn hoc ddn gian va vdn hoc viit Hai bp phan van hpe nay diu mang nhiing dac diem truyin thd'ng cua van hpe Viet Nam : tinh thin yeu nudc chdng xam lugc, tinh thin nhan van, di cao dao ll, nhan nghla. Tuy nhien, van hpe dan gian va van hoc viet lai ed nhiing dac trung rieng.

2. v i bd phan vdn hoc ddn gian, cd eae trpng tam kiin thiic : - Nhiing dac trung co ban cua van hoc dan gian.

- He thdng the loai van hpe dan gian Viet Nam. - Nhiing gia tri cua van hpe dan gian Viet Nam. De n i m dugc nhiing trpng tam kien thuc ndi tren, cd the dn tap theo cac ggi y sau: a) Nhiing dac trung ca ban cua van hoc dan gian. Van hoc dan gian bao gdm nhiing the loai nao ? Chi ra nhiing dac trung chu yeu nhat ciia ttmg the loai. b) Chpn phan tich mpt sd tac pham (hoac trich doan tac pham) van hpe dan gian da hpe (hoac da dpe) de lam ndi bat dae diem ndi dung va nghe thuat cua su thi, truyin thuyit, truyin cd tich, truyen tha, truyen cudi, ca dao, tuc ngu. c) Ke lai mdt sd truyen dan gian, dpe thudc mdt so cau ca dao, tuc ngii ma anh (chi) thieh.

1'^^

10-NV10/2B

van hpe viet Viet Nam gdm : vdn hgc tie thikiXdin hit thiki XIX (vdn hoc trung dqi) vd vdn hgc tu ddu thikiXX den nay (vdn hoc hiin dqi). Cin n i m duge dac diim chung va dac diim rieng cua van bpe trung dai va van hoc hien dai theo cac gpi y sau : a) Nhiing ndi dung ldn cua van hpe Viet Nam tiong qua trinh phat trien. b) Van hoc viet Viet Nam phat trien trong su anh hudng qua lai vdi cac yiu to truyin thdng dan tdc, tiip bien van hpe nudc ngoai nhu the nao ? Neu mdt sd hien tupng van hoc tieu biiu de chiing minh. c) Su khae nhau giiia van hpe trung dai va van hoc hien dai vi ngdn ngii va he thdng the loai.

De nam khai quat p h i n van hpe viit Viet Nam trong chuong trinh Ngii van ldp 10, cd the dn tap theo nhiing gpi y sau : a) van hoc viet Viet Nam ttr the ki X den hit t h i ki XIX bao gdm nhiing thanh p h i n nao ? Phat trien qua may gicd doan ? Nhiing dac diem ldn vi ndi dung va nghe thuat ciia van hoc trung dai Viet Nam. b) Thdng ke nhiing the loai van hpe trung dai ma anh (chi) da hoc. Neu dac diem chu yeu ciia mdt sd the loai tieu bleu nhu chiiu, edo, phu, tha Dudng ludt, tha Ndm Dudng ludt, ngdm khue, hdt ndi. c) Neu nhiing tac gia, tac pham van hoc tieu bieu bing each lap bang: STT

Ten tdc gia

Ten tac pham Nhung diem ca ban ve ndi dung va ngh$ thu£lt

5. Hai ndi dung ldn ciia van hpe trung dai Viet Nam la chu nghla yiu nudc va chu nghla nhdn dqo.

Chu nghla yeu nudc trong van hpe trung dai gin vdi tu tudng "trung quan ai qude" va truyin thd'ng yeu nude cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Chu nghia yeu nudc the hien rat phong phu, da dang, tap trung d mdt sd phuong dien : y thuc ddc lap, tu chu, tu cudng, tu tdn dan tpc ; ldng cam thu giac, tinh thin quyit chien quyit thing ke thu xam lugc ; tu hao trudc chien cdng thdi dai, trudc truyin thdng lich sii, biet on, ea ngpi nhiing ngudi hi sinh vi To qud'c, tinh yeu thien nhien dat nudc...

