Aswan Science Centre
MSA UNIVERSITY ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT FALL 2020 PRESENTED TO: Prof. Omar Fawzy Prof. Sameh Elfeky Prof. Rania Hamdy Prof. Doaa Hassan Prof. Rasha Sayed PREPARED BY: Abdelrahman Zahran 171719 Emad ElDeen Hamdy 171175 Omar Salama175007 Mennatullah Ahmed Mostafa 170967 Lina Gabr 174621 Rana Mohamed 170297 Merna Amr 171917 Mohamed Kenawy 172597 Moamen Elsaqa 171771 Ahmed Farghal185983 3
Aswan Science Centre
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by Modern Sciences and Arts [MSA] University. We thank our Tutors and Colleagues from the Architecture Department who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this research.. We would also like to show our appreciation to (Prof. Sameh El Feki) (Prof. Doaa Hassan) for sharing their pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this research.
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FOREWORD This research is seeking to identify the relationship between Autonomy and Architecture. It would show the journey towards understanding both concepts integrated together. Aswan was selected to represent the integration between Autonomy and Architecture for it is the city of technology and education in Egypt and for it has a history of efforts by its people especially the females to be autonomous in the Ancient Egyptian age. Keywords: Environmental issues - Social issues - Aswan’s culture - Tourism - Community development -Urban development - Aswan- Egypt.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER1: AUTONOMY
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.................................................................16-23
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................17
1.1.0 TIMELINE OF AUTONOMY
.......................................................................18
1.2.0 AUTONOMOUS BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
.................................................................19-22
1.2.0 ARCHITECTURE AS ART
.......................................................................19
1.2.1 ARTISTIC FREEDOM
.......................................................................20
1.2.2 ARCHITECTURE AS SCIENCE
.......................................................................21
1.2.3 ACADEMIC FREEDOM
.......................................................................22
1.3.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION CHAPTER 2: PROPOSED PROJECT
.......................................................................23 .................................................................24-34
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................25
2.0.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.......................................................................26
2.1.0 SCIENCE CENTRE INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................27
2.2.0 PROJECT TARGET GROUP
.......................................................................28
2.3.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
.......................................................................29
2.4.0 SCIENCE CENTRE
.................................................................30-32
2.4.0 WHAT IS A SCIENCE CENTRE
.......................................................................30
2.4.1 IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE CENTRE
.......................................................................31
2.4.2 WHAT IS A RESEARCH CENTRE
.......................................................................32
2.5.0 AUTONOMOUS SCIENCE CENTRE
.......................................................................33
2.6.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
.......................................................................34
CHAPTER 3: LOCATION SELECTION
.................................................................35-61
INTRODUCTION
......................................................................36
3.0.0 LOCATION SELECTION CRITERIA
......................................................................37
3.1.0 POTENTIALS IN ASWAN
......................................................................38
3.1.0 JUSTIFICATION
................................................................38-39
3.2.0 ASWAN TIMELINE
......................................................................40
3.3.0 HISTORY OF ASWAN
......................................................................41
3.4.0 ASWAN’S LOCATION
......................................................................42 6
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3.5.0 ASWAN CITIES
.................................................................43-44
3.6.0 FLORA AND FAUNA
.................................................................45-47
3.6.0 WHAT IS FLORA AND FAUNA
.......................................................................45
3.6.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
.......................................................................46
3.6.2 FLORA AND FAUNA IN ASWAN
.......................................................................47
3.7.0 SOCIAL ANALYSIS
.................................................................48-51
3.7.0 ORIGINS AND AFFINITY BLOCK
.......................................................................48
3.7.1 FESTIVALS AND COSTUMES
.......................................................................49
3.7.2 EDUCATION
.......................................................................50
3.7.3 INTERVIEWS
.......................................................................51
3.8.0 ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS
.................................................................52-57
3.8.0 OLD DWELLINGS ELEMENTS
.......................................................................52
3.8.1 AFTER DISPLACEMENT
.......................................................................53
3.8.2 ANALYSIS OF NUBIAN HOUSES
.......................................................................54
3.8.3 RESETTLEMENT IMPACT
.......................................................................55
3.8.4 MASTABA ROLE IN NUBIAN HOUSES
.................................................................56-57
3.9.0 AUTONOMY IN ASWAN
.................................................................58-59
3.10.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
.................................................................60-61
3.10.0 POTENTIALS IN ASWAN
.......................................................................60
3.10.1 AUTONOMOUS OPPORTUNITIES IN ASWAN
.......................................................................61
CHAPTER 4: SITE SELECTION
.................................................................62-96
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................63
4.0.0 ACCESSIBILITY
......................................................................64
4.1.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
.................................................................65-66
4.1.0 SITE CRITERIA
......................................................................65
4.1.1 POTENTIALS OF THE 3 SITES
......................................................................66
4.2.0 PROPOSED SITES
......................................................................67
4.3.0 LANDMARKS NEAR THE PROPOSED SITE
................................................................68-73
4.3.0 LANDMARKS MAP
......................................................................69
4.3.1 ASWAN MONUMENTS
......................................................................70
4.3.2 NABATAT ISLAND
......................................................................71 7
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4.3.3 HISTORICAL RECORD
.......................................................................72
4.3.4 BIRDS ROAR THE ISLAND
.......................................................................73
4.4.0 SWOT ANALYSIS
.................................................................74-79
4.4.0 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 1
.................................................................74-75
4.4.1 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 2
.................................................................76-77
4.4.2 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 3
.................................................................78-79
4.5.0 DETAILED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
.................................................................80-83
4.5.0 SITE 1
.......................................................................80
4.5.1 SITE 2
.......................................................................81
4.5.2 SITE 3
.......................................................................82
4.6.0 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 4.6.0 COMPARATIVE TABLE
.................................................................83-84 .......................................................................83
4.6.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CONCLUSION .......................................................................84 4.7.0 URBAN ANALYSIS
.................................................................85-96
4.7.0 ACCESSIBILITY TO CHOSEN SITE
.......................................................................85
4.7.1 CLIMATE ANALYSIS
.......................................................................86
4.7.2 BUILDING USE
.......................................................................87
4.7.3 BUILDING HEIGHTS
.......................................................................88
4.7.4 BUILDING CONDITION
.......................................................................89
4.7.5 SOLID AND VOID AND VEGETATION
.......................................................................90
4.7.6 URBAN FABRIC
.......................................................................91
4.7.7 SENSORY FEATURES
.......................................................................92
4.7.8 SURROUNDINGS
.......................................................................93
4.7.9 TOPOGRAPHY
.......................................................................94
4.7.10 EDUCATION IN ASWAN
.................................................................95-96
4.8.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
.......................................................................97
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN ISSUES
...............................................................98-120
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................99
5.0.0 IMAGE
.....................................................................100
5.1.0 IDENTITY AND MESSAGE
.....................................................................101
5.2.0 CIRCULATION
.............................................................102-103
5.2.0 DEFINITIONS
.....................................................................103 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.2.1 EXAMPLE
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........................................................................103
5.3.0 SUSTAINABILITY
...............................................................104-105
5.3.0 DEFINITION
.......................................................................104
5.3.1 HOW TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY
.......................................................................105
5.4.0 FLEXIBILITY
...............................................................106-108
5.4.0 DEFINITION
.......................................................................106
5.4.1 EXAMPLE ( 1 )
.......................................................................107
5.4.2 EXAMPLE ( 2 )
.......................................................................108
5.5.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY
...............................................................109-110
5.5.0 DEFINITION
.......................................................................109
5.5.1 EXAMPLE
.......................................................................110
5.6.0 HUMAN COMFORT
..............................................................111-118
5.6.0 DEFINITION
......................................................................111
5.6.1 THERMAL COMFORT
..............................................................112-113
5.6.2 VISUAL COMFORT
..............................................................114-116
5.6.3 AUDIBLE COMFORT
..............................................................117-118
5.7.0 ACCESSIBILITY
......................................................................119
5.8.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
......................................................................120
CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDIES
..............................................................121-181
6.0.0 DIVISION TABLE
......................................................................122
6.1.0 THE SCIENCE CITY OF EGYPT
..............................................................123-126
6.1.0 INTRODUCTION
......................................................................123
6.1.1 ACCESSIBILITY
......................................................................124
6.1.2 ZONING ANALYSIS
..............................................................125-127
6.1.3 CONCLUSION
......................................................................128
6.2.0 THE LOOP SCIENCE CITY IN EGYPT
..............................................................129-131
6.2.0 INTRODUCTION
......................................................................129
6.2.1 ZONING AND CIRCULATION
......................................................................130
6.2.2 TECHNICAL DATA
......................................................................131
6.2.3 ELEVATIONS AND SHOTS
......................................................................132
6.2.4 CONCLUSION
......................................................................133
6.3.0 SCIENCE CITY BY ARCHITECTS OF URBANITY
..............................................................134-137 9
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6.3.0 INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................134
6.3.1 STRUCTURE AND ZONING ANALYSIS
.....................................................................135
6.3.2 SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
.....................................................................136
6.3.3 CONCLUSION
.....................................................................137
6.4.0 DUBAI MARITIME RESEARCH CENTRE
.............................................................138-140
6.4.0 INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................138
6.4.1 CIRCULATION AND ZONING ANALYSIS
.....................................................................139
6.4.2 CONCLUSION
.....................................................................140
6.5.0 RESEARCH AND CULTURAL CENTRE
.............................................................141-148
6.5.0 INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................141
6.5.1 IDEA DEVELOPMENT
.....................................................................142
6.5.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
.....................................................................143
6.5.3 STRUCTURE AND MATERIALS
.....................................................................144
6.5.4 AXONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
.....................................................................145
6.5.5 ILLUSTRATIVE ANALYSIS
.....................................................................146
6.5.6 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
.....................................................................147
6.5.7 CONCLUSION
.....................................................................148
6.6.0 EB 2/3 TAIPAS SCHOOL
.............................................................149-152
6.6.0 INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................149
6.6.1 CIRCULATION
.....................................................................150
6.6.2 ZONING ANALYSIS
.....................................................................151
6.6.3 CONCLUSION
.....................................................................152
6.7.0 TONGHUA SCIENCE AND CULTURAL CENTRE .............................................................153-157 6.7.0 INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................153
6.7.1 CIRCULATION
.....................................................................154
6.7.2 ZONING ANALYSIS
.....................................................................155
6.7.3 ELEVATION ANALYSIS
.....................................................................156
6.7.4 CONCLUSION
.....................................................................157
6.8.0 AHHA SCIENCE CENTRE
.............................................................158-163
6.8.0 INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................158
6.8.1 MASSES
.....................................................................159
6.8.2 ELEVATION AND LAYOUT ANALYSIS
.....................................................................160
6.8.3 ZONING ANALYSIS
.....................................................................161
6.8.4 CIRCULATION
.....................................................................162 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.8.5 CONCLUSION 6.9.0 HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTRE
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........................................................................163 ...............................................................164-165
6.9.0 INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................164
6.9.1 GENERAL ANALYSIS
.......................................................................165
6.9.2 ZONING ANALYSIS
.......................................................................166
6.9.3 CONCLUSION
.......................................................................167
6.10.0 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE IN BEIJING
...............................................................168-172
6.10.0 INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................168
6.10.1 LAYOUT AND MASSES
.......................................................................169
6.10.2 ZONING AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
.......................................................................170
6.10.3 CIRCULATION AND SECTIONS
.......................................................................171
6.10.4 CONCLUSION
.......................................................................172
6.11.0 KOLKATA SCIENCE CITY
...............................................................173-175
6.11.0 INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................173
6.11.1 ARCHITECTURAL FORM
.......................................................................174
6.11.2 CONCLUSION
.......................................................................175
6.12.0 FOREST CITY
.......................................................................176
6.12.0 INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................176
6.12.1 GENERAL ANALYSIS
.......................................................................177
6.12.2 CONCLUSION
.......................................................................178
6.13.0 CAHILL CENTRE FOR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
...............................................................179-181
6.13.0 INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................179
6.13.1 CIRCULATION AND FUNCTIONAL ZONING
.......................................................................180
6.13.2 CONCLUSION
.......................................................................181
6.14.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
.......................................................................182
CHAPTER 7: PROPOSED PROGRAM OF THE PROJECT
...............................................................183-237
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................184
7.0.0 INITIAL PROGRAM
.......................................................................185
7.1.0 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS
..............................................................186-190
7.1.0 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS DIAGRAM
..............................................................186-188 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.1.1 FUNCTIONAL BUBBLE DIAGRAM 7.2.0 DESIGN STANDARDS
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.............................................................189-190 .............................................................191-237
7.2.0 EXHIBITIONS
.............................................................191-193
7.2.1 THEATER
.............................................................194-196
7.2.2 PLANETARIUM
.............................................................197-198
7.2.3 OBSERVATION TOWER
.....................................................................199
7.2.4 VIRTUAL REALITY
.............................................................200-202
7.2.5 MULTI PURPOSE UNIT
.....................................................................203
7.2.6 LIBRARIES
.....................................................................204
7.2.7 LECTURE HALLS
.....................................................................205
7.2.8 MEETING ROOMS
.....................................................................206
7.2.9 WORKSHOPS
.....................................................................207
7.2.10 LABORATORIES
.............................................................208-209
7.2.11 LABS AND EXPERIMENT HALLS
.............................................................210-237
CHAPTER 8: SUSTAINABILITY
.............................................................238-244
INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................239
8.0.0 THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY
.............................................................240-242
8.0.0 ECONOMY
.....................................................................240
8.0.1 ENVIRONMENT
.....................................................................241
8.0.2 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
.....................................................................242
8.1.0 SUSTAINABILITY IMPACT ON THE PROJECT
.....................................................................243
8.2.0 BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY
.....................................................................244
8.2.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
.....................................................................245
CHAPTER 9 ADAPTION WITH PANDEMIC
.............................................................246-250
INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................247
9.0.0 PANDEMIC PREVENTION SOLUTIONS
.............................................................248-249
9.0.1 GENERAL CONCLUSION
.....................................................................250
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 10 INDIVIDUAL WORK AHMED HUSSEIN FARGHAL
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..................................................................251-3 .............................................................252-258
10.0.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................253
10.0.1 CONCEPT 1
.....................................................................254
10.0.2 CONCEPT 2
.....................................................................255
10.0.3 CONCEPT 3
.....................................................................256
10.0.4 TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES
.............................................................257-258
ABDELRAHMAN HUSSEIN ZAHRAN
.............................................................259-268
10.1.0 CONCEPT 1
.............................................................260-263
10.1.1 CONCEPT 2
.............................................................264-265
10.1.2 CONCEPT 3
.............................................................266-268
EMAD ELDEEN HAMDY
.............................................................269-278
10.2.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................270
10.2.1 CONCEPT 1
.............................................................271-272
10.2.2 CONCEPT 2
.............................................................273-274
10.2.3 CONCEPT 3
.....................................................................275
10.2.4 CONCEPT 2 INSPIRATION
.....................................................................276
10.2.5 TECHNICAL STUDIES
.............................................................277-278
LINA HISHAM GABR
.............................................................279-291
10.3.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................280
10.3.1 CONCEPT 1
.............................................................281-283
10.3.2 CONCEPT 2
.............................................................284-286
10.3.3 CONCEPT 3
.............................................................287-288
10.3.4 CONCEPT 1 TECHNICAL STUDIES
.....................................................................289
10.3.5 CONCEPT 2 TECHNICAL STUDIES
.....................................................................290
10.3.6 CONCEPT 3 TECHNICAL STUDIES
.....................................................................291
MENNATULLAH AHMED MOSTAFA
.............................................................292-303
10.4.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................293
10.4.1 CONCEPT 1 + TECHNICAL STUDIES
.............................................................294-296
10.4.2 CONCEPT 2 + TECHNICAL STUDIES
.............................................................297-299
10.4.3 CONCEPT 3 + TECHNICAL STUDIES
.............................................................300-303
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TABLE OF CONTENTS MUHAMED AHMED KENAWY
Aswan Science Centre
.............................................................304-311
10.5.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................305
10.5.1 ASTRONOMY SCIENCE CENTRE
.....................................................................306
10.5.2 CONCEPT 1
.....................................................................307
10.5.3 CONCEPT 2
.....................................................................308
10.5.4 CONCEPT 3
.....................................................................309
10.5.5 TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES
.............................................................310-311
MERNA AMR AZMY
.............................................................312-319
10.6.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................313
10.6.1 CONCEPT 1 + TECHNICAL STUDIES
.............................................................314-315
10.6.2 CONCEPT 2 + TECHNICAL STUDIES
.............................................................316-317
10.6.3 CONCEPT 3+ TECHNICAL STUDIES
.............................................................318-319
MOAMEN MOHAMED ELSAKKA
.............................................................320-330
10.7.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................321
10.7.1 CONCEPT 1
.............................................................322-324
10.7.2 CONCEPT 2
.............................................................325-327
10.7.3 CONCEPT 3
.............................................................328-330
OMAR SALAMA
.............................................................331-342
10.8.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................332
10.8.1 SCIENCE OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND FABRICATION
.....................................................................333
10.8.2 CONCEPT 1 10.8.3 CONCEPT 2 10.8.4 CONCEPT 3 RANA MOHAMED SALIM 10.9.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES 10.9.1 CONCEPT 1 10.9.2 CONCEPT 2 10.9.3 CONCEPT 3 10.9.4 SUSTAINABILITY 10.9.5 TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES LIST OF FIGURES REFERENCES
.............................................................334-336 .............................................................337-339 .............................................................340-342 .............................................................343-354 .....................................................................344 .............................................................345-346 .............................................................347-348 .............................................................349-350 .....................................................................351 .............................................................352-354 .............................................................355-378 .............................................................379-381
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Chapter 1: Autonomy
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CHAPTER 1 AUTONOMY
Chapter 1: Autonomy
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1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
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GENERAL DEFINITION Autonomy refers to the concept of separation, resistance, opposition, confrontation, and scathing distance, it could be said that a crucial meaning of autonomy in architecture is to constantly produce a form of distress through the production of images, texts, and buildings.
ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION
. Le Corbusier: Autonomy is mainly described as a mode of composition characterized by a free association of elements lacking hierarchy and by a self-sufficient isolation. . Self-sufficient building: The building that automatically reaches out to the nearest available resources and engages within it’s provided financial budget and with minimal artificial human intervention and customization.
AUTONOMY TYPES
Artistic Autonomy Immanuel Kant was the one that derived Artistic autonomy from his seminal Critique of Judgment (1790).
Kantian Autonomy It’s the actions by a person without the effect of external opinions , that cause him to decide personal though full opinions.
Sociocultural Autonomy The concrete manifestation of cultural ideology into the society problems and way of life creating an autonomous way of life. Literary Autonomy Distinguish art from non-art and frames the it’s place in the portrait of history . Critical Autonomy Autonomy resembles a critical position that points in the direction of conflicting ideologies. “The task of architecture has nothing to do with solving ideological or social conflicts… instead it highlights the differences between the ideological representations”
Neoliberal Autonomy The interpretation of a neo-liberal autonomy within the context of projects might correspond to a divorce with the current logics in the production of space. Technological Autonomy In linking this autonomy with the computer revolution, kaminer further explains that this autonomy is driven by the use of innovative software of representation rather than technologies of realization.