147

Chu nghia nhan dao trong van hpe trung dai vira bit ngudn tir truyin thdng nhan van cua ngudi Viet Nam vira tiip thu tu tudng nhan van tich cue vd'n cd ciia Phat giao, Nho giao, Dao giao. Chu nghia nhan dao the hien rat phong phii, da dang, tap trung d mpt sd ndi dung: thuong ngudi; len an, td cao nhiing thi luc tan bao cha dap len con ngudi ; khing dinh, di cao con ngudi vi cac mat pham chat, tai nang, nhiing khat vgng chan ehinh; di cao nhiing quan he dao due, dao h tdt dep gida ngudi vdi ngudi... a) Phan tich npi dung yeu nudc qua: - Tha phu thdi Li - Trin [Van nudc cua Phap Thuan, Td ldng cua Pham Ngii Lao, Phu sdng Bqch Ddng cua Truong Han Sieu, Hiing trd vi cua Nguyin Trung Ngan).

- sang tac cua Nguyin Trai [Dqi cdo binh Ngd, Cdnh ngdy hi).

- cac tac pham viit vi Uch sir (nhiing trich doantiiDqi Viet su ki cua Le Van Huu, Dqi Viet sii ki todn thu ciia Ngd SI Lien).

- Cac tac pham nghi luan [Tua "Trich diim thi tap" cua Hoang Diic Luong, Hiin tdi Id nguyin khi cda quoc gia cda Than Nhan Trung). b) Phan tich ndi dung nhan dao qua : - Tho (bai ke Cdo benh, bdo moi ngudi eua Man Giac, Nhdn cua Nguyin Binh Khiem, Doe Tiiu Thanh ki cua Nguyen Du).

- Ngam khue (C^m^p^M ngam, di sau vao trich doan da hoc).

- Truyen [Chuyin chuc phdn su din Tdn Viin ciia Nguyin Dii).

- Truyen tho [Truyen Kiiu ciia Nguyin Du, di sau vao nhiing trich doan da hpe).

Phin van hoc nudc ngoai trong chuong trinh Ngu van ldp 10 gdm mdt sd thanh tvm nghe thuat tieu bieu cua van hgc cd dai Hi Lap, An Dp, van hpe trung dai Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, nhiing the loai ldn nhu sd thi, tha Dudng luqt, tha hai-cu, tiiu thuyit chuang hdi.

De nim dugc nhiing kien thiic co ban cua phin van hoc nudc ngoai, cd the dn tap theo nhting gpi y sau: a) So sanh de nit ra vai nhan xet vi su gidng nhau, khae nhau vi ndi dung va hinh thiic giiia cac thien su thi : Ddm Sdn (Viet Nam), 0-di-xi (Hi Lap), Ra-ma-ya-na (An Dp).

148

b) Nhiing net dac sic cua tho Dudng vi ndi dung va hinh thiic. Neu mdt sd diem ma anh (chi) cam thay hay nhat d nhiing bai tho Dudng da hoc. Neu len nhiing net dae sic khae nhau giiia tho Dudng (Trung Qud'c) va tho hai-cu (Nhat Ban). c) Qua doan trich ttr Tam qude diin nghla, neu nhan xet vi ldi ke chuyen va khic boa tinh each nhan vat cua tieu thuyet cd dien Trung Qude.

7. On tap p h i n Li ludn vdn hgc, HS can n i m lai nhiing khai niem co ban vi van ban van hgc ddng thdi biet van dung nhiing kien thiic da hpe de tim hieu, phan tich cac tac pham van hpe. HS cd the dn tap theo nhiing cau hdi sau : a) Nhiing tieu chi chu yeu cua van ban van hoc la gi ? b) Neu nhiing ting cau tnic cua van ban van hoc. c) Trtnh bay nhiing khai niem thudc vi ngi dung va nhiing khai ni$m thudc vi hinh thiic cua van ban van hoc. Cho mgt sd vl du de iam sang td. d) Ndi dung va hinh thiic cua van ban van hoc cd quan he vdi nhau nhu the nao ? Cho mpt sd vl du de iam sang td.

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 7 Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

149

ON TAP PHAN LAM VAN

KETQUACANOAT• On lai tri thuc va kl nang viet cac kieu van ban da hgc d THCS va nang cao d Idp 10 ; dn tap cac kieu van ban mdi da hpe d Idp 10.

• Chuan bj tdt cho bai kiem tra cudi nam.

I - Ll THUYET

1. Neu dac diem cua cac kieu van ban tu sti, thuyet minh, nghi luan va cac yeu ciu kit hpp chung trong thuc te viet van ban. Cho bie't vi sao cin phai kit hpp cac kieu van ban dd vdi nhau.

2. Su viec va chi tiit tieu bleu trong van ban tu su la gi ? Cho biet each chpn su viec va chi tiet tieu bleu khi viet kieu van ban nay.

3. Trinh bay each lap dan y, viet doan van tu su cd su dung cac yeu td mieu tl va bleu cam.

4. Trinh bay cac phuong phap thuyit minh thudng dugc su dung trong mdt bai van thuyet minh.

5. Lam thi nao de viit dugc bai van thuyet minh chuan xac va hap din ?

6. Trinh bay each lap dan y va viet cac doan van thuyet minh.

7. Trinh bay ve ca'u tao cua mgt lap luan, cac thao tac nghi luan va each lap dan y bai van nghi luan.

8. Trmh bay yeu ciu va each thiic tdm tit van ban tu su, van ban thuyet minh.

9. Neu dac diem each viet ke hoach ca nhan va quang cao.

10. Neu each thue trinh bay mpt van di.

M-LUYENTAP

1. Lap dan y, viit cac kieu doan van trong bai van tu su, thuyet minh.

2. Hay tap tdm tit npi dung cac bai : Khdi qudt vdn hoc ddn gian Viet Nam [Nga vdn 10, tap mpt); Truyin Kiiu (Phdn mdt: Tdc gid) va bai Vdn bdn vdn hoc [Nga vdn 10, tap hai).

150

BANG TRA CUU TU HAN VIET 1. Trong khudn khd cd ban, bang tra ciiu nay chi lua chpn nhiing tu thudng dung va mpt sd It ttr thdng dung trong cae van ban cd ma HS cd tiip xuc.

2. Nhin chung mdi muc tir se dugc trinh bay theo quy each dudi day : - Ttr cin giai thieh.

- Nghia eua ttr cin giai thich.

- Nghia ciia tirng yiu td (niu cin).

- Md rgng vdn ttr (theo cac yeu td). Nghia cua nhiing ttr khd hieu dat trong dau ngoac don.

- Hien tupng ddng am (dugc danh dau bing *).

ba vuong

ngdi vi diing diu thien ha (trong xa hdi phong kiin Trung Qude). bd=l. vugt trdi len tren tat ca; diing diu : bd chii; 2. dung bao lire de cudng ep, chiim doat: bd chiem, bd dqo. vuong - 1. vua : Hung Vuang, An Duong Vuang; 2. dua vao nhan nghia de cai tri thien ha : vuang dqo ; 3. tude vuong : Khai Thien Vuang (tuc LI Phat Ma, sau la Li Thai Tdng).

bao luu

/ giii lai cdi eu, cai vdn cd, cai da cd. bdo = gin giii: bdo vi. luu - cdn lai, de lai, giti lai : luu niim, luu danh, luu truyin, luu niin (nam nay qua nam khae, lau nam). luu* = nudc chay : luu lugng, luu vue ; chuyin dpng : luu ddng, luu chuyin, luu hdnh, luu vong (phai xa rdi que huong da't nudc).

bat hii

tdn tai mai mai, khdng bi huy hoai, mue nat. bdt = khdng, chang: bdt nghla, bdt nhdn, bdt hod. hu = mue nat, thdi riia, cu ki: /lu bqi, hu lau, hu tuc.

be ha

dudi thim cung dien ; tir tdn xung hoang d i (thien tir, vua) vdi y nghla : khdng dam ndi thing vdi hoang di, ma phai diing dudi thim, nhd cay cac thi than d dudi thim tau gium (chuyen ldi) len hoang de. (Day la mpt ttr ghep cd cau tao nghla dac biet.)

151

binh dan

j dan thudng; thudc vi dan thudng; khdng cao sang, kieu each.