SUSTAINABILITY VS AUTONOMY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT
Self-sufficiency cycle Energy conversion and form • Energy and work • Correspondence between inputs and output • Treatment methods Building support system Feasibility assessment
Green Energy • Solar power • Wind power • Biomass Energy • Hydro-power • Fusion Vision and goals Selection Factors Feasibility Assessment
AUTONOMOUS ENVIRONMENT -Passive Design Principles -Active Equipment
AUTONOMOUS BUILDING
Fig. 1 Autonomy and sustainability
Chapter 1: Autonomy
ENERGY APPLICATION
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1.1.0 TIMELINE OF AUTONOMY This timeline shows the phases that autonomy went through in order to reach its current state. Before autonomy was interpreted in architecture, in 1724 Philosopher Kant spoke about his theory Kantian Autonomy. He mentioned that a person is only autonomous if his actions are unaffected by external factors. In 1859, the philosopher John mentioned in ‘On Liberty” that over himself, over his own body and mind the individual sovereign. During this age of Enlightenment philosophers were fighting for the freedom of Man. Emill Kaufmann thus interpreted this philosophical theory architecturally and Ledeux laid the foundations and passed the idea to multiple generations.
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Aldo Rossi: Autonomy refers to notions of separation, resistance, opposition, and confrontation. Nowadays, in the modern age, one of the most important pioneers of Autonomy & modern Architecture is Peter Eisenman. Peter said: “Client be damned, architecture for the sake of architecture.” BAROQUE NEOCLASSICISM MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE OF ISOLATION
Chapter 1: Autonomy
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1.2.0 AUTONOMOUS BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
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Architecture has many autonomous fields. Autonomy could be in architecture-as-service, in architecture-as-art, or in architecture-as-science. Each of these types has its own way of freedom and building technologies. Autonomy in architecture-as-service is when the architect focuses and designs according to the clients/users needs and desires with no freedom for the architect.
TYPE 1 ARCHITECTURE-AS-ART In architecture-as-art, autonomy concerns the limits of an artist’s individual freedom of expression. This type of building technology focuses on artistic autonomy. It allows architecture to be more experimental and conceptual. It doesn’t look at architecture like a service for the users needs but more on the freedom of the architect’s desires for art and beauty.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES THAT MAKE A BUILDING AUTONOMOUS:
The architect’s artistic freedom can be expressed autonomously by designing a facade with no constrain from the surrounding context or the clients needs, using a structure to shape the building freely and artistically, experimenting new ways to use and take advantage of the buildings different structures. Another way to express autonomy in this type is by designing a form in any way the architect wants with no contains on what a building should be shaped like, using any material freely for the building, having an individual operating system for the building to run on alone without the surrounding buildings, and finally the building can have a function that is autonomous.
EXAMPLES
Fig. 2 Elements we can apply to autonomy.
Fig. 3 Royal Ontario Museum.
Chapter 1: Autonomy
To see how these elements are applied here are two examples. In figure 2, The Royal Ontario Museum architects are Daniel Libeskind, Frank Darling, and John A. Pearson. The Royal Ontario Museum clearly shows the architect’s freedom of expression, that the architect discarded the architectural style and form of the place and just expressed his own way of architectural style. They used different materials, structure, facade and form than the traditional style of the context which makes this building an autonomous building. In figure 3, The urban village project by EFFEKI Architects just stands out. That is what autonomy means as an art to be free to express with no constrains. The project is autonomous because of the unique autonomous elements used such as the materials, facade and structure.
Fig. 4 The urban village project by EFFEKT Architects.
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1.2.1 AUTONOMOUS BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
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ARTISTIC FREEDOM It is curious that architecture is so often compared to fine art when it is rooted in one of the three basic necessities of shelter, food and clothing, architecture would seemingly have much more to do with gastronomy or fashion. Yet Kahn’s succinct distinction reveals the degree to which architecture is commonly understood as being somehow close to fine art, even though, from the point of view of autonomy, they are fundamentally different. Autonomy lies at the very basis of the distinction between fine arts, which do not involve utility of any kind, and applied arts, which are utilitarian by definition. Add to that the fact that architecture is, like engineering or medicine, a service profession burdened with immense public safety responsibility, unlike fashion, gastronomy, or sculpture, and architecture has a discipline that is even more limited in terms of its freedom. It’s a wonder that an “art” of architecture is able to exist at all. Yet, since the emergence of post-modernism, an entire branch of architecture has come to be “re-framed”, as it were, into a fine art. This has caused architecture to effectively divide into, on one hand, a productive “service sector” that builds largely for private clients while staying largely out of the media spotlight; and on the other hand, a more aesthetic, polemical and “arty” architecture that is marginal in terms of output but which dominates the limelight. Autonomy is understood differently in each of these architectures. In architecture as service, autonomy concerns the capacity of professional associations to collectively auto-regulate or self-govern their affairs, whereas in architecture as art, autonomy concerns the limits of an artist’s individual freedom of expression. For architecture, artistic autonomy entails precisely a freedom from and hence an abdication of professional practice and public responsibility. A professional body is granted autonomy in the form of collective self-regulation precisely in exchange for taking on public responsibility, while artistic autonomy is granted to artists on the basis of the modern right to individual freedom of expression, which is a right that professional associations often require their members to rescind in the name of professional unity. The more a profession becomes about celebrity and individual artistic freedom, the less power it has as a collective. In architecture, the trade-off for greater artistic autonomy is less professional autonomy; a sign of our neo-liberal times. Architecture is today more autonomous in the “artistic freedom” sense of the word than it has ever been before. The number of curated architectural exhibitions and the number of architectural museums have grown dramatically worldwide since the 1960s, when only New York City’s Museum of Modern Art had an architecture department. Today, there is a growing number of architects whose highly conceptual gallery installations tour a growing international circuit of architecture museums. Architects such as Phillippe Rahm, Jimenez Lai, Didier Faustino or Andrés Jaque, to name but a few, are known much more for their installations than for any buildings, and this is changing the very nature of architectural writing and scholarship, which is focusing greater attention on museum exhibitions and discursive events.
EXAMPLE An exhibition by Philippe Rahm at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Denmark, consisted of domestic objects displayed at different heights or temperature zones within the gallery space. Among the objects in the exhibition was a bathtub, inviting comparison with Marcel Duchamp’s Ready-made.
Chapter 1: Autonomy
Fig. 5 freedom of
art
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1.2.2 AUTONOMOUS BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
Aswan Science Centre
TYPE 2 ARCHITECTURE-AS-SCIENCE In Architecture-as-science, it expresses an academic freedom/autonomy to architecture. Architecture now can be identified as an applied science. Science and technology is revolutionizing with new researches. Scientists still dig deep into inventing new ways to improve a building using science and technology to make it more energy efficient and sustainable. A building that is independent, providing everything the building needs for itself like electricity and water system. Separate system than the rest of the surrounding buildings. Science is just another direction for architecture.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES THAT MAKE A BUILDING AUTONOMOUS: The science and technology used are what makes the building autonomous. The building that has its own: 1- Passive solar techniques. 2- Alternative toilet and sewage systems. 3- Thermal massing designs. 4- Power efficiency . 5- Efficient windowing.
EXAMPLE
The Autonomous house, in figure 4, is a house in Australia with NO BILLS, It has its: Own electricity Own water Own waste deal Separate energy source for the building’s consumptions. This is an example that proves that a building can be autonomous by being able to run itself. This house provides for its own electricity by the solar panels on the roof, its own water with its own pipes and its own waste deal.
Fig. 6 An autonomous house.
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1.2.3 AUTONOMOUS BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
Aswan Science Centre
ACADEMIC FREEDOM Art is not the only autonomous field which architecture tackles, however. Another field, this one tied more closely to the notion of academic freedom rather than artistic freedom, is science. Again, like its artistic counterpart, architecture is an applied science, not a pure science, which is the empirical study of nature. And, as with art, we are currently witnessing a certain scientific approach to architecture. This has to do largely with the fact that scientific and technological research leading to new inventions is being highly promoted and funded by industry. STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) research has proven itself to be indispensable in the race to gain a competitive edge in globalized capitalism; so much so that a branch of architecture as science has emerged. The construction sector is after all one of the highest emitters of carbon dioxide along with the manufacturing, transportation and agriculture sectors, so there is moreover a pressing need to improve the energy efficiency and sustainability of building construction. However, the degree to which the art paradigm remains prevalent in architecture even when it takes a scientific turn. For example, the research undertaken by architecture as science outfits such as Terreform ONE or Cloud 9 tends to be exhibited in gallery spaces and published in popular fantasy, design or lifestyle magazines rather than in serious scientific journals, which is where peer-scrutiny and validation takes place in the sciences. It would seem that architects as scientists are more interested in the current media attention that science and technology enjoys than in its actual rigor and methodology. Thus, even when it fancies itself as science, architecture design aesthetically pleasing objects, just like it does when it dabbles in art. It would seem that architecture’s formalism is inescapable, no matter which discipline it emulates.
EXAMPLE Terreform an architectural organization which practice combines both urban and environmental issues, proposed The Bio-City World Map which utilizes the shape of Buck-minster Fuller Dymaxion Map and predicts the outcome of the world’s population within 100 years. The map merges world cities into one unified population growth allowing the changes in density to be viewed over time as one construct.
CONCLUSION
Fig. 7 freedom of
art
These autonomous building technologies are the guide to achieving an autonomous building. Either the building can be autonomous by the artist’s freedom of expression with the building elements or it can be autonomous by use of science and technology for academic freedom being a self-sufficient building. If architectural autonomy, understood as “artistic freedom”, means a refusal to be thought of as a “service”, it must be asked if architecture is itself best served by such a scenario. It is known that even the most difficult autonomous modern art has been made to serve interests outside of art. Utility and appropriation by users are precisely what makes architecture distinct from art without that distinction architecture risks becoming absorbed by art. Such a scenario might mean greater fame and renown for an elite , but it would come at the total loss of architecture’s collective autonomy and its historical identity as a professionally applied art. Adolf Loos’s aphorism “Only a very small part of architecture belongs to art: the tomb and the monument” rings very true indeed. Perhaps a cart with round wheels is not such a bad thing after all. Chapter 1: Autonomy
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1.3.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
Aswan Science Centre
ROAD TO AUTONOMY IN ARCHITECTURE Thinking Without Constraints Autonomy is clearly a topic under the umbrella of freedom so thinking without constraints is a key to achieve autonomy. It also involves thinking differently and outside the box. Researching more into STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) to achieve new strategies Researching more into science, technology, engineering and mathematics will help come up with new ideas and new strategies to overcome the difficulties that face architects in everything including design , structure and ` strategies. Expansion of the artistic limitations Negative views are not that of a problem in the site, they are not disturbing as well they are located mainly on the west side and its the view of Aswan desert housing a bunch of electricity towers.
THE RESEARCHERS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS AUTONOMY
APPROACH TOWARDS AUTONOMY
•
Autonomy and freedom cannot be split.
•
•
It is not about rebellion, but more about Freedom.
•
Culture should not only be served but should be exceeded.
For the building should be artistic enough in order to be an attraction spot for scientific tourism in order for them to be interested in visiting the project and attending seminars.
•
The difference between an Interpreter and an Architect is Autonomy.
•
The point of view of an Architect is made by expressing it not translating it.
•
The origin of a thing is not allowed to restrict it’s Essence.
•
My freedom does not negatively impact intellectuals or their environment.
•
ARTISTIC APPROACH
TECHNOLOGICAL
For the building includes a research center that uses multiple new technological methods allowing the building to be totally automated as well as researches variable new technological methods. •
SOCIOCULTURAL
For the building will have training and educational spaces for the society.
These autonomous building technologies are the guide to achieving an autonomous building. Either the building can be autonomous by the artist’s freedom of expression with the building elements or it can be autonomous by being a self-sufficient building.
Chapter 1: Autonomy
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Aswan Science Centre
CHAPTER 2 PROPOSED PROJECT
Chapter 2: Proposed Project
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Aswan Science Centre
INTRODUCTION The proposed project was chosen according to autonomy. The proposed project is a science centre. A science centre is a combination of a research centre and interactive exhibits. Science centres are modern and new, they are still being introduced to some countries. This is the time to start introducing this type of project to Egypt. Egypt’s historical value and resources are enough reason to have a science centre. Science centres help innovate, develop and educate.
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2.0.0 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
Aswan Science Centre
PROJECT STATEMENT The proposed project is a Science Center. This project will help Aswan be the most renowned for it’s Educational and scientific value in Egypt by mixing science and learning with entertainment to enlighten people and get rid of people’s fear of learning. The project will also be an important landmark for researchers and scholars to learn and research new technology.
PROJECT MISSION This project aims to represent the evolution of science and technology in Egypt specially Aswan and to popularize science and technology among common people. It is also important for The project to be autonomous to allow Aswan to be the biggest source of science and technology in locally and internationally.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES The following points explains the project’s objectives for some of the most important zones.
Exhibition Halls Globalization
Holding conferences to spread awareness about technological advances in Egypt.
Retaining Identity
Create motivations for the local scientists and researchers to participate in local scientific conferences.
Autonomy
Teach people the importance of autonomy, it’s different interpretations and way of applying it to our life.
Science Park Recreational activity
Encouraging people to know more about science in a fun way
Research Zone Technology
Raise awareness of how to keep up with technological advances.
Research investment
Help in opening up multiple researches in a variety of scientific fields.
Landmark
Attraction to trigger people to visit the project
Research investment
Help in opening up multiple researches in a variety of scientific fields.
Autonomy
Research about new ways to achieve scientific and technological advances
IMPORTANT POINTS THAT THE PROJECT SHOULD BE ACHIEVING . . . . . .
To represent the evolution of science and technology and their applications in industry and human welfare and sustain awareness amongst the people. To popularize science and technology in cities, urban and rural areas . To encourage public understanding of the culture of science and technology. To enhancement science education given in schools and colleges . To develop science museum exhibits, demonstration equipment and scientific teaching aids for science education and popularization of science. To organize training programs for science professionals and non-professionals on science, technology and industry.
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2.1.0 INTRODUCTION
Aswan Science Centre
WHAT MAKES A SCIENCE CENTRE AN AUTONOMOUS CHOICE?
The science centre will achieve autonomy through the idea of having the first ever science centre in Egypt. This is finally the way to show the world the science and technology that Egypt has to offer. This project could put Egypt on the map. The science centre’s exhibition halls will spread technological advances in Egypt globally, help motivate future scientists and introduce the meaning and importance of autonomy. The science centre’s research zone will help explore different fields of research for Egypt, will be a landmark seeing as there is no other similar project like it in Egypt, and research new ways of autonomy. Fig. 8 Kolkata science city, India
There are three types of chosen autonomy approaches to be applied on the science centre. The artistic approach, the technological and the sociocultural. The three types will be elaborated as follows: ARTISTIC APPROACH This type of approach will rely mainly on the aesthetics and design of the project. The freedom of architectural design, the facade, the form, interiors, landscape, materials, colors, structure and style to attract visitors. Anything that is under the umbrella of art in the building is considered an artistic approach. TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH This type of approach will be linked with the technology and the smart techniques that will be applied in the project. New techniques will be applied to the buildings in various fields such as, new structure systems, smart HVAC systems, efficient windowing and daylighting and sewage systems. SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH This type of approach is related to the society and the culture. The type of science in the science centre is related to the Aswan culture. The science centre will be for the society with training and education spaces.
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2.2.0 PROJECT TARGET GROUP
Aswan Science Centre
GENERAL PUBLIC SECTION
This part of the project is intended to receive scientific tourists from Egypt and all over the world. It will act as the funder for the research part in the project. This section will refresh the tourism in Aswan and will introduce a new touristic experience for the tourists. Furthermore, it will provide an economical benefit for Aswan as it will attract many tourists and maybe new type of tourists. This part of the project will contain a science park, museum halls, exhibitions, VR rooms, 360 experience rooms, an auditorium and galleries.
Fig. 9 Outdoor Park
Fig. 10 Holographic screens
Fig. 11 Galleries
SCIENTISTS SECTION
In this part all the research and scientific work will happen. This part will house all scientists and highly skilled people in Egypt to support them, provide them with the needed equipment and further eduction. The project will help gather people who can benefit Egypt in the research field. this part will contain a research center, laboratories, lecture halls, meeting rooms and offices.
Fig. 12 Meeting rooms
Fig. 13 Research center
Fig. 14 Science labs
Fig. 15 Target Group Diagram
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2.3.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Aswan Science Centre
THE HISTORY (TIMELINE) OF SCIENCE CENTRES IN THE 20TH CENTURY (MAIN & IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS):
1888: Urania
The world’s first science centre, founded the Urania in Berlin in response to Alexander von Humboldt’s call for the access to scientific education for all citizen
1942: Saint Louis Museum of Science and Natural History
1956: Pinellas Science Centre in USA
It is among the largest of its type in the United States, s a collection of buildings including a science museum and planetarium With over 750 exhibits in a complex of over 300,000 square feet
one of the first large organizations to call itself a "science centre" rather than a museum
1984 to today: Complex science city
1969: Oppenheimer's Exploratorium
1967: Experience fields for the development of the senses
New Progress of technologies and sciences led to create new generation of Sciences city & centres
considered a model for all science centres. From ere began the radical change in all aspects of architecture in science centres as masses, forms, spaces, function and technological techniques like lights
Experience field for the development of the senses" in the German pavilion at the World Exhibition in Montreal. His aim was to reawaken human senses by means of experience-based educational exhibitions.
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2.4.0 SCIENCE CENTRE
Aswan Science Centre
WHAT IS A SCIENCE CENTRE? AND WHY DO THEY EXIST? A science centre is an organization, location, or a virtual location where science is done or exhibited, either professionally or educationally. A science could be an educational institution, a science museum, a research centre and an innovation and development centre. They exist for the purposes of researching, educating or developing. A science centre is for discovering, either you research and discover something new to man or you are educated to learn something new for yourself. A science centre is a space where scientists can research a specific topic, develop valuable theories and innovative solutions and also can be a space for education using new effective methods to teach in a fun and interesting way. A science centre could include either science, technology, mathematics and engineering. The way to teach in a science centre is to use interactive displays, events and activities and a new method has been available this century by using social media, wed-base education programs and remote teaching and learning techniques. People learn more from a science center than from any other educational system.
Science centres are about firsthand experience, empowering people of all ages by providing rich learning environments and encourage new ways of thinking, exploring and discovering. Science centres can be a safe haven, a neutral ground, a place where educators can come together, learn together, share ideas freely. Science centres offer an environment which can showcase research and be a dynamic place for experience sharing. Fig. 16 Planetarium science centre, Alexandria, Egypt.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE CENTRES The idea of a science centre first began from the English philosopher, Francis Bacon (1561-1626). He claimed that experiments were the right way to discover things about nature. So, he proposed a museum for discoveries. The first science centre was le conservatoire national des arts et metiers in paris 1794, followed by the known science centre Urania in Berlin 1888.
Fig. 17 Urania in Berlin 1888
Fig. 18 le conservatoire national des arts et metiers in paris 1794
After the soviet union became first in space, the world thought they needed science centres to continue to do the unimaginable. So,the ideas of Francis Bacon were revived during the 1960s, to increase the understanding and interest of the public in science and technology and help engineers and scientist in a successful development. Chapter 2: Proposed Project
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2.4.1 SCIENCE CENTRE
Aswan Science Centre
WHY IS A SCIENCE CENTRE IMPORTANT? Science centres are for learning and discovering. Why should the scientists research and discover without showing and teaching the public what is it they research and what makes it important and interesting? Science centres are just an upgrade of research centres. They are research centres plus educational facilities of interactive exhibits. The importance of a science centre is to promote public understanding of science and public appreciation of science.
SCIENCE CENTRES VS SCIENCE MUSEUMS Science museums and science centres vary in history, content and purpose. A Science Museum is a place about science. A place where visitors come inside and see some sort of science that has happened and been proven in the past, is mostly not challenged and accepted as fact. A Science Centre is a place of science. A place at its core should be about creating an interest in scientific learning and research amongst its visitors. It should be a place filled with interactive exhibits that the visitors may try out, testing and learning at their own pace. Hopefully in the end creating an environment in which they leave wanting to pursue a career in science or education.
Fig. 19 London Science Museum
Fig. 20 The Child Museum
Before science centres were devoted to showing particular applications of science, but now science centres have concentrated more on relatively abstract scientific principles. The earliest example of a centre devoted to representing scientific principles through hands-on exhibits was the 1969 opening of the Exploratorium in San Francisco. At this point, the old, established traditional science museums that focused on collections, research, and authoritative information began to remodel their exhibitions to enhance communication with their visitors and became a science centre.
Fig. 21 Exploratorium in San Francisco, 1969
McManus (1992) chose to describe traditional science museums as ‘the first generation’ museums, museums of science and industry as the ‘second generation’ and science centres as the ‘third generation’ museums. The science centres had exhibits built on ideas rather than the science museums which are exhibits based around objects. However, Bradburne (1998) suggests that the history of science museums should be regarded as an expression of changes in the history of ideas of science. Third generation museums have yet to come, ‘which will be based on the active process of doing science, rather than on the passive receiving of science’. Chapter 2: Proposed Project
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2.4.2 SCIENCE CENTRE
Aswan Science Centre
WHY INTERACTIVE EXHIBITS? Interactivity is part of the core of any science centre. The importance of interactivity is to give the individual user the ability to operate or manipulate an object and therefore the opportunity to actively construct mental representations of the object or develop already existing mental frameworks. These interactive exhibits are important because they resemble the real thing, they create an opportunity for the visitor to connect mentally with the science in the exhibits. Instead of just watching a display and learning nothing about how it was created, interactive exhibits help with the experience and make it more fun. They help show how this technology or science works. Going through a process by hand is how learning should be.
Fig. 22 Teknikens Hus interactive exhibits.
Fig. 23 Liberty Science Centre, hand print exhibit.
WHAT IS A RESEARCH CENTRE? A research centre is an establishment founded for doing research. Research centres may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. A research centre is generally for digging dipper into a specific topic and discovering something new. An example is the Magdi Yacoub Research centre in Aswan. The research centre is dedicated to studying heart disease and aims to further understand the genome of the community so the doctors can offer effective treatments to Egyptians. Another example is KAPSARC (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre) in saudi Arabia. The building is a complex of different types of buildings, for both public and private use. The building was awarded the LEED platinum. There are collective zones between floors in public areas for researches to meet informally and exchange ideas.
Fig. 24 KAPSARC
(King Abdullah petroleum studies and research centre), Saudi Arabia.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the proposed project is a science centre for research and educational purposes. The science centre will be based on a specific topic from either science, technology, mathematics or engineering with its researches and theme.
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2.5.0 AUTONOMOUS SCIENCE CENTRE
Aswan Science Centre
WHAT MAKES A SCIENCE CENTRE AN AUTONOMOUS CHOICE? The autonomy approaches chosen before, which are ‘technological, sociocultural and artistic’ approaches have narrowed the author’s choice of project to choose Science Center as the adequate one to the approaches due to the following reasons.
FUTURISTIC
It will achieve autonomy through: • New ways of educating: By exhibiting Science-related exhibits as well as using planetariums and science parks for empathizing scientific ideas. • New direction of tourism in Aswan: As most tourism in Aswan is either, historical or cultural. Scientific tourism in Aswan will diverse the activities done there as well as mark in people’s mind.
ENERGY SUFFICIENT
Providing physical and electrical studies and machines within the program will ensure energy sufficiency and make the building absolutely Dependant on its own energy sources using: Solar power Hydro power That both are found excessively in our site.
RESULTS
The science centre’s research and educational results will produce new achievements in science sector and new generation of thinking . These results can be based upon the direction of the science centre itself. Whether it’s bio-medical, bio-technological and produces new mutational cells to exhibit in the exhibition, or solar to produce researches that can be applied within the centre, or chemical to produce new elements that will be used in researches in our labs, or physical to produce physical and mechanical machines within the workshops that will benefit our whole project , or agricultural to produce new mutated vegetation that are hybrid from local plants and other ones and can be planted in the landscape of the project or even astronomical which will give new researches on planets and star constellations that will interest many scientists and attract them towards Aswan’s Science Centre.
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2.6.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
Aswan Science Centre
SCIENCE CENTRE WHY IS IT AUTONOMOUS The Science Centre’s vision and objectives can be achieved through autonomous approaches, such as technological, sociocultural and artistic approaches that has been chosen previously, as the nature of the project is futuristic as well as energy sufficient and self-achieving.
Chapter 2: Proposed Project
Chosen project is Science centre as: •
• •
•
To Create an “ Edutainment” environment that attracts people towards science in a new fun way. It is modern and new. To introduce such projects to Egypt as Egypt has the required resources to such projects. It will raise awareness towards existing science researches done in Egypt since ancient Egyptian times till this day.
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Aswan Science Centre
CHAPTER 3 LOCATION SELECTION
Chapter 3: Location Selection
35
Aswan Science Centre
INTRODUCTION The location chosen for the science centre is Aswan, Egypt. Why Aswan? Aswan is known for its history and variety of resources. Aswan is famous the pharaonic architecture, the Nubian architecture, the rich plants and animals, the sun, the Nile, the desert, the building technologies and agriculture. Aswan is also being recognized as an education area in Egypt. It is the perfect location to introduce the new science centre in Egypt.
What Makes Aswan An Autonomous Choice?
Aswan is not known to have this type of project and not known to have contemporary architecture. Aswan is an autonomous choice because it would be a scientific landmark in the south, Discovery of different approaches of energy production in Aswan, it will have a different touristic approach and it will achieve the Bilbao effect. Aswan will be introduced to a new type of project, the science centre. The peacefulness of Aswan will help with thinking and researching.
BACKGROUND
Aswan is the land of beauty and charm, the icon of the middle east, characterized by its the warm climate and rare plant islands, also there’s rock Nile islands around the city extended from the high dam to the north of Edfu, some people of the Nubian villages and islands counts on farming and handmade items as a source of living and some already took place in governmental jobs, not only the main city of Aswan that has full services but also, the surrounding islands provided by hospitals, schools, and transportations, some of the islands are uninhabited because it’s considered to be an archaeological areas like the crocodile island and elephantine island which was a region linking the South and the North in the trade between Egypt and the rest of Africa. Aswan also considered as the main gate of southern Egypt beside Luxor city and a huge economical source for the country. Also today, Aswan is characterized by its abundance of palm trees and tropical gardens, standing beside one of the widest parts of the Nile River. As such, it has many islands dotted off its shores. Two of the largest are Kitchener’s Island, known for being covered with exotic plants, and the much larger Elephantine Island.. Apart from Aswan’s historical sites, the city offers a unique cultural experience through the Nubian Village, known as “Gharb Seheyl”. Exploring t he colorful village allows you to discover the last vestiges of the Nubian civilization that co-existed with the Ancient Egyptians. Besides the Aswan Souk, Nubia is also a great place to shop for souvenirs, spices and local handmade crafts.
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3.0.0 LOCATION SELECTION CRITERIA
Aswan Science Centre
Choosing a location for this project was a very important issue since this project is most likely to make the location it’s built in an educational/scientific landmark. The following diagram explains the researcher’s criteria for selecting the location of the project on a regional scale and on the city scale.
Fig. 25 Location Criteria
CHOSEN LOCATION
Two locations were chosen to achieve the criteria needed for the project to succeed which were Hurghada and Aswan. Hurghada met most of the site criteria for this project which were firstly it is a place with identity which for this site is the touristic background and it’s very rich marine life, the secondly it is a place that have a trigger for development that means that it has the capability to encourage development in the area, lastly it is a touristic city, it also has streets which helps with mobility and transportations. However, Aswan met the points mentioned above and more. The most important point was that Aswan is already a Scientifically developed city and it’s open for more development in this field. After researching to find the most suitable location for this project, it was very clear that Aswan took the first place therefore it was chosen to host the science center. The following map shows the locations that were nominated to host the science center and their pros.
Fig. 26 locations and their pros.
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3.1.0 POTENTIALS IN ASWAN
Aswan Science Centre
JUSTIFICATION ABUNDANCE OF RESOURCES o Mining Aswan has high levels of phosphate and iron ore deposits. o Water o Solar Power
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT here is a huge plan by Six private local and international companies to set up 11 solar powT er plants with a total capacity of 500 megawatts in Aswan which is expected to rank as the world’s largest solar project.It will be done through a participation from the International Finance Corporation and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, together with private companies in a mega solar energy project in Aswan, with a total investment of US$ 730 million.
HIGH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Aswan has high agricultural production for it has vast areas of land, abundant resources of water, as well as low pest and disease levels which support agricultural production. It is also the leading producer of palm trees for it has 2 million trees and is also the second largest producer of sugarcane in Egypt. Wood forests are also being cultivated to help out with the local furniture production industry which has been in constant growth in the last few years. Aswan is also expected to become the leading poultry producer in Egypt.
RICH CULTURE Aswan is of rich culture for the Nubians have been settled there for so long and they still follow their traditions and customs
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM swan is rich with touristic attractions such as the Nubian Museum, the Unfinished Obelisk, A the Aswan Botanical Gardens and Elephantine Island with its Nubian Village. Its west bank is well known for the Tomb of Nobles and the Mausoleum of Mohammed Shah Aga Khan. Around Aswan there is the infamous Philae Temple, which was built to honour the Goddess Isis, Abu Simbel Temple, Kalabsha Temple and the Aswan High Dam. In addition, the Old Cataract Hotel exists on its riverbank, which is a historic palace that once belonged to King Farouk and is now a five-star hotel. Direct contact with neighboring countries from the south and good connectivity with the Red Sea coast. The governorate’s connection to a good road network and hubs and the presence of an outlet for foreign countries through the presence of two international airports (Aswan and Abu Simbel) Providing fertile lands for agricultural reclamation.
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3.1.0 POTENTIALS IN ASWAN
Aswan Science Centre
HISTORICAL VALUE Aswan is a city of great importance for many reasons one of which is that it is of great historical value. Although Aswan is the smallest of the three cities on the Nile, It is considered a central market. Aswan used to be a gateway for the Ancient Egyptians to Africa; and in the ancient times, it was a garrison town for military purposes against Nubia. Aswan has multiple ancient and historical buildings and spots that make Aswan an attraction to various tourists around the world and add to its historical value. Some of them are: o Philae Temple o Unfinished Obelisk o High Dam o Abu Simbel Temple o Nubian village o Edfu Temple o Kom Ombo Temple o Nubian Museum o Fatimid Cemetery o Ferial Garden o Other hidden attractions
ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY Aswan has its own unique environmental Vernacular style that separates it from all the other cities. Vernacular Nubian architecture is the result of lots of environmental, social and cultural aspects and economic values. This unique and traditional architectural features were the reason for creating new vocabulary of architecture in the time where lots of technology and industrial building materials were developed.
UNESCO LEARNING CITY Aswan has more than twenty schools that follow the UN SDG rules, it also was ranked as one of the ten winners of the 2019 UNESCO Learning City Award. The UNESCO Learning City Award aims at recognizing and displaying cities’ good practices in introducing quality education and providing lifelong learning opportunities for all citizens at the local level. This award is presented every two years to cities in each of the five UNESCO regions that have managed to achieve significant development in learning. Also, the progress should be achieved by implementing the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities guiding documents.
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3.2.0 ASWAN TIMELINE
Aswan Science Centre
Fig. 27 Timeline
Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.3.0 HISTORY OF ASWAN
Aswan Science Centre
THE ERA OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PHARAONIC STATE
Hugely attractive, Aswan is the busy market center of the region. Its ancient name of Swenet or Sonu, if translated literally from symbols of the time, means ‘trade’. It can trace its history back to ancient times when it is believed to have been the site of the very first Egyptian community. Its people had moved from the desert dunes to the fertile banks of the Nile in search of a supply of water, fish, and land on which to grow produce. They would then trade their goods and so its reputation as a trading center developed. Also it was a commercial center for convoys coming from and to Nubia, pharaohs used to ship the pink and black granite stones and limestones all from Aswan to built their pyramids as queen Hatshepsut did to build her temple and obelisks. The importance of this city started to show up since the ancient kingdom when pharaohs wanted to assure the safety of the southern borders of the kingdom, it was also a center for the military army and played a special rule during the war against heksus.
THE ERA OF THE ROMAN STATE
During the Roman era, old fashion Egyptian design temples were constructed while the roman was very admired by the Egyptian mythologies and gods, emperor Trajan built a small temple in order to get closer to the Egyptian people at Philae island where The Temple of Isis is the main temple in the collection of Philae Temples in Aswan, Philae derived its name from the Greek word Philo, meaning loving or love, in reference to the temple dedicated to commemorating the love of the sincere wife of her husband who was betrayed him by his brother set, the god of evil.
THE CHRISTIAN ERA
Then, at the early Christian period, Christianity spread all over the country in the fifth a century and the temples turned into churches Which led to the spread of the Christian religion in the countries of Nubia, whether in Egypt or Sudan
THE ISLAMIC ERA
Since the spread of Islam and its emergence; Found many writings in Kufic script, dating back to the first century AH. Aswan also flourished in the Islamic era in the tenth century AD, as it was a pathway to “agony” on the coast of the Red Sea, from where ships sailed to the Hijaz, Yemen and India. It was also an important cultural center in the sixth and seventh centuries AH, and it had three schools, the oldest of which was the Aswan School, the Saifiyya School, and the Najmiya School in Aswan. Muhammad Ali also established the first military school in Egypt in 1837 AD.
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3.4.0 ASWAN’S LOCATION
Aswan Science Centre
Aswan governorate is one of the southern governorates of Egypt. Its capital is the city of Aswan, Also it is located roughly where the Western Desert and the Eastern Desert meet, and just north of the great expanse of water created by the Aswan Dam known as Lake Nasser. And it is bordered to the north by Luxor Governorate, to the east by the Red Sea Governorate, to the west by the New Valley Governorate, and to the south by Sudan at 22 latitude north of the Tropic of Cancer, and Aswan is the capital of the governorate on the eastern shore of the Nile What sets this beautiful city apart , however, is that its buildings occupy only the East Bank and two islands in the river, with its barren West Bank’s dunes, literally, on the water’s edge. The West Bank has only a handful structures comparing to the east bank. Aswan rises about 85 meters above sea level, and is 879 km away from Cairo, and The area of Aswan Governorate is 34,608 km2. The governorate is divided into 6 administrative centers with a total of 10 cities, including 107 villages. The centers are: Aswan, Daraw, Kom Ombo, Nasr El Nuba , Edfu and The High Dam. 21 years ago; A seventh city has been added, which is the new city of Aswan. The city is considered one of the third generation cities. It was established by Presidential Decree No. of 1999. The city is located on the west bank of the Nile River, and is 12 km from the current city of Aswan.
ASWAN CLIMATE
Aswan has a moderate winter climate and is a popular sun resort from November through to March with Egyptians (Especially educational trips) as well as international holidaymakers. Aswan has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) like the rest of Egypt. Aswan is one of the hottest, sunniest and driest cities in the world. Average high temperatures are consistently above 40 °C (104.0 °F) during summer (June, July, August). Aswan is one of the least humid cities on the planet, with an average relative humidity of only 26%, with a maximum mean of 42% during winter and a minimum mean of 16% during summer. The highest record temperature was 51 °C (124 °F) on July 4, 1918, and the lowest record temperature was −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) on January 6, 1989. Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.5.0 ASWAN CITIES
Aswan Science Centre
1- ASWAN CITY
It was known as the Land of Gold because it served as a huge tomb for the Pharaohs and their treasures for thousands of years. Aswan is located on the eastern bank of the Nile River, specifically at the first waterfall of the Nile River, and it is the capital of Aswan Governorate. Aswan is the southern gateway to the Arab Republic of Egypt, with a population of approximately 269,100 people. The Egyptians used to call it Sono, which means the market. In the Pharaonic and Greek era it was called Sien, then the Copts came and called it Swan, and in the sixth century AD the Arabs called it Aswan, and it is one of the dry cities, so it is one of the best and most beautiful places to camp in the winter; Where the tranquility, the scenic view on the Nile River, the mild climate and the warm sun, the city also includes a number of tourist areas, including: the Nubian Museum, Philae Island, Abu Simbel, the obelisks, and the Kalabsha Temple
2- EDFU Is located in the northern part of Aswan Governorate, south of Luxor Governorate. Its population is approximately 363,930 people, and it is considered the second largest city in it. The Ptolemaic deity Horus in 237 BC Agriculture in the center of Edfu is the main occupation for the majority of the population, and reed is the main crop in the country. The cultivated area per acre is 25100 acres, the average production per acre is 51.55 tons per acre and the total production per ton is 1293926. The area of reclaimable land within the state’s plan is about 8996 acres. Future expansions in Wadi Al Sa’ada, the most important Agricultural crops in Edfu Center are: 1- Reed 2- Wheat 3- Barley 4- Hibiscus 5- Peanut 6Sesame. And fruits: 1- mango 2- peach 3- tangerine 4- lemon 5- guava..
Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.5.0 ASWAN CITIES
Aswan Science Centre
3- KOM OMBO
I3- Kom Ombo: The city is located on the northern side of the city of Aswan, extending over an area of 20 square kilometers on the banks of the Nile River, about 40 km away from Aswan city, bordered on the north side by the Kalabsha Center, on the eastern side by the Nasser Center, on the western side by the Western Desert, and on the southern side by the Daro Center The city includes a group of archaeological monuments, including: the temple of Edfu, the graves of the nobles, the temple of Thoth, and it is considered a large commercial center and includes the largest number of villages, and it has the majestic Kom Ombo temple on the eastern bank of the Nile, and there is also a sugar factory for the manufacture of cane sugar, molasses, wood grain and some industries Organic. Population 335,642 people, total area 2,866.28 km2, or about 8.28% of the governorate’s area. Because the center is relatively newly established in 1901, the city of Kom Ombo can accommodate about half a million people. The population is divided into two basic halves. The original inhabitants are those who live on the banks of the Nile and are called the Western Line. The names of these villages are (Feteera - Iqalit - Al Adwa - Karam El Deeb - Minaiha) These villages are located on the eastern shore of the Nile River, and most of their inhabitants work in the profession of agriculture, livestock raising, and trade. As for the second half of the population, who migrated to the city of Kom Ombo to work in the sugar factory after its opening or to trade in the large market located in the city center, these residents are mostly from the governorate. Qena and Sohag governorate were organized in villages and ways east of Wadi Kom Ombo after they settled there and inhabited the villages with names that are very similar to the names of the villages from which they migrated from Qena and Sohag, and the most important of those villages in Kom Ombo are currently Al-Mansheya, Hazaa, Al-Raghama, Nag Al-Arab, Ezbet Hajaji, Al-Basatin, Al-Bayara and Al-Najjarah and all of these The villages are very modern due to the villages on the banks of the Nile that include the indigenous people of Kom Ombo.
Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.6.0 FLORA AND FAUNA
Aswan Science Centre
WHAT IS ‘FLORA AND FAUNA’? The planet earth is a truly mesmerizing place to live in. life has flourished on the planet, thanks to the bountiful sun and vast oceans of water. No matter where on the planet, there are stunning plants, flowers, and animals that grasp the attention. They are two very important aspects of any Eco-system.
WHAT IS FLORA?