I binh = bing phang : binh nguyen ; yen dn : binh dn, binh dinh ; I diu dan, khdng cd gi ndi trdi kbac thudng : binh ddng, binh qudn, I binh thdn, binh minh, binh dqm, binh thudng, binh tdm, binh tinh, j binh sinh (ca ddi, cudc sdng thudng ngay), binh thdn (dirng thing I ngudi sau khi lam li), hinh di, binh phdm.

canh tan

ddi mdi. canh = thay ddi; siia ddi. tdn = mdi me : tdn trang, tdn thai, tdn lang (chu re), tdn giai nhdn (cd dau).

chu tat

diy du, xong xudi, tron ven. chu - vdng quanh, vay quanh, khip kin : chu vi; diy du trpn ven: chu nien (trdn mpt nam) ; khdng thieu sdt, so hd : chu cdp (cung cap diy du), chu todn, chu ddo. tdt - xong xudi, kit thuc toan bp : tdt niin (kit thuc mgt nam). tdt* = khang dinh nhat thie't phai la nhu the, phai dung nhu thi: tdt nhiin, tdt yiu, tdt thdng.

chuyen quyin rieng minh chiem giii mpi quyin hanh. chuyin - tap trung vao mdt van di, mpt mat nha't dinh ; khdng chia se, khdng phan tan : chuyin di, chuyin mdn, chuyen nghiep, chuyen doanh, chuyin trdeh, chuyin chi.

CO g i a

cusi

152

gia dinh vdn thudc ddng ddi cao sang. cd = xua cu : cddd, cd huong, ednhdn (han cu). cd* = vung bin : cdkit (gin bd chat che vdi nhau), cdchdp, cdthii.

CO* = doai nhin, quan tam ehu y: chiiu cd. j ngudi d an khdng ra lam quan (dudi thdi phong kien) ; tin do I Phat giao nhung khdng xuat gia (tu tai gia). cu-d:cu tru, cu xd, cu ddn, cu ngu (d) - cin phan biet vdi ngu cu: j Thdi xua, d thdn que cd noi cd su phan biet giiia ngudi dan vdn que I gd'c d lang va ngudi dan ttr noi khae din d, gpi la dan ngu cu. \ si= nam gidi; ngudi cd hpe, cd tai nghe, ki nang, ngudi dang tran I trpng, xua't hien trong cac ttr: vdn sl, nghi sl, thi sl, chiin sl, liitsl,...

cu tea

nhiing ngudi dang cd mat (trong mdt cudc hpp,...). cu- I. tat ca, toan the : cu toq ; 2. hanh dpng, nhac len, dua len, eat nhac : cu ddng, cu chi, cu hdnh, cu nhqc, tie'n cd. toq = ngdi : toq ddm (ngdi hpp ban luan), toq ddng (den diu dat tren ban).

di vat

vat edn sdt lai; vat cdn de lai. di - de lai, cdn lai : di chuc, di chiiu (ldi le, y kiin eua vua dugc viet ra thanh bai chieu de lai trudc khi qua ddi), di hudn (ldi le, y kien day bao cua b i tren cdn de lai sau khi qua ddi), di sdn, di tich, di truyin. di* = chuyen ddi : di eu, di chuyen, di tdn, di ddn.

dieu nghe

tai kheo. diiu - kheo leo ki la; rat muc tai tinh ; hay, dep : diiu ki, dieu ki.

dot khoi

bdng nhien ndi len. dot = bdng nhien, khdng doan trudc dugc; bat thinh linh, bat ngd: dot bien, dot kich (tan cdng bat thinh linh), ddt ngdt, dot nhiin, dot xudt, dot phd. khdi - ndi len, ndi day, day len, md diu : khdi nghla, khdi edng, khdi ddu, khdi diim, khdi ddng, khdi hdnh, khdi sac (tuoi tinh, tuoi tdt, kham kha len), khdi xudng.

gia khach

ngudi cd hgc van, cd tai nang dugc cac nha quyin quy thdi phong kien nudi dudng de giup viec khi cin den (dugc chit nhan vi ne hon cac "gia nhan").

han hiiu

hiem cd, it cd, it gap.

hao phdng

rdngrai trong an d, cu xii, chi tieu,... hdo = manh me : hdo hung, hdo hiing, hdo khi; tai gidi, vugt len tren nhiiu ngudi : hdo kiit; phdng khoang, rdng rai, lich thiep : hdo hoa; sin sang giup dd ngudi khae mdt each vd t u : hdo hiep. hdo* = con ngdi nhd vay quanh tudng thanh de bao ve thanh, ranh sau rpng vtra phai, dugc dung iam edng su chien dau hoac de binh Sl di ehuyen : chie'n hdo, giao thdng hdo, hdm hdo.