Flora is the name given to the collective plant life that grows or once grew in a certain area or during a given time period. it usually refers to the native plant life present but does include new species that have been introduced as well. The flora and fauna of the earth have names derived from Latin.
WHAT IS FAUNA?
Fauna on the other hand, is the name given to collective animal life’s that life’s or was once found in a certain area or time period. In Latin, fauna is derived from three different sources. Fauna by itself was the name of a roman goddess representing fertility and the earth and faunas was another roman god. And then there were fauns, which were known to be forest spirits.
IMPORTANCE OF FLORA AND FAUNA 1. Maintains Ecological Balance Without flora and fauna, humans cannot exist. The flora generates and releases oxygen, which is needed by the fauna for respiratory purposes. In return, the fauna produces and releases carbon dioxide, which is needed by the flora for photosynthesis. 2. Aesthetic Value It’s a no brainer that humans love and appreciate nature. Many like spending time in outdoor settings such as forests, natural areas, parks and other green spaces because of their aesthetic value. This aesthetic value is mainly contributed by spread of flora and fauna. 3. Expands Local Economies Flora and fauna contribute mightily to most world economies regarding tourism. For example, flora and fauna of amazon attract numerous scientists and explorers. It’s estimated that the amazon rain-forest contributes about $50 million dollars to the Brazil economy.
Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.6.1 FLORA AND FAUNA
Aswan Science Centre
GENERAL INFORMATION EXAMPLES OF FLORA
MANCHINEEL TREE It’s a flora that falls under the species of flowering plants in the spurge family. it originates in northern south America and southern north America. It bears grapes that can result in rashes if you’re wet. GIANT REDWOOD TREES We are used to the typical trees growing in our city parks or neighborhoods. Some species of fauna exist that grow to astronomical heights. The giant redwood tree is a classic example. This kind of tree is considered the largest and tallest on earth. In fact, one specimen registered well above 350 feet tall. NEPENTHES Giant redwood trees and manchineel tree are photosynthetic; which means they manufacture their own food from the sun rays. However, other kinds of flora take a lot more proactive approach to developing their own food. WELWITSCHIA MIRABILIS welwitschia mirabilis is one plant species that doesn’t like rain. It’s native to the namib desert and thrives in the driest conditions on the planet. Oddly enough, it only features 2 large leaves that wrap around it depicting a wilted or dry plant.
Fig. 28 Manchineel tree
Fig. 29 Giant Redwood tree
Fig. 30 Nepenthes
Fig. 31 Welwitschia Mirabilis
EXAMPLES OF FAUNA CORAL
You might be surprised to see coral in this list. Apart from typical furry mammals such as bears and wolves, aquatic animals like corals, most insects on land and jellyfish make up the fauna. Coral reefs are the eye-catching colored landscapes beneath the ocean surface. On sight, you might think they are plants, but they are animal species constituting the fauna of the ocean.
Fig. 32 Coral
SOUTHERN TOADLET
This animal species features an olive to dark brown body and wrapped with many small warts over its body. it also has a black and white marbled look around its belly. The southern toadlet thrives in damp habitats such as drainage lines, woodlands, scrubland, dry forests, and grassland. This animal species is native to the south-east of south australia, south victoria, and eastern tasmania.
Fig. 33 Southern Toadlet
ELTHAM COPPER BUTTERFLY
It is an endangered species of butterfly. eltham area in victoria supports a greater population of this kind of butterfly. This butterfly species was initially discovered near eltham in 1938. it was later thought to be extinct in the 1950s. The eltham copper butterfly is small yet glittering species of butterfly coupled with bright copper coloring above its wings. the Fig. 34 Eltham Copper butterfly
Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.6.2 FLORA AND FAUNA
Aswan Science Centre
FLORA AND FAUNA IN ASWAN Studying the Flora and Fauna in Aswan will help the researchers develop their concepts according to the context of Aswan and the Natural Life there. The following diagrams show the classifications of the Flora and Fauna in Aswan.
FAUNA
Nineteen species of benthic fauna belonging to Oligochaeta (3 species), Chironomida (7 species), Mollusca (7 species), Hirudinea (1 species) and Decapoda (1 species) were identified from Aswan Reservoir. o Donkeys, Camels, Royal Scarab, Foxes, Desert Lynx, Weasels, Egyptian Wild Cat, Nubian Ibex, Arabian Leopard, Striped Hyena, Gazelle, Hare, Hyrax, Long-eared bats (1).
Chapter 3: Location Selection
FLORA
Tamarisk, Acacia, Eucalyptus, Mimosa, Jacaranda, Cypress, Sycamore, Samwa, and royal and sabal palm tree (2).
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3.7.0 SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
ORIGINS AND AFFINITY BLOCK Nubians are an ethno-linguistic group who are currently present in the regions Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt. They originate from the central Nile Valley. They speak the Nubian language. Arabic was learned by Nubian men that travel for work and was increasingly learned by women who had access to schools and media. In 1973, during the Arab-Israeli war, Egypt needed code talkers so they employed Nubian people. Affinity block : Arab World People Group : Sa’īdīs People Sub Group : Population : 1,532,400 Total Labor Force : 473,400 Working Labor Force : 359,400 Unemployed : 114,000 Avg Family Income : 49,398 EGP
LANGUAGE
Their language is defined as a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the people of southern Egypt and northern Sudan. The number of its speakers is about one million people. The Nubian language is divided into two parts among its people: the Nuba dialect of the treasures, and the Nuba dialect of Fidika.
RELIGIOUS STATUS
Islam : Sunni- 100 % They are Sunni Muslims and they have Islamic schools and an Islamic college.
PHYSICAL FEATURES
o medium to dark brown skin color. o dark brown eyes. o wavy hair. COMMON TRAITS Active - Adaptable - Cultured - Colorful - Cooperative - Religious Educated Ethic- Generous - Flexible - Humble - Efficient - Energetic.
SORTING OF TRIBES
1- AlKonouz (AlMatukeya): They earned Arabian blood. They speak Nubian in the Kenzeian dialect. 2-Fadga and Matukeya: They are from the original Nubian race. 3-AlElkad: Arabs that existed in Korska and mixed with Nubians and learned their language. 4-AlHalfaweyeen: Located between the 2nd and 3rd waterfalls and they speak Nubian in the Kenzeian dialect. 5-AlMahs: located between the 2nd and 3rd waterfalls. 6-AlDanagla: Located from the 3rd waterfall till the Dabba city. They have their own Nubian dialect. Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.7.1 SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
FESTIVALS
Perhaps one of the most important features of folk dance that it is a group dance in which men participate in and women of all ages. Often, dances on the seasons and feasts of planting and harvest, and from months Nubian dances (aragid).
WOMEN’S ROLE IN SOCIETY
The Nubian women get special attention from the state and their skills are used in the work of sewing, tailoring, looms, carpets and handicrafts, to provide job opportunities for women in Nasr al-Nuba Center. o brings water from the Nile. o makes all kinds of bread. o works in the farm land. o harvets palm trees. o makes wall paintings o takes care of children
ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO MARITAL STATUS
o The Shebka The bride visits salon with her friends and the groom visits the barber with his friends to get glammed up. o The Henna night Is before the Wedding night where the girls get together and have a fun night. o The Farrah The day of the wedding where the families get together and celebrate the adjoining of the couple.
MARITAL TRADITIONS
The young Nubian gets married at an age ranging between 18 and 22 years, and for the girl, the average age of marriage is between 15 and 20 years, and the marriage should be done with complete consent on the part of the couple, preceded by a period of engagement that may extend For a long period, until the preparation is financially prepared and the marriage arrangements finalized, and it is customary for a monthly financial value to be paid to the bride during the engagement.
COSTUMES
Women Women wear a “Jerjar” which is a women’s dress that mainly depends on covering the woman well up to her feet, which was used to drag it on the ground. For this reason, it was called a scarlet made of thin black tulle. Girls The girls wear wide robes embroidered in calm colors, and after marriage they wear it with rich embroideries and bright colors, which are dominated by red, which is not allowed to be worn before marriage. Occasion Dress It is called the dress of tucking, and it is a showy garment in bright colors that women prepare and sew for several long months due to the large number of embroideries in it, and they only wear it at weddings. Bridal Wear The bridal garment consists of three main pieces, one transparent for the face and the other colored over the head, and the last one is of heavy white cloth that covers the entire head and is covered with gold from head to foot, while the groom wears white cotton robe, a silk shawl and a white turban on the head, and he puts a red dress on his feet. Color , but in normal life, the dress is confined to white or brown. Men It is a white turbon placed on men’s heads to protect them from the heat and flame of the sun, and at the same time, it became a sign of prestige and great status. White is considered one of the basic colors of Nubian men’s clothing, as white is one of the best colors Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.7.2 SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
capable of reflecting the sun’s rays away from the body, which reduces the feeling of heat, as a result of the scorching rays of the sun, as Nubia prevails in extremely hot weather throughout the summer.
ACTIVITIES
The Nubian people engage in multiple activities. They engage in multiple sports and cultural activities. Cultural palaces were opened, including a culture palace Dhamit within the plan of the Ministry of Culture and the current plan is underway to develop a culture palace Toshka West, as well as culture houses: Hassan Fakhr El-Din and Adandan, the development of 12 youth centers in Nasr Al-Nuba Center, Ballana Club and the establishment of a swimming pool in Ballana Sports Club.
EDUCATION
The state is interested in educating the people of Nubia, and providing appropriate educational buildings for the educational process, and Nasr al-Nuba Center is considered one of the centers most interested in educational buildings, and many new schools joined in the service in the 2017/2018 school year, namely Dahmit Elementary and Commercial School, Sheikh Morsi Preparatory School, and Kushtamna West Basic education, the hotel school in Nasr al-Nuba, and new primary schools are being implemented, namely: Al-Alaqi, Iprim, Toshka West, Al-Sanqari School, in addition to maintenance work in some other schools, and the establishment of the first sports school in the village of Eneiba.
FACES AND VOICES OF NUBA The following quotes were said by the Natives of Aswan and they will help the researchers get an image of the Nubians and their culture and their needs. It shows their true nature, their love for their family and home, their sense of belonging to a certain environment and to their city Aswan.
Fig. 35 Credit to the researchers: https://issuu.com/nairyabdelshafy/docs/faces_of_nuba_-____________________
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3.7.3 SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
INTERVIEWS WITH NATIVES OF ASWAN Interview With “El Sayed Hassan” Unemployment “There is a lack of job opportunities. We also do not have the efficiency to cultivate our own lands in order to produce high quality crops, so we ask others to cultivate our lands.” Youths’ Needs “Nowadays, the youth want to learn modern technology, crafts, and handworks such as ceramic, plaster painting, mechanical, electrical and sanitary works. “We also need to replace our old factories with new ones in order to cultivate the crops and process them into different products to be sold.” Their Problems “Although we have lots of services, workshops and centers, we do not have a trained workforce to work in such places.”
Interview With “Mahmoud Mohamed” Agricultural Problems “There is a constant increase in the process of compost, seeds, and insecticides; thus, making it difficult for cultivating the crops.” Different Needs “We are in need of restoration of MPUs “Madyafa”, since their condition is deteriorated. They are essential because we hold the village’s public events in them.” “We also would like the deteriorated buildings to be replaced.” Basic Home Components The Nubian house usually consists of: o The entrance o The courtyard (the heavenly courtyard) o The bedrooms (al-Kabawi) o The storehouse o The kitchen (the roach) o The toilet o The mazirah.
Fig. 36 Credit
to researcher: https://issuu.com/yaraewida/docs/
Fig. 37 Credit
to researcher: https://issuu.com/yaraewida/docs/
(1) https://www.sharm-club.com/egypt/wildlife/fauna (2) https://www.sharm-club.com/egypt/wildlife/flora Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.8.0 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
OLD NUBIAN DWELLING ELEMENTS 1- The Entrance gate “bawaba” : 1.2 by 2.4 m 2- Windows on both sides 3-Entrance transition area. 4- Mandara: the guest room. Directly located near the entrance and opens onto the courtyard. 5- The courtyard. 6- Two Bedrooms or more. 7- Kitchen: consists of two rooms; covered with a dome and an open vent on top for ventilation. 8- Storage Room.
Fig. 39 credit
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Mud-bricks Materials are a mixture of mud and small particles of gravel.
DIMENSIONS
Wall thickness is 500 mm. And thus it maintains room temperatures to keep cool in hot climates. According to this equation: Q = ( /w) · A · (T1 − T2)
OPENINGS
Its width at the elevation is narrow, to maintain privacy and decrease the exposed areas to heat and Sun glare. Also, the triangular slots on top of those Openings especially in the parapets and Vaults are for natural ventilation and decrease the heat effect on the Nubian roof buildings
ROOF
Fig. 40 credit
to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Fig. 41 credit
to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020ticle/pii/
The rooms are covered with timber less vaults made of earth bricks and mortar
Fig. 38 credit
to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020 Chapter 3: Location Selection
Fig. 42 credit
to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020 52
3.8.1 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
AFTER DISPLACEMENT OF “KARKAR VILLAGE” The National Organization for the dislocation established new village for Nubians, in which existed new Nubian dwelling components such as: o Prototype 1 (large): 4 rooms, a madiafa, a courtyard, a kitchen, a stable, and a toilet. o Prototype 2 (5–7 members) o Prototype 3 (>7 members).
Fig. 43 credit
to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Before relocation
After relocation (1960s)
After Occupancy (1980s)
Fig. 44 credit
to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020 Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.8.2 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
ANALYSIS OF NUBIAN HOUSES 3 3
2
3
5
2
1
2
2
1
2
5 Fig. 45 examples of
Nubian Houses and Buildings.
4
Fig. 46 examples of
Nubian Houses and Buildings.
4 3
2
4 3
2
5
2
5 1
2
Fig. 47 examples of
1
2
Nubian Houses and Buildings.
Fig. 48 examples of
Nubian Houses and Buildings.
4 3 4
2
5
3 2
1
6 Fig. 49 examples of
Nubian Houses and Buildings.
4
2
2
2
5 Fig. 50 examples of
Nubian Houses and Buildings.
1- Entrance doors 2- Windows 3- Small openings for ventilation and natural lighting. 4- Vaults / domes above certain spaces especially kitchens to allow better air motion. 5- Use of mud-brick as a main building material. 6- Courtyards
Chapter 3: Location Selection
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3.8.3 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
RESETTLEMENT IMPACT The following table shows how the resettlement due to building the high dam affected the residence of land surrounding the high dam.
NAME / TYPE
BEFORE RESETTLEMENT
AFTER RESETTLEMENT
Fig. 51 Nubia Houses Before Resettlement
Fig. 52 Nubian Houses After The Resettlement
South along the Nile coast 350 km, between Aswan and Wadi-halfa. Irregular arrangement
Upper Egypt, North of Aswan Kom-Ombo region (in the desert), 60 km North–South Karkar village Linear arrangement
. . . .
Two and more bedrooms The store One kitchen and one toilet Open court Entrance hall
• • • •
Two or three rooms Each 4 * 3 m2 and 3 m height One Kitchen One toilet
4 Building Features
. . . .
Thick walls (exceeds 30 cm) Flat Roofs Arched Domes, of the rooms Exterior walls are covered with natural material painting
• •
Red brick 25–40 cm Roofs made of Reinforced concrete
5 Courtyard
. .
Smaller court yard 8 * 7 m2 All rooms are opened to the courtyard Walls: Stone, clay and sand Flat Roofs: Palm leaves (jareed) and grain stalks Arched domes: clay brick Crockery for wall decorations A mix of vivid colors and textures of adobe brick filigree White lime plaster Flat roofs Arched domes Courtyards were not covered Responsive to user’s needs (Biologically– Physiologically and Culturally) Social and self-identity
. .
Large courtyard 7 * 16 m2 All rooms are opened to the courtyard
. .
Walls: Reinforced concrete Red brick and stones (thickness 25–40 cm)
.
A mix of vivid colors and textures of adobe brick filigree White lime paster
Examples
1 Location 2 Building Clustering
3 Room Description
6 Building materials
7 Finishing Materials 8 Roof Type
9 Responsively And Social Sustainability
. . . . . . . . . . .
10 Thermal comfort
. .
Courtyards are covered with palm leaves (jareed)
. .
Large courtyard 7 * 16 m2 All rooms are opened to the courtyard
.
Not responsive to climate considerations (no good placement of openings in accordance to orientation) Thermal comforting and acoustical infringement 55
Achieve thermal comfort .
Chapter 3: Location Selection
3.8.4 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
ROLE OF MASTABA IN NUBIAN HOUSES The Mastaba is a traditional piece of furniture in the Nubian culture. It’s a cube-like element that is usually placed on a house’s main façade. It functions as a simple bench attached to the house and associated with it’s household. Nubian people showed their resentment towards the built environment by transforming virtually every possible aspect of the latter. Architecture professor Yasser Mahgoub notes that the 1900s, virtually all Nubian households had performed some kind of change to their original houses built by the government.
Fig. 53 Rectangular mastaba (new)
Fig. 54 Traditional Mastaba (old)
To understand the role of the mastaba in making a post-displacement home, we must first look at the original Mastaba and it’s relationship to the old house. Mastabas were oriented towards the Nile river, inspiring a poetic image of the buildings performing an ancient prayer. Historically, the mastaba was a prominent feature of old Nubian houses. They were used as: .
Typographic negotiation in the construction process. This complexity created outdoor places and facilitated outdoor situations while connecting a household to the outside, especially with the river.
Fig. 55 Before the Introduction of
Chapter 3: Location Selection
Mastaba
Fig. 56 After the Introduction of Mastaba
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3.8.4 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
A Feature that appears intentionally is that of rooms adjacent to the mastaba. Indeed, they always contain furniture that mirrors the Mastaba from the other side of the wall, whether they are wooden benches or beds or in some cases masonry benches.
Fig. 57 Integration of
Mastabas into Nubian Houses
According to unsettled “ Nubian people also add an external window above their Mastaba, which is quite peculiar taken into account that external windows are very rare and do not appear in any other exterior wall. We believe that the Mastaba introduced these windows in order to create a relationship with the inside. This configuration also helps to retrieve some qualities of the multi-environmental spaces that were common in traditional Nubian houses where spaces were semi-closed, including both the open air and a shaded area, all incubating an activity to offer different enveloping experiences without separating the occupants. The multi-environmental space was a sophisticated feature of the Nubian house that was not incorporated in the dwelling design of the new houses . The Mastaba evokes a temporary version of this feature, namely when the windows between the spaces are open in a spontaneous contact between inside and outside, which is encouraged.” Chapter 3: Location Selection
Fig. 58 Windows
above Mastabas to create a relationship between inside and outside.
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3.9.0 AUTONOMY IN ASWAN
Aswan Science Centre
AUTONOMY IN ANCIENT EGYPT Aswan has one third of world’s monument, so the ancient Egyptian’s history has a great impact in Aswan and why they chose Aswan as a southern state for their huge civilization. So if we’re going to talk about Autonomy in Aswan we need to talk about Autonomy in Ancient Egyptian civilization as well: •
When all Civilizations around the world were looking for just survival, ancient Egyptians on the other hand were looking for evolution and leadership. • When women all around the world were oppressed, they were very much appreciated and held high positions in their community and they even ruled Egypt as well. So women had their free rights and independence before the Greek and Romans came to rule. Dr Ada Nifosi, a lecturer in Ancient History in the University’s School of European Culture and Languages, stated that the status of women in ancient Egypt was higher and had autonomy than generations to come Before the Greeks ruled Egypt, Egyptian women could exercise their legal rights freely and independently. Greco-Roman rules made them lose control of their body, their offspring and their legal act of marriage. • Their respect for animals and nature as a whole, thinking that the divine was in every element in nature was autonomous. • Their own mythology was based on their respect for nature, such as sun, moon and other natural elements and creatures. • They were the first to use first paper-like material (papyrus) when most civilizations used stone, clay tablets and wood materials. • Invented black ink and coloring materials using local natural materials and elements. • Their calender: they recorded a yearly appearance of (the dog star) in the eastern sky that appeared every 364 days. • Clocks were made using obelisks and water clocks. • Surgeries and surgical elements as well. • Wigs and cosmetics. • Police and more evolved community part.
Fig. 59 Hathor
among many characteristics, was in charge of helping deceased souls transitioning to the Afterlife.
Fig. 60 Cat,
Egyptian, Late Period–Ptolemaic Period, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Fig. 61 Ancient Egyptian deities.
Fig. 62 Egyptian ancient papyrus.
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3.9.0 AUTONOMY IN ASWAN
Aswan Science Centre
AUTONOMY IN ABU SIMBEL: Abu Simbel temple is on of the most important temples in Aswan and Egypt as well, the temple is designed so that the sun shines on the face of the statue of Ramses II that is placed in the very deep end of the temple and it still mesmerizes people till today with how well planned and calculated it is, how the ancient Egyptians managed to design such a unique and autonomous design with simple tools is just overwhelming. This unique phenomenon takes place just twice a year—once on October 22 to mark the king’s birthday and the beginning of the growing season, and again on February 22 to celebrate his coronation and the start of harvest season. Thousands of tourists line up in what is known as the country’s “longest tourist queue” in order to witness the sunlight penetrate sixty meters into the temple, lighting up the king’s face. The sun also shines on statues of the sun gods Re-Horakhte and Amon-Re, seated next to Ramses II. The statues sit in the company of the Thebian god of darkness, Ptah, who remains in the shadows all year.
Fig. 63 Abu Simbel Temple in Aswan.
Fig. 64 Ramses II statue with the sun illumination on his face.
AUTONOMY IN NUBIAN ARCHITECTURE: The Nubian culture and architecture is autonomous as well. The vernacular trait has managed to make the houses and buildings there autonomous, as it is sustainable as well as nature-friendly. Architectural analysis of the Nubian architecture in Aswan will be explained in details next, but for now the autonomous features will be explained. • The passive techniques in the architecture makes the buildings less dependable on the power supplies coming from the governorate, as they have courtyards that distributes air as well as light evenly, this make the building self-sufficient and does not consume much power. • The mud-stones used in construction is adequate to the weather there, as the mud-stone has a high thermal mass which make the power usage in artificially cooling the air less. • The form of the houses there has a unique style and unique patterns well as colors which makes the building significant and has its own identity.
Chapter 3: Location Selection
Fig. 65 Interior of
a Nubian house.
Fig. 66 Interior of
a Nubian house. 59
3.10.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
Aswan Science Centre
Part 1: ASWAN’S POTENTIALS Aswan was chosen for various reasons,such as: 1- Aswan has an abundance of resources varying from: water, vegetation as well as rocks. 2- There is a future development plan for its infrastructure. 3- It has high agricultural production. 4- It is of rich culture and of important historical value. 5- It has a chance in international tourism due to the multiple attraction spots in it. 6- It has a unique vernacular architectural style. 7- It is ranked a UNESCO learning city for it has over 24 schools following the UN SDGs.
Part 2: Analysis The following points to conclude the researchers’ analysis of Aswan throughout the entire chapter: 1- Flora and Fauna in Aswan: studying the Flora and Fauna in Aswan will help the researchers develop their concepts according to the context of Aswan and the Natural Life there. Aswan has nineteen species of benthic fauna. 2- Social Analysis: Aswanians have love for their family and home. They also have a sense of belonging to a certain environment and to their city Aswan. 3- Architectural Analysis: Aswan’s architecture is unique and differs it from other cities in Egypt. The locals build using certain local materials and they use unique paint colors and patterns for decorations. They also use a unique architectural feature called a mastaba which differs their homes from other homes.
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3.10.1 GENERAL CONCLUSION
Aswan Science Centre
Part 3: AUTONOMOUS OPPORTUNITIES IN ASWAN 1- South Scientific Landmark The goal is to create a south scientific landmark opposing the idea that scientific centers are mainly in the north of Egypt. So, creating a complex that competes with the North scientific centers that is capable lighting up the area in the south (Aswan).
2- Different Approach In Energy Usage The unique way in producing energy in Aswan made it clearly different than any city in Egypt in terms of energy production. Aswan relies on many renewable sources of energy that maintains sustainability and resilience.
3- Different Touristic Approach Aswan is known mainly for its ancient Pharoanic and Nubian tourism. The tourism relies only on these fields so by creating this scientific landmark it will add a touristic value but in a different way. A new source of tourism will evolve in an autonomous direction.
4- The Bilbao Effect The Science hub is meant to be a transformation, a crystal in the ancient lands that will shine bright to capture the attentions of every ideology. This Science hub will lighten up Aswan and give it new push towards the future.
5- Opposing The Usual Project Type The project type selected is nearly unavailable in Aswan. The Science hub project will be a motivation to future projects of the same type and will encourage upcoming projects to invest in Aswan in science field.
6- The Peaceful Environment In Aswan Aswan has a unique fresh environment that spreads peace along the city. The views and the calmness of the surroundings makes it the best place for people to research and come up with brilliant innovative ideas.
Fig. 67 Autonomy in Aswan Diagram
Chapter 3: Location Selection
61 61
Aswan Science Centre
CHAPTER 4 SITE SELECTION
Chapter 4: Site Selection
62
Aswan Science Centre
INTRODUCTION This chapter explains the progress of the site selection by proposing three different sites chosen according to the site criteria, then choosing the suitable site from a comparative analysis of the three sites. The chosen site is then analyzed through urban and site analysis which then helps with the design process of the selected project.
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4.0.0 ACCESSIBILITY
Aswan Science Centre
ROAD TO ASWAN A- BY CAR •Take Asyuit Desert - Cairo Rd to Geish Rd in Asyut Desert ( 345KM around 03Hr and 49Min ) •Take upper Egypt road, Red Sea and El Geesh - Souhag - Qena Rd to Al-Hurghada Qena/Qena - Safaga Rd/Route 60M in Qena Desert ( 217KM around 02Hr and 09Min ) •Follow Qena - Luxor Rd and Luxor - Aswan to Abu AR Rish Bahri ( 294KM around 04Hr and 02Min ) •Take Al Khatar - Aswan and Kornish Al Nile to El-Shaheed Abd El-Fattah Hassanein in Aswan ( 13.10KM around 00Hr and 19Min )
B- BY TRAIN •Esitmaited distance 871 KM Around 11Hr and 23Min
C- BY PLANE •Estimated distance 683 KM Around 1Hr and 20Min
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4.1.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
Aswan Science Centre
The three proposed sites are chosen according to specific criteria of what the site should have. Then the site that will most fulfill the criteria will be the chosen site. There are 9 criteria for choosing the sites, views, visibility, availability of services, educational facilities, touristic area, accessibility, transportation, populated area and infrastructure.
VIEWS
The first criteria is to have positive views from the site for the researchers and the visitors. This project will not only be a private research centre but a public science centre and hopefully an Aswan landmark.
ACCESSIBILITY
Another major factor is having a site that is easily accessible from more than one road. A place that doesn’t have crowded streets, but clean and not damaged streets.
VISIBILITY
A positive trait is for the site to be visible from a far when accessing the site.
AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
Availability of services is important in any site. Services like mosques, hospitals for any emergency caused from the research, restaurants or cafes, hotels, places that provide materials for the workers, or supermarkets.
TRANSPORTATION
SITE CRITERIA
Easy transportation means to and from the site. It would be beneficial for the site be reached by all transportations means like cars and buses. Available and easy transportation to and from the airport could be beneficial for the visitors.
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
Nearness of universities is a major factor for the site selection. The project has an educational function. The science centre will host seminars, lectures and conferences for the students every once in a while.
TOURISTIC AREA
One of the goals of the science centre is to be a Scientific landmark, to attract tourists in Aswan to the science centre and learn more about Aswan’s resources, rather than only visiting Aswan for the pharaonic monuments. The science centre is a place for learning in a fun new way. Touristic areas usually have the most hotels in Aswan.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
POPULATED AREA
The site should be near houses for the scientists and workers, to make it easy for them to be near the centre. It is also beneficial to have hotels nearby for any visiting students and scientists.
INFRASTRUCTURE
A good infrastructure is a major component.
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4.1.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
Aswan Science Centre
The following diagram explains the authors’ chosen site criteria.
POTENTIALS OF THE 3 SITES The sites were chosen according to the site criteria. The closeness of the sites to the populated and touristic areas was an important factor. The sites had to be near the populated areas with houses for the scientists and workers so it wouldn’t be far away and hard to reach and near the Aswan touristic areas to attract the tourists to visit the science centre while visiting the famous Aswan touristic areas. The sites also had to be close to hotels for temporary visiting scientists, tourists and visiting schools from abroad. The site also had to have perfect views of the Aswan beauty of the architecture and Nile. It would be very beneficial for the site to have the perfect views of the famous Aswan islands, the Nubian village, philae temple, the Nile and many more important landmarks. The site also had to be near educational facilities, seeing as the science centre will have an educational part and would allow visits from these educational facilities to be educated. It is very important for the 3 sites to be easily accessible with easy transportation means. For examples, Site 3 was chosen near the airport, a train station and bus stops. The sites have no existing buildings so there is no need for demolishing any buildings. It is beneficial for the site to be near Aswan’s famous resources or technologies giving the freedom of choice regarding the type of science in the science centre, so the sites were chosen according to the variety of Aswan science and technologies nearby. Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.2.0 PROPOSED SITES
Aswan Science Centre
Each site was carefully selected according to the site criteria. The three sites were then studied, researched and compared to chose the final site that was suitable with the project. The three sites have similarities and differences.
Fig. 68 Map of Aswan with 3 proposed sites.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.3.0 LANDMARKS NEAR THE PROPOSED SITES
Aswan Science Centre
The following map shows the three sites and their surroundings. The proximity of the landmarks to the chosen sites will affect the project’s nature, design, as well as the concepts of the researcher’s.
Fig. 69 Aswan Landmarks Map.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.3.1 LANDMARKS NEAR THE PROPOSED SITES
Aswan Science Centre
Most of the well known Aswan monuments and famous sites lie in the middle of Aswan. Located on the southern side of Egypt, where it has long been one of the region’s most important cities and also the Aswan Governorate’s capital, Aswan stands directly north of Lake Nasser on the easterly banks of the Nile river. Relatively close to the Sudan border, which lies to the south of Egypt. Aswan is one the major most important cities in Egypt famous for its ancient Egyptian monuments, Nubian village, temples, Aswan high dam and many more landmarks. The landmarks show how ancient architecture was in Egypt and how they cared about beauty as well as function.
Fig. 70 Aswan Nile River.
1- SALOUGA AND GHAZAL NATURAL RESERVE
It was established as a protected area around the year 1986 AD with the purpose of protecting the biological diversity of threatened animals, plants and mammals. The protectorate contains a variety of animals such as camels, African wild ass, goats, red fox, hyenas and more.
Fig. 71 View of
the salouga and ghazal natural reserve.
2- NUBIAN VILLAGE
The Nubian village is very unique because of its vernacular architectural style. The shape and materials of the building make it vernacular. The colorful facade provides a cheerful effect for the people.
Fig. 72 Typical Nubian Houses.
3- ASWAN LOW DAM
The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile and is located about 1000 km up-river and 690 km south-southeast of Cairo.
Fig. 73 Aswan low dam.
4- UNFINISHED OBELISK
The unfinished obelisk is the largest known ancient obelisk. The obelisk helps us understand a little how these monuments were built. 42 meters were created except for the inscriptions.
Fig. 74 Unfinished Obelisk.
5- FATIMID CEMETERY
The Fatimid cemetery consists of ruined mud-brick domed tombs from the Fatimid period and modern graves. The domes are built on a drum with corners sticking out like horns, which is a unique feature. The road to the cemetery adjoins the road to the unfinished obelisk Chapter 4: Site Selection
Fig. 75 Fatimid Cemetery
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4.3.1 LANDMARKS NEAR THE PROPOSED SITES
Aswan Science Centre
6- ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & MARITIME TRANSPORT
The Arab Academy for science, technology & Maritime transport is a franchise of one of the famous Universities in Egypt. It has the most basic majors.
Fig. 76 The
Arab Academy for science, technology & Maritime transport.
7- NILE MUSEUM
The museum is about 146,000 square meters. The Nile museum tells the history of the Nile by exhibiting antique items that show that history. Photos that illustrate river projects and the development of irrigation techniques since ottoman rule are also exhibited. The museum also includes a conference hall and a library.
Fig. 77 Nile Museum
8- PHILAE TEMPLE
The philae temple is located on an island in the reservoir of the Aswan low dam. The temples of philae passed down from the pharaonic era through the Greek, roman and byzantine periods making their own additions to the stones.
Fig. 78 Philae temple.
9- PHILAE ISLAND
Philae is an island in the reservoir of the Aswan Low Dam, downstream of the Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser, Egypt. Philae was originally located near the expansive First Cataract of the Nile in Upper Egypt and was the site of an Egyptian temple complex.
Fig. 79 Philae island on google Earth.
10-ASWAN UNIVERSITY
Aswan University is located in Aswan Egypt. It was established in 2012. It was earlier the Aswan branch of South Valley University. It is the main university in Aswan. It is located beside the airport and Aswan high dam.
Fig. 80 Aswan
Gate.
University
11- ASWAN AIRPORT
Aswan International Airport, also known as Daraw Airport, is a domestic airport located 16 km southwest of Aswan, Egypt. It was built in 1956 and upgraded in 1992 and 1999 by the Egyptian government. It is the only Airport in Aswan.
Fig. 81 Aswan International Airport.
12- ASWAN HIGH DAM
The Aswan High Dam is the world’s largest embankment dam built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. The dam benefits the Egyptian economy and can control the annual Nile flood. The dam impounds the floodwaters, releasing them when needed for irrigations or to generate electric power.
Fig. 82 Aswan High Dam.
13- KALABSHA TEMPLE
Kalabsha temple is located within view of the high dam. It was moved to from its original location to the south after the construction of the dam. The temple has Egyptian and roman themes. Chapter 4: Site Selection
Fig. 83 Kalabsha Temple.
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4.3.2 LANDMARKS NEAR THE PROPOSED SITES
Aswan Science Centre
NABATAT ISLAND It is a small, oval-shaped island in the Nile at Aswan, Egypt. It is less than a kilometer long and its width is less than 1/2 a kilometer. The Aswan Botanical Garden is located on the island.
LOCATION OF THE ISLAND FROM PROJECT The jewel in the Green Valley South, It is located 7 km from the project land, where you can see it due to the high topography of the land, it is one of the most important tourist attractions in the city of Aswan, and one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world, the Botanical Garden in Aswan is located on an entire island in the Nile, a medium-sized oval-shaped island, lying in the arms of the waters of the Eternal Nile; On the western side of the Aswan Nile, facing the city of magic and beauty, The island extends over an area of seventeen acres (650 meters long and 115 meters wide). It contains nearly a thousand plant species, most of which are tropical and rare, and have no parallel in the protected Egypt. Bright greenery and colorful flowers cover all its space, while birds of various kinds sing over their branches. It is surrounded by the clear blue waters of the Nile on every side.
GEOGRAPHY El Nabatat Island is one of two major islands on the Nile in vicinity of Aswan, the other one being Elephantine. Elephantine is the larger one, and is located between El Nabatat Island and the city of Aswan (east bank). Therefore, it can be hard to see the smaller El Nabatat Island from Aswan: “Aswan disappears behind Elephantine Island.”
HISTORY The island was previously known as Kitchener’s Island, named after Lord Kitchener who owned it. He was gifted the island, when he served as Consul-General in Egypt from 29 September 1911 to June 1914. With the aid of the Ministry of Irrigation, Kitchener rapidly transformed the small 750 meters (2,460 ft) long island into a paradise of exotic trees, many from India, and plants in gardens with view walkways. It later passed into the property of the Egyptian government and was used as a research station called the Botanical Research Institute, Aswan Botanic Island.
ASWAN BOTANICAL GARDEN The island, as a whole, constitutes the Aswan Botanical Garden. One can view the many types of subtropical, exotic, and rare plantings and trees such as the Royal Palm tree and the Sabal Palm tree. The collection was begun by Lord Kitchener and cared for since. The gardens are popular among the local people and tourists, as a place to go for a quiet afternoon away from the noise of the city, and for weekend picnics. The island and gardens can be reached by felucca that reach the Southeastern side of the small island. Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.3.3 LANDMARKS NEAR THE PROPOSED SITES
Aswan Science Centre
HISTORY RECORD It is one of the oldest Nile islands in Egypt. It was formed by deposits of Nile silt on the island’s granite rocks over millions of years. It was inhabited by the Nubians since ancient times, and they called it “Al-Natrun” Island, and it was subordinate to the Egyptian Ministry of Irrigation. Then the British used it later in the late nineteenth century as a military base to consolidate the occupation of Sudan, when the English Lord “Horatio Kitchener” landed on it and took it as a focal point for his armed forces to attack Sudan (1898 AD) to quell the Mahdist revolution in the south. It became a center for leading his campaigns and a rest for him at the same time, until it became known as the “House of the Lord”. Lord Kitchener was very fond of plants, so he turned the island into a picturesque garden. He even imported rare species of plants from the Far East, India and Africa. So they called it Saradar Island (or Kitchener Island), for a period of time. But after the departure of Lord Kitchener in 1928, and the transfer of its administration to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture, King Fouad I (who ruled Egypt from 1917-1936 AD) changed its name to become “King’s Island”. Until the Egyptian revolution took place in July 1952 AD, the late President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered that it be finally called “Island of Nabata”. Currently it is affiliated with the Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, affiliated to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture. And the people of Aswan call it the island of plants or the botanical garden.
UNIQUE IN ITS CONTENT OF PLANTS The park includes a rare group of trees and other plants, some of which are more than a hundred years old, the island (the garden) is divided into 27 basins through 4 longitudinal paths and 9 transverse paths. These trees and plants are divided into groups according to the nature of their growth, the most important of which is the group of woody trees: such as ebony, mahogany, and sandalwood. This is followed by a group of tropical fruit trees: such as babes and Jack-fruit. The garden is also rich in medicinal and aromatic plants: such as Miswak, tamarind, carob, Moringa, cloves, cardamom, hibiscus, ginger, and marjoram. They are also decorated with spice plants: such as chili and brown pepper, as well as ornamental plants: such as Jasmine, Jasmine, Garonia, tulips, and petunia, and they are filled with oil trees: such as oil palm, coconut palm, and olive trees. The group of palm trees draws the visitor’s attention: such as the Dum palm, coconut palms, date palms, and royal palms lined up on both sides of the garden walkers with their high trunks of white marbled color in exquisite symmetry. Some may ask why the island’s plant biodiversity is from any spot in the protected Egypt. It is mentioned that when Lord Kitchener came to the site of the park (as we mentioned above), he found a number of Nubian people who cultivate grains and regular crops, such as corn, alfalfa, wheat and fodder, and raise livestock, sheep and birds.