153

phdng - cdi md, md rdng : phdng khodng ; thao bd rang budc : gidi phdng, phdng thich, phdng sinh, phdng tung (khdng giu gin, budng tha). huyen thoai chuyen khdng cd that, dugc tudng tugng, td ve cho them phin ki ao, huyin dieu. huyen * = day dan ; cai dan : huyin ca (dan hat). khlcki

tu kiim chi, nen minh ; gat bd ham mudn due vgng, ep minh vao khudn phep cugc sdng khic khd. khdc = thing, vugt qua : khdc phue ; han che, kim ham, de nen : khdc nghiit, khdc bqc (nghiet nga, khit khe); dd'i choi: xung khdc. ki - ban than : ich ki, vi ki, tu ki dm thi. khdc * = cham trd, cham khic : diiu khdc, khdc hoq ; mdt khoang thdi gian rat ngln : thai khdc, khodnh khdc.

khoa danh

danh tieng nhd do dat ma cd (thdi phong kien). khoa* •- khoe khoang ; ndi nang, phd bay qua muc cd that khoa truong.

khdi ngd

mat mui sang sua, thdng minh. khdi ngd la mdt ttr Viet gdc Han, nhung dugc dung theo mdt nghia khae vdi nghla trong tieng Han. Trong tiing Han, khdi ngd chi cd nghia la ngudi cd than hinh "to ldn", "cao ldn". khdi - dimg d i u ; hon tat ca: khdi khoa (do diu khoa thi thdi xua), khdi nguyin [nhu khdi khoa). khdi * = rdng ldn ; manh me : khdi phuc (iam cho trd lai trang thai rdng ldn, manh me nhu cu).

khue cat

noi d cua phu nii quy tdc. khue = budng, phdng kin dao trong nha danh cho nii gidi : khue phdng, khui na (con gai nha quyen quy chua chdng). cac = liu, gae. khue * = sao Khue, mpt ngdi sao trong "nhi thap bat tu" (hai muoi tam chdm sao trong thien van hgc cd) chu tri viec hgc hanh thi cu, van chuong : Khue fdo, Khue Vdn edc.

154

kinh luan

vdn la mdt ttr dugc dung de ndi ve cdng viec kio to, xe spi ; sau dugc dung theo nghia : tai nang dieu hanh, quan II viec nudc. kinh = go mdi to, lua ra spi dpe, dai. ludn = xe nhiing spi to cung loai thanh spi.

mac Idiach

ngudi sang tac van tho (thdi xua). mdc = muc - nghia bieu trung: van chuong, van tho. mqc * = im lang ; thim lang : mac nhiin, mdc nhdn, mac cdm, mac niem (lang yen tudng nhd ngudi da khuat).

man tiep

thdng minh, sang lang, lanh len. mdn - sang sudt, nhay ben, thdng minh : mdn cdn, mdn cdm (nhay cam), minh min. tiep - nhanh ; lanh len.

ngao du

rong choi.

nguyen khi

tinh thin tiim tang iam cdi ngudn, n i n tang cho mpi siic manh (cua mpt dan tpc, mdt dat nudc). nguyen - to ldn ; dirng diu ; md diu : nguyin thu (ngudi diing diu mdt nudc), nguyin ddn (ngay diu nam).

phiem chi

chi chung. phiem - rdng ldn, phd biin, rdng khip (nghla gd'c : nudc tran lan khip noi) : phiim ludn (ban luan chung chung), phiim ddm (chuyen phlim).

phdn hoa

ddng vui nao nhiet. phdn - ddng due ; nhiiu : phdn vinh, phdn thinh, phdn thuc (sinh sdi nay nd). hoa = bdng hoa: hoa vien (vudn hoa), hoa ddng (chang den kit hoa mtmg li hpi) ; tuoi dep, tre trung : hoa nien (tudi tre) ; nudc Trung Hoa: Hoa thuong [nha budn ngudi Trung Qude).