Fig. 84 Mahogany
Chapter 4: Site Selection
Fig. 85 Miswak Tree
Fig. 86 Coconut palms Fig. 87 Jack-fruit
Fig. 88 Tulip
Fig. 89 Garonia
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4.3.4 LANDMARKS NEAR THE PROPOSED SITES
Aswan Science Centre
BIRDS ROAR THE ISLAND When the trees rise, birds come to them from all directions to sing over their lush branches. With the proximity of the island of plants to the reserve of the islands of Saluja and Ghazal, which makes it possible for the presence of some birds, whether permanently residing in Aswan or visiting them on the way of seasonal migration. The most famous of these birds are the gulls - and the blanch eons - the bowl hen - the water hen - the white and green cogs - the white and black stork - the Egyptian geese, the Hoopoe, the Abu Fasada, the crow, the warriors, the eagles and the bird of paradise, the Bulbul, the purple water chicken, the black ibis, the doves, the hawks and the sparrow. In some years, the island administration established a duck breeding area in the south of the island, known as Duck Island, where hundreds of this waterfowl were present.
Fig. 90 Gulls
Fig. 91 Blanch Eons
Fig. 92 The Bowl Hen
Fig. 93 The Water Hen
A SHRINE OF THE GREAT AND THE SIMPLE It is considered the most important tourist attraction in Aswan; To complete the most beautiful Nile tour you can take in the entire Nile. It was visited by many international figures such as the Queen of Great Britain (Queen Elizabeth II) and the two poles of the Organization of Non-Aligned Countries (Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Joseph Bruce Tito, President of Yugoslavia).
Fig. 94 Queen Elizabeth II
Fig. 95 Nehru
Fig. 96 Joseph Bruce Tito
How This Island Useful For The Project? -The importance of the place historically for the pharaohs, the Egyptian kings and the occupiers -We learn from this place the harmony between nature and Pharaonic architecture and how this architecture attracts a lot of birds every year and is harmonious with plants -The Architectural shade resulting from plants and design method
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the landmarks have an impact on the site. They could have an effect on the design and what views to direct the building towards. The landmarks help us understand what is important in Aswan and what are the Aswan historical buildings. The landmarks also help us understand the architectural styles of Aswan. Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.4.0 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 1
Aswan Science Centre
The following map shows the swot analysis of one of the proposed sites, site 1, showing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the site.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.4.0 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 1 1- The site is an island which can help gain more visitors and provides good views. 2- There is a variety of hotels close to the site, which makes it easy for tourists to visit the site.
Aswan Science Centre
1- Not easily accessible. 2- Not all transportation means are available to enter the site, only by boat.
3- The are some green areas on the surrounding islands, like the natural resurve on the opposite island. 4- Most of the known Aswan touristic sites are surrounding the site which will make the project autonomous to its surroundings.
SW O T 1- The site is in the center of Aswan which can help in attracting people from all over.
1- High risk of floods.
2- Taking advantage of the Nile for the use of the project.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.4.1 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 2
Aswan Science Centre
The following map shows the swot analysis of the chosen site, site 2, showing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the site. From this analysis, the design of the project is determined.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.4.1 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 2
Aswan Science Centre
1- The site has a positive view of the Nile River.
1- Not advanced infrastructure.
2- It is near many important Aswan landmarks, such as Nile museum, philae temple, philae garden and Aswan reservoir. The Aswan Reservoir stores water and prevents floods.
2-The streets and surroundings are not clean. The streets are in bad condition.
3- Easily accessible by the 3 main roads, sadat street, nagaa karor and luxor-aswan street.
3- No specific architectural styles for the surrounding buildings.
4- Educational facilities are available, such as AAST University, shagaret al dor school, multi farma for medicine and Workers University. 5- Mostly hotels and residential houses for workers. 6- Many services are nearby such as mosques and supermarkets. The nearest hospital is 4 min away. 7- Visible from the 3 main roads surrounding the site. 8- Easy transportation means, nearest metro station is 25 mins away. 9- The land can be built on with permission from the army. 10- Surrounding buildings are of good and medium condition, better than the old city of Aswan. 11- No noise, the place is peaceful. 12- The water is very clean.
SW O T
13- The air is clear and clean with no clouds. Good advantage for the observation tower.
1- The site is beside the Nile museum, we can integrate the Nile museum with the project. 2- Opportunity for an autonomous science centre project with the traditional Aswan architectural style and the ancient Egyptian monuments.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
1- Extremely hot weather even in the winter, from 9am. 2- It’s near the Nile and the low dam which makes its position critical.
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4.4.2 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 3
Aswan Science Centre
The following map shows the swot analysis of one of the proposed sites, site 3 showing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the site.
Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.4.2 SWOT ANALYSIS: SITE 3 1- The site is near many important landmarks such as philae island and Aswan high dam. 2- The site has a perfect view of the Nile. 3- Easily Accessible from the one main road. 4- Near the airport and Aswan university.
Aswan Science Centre
A bit far from the center of Aswan. Harsh climate in the summer. The surrounding land is mostly just an open empty desert, with few residential buildings nearby which will mean few visitors. There are no facilities No proper transportation or roads. Only accessible by one main road. No hotels where the scientists coming from abroad can stay in. Wind turbines of the Aswan High dam cause noise. Mountains and steep grounds.
SW O T 1- Near the Aswan university so there may be future collaborations.
1- Extremely hot weather that may be an obstacle in certain functions of the project.
2- No similar projects in the area, so it is an opportunity to introduce something new and autonomous.
2- Empty surrounding land is a threat to the project because we have no knowledge of any future projects to be built nearby.
3- The site is located near a highly touristic area. 4- Could be the scientific landmark of the south.
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4.5.0 DETAILED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
SITE 1 1- VIEWS
1- The landmarks and Nile (many views). Most of Aswan’s landmarks, the Nile, residences, hotels, Nile (very touristic area).
2- VISIBILITY
2- It is very visible because of the contour.
3- AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
3- Services are not available on the island.
4- EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
4- No nearby educational facilities, the site is mostly in a historical area. 1 hr 6 min to Aswan university and 33 min to Arab Academy fro Science, Technology & Maritime Transport.
5- TOURISTIC AREA
5- Very touristic area.
6- ACCESSIBILITY
6- Not easily Accessible.
7- TRANSPORTATION
7- Transportation to and from island only by boat. 1 hr 8 min to Aswan Airport.
8- POPULATED AREA
8- The site has 2 hotels.
9- INFRASTRUCTURE
9- Bad infrastructure.
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4.5.1 DETAILED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
SITE 2 1- VIEWS
1- Positive view of the Nile, Nile museum, philae temple and Aswan low dam. Some of the landmarks of Aswan like Nile museum and Aswan low dam, residences, hotels, schools, university.
2- VISIBILITY
2- Will be visible from a far because of the high level of contour.
3- AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
3- All Services are available nearby.
4- EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
4- The site is an educational area near the AAST university, shagaret el dor school, multi farma for medicine and workers university. Time to reach AAST is 5 mins and time to reach Aswan University 15 mins.
5- TOURISTIC AREA
5- Near very important touristic areas.
6- ACCESSIBILITY
6- Easily accessibility from the 2 main roads, sadat street and nadaa korar street.
7- TRANSPORTATION 8- POPULATED AREA
7- All Transportation means are available from the site. 37 min away from Aswan Airport. 8- Crowded area near the center of Aswan.
9- INFRASTRUCTURE
9- Good infrastructure.
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4.5.2 DETAILED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
SITE 3
1- VIEWS
1- Only positive view of the Nile and a negative view of the empty desert.
2- VISIBILITY
2- Will be visible from a far because of the surrounding vacant land.
3- AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
3- No Services nearby.
4- EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
4- The site is near the Aswan university. 16 min to AAST and 6 min to Aswan University.
5- TOURISTIC AREA
5- Not a touristic area, but near high dam.
6- ACCESSIBILITY
6- Only 1 road for Accessibility.
7- TRANSPORTATION
7- Not all Transportation means are available from the site. 11 min away from Aswan Airport.
8- POPULATED AREA
8- Very empty surrounding land.
9- INFRASTRUCTURE
9- Moderate infrastructure.
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4.6.0 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
Comparative analysis between the three proposed sites, from this analysis the site that is most suitable for the project and most fit for the site criteria.
SITE CRITERIA
SITE 1
SITE 2
SITE 3
1- VIEWS 2- VISIBILITY
3- AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES 4- EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 5- TOURISTIC AREA
6- ACCESSIBILITY 7- TRANSPORTATION
8- POPULATED AREA 9- INFRASTRUCTURE
High Moderate Low Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.6.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
CONCLUSION Site 2 was the chosen site because it fit the site criteria. The site was in a populated area with local houses, for the scientists and workers, and hotels for visitors, either students or scientists. It is near educational facilities, the Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport and the Workers university and public schools. The site is also in a touristic spot near the Nile museum, Aswan low dam and many more important Aswan landmarks. It is near many services like mosques, supermarkets and a hospital. The site was easily accessible form all directions with easy transportation means to and from the site. The site is visible form a far and has a low risk of flooding because of the high contour levels. The site has positive views of the Nile river, Nile museum, philae temple and Aswan low dam. The air is clean and clear which is good for the observatory tower. Site 2 suited the criteria more than site 1 and 3, it was best suited for the design and purpose of the project, and its location is perfect for the target group to reach, the general public and the scientists.
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4.7.0 URBAN ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
ACCESSIBILITY TO CHOSEN SITE
FIG. Accessibility Diagram
FROM THE NORTH When coming from the north, the fastest way is Al Sadat rd. which stretches for about 4.5 km from the site to kornish Al Nile.
FROM THE EAST When coming from the east, the fastest way is Nagaa Al Korour rd. which stretches for about 4.2 km from the site to Al Sad Al Aali rd. and Halayeb rd.
FROM THE WEST When coming from the west, the fastest way is Luxor Aswan rd. which stretches for 2.0 km from the site. It connects the east side with the west. The west side comes from Abu Simbel rd. Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.7.1 URBAN ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
RADIATION:
• •
Starting from March and increasing Massively until July and then decreases gradually. A radiant barrier (shiny foil) will help reduce radiated heat gain through the roof in hot climates.
TEMPERATURE:
• Highest on July and August (45°C ) • Lowest on January (5 °C) • Use passive techniques to: 1) reduces heat gain in summer. 2) maintain heat in winter.
DEW-POINT (FOG):
• • •
Highest on August, October and November 8 °C Lowest on March and April Won’t affect designing much.
HUMIDITY:
• • •
WIND DIRECTION:
• •
Directed at 350° from North. Therefore, for maximum wind gain, orient windows and openings to the North.
WIND SPEED:
• •
Highest from April-December Use different opening at different heights for cross ventilation
GROUND TEMPERATURE:
• •
Highest on October Use stack effect to humidify the project in summer, using fountains and misters.
•
Highest on December: 60% Lowest on April: 15% Humidify hot dry air before entering the building by using fountains, misters, etc
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4.7.2 URBAN ANALYSIS
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BUILDING USE
Fig. 97 Building Use
KEY
CHART
DESCRIPTION Most of the buildings present near the site are residential buildings with low services. Second most present building type are educational such as Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport and a primary school .
Fig. 98 Building Use Chart
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4.7.3 URBAN ANALYSIS
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BUILDING HEIGHTS
KEY
Fig. 99 Building Heights
CHART
DESCRIPTION
Most of the buildings are 4-5 floors.
Second
most
present
height is 1-2 floors. Buildings with 3 floors height are usually educational, there are also some high rise buildings that are usually of 7 floors.
Fig. 100 Building Heights Chart
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4.7.4 URBAN ANALYSIS
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BUILDING CONDITION
KEY
Fig. 101 Building Condition
CHART
DESCRIPTION
Most of the buildings are old and in bad condition, some of them are deteriorated. the building condition starts to get moderately better gradually the closer it is to the city.
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Fig. 102 Building Condition Chart
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4.7.5 URBAN ANALYSIS
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SOLID AND VOID
The percentage of solid is very almost equal the percentage of the void near the chosen site. Some of the areas surrounding the site are desert lands. VEGETATION
The percentage of Vegetation is almost little around the site because the land is mostly desert and mountains. There is greenery around the islands and on the edge of the Nile. Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.7.6 URBAN ANALYSIS
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URBAN FABRIC
Fig. 103 Urban Fabric Diagram
THE OLD URBAN FABRIC The old urban fabric is planned in an irregular way. In other words it is not planned, it was formed by the people themselves. This type of urban fabric could be seen in Nagaa Al Korour, Gharb Souheil islan and many more areas where the nubians stick with their own type of planning and formation of alleys and narrow streets to keep their privacy and to form an enclosure around them to recognize their boundaries.
THE NEW URBAN FABRIC The old urban fabric is planned in an irregular way. In other words it is not planned, it was formed by the people themselves. This type of urban fabric could be seen in Nagaa Al Korour, Gharb Souheil islan and many more areas where the nubians stick with their own type of planning and formation of alleys and narrow streets to keep their privacy and to form an enclosure around them to recognize their boundaries.
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4.7.7 URBAN ANALYSIS
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SENSORY FEATURES
Fig. 104 Sensory features Diagram
POSITIVE VIEWS
Positive views mostly lie on the east, south and partially the north side. It includes views of the mesmerizing crystal Nile along with some of the breath-taking stone formations, the low dam, the Nile museum and some of the majestic ancient Egyptian temples.
NEGATIVE VIEWS Negative views are not that of a problem in the site, they are not disturbing as well they are located mainly on the west side and its the view of Aswan desert.
NOISE Noise is coming mostly from two parts the distant west which is the boats from the Nile, the other is the east side and the noise comes from the cars passing on the Luxor Aswan Rd. Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.7.8 URBAN ANALYSIS
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SURROUNDINGS
Fig. 105 Surroundings Diagram
1-Road gate 2-Amphitheatre 3-Rd. to site 4-Nile museum 5-Museum gate 6-Low dam 7-Bridge observatory 8-Luxor Aswan Rd. 9-Low dam reservoir 10-Marine barrier
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4.7.9 URBAN ANALYSIS
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TOPOGRAPHY The following map shows the contours of the areas near the chosen site as well as the site itself. With the highest of 155 meters and the lowest of 89 meters.
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4.7.9 URBAN ANALYSIS
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TOPOGRAPHY The following map shows the contours of the chosen site. With the highest of 127 meters and the lowest of 117 meters.
Fig. 106 2D site topography map
Fig. 107 3D site topography map
This figure shows the topography of the chosen site and its surroundings and helps the researchers grasp an image of the site and its environment.
CONCLUSION
Fig. 108 3D site topography map
Areas of wealth and poverty After this overall description, a group of overlapping elements that interacted in creating the components of the urban environment in Nubia is seen and these elements are: (1) The river and the change in the water level between the flood and the pyre. (2) The emergence of plateau ridges in the form of rugged tongues near the course of the river and the tyranny of sand in many parts of the western mainland. (3) The floodplain, its extension or cutting into small pockets. (4) And finally the estuaries of the valleys and the valleys. The interactive processes of these elements together led to the emergence of areas that humans can reconstruct and others that are difficult to obtain. Therefore, Nubian urbanism was characterized by its concentration in certain areas, and by the thinness of urbanism that reaches the point of vanishing in other areas. Chapter 4: Site Selection
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4.7.10 URBAN ANALYSIS
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EDUCATION IN ASWAN
In 1999, South Valley University was inaugurated and it has three branches; Aswan, Qena and Hurghada. The university grew steadily and now it is firmly established as a major institution of higher education in Upper Egypt. Aswan branch of Assiut University began in 1973 with the Faculty of Education and in 1975 the Faculty of Science was opened. Aswan branch has five faculties namely; Science, Education, Engineering, Arts, Social Works and Institute of Energy. The Faculty of Science in Aswan has six departments. Each department has one educational program: Chemistry, Geology, Physics and Zoology. Except Botany Department, which has three educational programs: Botany, Environmental Sciences and Microbiology; and Mathematics Department, which has two educational programs: Mathematics and Computer Science. The Faculty of Science awards the following degrees: Bachelor of Science in nine educational programs, Higher Diploma, Master of Science and Philosophy Doctor of Science. Aswan also has Aswan Higher Institute of Social Work that was established in 1975 making it the oldest private higher institute of Social Work in Upper Egypt Chapter 4: Site Selection
UNESCO Learning City Aswan was awarded in 2019 a UNESCO learning city. For it has over twenty schools that follow the UN SDGs. 96
4.8.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
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The following diagram explains the summary of information gathered from the urban analysis. • The site has good value of education system near it starting with four schools (primary and secondary levels) and two academies and one university
•
Maximum wind comes from north, therefore, maximum openings should be oriented towards north with a 5% glazing for Daylighting. Highest temperature in summer is 45°C and lowest is 5°C .
There are three ways to access Aswan 1. By car around 900 km with estimating time 10 hr 00mins 2. By train around 870km with estimating time 11hr 30mins 3. By plane around 680km with estimating time 1hr 20mins
The site contours slope start from ( 93 , 91 , 109 , 139 , 148 , 165 ,165 , 154 ) with minimum elevation 91 and maximum 165 meters
Residential buildings are the most prominent building type Educational building near the site are Arab academy for science technology (AAST Academy) and maritime and a primary school Popular places near the site are the Nile museum and al philae park
Valuable landmarks surrounding the site. -North-west & southwest areas has a mesmerizing views of the Nile and the low dam so it can be used for open areas. -East area has the Nile museum which could be linked with the project. -Main roads which ease the access to the project.
Building heights varies between 1 floor buildings to 5 floors buildings. There are very small amount of buildings of 7 floors height
The site has some natural perfect views on the west and south directions to benefit from. There are little noise coming from surrounding roads so it will not be a problem.
Most of the buildings are old and in need of renovations. The new buildings such as the Nile museum and the AAST academy are in excellent condition.
The New urban fabric in Aswan is designed with order and clear roads and pathways. So the future in Aswan move towards clear and ordered grids rather than irregular ones. But the Nubian people are more linked with the irregular grid because it achieves privacy and mystery that Nubians want.
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The percentage of solid is almost equal to the percentage of the void near the chosen site.
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CHAPTER 5 DESIGN ISSUES
Chapter 5: Design Issues
98
Aswan Science Centre
INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the design issues most relevant to the nature of the project and how each one can be applied as well as examples from real life projects similar to the nature of the chosen project.
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5.0.0 IMAGE
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General definition A general impression presented to the public.
Architectural definition The certain message conveyed to the future users through the vision and mission set at the conceptual phasing of a project. Aswan has a unique and original identity which makes it valuable and makes people cherish it. Its natives want their traditions and their home preserved. They also want to be known all over the world. This is taken to be part of the mission of the project which will be achieved through the image the project will give to the users.
Mission Spread awareness about Aswan to be realized and utilized as a valuable resource while maintaining its integrity.
Vision Aswan has a lot of potentials. It is also full of serene, beautiful locations appreciated by ecologists, adventurers, scientists and researchers.
Purpose o Defining ‘place identity’. o Create a sense of belonging and attachment. o Reflecting ‘place identity’.
Project Examples Nubian Museum It is built on a steep cliff which enables it to embody a full scale design for the Nile River from its origins in Ethiopia and Sudan to Egypt. The edifice is surrounded by a Natural Botanical Garden, which contains a large variety of Egyptian flora. The facade of the building uses the traditional Nubian motifs and it is built by local materials. Conclusion The image of the building reflects the traditions of Aswan and its people thus meeting all the point of the Image Design Issue. Chapter 5: Design Issues
Fig. 109 Nubian Museum shot.
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5.1.0 IDENTITY AND MESSAGE
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A) IDENTITY General definition Certain characteristics and traits that define a person, place, or a thing.
Architectural definition Identity refers to being unique and the condition of being one and only not another having defining characteristics.
PROJECT EXAMPLES Casa Batllo by Antoni Gaudi in Spain It reflects the identity of itself though the use of unique colors and elements as well as new structural techniques all driven from nature such as: use of human bones in the facade. Conclusion Use of unique elements will allow the building to have its own identity which could also reflect the identity of the architect.
Fig. 110 Casa Batllo, Spain
B) MESSAGE General definition A way of communication that delivers information or news.
Architectural definition A way to deliver a certain idea or feeling by the building to the user.
PROJECT EXAMPLES Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar. The museum presents Islamic art and has certain Islamic architectural features that help convey that message to the users. Conclusion The building shall help deliver information about what it stands for or its idea or deliver a certain feeling through use of certain elements. Fig. 111 Museum of
Islamic Art, Qatar.
General Conclusion
Message, Identity, and Image are all connected and should both be present in the building altogether. Aswan will benefit from the Image Design issue to help show the world its historical value, identity as well as its prominence. Chapter 5: Design Issues
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5.2.0 CIRCULATION
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General Definition Passage or transmission from person to person or place to place.
Architectural Definition In architecture it is the movement of the people in the building and the interaction between the people and the surrounding physical space. Circulation also refers to the approach to the entrance of the building. As Francis Dk. Ching in architecture: form, space & order once said: “Circulation: movement through space”
Circulation Elements Circulation is the space between spaces. The circulation spaces’ size is determined by the type of project, the number of people and the direction of the movement. When designing the circulation there are different types to consider such as: Direction of movement: horizontal or vertical. Type of use: public or private. Frequency of use: common or emergency. Time of use: morning, day, evening, or continuous. The two types of circulation according to movement in a building is the horizontal circulation and the vertical circulation: 1- HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION Horizontal circulation refers to the circulation spaces designed to transition from one space to another, such as foyers, lobbies, corridors, hallways, atria, paths, entries and exits. Circulation spaces may be for public circulation or private circulation. The furniture, columns or any object in this space may affect the circulation, they are usually set up to help with the circulation in a building. 2- VERTICAL CIRCULATION Vertical circulation refers to the circulation elements designed to transition from one level to another, such as stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators. There are usually more than one staircase according to the size of the project, one for the public and the other for emergency exits. The two types of circulation according to the use in the building: 1- PUBLIC CIRCULATION These are the spaces that are widely used and visible for the public in a building, like the lobby or atrium. These spaces are often bigger than the private circulation and more elaborately designed. 2- PRIVATE CIRCULATION These are the space that are not visible to the public. They are usually at the back of a building for the workers or staff. The design of these spaces are not important seeing as the public is not allowed to enter these spaces, like the staff offices or the storage rooms. Chapter 5: Design Issues
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5.2.1 CIRCULATION
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There are various types of ways to organize a space for circulation:
Linear
Centralized
Radial
Cluster
Grid
Axial
EXAMPLE An example of vertical and horizontal circulation is The School of Planning and Architecture campus at Vijayawada. The use of the building is for students, which means it is a public building. The circulation design is for the students interaction.
CONCLUSION
Vertical Horizontal
To achieve proper circulation there are various studies first to be considered. Then with these studies the type of circulation to be used is determined. Proper circulation is comfortable for the human and makes the building more inviting and uncomplicated for any transitions. Chapter 5: Design Issues
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5.3.0 SUSTAINABILITY
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General definition The study of how natural systems function, remain diverse and produce everything it needs for the ecology to remain in balance.
Architectural definition Architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, development space and the ecosystem.
Three pillars of Sustainability
Economy
-Increase efficiency of society. -Better infrastructure and land use. -Secure sources of livelihood. -Giving people what they want without compromising quality of life. -Economic growth through tourism.
Environment
-Reducing energy consumption. -Recycling. -Eco-friendly building materials. -Managing Natural Resources that they are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish themselves.
Society
-Protection of the health of people from pollution and other harmful activities. -Quality of Life. -Sustainable housing. -Raising Awareness. -Equity. -Identity and Heritage. -Basic human rights and necessities. Chapter 5: Design Issues
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5.3.1 SUSTAINABILITY
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How To Achieve Sustainable Architecture In The Project? Independence
It’s about selecting the right technology that fits the solution, not fitting the solution around the technology.
Form
The form should be based on the environmental factors in order to be as environmentally friendly as possible.
Service
Building should be able to provide for the outer world such as producing O2 somehow and generating its own water through recycling.
Interconnectivity
Linking devices to devices and connecting occupants with other individuals. Communities and sources of information thus designing spaces as interconnected environments.
Adaptability
Allows the building to be malleable enough to change overtime according to the factors with the help of spatial, structural, and service strategies.
Performance
Allows the building to perform in a way that does not negatively impact the environment yet perform in a much better way.
Interdependence
Each part of the building that is designed and delivered depends on the way other parts of it are designed as w1ell.
Project Examples Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar.
High performance waterproofing of the foundation protects the finest collection of Islamic art; thus preventing water migration around the substructure.
Conclusion
The solution was not only well suited to the corrosive salt environment of the Persian Gulf, but also for Qatar’s severe heat – often in excess of 40°C (104°F)—offering incomparable sustainability Chapter 5: Design Issues
Fig. 112 Museum of
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5.4.0 FLEXIBILITY
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Definition The ability to change or be changed easily according to the situation
Architectural Definition Design flexibility can allow a building to evolve over time as the user needs change. The flexibility of a building or elements of its design can allow it to be used efficiently despite changes in operational requirements, whereas an inflexible building might become obsolete.
How To Achieve Flexibility
•
Initial Feasibility Studies
•
Future Projections
•
Long-Term Plans
Why We Need Flexibility In Architecture The biggest advantage of flexible architecture is the ability to keep the building relevant and useful as time passes by Users’ needs can change excessively even in the short time of just a decade, and this typically ends up by the need for buildings to undergo renovations or other updates. Flexible architecture offer a solution to this problem by inventing an approach on how a built environment can be constructed to adapt. It focuses on the long term by putting into consideration how users’ needs may change and designing with those changes in mind. In a sense, this reduces the need for redesigns. The following diagram shows the different types of Flexibility in architecture which are transformability, adaptability and convertibility and their definitions.
Fig. 113 Flexibility types and their explanations.
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Fig. 114 FLEXIBILITY
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5.4.1 FLEXIBILITY
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Example (1 ): Sharifi-Ha House, Iran, Tehran
Project description Type Of Flexibility Used: Transformability At the push of a button, three wooden volumes tucked inside a main structure turn their glass-capped ends in various directions. The residents of the Sharifi-Ha house by next office –Alireza Taghaboni can choose whether they want these particular rooms to be shaded or illuminated by the sun, as well as the view they prefer. Rotated fully out of their containing spaces, they telescope out over the driveway.
Fig. 115 Facade of
Fig. 116 Facade of
Sharifi-Ha House Flexibility 2
Fig. 117 Facade of
Sharifi-Ha House Flexibility 3
Sharifi-Ha House Flexibility 1
Conclusion
Flexibility is used here to achieve human comfort by creating flexible views and it helps in passive cooling/ heating by creating the opportunity to shade the space or let the sun in. Chapter 5: Design Issues
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5.4.2 FLEXIBILITY
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Example (2 ): Mega Floor Office, Japan
Project description
Fig. 118 Facade of
mega floor office Flexibility
Type Of Flexibility Used: adaptability The three major concepts of this office building are high efficiency, Eco-friendly and low cost. To do that the architect changed the structure span from the usual 16-20m to a 10.8m grid which is low in cost. Future change was also considered for example if the location in 10 years was to be changed the building could easily adapt and expand or contract as needed to be used as a retail building or as a hotel.
Fig. 119 Mega floor office Terrace
Fig. 120 Mega floor office interior
CONCLUSION Flexibility is used here to achieve adaptability in adjusting th function of the building by creating flexible structure that helps the building to change according to the change of it’s function without the need to demolish it or making any modifications on it.
DESIGN ISSUE CONCLUSION Adaptability When the space supports multiple functions without altering the architecture. This could be achieved by the usage of movable partitions, movable furniture and other aspects of the environment that could be changed according to the user’s needs. This change does not result in permanent change to the space, and therefore the space can be flexible between the initial and what the user needs.
Convertibility This flexibility type addresses a much broader scope than the other types as a result it is becoming increasingly used in the healthcare sector. Convertibility achieves changing in functions through a certain amount of construction. It reduces construction cost and time by assuming the potential future needs.
Transform-Ability Through transform-ability, the interior or exterior space can be changed in either externally or internal without using construction. This type seems to be the most common in architecture, however it is the least used in healthcare environments. Transform-ability can be both permanent and temporary. The ability to go back and forth between a defined initial state and end state is permanent, however the states themselves are not. Chapter 5: Design Issues
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5.5.0 HEALTH & SAFETY
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DEFINITION Occupational health and safety is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at occupation.
FIRE SAFETY No blockage by emergency exits Non combustible materials Non slippery floors Sprinklers
ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION Architects, by definition, need to be concerned with health and safety. After all, any new or renovated building has to be designed with health and safety in mind. Whether it is ventilation, fire escape routes or materials, health and safety always needs to be considered.
SAFETY SIGNS
FOUNDATIONS OF A HEALTHY BUILDING: The foundations of a healthy building are what makes the building accessible by humans. Each aspect has to be achieved in order to provide human comfort and safety. The following foundations are the major necessities for any building designed for humans:
Fig. 121 Foundations of a Healthy Building diagram.
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5.5.1 HEALTH & SAFETY
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EXAMPLE Fire Emergency Exits On Ahhaa Science Centre
-The fire exits are placed on every corner with equal distances apart, which is a good thing for a huge public building. -Fire exits are not blocked from the main spaces of the public.
CONCLUSION 1- Fire exits should be well designed with the proper standards with non slippery floor material and no blockage at exit. 2- Proper ventilation systems either passive or active. 3- safe materials and structure system. 4- Healthy environment. 5- A proper security system.
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5.6.0 HUMAN COMFORT
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General Definition A state of mind, which provides satisfaction with the surrounding environment.
Architectural Definition Architectural Considerations used to give an environment that is comfortable for people to live in using the adequate techniques, calculations and materials.
Types of Human Comfort • • •
Thermal Visual Audible
Fig. 122 ‘Hope’ Lavan’s Studio Apartment / MMGS ARCHITECTS. Fig. 123 Foster and Partners, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. Fig. 124 Coex Auditorium.
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5.6.1 HUMAN COMFORT
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Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort is the state of mind that provides satisfaction with the thermal environment
Factors affecting Thermal Comfort • • • • • •
Climate parameters Air temperature Relative Humidity Air velocity Metabolic Rate Clothing
Temperature comfort zone lies between 16 C and 24 C
To Achieve a Thermal Comfort State 1. Describe How each factor is measured 2. State Acceptable values for each factor 3. Produce Accurate answers for different calculations relating to Thermal comfort 4. Analyze, In both qualitative and quantitative terms, the basic factors that affect Thermal comfort
4 factors to apply Thermal Comfort on •
Insulation
Heat loss reduction during cold season and heat gain reduction during hot seasons. Chapter 5: Design Issues
•
Solar Gain
Influenced by building’s insulation, shape and orientation.
•
Thermal Inertia
Varies from material to material. High-inertia means give more internal temperature to the outside
•
Airtightness&Ventilation
Enables the control of air transfer with the outdoors.
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5.6.1 HUMAN COMFORT
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Thermal problems in the project 1- Materials: materials used can affect the project negatively and make the atmosphere inside the project uncomfortable, if not chosen wisely. 2- Design: since the climate in our site is hot and dry, it’s gonna be a problem if the designing of the science centre is not built upon the considerations of passive cooling techniques
Examples
Fig. 125 Foster
and Partners, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi.
Nubian Vernacular Architecture 1) Material of construction is Mud-Brick that has 500mm thickness, therefore maintains room temperature as well as keep it cool in the hot, dry weather. 2) Ventilation system is based on cross ventilation, stack effect to be more precise, by using Courtyards, domes, fountains and high, narrow windows.
Fig. 126 Colorful Nubian House.
Conclusion
Fig. 127 Ventilation systems through cross ventilation, stack effect. Source: Hassan Fathy, Architecture for the poor.
The Science centre needs: • Local materials that are available on site and has the adequate thermal mass that will provide comfortableness within the project. • Passive cooling techniques and environmental-conscious design. • Humidity should be balanced whether it’s high or low, as it plays a big part in thermal comfort.
Fig. 128 Nubian Museum in Aswan.
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5.6.2 HUMAN COMFORT
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Visual Comfort Visual comfort is the state of mind that provides satisfaction with the travel of light in the room, balance of contrasts, color temperature and presence or absence of glare.
Factors affecting Visual Comfort • • •
Light Colors Scale
To Achieve Visual Comfort State 1. Evaluate The quantity and quality of light. 2. Consider The relationship between openings and space: Window-to-Floor Ratio. 3. Decide The quantity of light that has to pass through the glass: Visible Light Transmission. 4. Add Colors that are adequate for the project type. 5. Design A human-scaled design that won’t make the person feel uncomfortable within.
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5.6.2 HUMAN COMFORT
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5 factors to apply Visual Comfort on Glare: that
for glare absence cannot be seen
use light bulbs from distance.
Trespassing light: to reduce trespassing light use low-watt bulbs or use automatic timers and censored dimmers that turns light off when not needed. Natural light: visible light helps in stimulating the body’s production of the neurotransmitter insertion, which reduces the symptoms of depression, so using maximum natural light is great, yet might make the place a bit foggy. So balancing both natural with artificial light is needed. Color: using the adequate color palette for the project. Scale: It should make a person feel human, not too little and not too big. In old roman cathedrals the building is squeezed into a courtyard, which is a psychological experience to feel the differences in height while passing from a 4 meter high entrance to an open courtyard where there is no height limits. The difference in heights plays with the emotions of the user and make him feel more alive within the place. Beauty is not in the eyes of the user, but rather built into their minds.
Visual problems in the project 1- Daylight blocking: is needed in the research centre especially, and the surrounding buildings in the north can block the daylight. 2- Excessive light: it can cause a problem, as it can cause headache and can cause glare.
Fig. 129 Atelier Wilda, Architecture Office.
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5.6.2 HUMAN COMFORT
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Examples ‘Hope’ Lavan’s Studio Apartment / MMGS ARCHITECTS The problem of the unit before renovation was that it was in a slum-like housing neighborhood. It was found in despair with no sewage and damaged doors and windows. The “Salvation” of this apartment gives hope to the whole settlement. It was blocking natural light and ventilation from it’s interiors. However, that was solved using a large courtyard in the end of the apartment to let in the needed amount of light and putting the functions according to the function’s needed amount of light. The using of courtyard had broken the direct light coming from outside, causing no glare. The scale of courtyard towards the rest of the unit is proportional and comfortable.
Conclusion
Fig. 130 ‘Hope’ Lavan’s Studio Apartment / MMGS ARCHITECTS.
The Science centre needs: • Good amount of daylight without blocking. • Shading devices to prevent excessive light that can cause headaches and glare. • Using of colors that will stimulates the body’s production of energy.
Fig. 131 ‘Hope’ Lavan’s Studio Apartment / MMGS ARCHITECTS
section.
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5.6.3 HUMAN COMFORT
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Audible Comfort Audible comfort is the state of mind that provides satisfaction with the acoustic environment. Audible comfort zone lies between 20hz and 20,000hz Fig. 132 Coex Auditorium.
Factors affecting Audible Comfort • • • • •
Exterior noise (nearby traffic, neighbors…) Interior noise (music, phone conversations…) Impact noise (footsteps…) Sound vibrations through the structure Equipment noise (ventilation systems, electronic equipment, pipes, elevators…)
To Achieve a Audible Comfort State 1. Know The activities that will be held in the project. 2. Control The type of noise that can be managed. 3. Make On-site tests, and bring acoustical Engineers to know what to use for materials. 4. Use Insulating and construction materials to keep the noise away.
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5.6.3 HUMAN COMFORT
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Audible problems in the project: 1- Zoning: differentiating between the educational research zone and between the entertainment zone can be difficult noise-wise. 2- Voice transmission in lecture halls: if it’s not transmitted towards every student equally, then it’s not a successful acoustic design and system.
Fig. 133 Coex Auditorium.
Examples: Eastern Mediterranean University in Northern Cyprus. 1) Zoning: they placed the classrooms are zoned appropriately together. 2) Hierarchy of streets: this reduced direct noise coming from main streets to enter the project. 3) Barriers: trees placed on streets reduced noise coming from them, which is a major external noise source. 4) Materials: used materials such as sound insulation in walls in both external and internal wall partitions, door stoppers and flooring that are sound absorbing . 5)Auditoriums: • As for the auditoriums, sound absorption materials should be used at all costs in walls, floors and even ceilings. • Fan-shaped plan design is better for sound concentration. • Convex ceiling and walls design is best for sound distribution.
Conclusion:
Fig. 134 Eastern Midditerranean Uni-
Fig. 135 1st Floor Plan of Central Lecture Hall at Eastern Medıter-
ranean Universıty
The Science centre needs: • Good zoning when it comes to research zone, entertainment zone even hazardous zone. • Plans and sections should be designed in a way that voice transmission is equally distributed in every corner in both, lecture halls and auditoriums. • Hierarchy in streets and noise barriers will help in reducing external noise from entering the project.
Fig. 136 View
Chapter 5: Design Issues
from Minor road showing the gentle slope.
Fig. 137 View
from CL square recreational area.
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5.7.0 ACCESSIBILITY
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GENERAL DEFINITION Refers to the ‘‘ Capacity’’ , and mean that all people have to access and inhabit a space regardless of their cognitive & physical capacities, and it is a subject that can not be dismissed ARCHITECTURAL DEFINITION A. Project entrances must be well defined and visual from different perspectives B. Take into consideration, Project ‘’Target audience’’ How each one of them will access the project and interact with spaces, and the ways prepared for achieving the success of design concept Example: The Science City Complex
Comprehensive master plan and arch design of science city in 6th of October How Accessibility issue applied in this type of project A. Project entrances is visual from different perspectives B. All ‘’Target audience’’ Can easily access the entrances regardless their physical conditions EX. In this project the entrance were ramped for facilitating the accessibility of special needs people Chapter 5: Design Issues
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5.8.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
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GUIDELINES FOR THE PROJECT The following table shows how the design issues will be solved in the project.
DESIGN ISSUE Image
Identity
SOLUTIONS The building’s form should convey its functions.
Building should define and reflect the ‘place identity’, create a sense of belonging and attachment, and contain unique characteristics reflecting itself.
Message
The building should deliver a certain idea or feeling to the visitors.
Circulation
To achieve proper circulation there are various studies first to be considered. Then with these studies the Type of circulation to be used is determined
Sustainability
Building should try to limit the negative ecological effect of structures by proficiency and balance in the utilization of materials, energy, improvement space and the biological system.
Flexibility
Flexibility in architecture is important for the building to be relevant and useful for the most amount of time which helps the building be resilient and sustainable which makes it autonomous.
Health and Safety
1- Fire exits should be well designed with the proper standards with non slippery floor material and no blockage at exit. 2- Proper ventilation systems either passive or active. 3- safe materials and structure system. 4- Healthy environment. 5- A proper security system.
Human Comfort Thermal Comfort Visual Comfort Audible Comfort
Accessibility Chapter 5: Design Issues
1- Using passive techniques and local materials with high thermal mass. 2- Using shading devices to prevent excessive light and use only 5% of glazing towards the north. 3- Good zoning, well designed plans and sections in order to distribute sound equally in lecture and research halls and hierarchy of streets as well as using Noise-barriers. Projects should designed with wider entryways and sufficient floor space to accommodate stationary wheelchairs. In addition, shelves and gallery cabinets are placed at a height that easily accessible by those seated in a wheelchair. 120
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CHAPTER 6 CASE STUDIES
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6.0.0 DIVISION TABLE
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The following table shows the categories of the studied case studies, where they are located and whether they are autonomous or not.