155 /

^

phuong tiin | cai dugc dung de tien hanh mdt cdng viec, de dat tdi mdt muc dich. phuang = phuong hudng, each thiic: phuang hudng, phuang phdp, phuang thuc. tiin - cd lpi, thuan lgi : tien lgi, tiin nghi, tien dung. quantu

ngudi cd tai, cd due trong xa hdi phong kien xua; ngudi cd pham chat cao thupng, td't dep, ung xir theo dao II nhan nghia, rgng lupng.

quy pham

diiu dugc quy dinh; cung each chuan muc can phai tuan thu, lam theo. quy = nghla gdc la dung cu ve hinh trdn; nghla bleu trung: dn dinh rd rang, dugc coi la chuan muc c i n phai tuan theo, iam theo : quy cdch, quy chi, quy dinh, quy hoqch, quy ludt, quy md, quy trinh, quy udc. phqm = khudn m i u . quy * = vi, quay vi, trd vi, tdm ggn lai, thau tdm ve mdt mdi, theo v i : quy kit, quy thudn, quy hdng, quy nqp, quy tien (ndi ve hac tdn trudng qua ddi, tid vi noi tien canh), quyy (di tu theo dao Phat).

suu tap

tim kiem, gom gdp lai, tim kiim rdi tap hpp lai.

tao nha

thanh cao, lich su, thanh nha. tao = vd'n la ten mpt tac pham ndi tieng cua nha tho Khuat NguySn ngudi nudc Sd thdi Xuan Thu (Trung Qud'c). nhd = la mdt bp phan trong Kinh Thi.

tao nhan

nha tho (cting xuat xii nhu tao nhd).

tap kich

danh up.

te tudng

chtic quan cao nha't trong he thdng quan lai cua trieu dinh.

thanh chi

y kien, chi thi, menh lenh cua nha vua. thdnh - la tir tdn xung.

thanh minh

thdng minh, sang sud't (ca tung nha vua).

thi nii

ngudi h i u gai. thi = diing hiu.

156

tich truong

cai gay cua nha su (diu gay cd treo may cai vdng kim loai, khi chd'ng xud'ng dat, nhiing cai vdng dd va vao nhau phat ra tieng lanh eanh...).

tieu nhan

ngudi cd tu each dao due kem, bung da hep hdi.

tuyen thach

canh nui non khe sudi.

tuyet sac

ngudi dep nhat khdng ai sanh dugc. tuyet = rat muc, cue ki, cd mgt khdng hai; khdng gi hon dugc: tuyit trdn (nhat the gian), tuyit dinh (eao nha't, khdng gi hon niia), tuyit dqi da sd (hiu hit, h i u nhu tat ca), tuyet dqi bd phdn (phin ldn nhat), tuyit cu (tho cd bdn cau mgt bai; eau thg cau van rat muc tai tinh, rat hay) ; clt dut, cham diit: tuyit tinh (cat diit mgi hen he tinh cam), tuyit tu, tuyit thue, tuyit vd dm tin (khdng cd tin tiic), tuyit giao (clt dut quan he).

tude trat

thii bae, tude vi dugc phong. tude = dang cap quy tdc. Thdi xua cd 5 bae : cdng tude, hdu tude, bd tude, tii tuac, nam tude.

van hien

truyin thdng van hoa va nhan tai (cua mdt qude gia, dan tpc). vdn = trai nghia vdi vd, van chuong, chii nghla: vdn hod, vdn sl, vdn hdo (nha van ldn), vdn khi [giay bien nhan mua ban rugng dat, nha cua,...), vdn thdn (ngudi dd dat, lam quan trong c h i do phong kien), vdn ngdn (ngdn ngii viet cd cua Trung Qud'c). hien = ngudi hien tai; hien dang. hiin * = phap luat: hiin phdp, hiin chuong.

vi tha

vi ngudi khae, vi (lpi Ich chung) cua cdng ddng xa hpi. vi-vi: vi lgi, vi ki (ehi nghi d i n lpi ich cua ban than, hanh dpng vi lpi Ich cua rieng minh), vi ngd (chi vi ban than minh). tha = khae, ngudi khae : tha huong (dat khach que ngudi), tha phuong (noi xa xdi khdng phai que nha), tha hod (biin chat).

xagia

xe vua.

yen ha

khdi va may rang [khdi d day cd the hieu la man suong nhu khdi toa) - canh dep thien nhien.

157

MUC LUC

Tuan

Ten bai

19

• Phu sdng Bqch Ddng (Bach Dang giang phu) • Dqi cdo binh Ngd (Binh Ngd dai cao)

3 8

• Viet bai iam van so 4 : Van thuyet minh (Bai iam d nha)

14

20

21

22

Trang

• Dqi cdo binh Ngd (tiep theo)

16

• Tinh chuan xac, hap d i n ciia van ban thuyet minh

24

• Tua "Trich diim thi tap"

28

• Dpe them : Hiin tdi Id nguyin khi ciia qud'c gia [tiich Bdi ki di danh tiin sl khoa Nhdm Tudt, niin hieuT)qi Bdo thu ba)

31

• Khai quat lich sir tieng Viet

33

• Hung Dqo Dqi Vuong Trdn Quoc Tudn (trich Dqi Viet su ki todn thu) • Tra bai iam van sd 4

23

41 45

• Dpe them : Thdi su Trdn Thu Do (trich Dqi Vietsu ki todn thu)

24

46

• Phuong phap thuyet minh

48

• Viet bai lam van sd 5 : Van thuyet minh

53

• Chuyen chuc phdn su din Tdn Viin [Tdn Viin tuphdn suluc - trich Truyin ki mqn lue)

55

• Luyen tap viit doan van thuyet minh 25

26

• Nhiing yeu ciu vi su dung tieng Viet

62 .".

65

• Tdm tit van ban thuyit minh

69

• Hdi trdng Cd Thdnh (tri'eh hdi 28 - Tam qude diin nghla)

74

• Dpe them : Tdo Thdo udng rugu ludn anh hiing (trich hdi 21 - Tam qude dien nghla)

80

• Tra bai iam van sd 5

83

• Viit bai lam van sd 6 : Thuyet minh van hpe (Bai iam d nha) 158

^

84

MUC LUC Tuan

Ten bai

27

• Tinh cdnh le loi cua ngudi chinh phu (trich Chinh phu ngdm) • Lap dan y bai van nghi luan

86 89

28

•Truyin Kiiu

92

• Phong each ngdn ngd nghe thuat

97

29

Trang

• Truyin Kiiu (tiip theo - Trao duyen)

103

• Truyin Kiiu (tiep theo-Ndi thuong minh) • Lap luan trong van nghi luan

107 109

• Truyin Kiiu (tiep theo - Chi khi anh hung)

112

• Truyen Kiiu (tiep theo - Dpe them : Thi nguyin)

115

• Tra bai iam van sd 6

116

31

• van ban van hpe • Thuc hanh cac phep tu tir: phep diep va phep ddi

117 124

32

• Npi dung va hinh thuc cua van ban van hpe

127

• Cac thao tac nghi luan • Viit bai lam van sd 7 : Van nghi luan (Bai iam d nha)

131 136

30

33

• On tap p h i n Tieng Viet

:....138

• Luyen tap viit doan van nghi luan

140

• Viet quang cao

142

34

• Tdng kit p h i n Van hoc

146

35

• Tra bai lam van sd 7 • On tap phan Lam van

149 150

BANG

TRA CiJU TU H A N VIET

151 159

Chiu trdeh nhiem xudt bdn: Chu tich HDQT kiem Tong Giim dd'c NGO TRAN AI Phd Tdng Giam dd'c kiem Tong bien tap NGUYfiN QUYTHAO Bien tap ldn ddu : VU THUY ANH - TA THI HUONG Bien tap tdi bdn: NGUYfiN THI

HOANG

YEN

Bien tap mi thudt: TA THANH TUNG Thiet ke sdch: NGUYfiN THANH LONG Tjinhbdybia:

NGUYfiN BICH LA

Siia bdn in: NGUYfiN THI Chebdn:

HOANG YEN

CONG TY CO PHAN THIET KE VA PHAT HANH SACH GIAO DUC

Bia sich cd su dung tranh eua hoa si Nguyin Tu Nghiem.

NGUrVAN 1 0 - T A P HAI Ma sd: CH012T0 In 100.000 cudn (ST), kiio' 17 x 24 cm, In tai Cong ty cd phan In Quang Binh - TP. Oong Hai - Quang Binh.

So in: 10. Sd xuat ban: 01-2010/CXB/557-1485/GD. In xong va nop Itru chieu thang 1 nam 2010.

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