NAME / TYPE
AUTONOMOUS
NATIONAL
REGIONAL
INTERNATIONAL
6.1 The Science City of Egypt 6.2 The Loop Science City in Egypt 6.3 Science City By Architects For Urbanity in Egypt 6.4 Martitime Research Centre in Dubai 6.5 Research & Cultural Centre in France 6.6 Taipas School in Portugal 6.7 Tonghua Science & Cultural Centre in China 6.8 Ahaa Science Centre in Estonia 6.9 Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Azerbaijan 6.10 Science & Technology Centre in China 6.11 Kolkata Science City in West Banghal 6.12 Forest City in Malaysia 6.13 Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics in USA Chapter 6: Case Studies
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NA AU T T 6.1.0 THE SCIENCE CITY OF EGYPT I O ON PROJECT INFO NO A M Architects: MEKANO Studio Year: 2016 LO Location: The 6th of October City U Type: Complex Science Centre S
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PROJECT AIM Sciences are always considered from different perspectives. This is the core value of innovations and discoveries from different visions to create a wide variety of scientific outcomes. So A variety of physical accesses to the city complex are developed to ensure high level of variety in experiencing the city and its elements to serve dealing with an expected number of 1 to 1.5 million visitors and further emphasizing and highlighting this core value
Fig. 138 Science City
CONCEPT & IDEA This is clearly illustrated in the idea of entrances. Although one main entrance was designed to access the city, different secondary entrances were intertwined with-in the whole master plan to draw different scenarios for visitors of the science city This would highly also attract more visitors and encourage visitors to revisit the city as every time they come would experience it from a different perspective inspiring their curiosity, discovery and passion to learn about science and technology based on their way of interaction with the city complex
FORM & MASS INSPIRATION The idea of creating a dynamic complex related to the idea of the gravity inspired from the movement of electrons and galaxies and old pharaonic solar clock
MOVEMNT OF ELECTRONS Fig. 139 Electron Movement
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MOVEMNT OFGALAXIES Fig. 140 Galaxy
Pharaonic Solar Clock Fig. 141 Solar Clock
INITIAL CONCEPTUAL MASS Fig. 142 Concepts
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The translation of philosophical notion of the complex to comprehensive design complex and the development of the masses in relation to the science city site: The given site for the science city complex in the 6th of October city, Egypt
1
The idea of creating an inner court in the complex for environmental and functional considerations
4
The circular shape is chosen to reflect the philosophical notion of TIME (solar Clock) on the site
Due to building regulation of the 6th of October city, the maximum high of the complex is 3 floors
2
Supporting the conceptual pf the complex by locating the tower inside the main court reflecting the idea of the old solar clock
5
6
Fig. 143 Form Generation
ACCESSIBILITY These figures show different approaches and entrances of the sciences city complex
Main Entrance Ground Floor
Fig. 144 Accessibility
Entrance To The First Floor Level
Entrance To The Second Floor Level
2D & 3d figures of different potentials of approaching the science city on different levels of masses:
Fig. 145 Project Accessibility
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ZONING ANALYSIS General Zoning Of The Science City Complex:
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Fig. 146 Zoning Analysis
General Zoning Of The Exhibition Area:
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan Fig. 147 Zoning Analysis 2
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General Zoning Of The Conference Centre Zone :
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
Fig. 148 Zoning Analysis 3
General Zoning Of Research Center Zone:
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
Fig. 149 Zoning Analysis 4
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6.1.2 THE SCIENCE CITY OF EGYPT General Zoning Of Administration Zone:
Ground Floor Plan
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General Zoning Of The Technical Zone :
Fig. 150 Zoning Analysis 5
Underground Floor Plan
Diagram Study Of Horizontal And Vertical Circulations Including Emergency Stairs And Exits Of The Science City Complex :
Fig. 151 Emergency Stairs
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Fig. 152 Vertical Circulation
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6.1.3 THE SCIENCE CITY OF EGYPT
Image
Aswan Science Centre
DESIGN ISSUES Image: the circular form create a dynamic image that reflect the idea of the philosophical notion of time (the old pharaonic circular solar clock) and supported the image by the central observatory tower Health & safety: 1) Nanotechnology was used in the construction, which made the building environmentally friendly, and one of the characteristics of this technology is that the building is exposed to fire; The concrete walls supported by nanotechnology are very difficult to burn, and in the event of earthquakes, the walls work on the resistance of vibration due to their severity and stability. 2) Because the building is circular; Attention has been given to designing emergency exits to help visitors and workers escape from the building in emergency situations, so there are 16 emergency exits in addition to that normal exits could be used for emergency situations. Human comfort: 1) large inner court providing natural lighting & cross ventilation for the main research centre zone and the inner court help the exhibitions parts. 2) Light shade provided to serve the outdoor areas. As oriented to the south direction, this shade is supported with photo-voltaic cells as port of suitability approach to the complex. Accessibility: the idea of entrances: main entrance was designed to access the science city, different secondary entrances were intertwined with-in the whole master plan to draw different scenarios for visitors of the science city. This would highly also attract more visitors and encourage visitors to revisit the city as every time they come would experience it from a different perspective inspiring their curiosity, discovery and passion to learn about science.
Health & Safety
Human Comfort
Accessibility
Circulation
Circulation: Despite the availability of vertical circulation elements (stairs and elevators), the main movement within the project depends on ramps, to help the visitors move to different levels without feeling bored. Chapter 6: Case Studies
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NA AU Aswan Science Centre T T 6.2.0 THE LOOP SCIENCE CITY IN EGYPT I O ON PROJECT INFO PROJECT AIM N O Project info ‘The center was designed to present science A M Architects: Gokhan Aksoy through the eyes of the ancient Egyptians by reL O Location: Egypt specting their studies as well as beliefs’. U Year: 2016 S Status: unbuilt Type: Science City
CONCEPT
Fig. 153 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’
‘Continuity’ by referring the project’s elements to the ancient Egypt’s artifacts and culture via; • Pyramid analogy as the project re-produces the pyramids. • Pyramid’s footprint as the imprint on the alley’s formation. • Nile River’s analogy as the passive cooling strategy. • The concept is derived from ancient Egypt’s tri seasons loop(akhet; Inundation, Peret; Growth, Shemu; Harvest) as the project represents the Nile’s annual loop by its production of knowledge(research, exhibition and discussion).
PROGRAM • • • • • •
Research Center Planetarium Conference center Exhibitions (Temporary-Interactive-Collective) Observation tower & Platform Amphitheater
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Fig. 154 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Layout.
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ZONING AND CIRCULATION
Fig. 155 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ +0.00 Floor
plan.
Theatre
Offices
Exhibitions
Alley
Inventory
Laboratories
Cloakroom
Research Center
Observing Tower
Technicalities
Workshops
Fig. 156 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ +5.00 Floor
plan.
Section Zoning Fig. 157 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ +10.00 Floor plan.
Fig. 158 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Cross Section A-A.
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Theatre
Offices
Alley
Inventory
Cloakroom
Research Center
Technicalities
Workshop
Exhibitions
Observing Tower
Fig. 159 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Cross Section B-B.
Laboratories Fig. 160 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Cross Section C-C.
TECHNICAL DATA Sustainable Approaches • Masses are designed inward-oriented towards the alley. • Alley’s houses the functions as an integral circulation in the whole site. • Roofs are designed to be inclined to avoid having large surface area directed to sunlight and to avoid wind diversion. • Wind-catcher traditional strategy is used to naturally ventilate and cool the complex by directing the tower towards the water surfaces. (Whereas In a metaphoric point of view, the alley and the water surface harvests the entire complex like Nile River’s impacts to its environs.)
Fig. 161 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Wind catcher
windows and porous cladding, Technical studies.
Elevation Analysis • Functions formed as block masses, with blind facades –while the inner walls and facades facing the alley are designed with wide glass surfaces. • Small openings were designed using technical methods and calculations according to sun’s positions and program’s functional requirements. Fig. 162 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ 3D shots.
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6.2.3 THE LOOP SCIENCE CITY IN EGYPT
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Elevations
Section Zoning
Elevations
Internal Shots
Fig. 163 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Elevation.
Fig. 164 THE
shots.
SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Internal
Fig. 165 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Elevation.
Fig. 166 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Internal shots.
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6.2.4 THE LOOP SCIENCE CITY IN EGYPT
Aswan Science Centre Circulation and zoning Main Axis
DESIGN ISSUES Circulation and zoning: Free, comfortable, sequential and non-confusing circulation. Proper zoning of Public and Semi Public And private. Visual and thermal comfort: Small openings for lighting & wind catcher
Visual and Thermal comfort
Image: Closed blocks with internal alley as the heart of project and main circulation, which is compatible with the concept of the project. Accessibility: Direct relation between functions and park. Flexibility: Open plans made spaces more flexible.
Image
Health and safety: Poor, as emergency exits lack in the project especially in the hazardous zone, as well as in theatre and planetarium. Audibility: Based on plan you can see that the research center is direct to noise zone which may cause a problem, but can be fixed using absorbing materials. Also the theatre in plan is not a symmetric which can cause irregularity in sound distribution.
Accessibility
CONCLUSION • Positive points: • Easy and comfortable circulation. • Direct relation between functions. • Flexible open plans. • Usage of passive cooling techniques: such as 1) Small openings 2) Wind catchers 3) Inward circulation 4) Inclined roof • • •
Flexibility
Negative points: Poor emergency exits in hazardous zone and theaters. Poor theatre plan design.
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NA AU Aswan Science Centre T T 6.3.0 SCIENCE CITY BY ARCHITECTS FOR URBANITY I O ON PROJECT INFO NO A M Location: 6th of October City, Cairo, Egypt L O Architect: Architects for Urbanity Project Team: Irgen Salianji, Marina Kounavi, Karolina Szóstkiewicz, Fouad A`ddou, Stavria Psomiadi U Client: Bibliotheca Alexandrina & UIA S Total Area: 85.000 m2 Parking Spots: 2.300 Status: Competition Project
Fig. 167 Planetarium
CONCEPT The intention of the science park is to educate the visitors on different scientific fields and underline the unique landscape of Egypt. Fusing inside and outside by means of design and program continuity, the paths of the park enter into the exhibition spaces and fragment the building into several interconnected spaces, thus creating views and escapes into the landscape, at the same time proclaiming potentials for future expansions.
LOCATION Location in relation to bibliotheca Alexandria
Fig. 168 bibliotheca Alexandria
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Location in relation to monuments
Fig. 169 monuments
Accessibility
Fig. 170 Accessibility of
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STRUCTURE The pattern of the master plan is defined programmatically by two main themes- the dryness and the moisture- the desert and the water or in accordance with the Egyptian mythology tefnut and shu- that define the landscape of Egypt. The road of the desert and the road of the water are the main elements that split the building creating courtyards, patterns on the desert, escapes to the landscape and possibility for infinite future expansion. The two main axes serve a double role, on the one hand providing the main entrances to the building and on the other hand fragmenting it into three phases.
ZONING ANALYSIS
Fig. 172 Zoning Analysis for science city by architects of
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Fig. 171 Structure
urbanity 135
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ZONING ANALYSIS
Fig. 173 Science City Section A-A
Fig. 174 Science city South Elevation
Fig. 175 Science City Section A-A’
Fig. 176 Science City Soft-scape
Fig. 177 Science city Hard-scape
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Image
DESIGN ISSUES Image: The science city achieved its mission, vision and purpose by reflecting the identity of the place on the project. Health & safety: The emergency exits are sufficient for the project and their placement is well planned. There are twelve exits to the project three from each side.
Health & Safety
Human comfort: The building uses natural lighting throughout the project by using skylights, courtyards and curtain walls. The project uses a shading system allover the curtain walls by using perforated materials on top of the curtain walls as a second skin to the building. Human Comfort Accessibility: The main entrance is signified with a huge landmark of a dome like structure.
Circulation: Vertical and horizontal circulation are both achieved properly. The building has two cores and eleven staircases to achieve serve every spaces in the project. Its plan also consists mainly of two main corridors branching out into relatively smaller corridors.
Accessibility
CONCLUSION The building properly solves the design issues mentioned above. The form and planning of the project resulted in a well designed building in terms of safety precautions and human comfort.
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Circulation
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RA EU Aswan Science Centre G T 6.4.0 DUBAI MARITIME RESEARCH CENTER I O ON PROJECT AIM N O PROJECT INFO AM “The building is an extension of the city to the sea L O Architects: Niko Kapa Location: Dubai, UAE and vice-versa; the building dives into the ocean and U Year: 2016 merges with it.” S Status: ongoing Type: Research Center & Museum
CONCEPT Relating to both the sea and the city and in constant dialogue between them. Conceived as a continuation and a transition through the wide public space. It develops as a triangular sharp form, which concentrates the public routes to the museum.
AUTONOMOUS The museum itself is an artifact, an artificial underwater environment organized under an immense glass roof that has been designed in order to give the maximum view of the ocean and intensify the feeling of diving into the seabed. By optimizing the maritime-themed environment and combining it with breathtaking underwater views, the museum reflects in a sincere manner its function. Chapter 6: Case Studies
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6.4.1 DUBAI MARITIME RESEARCH CENTER
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CIRCULATION
FUNCTIONAL ZONING
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6.4.2 DUBAI MARITIME RESEARCH CENTER
Image
Aswan Science Centre
DESIGN ISSUES Image: the museum reflects in a sincere manner its function. Message: The result is a deep relational and interconnection of spaces that can help achieve an atmosphere of total continuity, like the vast environment of sea. Sustainability: Since seawater temperature is always lower than the ambient temperature, placement of the building underwater allows to minimize energy strain on the mechanical systems used for cooling. Flexibility: Concentrative form leads to a chamber at the deepest part of the museum which allows visitors to experience the submergence environment through a travel around the museum with a submarine vessel.
Sustainability
Flexibility
Health & Safety: Building is occupied with multiple emergency exits with innovative technological approaches. Human Comfort: an artificial underwater environment organized under an immense glass roof that has been designed in order to give the maximum view of the ocean and intensify the feeling of diving into the seabed. Generous internal height allows the perception of wide interior views and the display of artifacts of significant scale. Natural light enters the building through the glass ceiling and as the building sinks, space narrows and the light’s intensity gradually reduces, detaching the building from the surface and making it part of the ocean. Accessibility: It develops as a triangular sharp form, which concentrates the public routes to the museum, through an inviting shape that draws visitors to the entrance and distributes them to the interior.
Human Comfort
Accessibility
CONCLUSION The building is very flexible and acts as a continuation to the public realm and that is shown in its image and it meets most of the studied design issues as explained above. Chapter 6: Case Studies
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I A NU Aswan Science Centre T T 6.5.0 RESEARCH AND CULTURAL CENTRE EO RN PROJECT INFO PROJECT AIM NO A M Architects: Clement Blanchet “Creating a project that understands and adapts the T O Location: Paris, France dense cultural aspect of Paris, contrasting it.” I U Status: ongoing O S Type: Research & culture Center. N A L
CONCEPT
Encarging landscape continuation.
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ELEVATING THE CIRCUAS TO SET A NEW STATMENT TO CIT’S SKY LINE.
Creating Focal design points.
Allowing transparency.
Autonmous design to be noticed from miles away.
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L IDEA DEVELOPMENT The architect reached the cultural aspect of the city and fully understood it’s premise then, know how to exactly contrast it through design. Integrating the concept of collective memory of a circus.
With the high technology of a stratum, including lighting, kinetic roof panels.
Giving back to the classical stratum, and taking it’s seats layout and it’s functional con. cept
Covering the hole shape with the dynamic elevated shell, to further contrast the skyline.
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Circus maximus’ original idea of circus maximus and giving it a twist to contrast the city’s form and configuration.
THE CIRCUS MAXIMVS ORIGINAL ORIGINAL CONCEPT
Like both of the project the old and the new integrated to form a contemporary design to cony. trast
Chapter 6: Case Studies
circulation throught the project integrate to the land scape undersneth the shell, and the elevated ground of the project.
INTEGRAING THE CONPET OF THE ORIGINAL CIRCUS TO THE CONTEMPORARY STANDERS
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Roofing of the spaces to provide spaces for activities, and the basic tensile structure.
The transparency of the shell, provides two key features, a strong yet stable shell structure, while providing transparency to the city residence to witness a glimpse of the festivals taking place into the cultural center.
The spaces of the programs seamlessly integrate through the vertical circulation that one can find an event occurring, while other, takes play in the foreground, that give a life like experience to the project.
Tube like escalators, act like a meeting point from the landscape to the floor, it also plays as a theatrical playground, in a since that the public can witness the events will ascend into the upper levels.
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AXONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Fig. 178 Zoning
of spaces serve the premise and goals of the project by integrating the spaces and the landscape to create a full merged experience.
lntegrated landscape urban spaces gathering spaces
Fig. 179 Roofing of the spaces to
provide spaces for activities, and the basic tensile frame of the tent like shell.
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Fig. 180 Extruding
the structure grid to the second floor defining the spaces.
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ILLUSTRATIVE ANALYSIS The main stratum gather’s the visitors and event holders.
Open spaces for commercial use. Dynamic floor elevators. Services.
The main stratum. Open spaces for commercial use.
Fig. 181 The commercial paces over look the stratum
The landscape integrate through and beneath the project.
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6.5.6 RESEARCH AND CULTURAL CENTRE
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Fig. 182 Maquette Presentation Of Tensile
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6.5.7 RESEARCH AND CULTURAL CENTRE
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Image
DESIGN ISSUES Image: The project achieved a unique image by contrasting the context.
Health & Safety: Open space and public plaza, and the use of tensile material, both allow circulation flow of air through the project.
Health & Safety
Human Comfort: The use of bonds, natural ventilation, and open space, and structural beauty insures visual and feeling of comfort. Human Comfort
Accessibility: Applying the concept of Approach of the project through the plaza, the project successfully incites users to experience the project with all of it’s potentials.
Circulation: The circulation is based on a concentric landmark, articulating the functions to surround the landmark.
Accessibility
CONCLUSION •
Approaching the project through plaza.
•
Creating central functional landmark
•
Using maquette for manifestation of the con-
Circulation
cepts give opportunities for interesting results. •
Contrasting the context gives a unique forms and identity to the project.
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I A NU T T 6.6.0 EB 2/3 TAIPAS SCHOOL EO RN PROJECT INFO NO A M Architects: Pitagoras Group Location: GUIMARÃES, PORTUGAL T O Year: 2019 I U Status: Created O S Type: School N A L
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PROJECT AIM ‘The school is located near the center of Taipas village, in an already consolidated urban area and it was built from another existing school that was completely demolished’.
Fig. 183 https://www.archdaily.com/948042/eb-2-3-taipas-school-pitagoras-group
CONCEPT the proposed intervention goal not only at replacing the old school facilities, built on a totally dysfunctional scheme, which for a long time had ceased to meet the minimum conditions for teaching and learning, but also proposing the re-qualification and planning of all the space within the boundaries of the terrain, with the design of its exterior spaces, new playing fields, garden areas or even new areas for students’ recreation, establishing new relationships with their surroundings. AUTONOMOUS There are several things that make this building antonym the shape of the building is different from the place it is in, using different energy sources, such as solar energy and using curtains from outside. Chapter 6: Case Studies
Fig. 184 https://www.archdaily.com/948042/eb-2-3-taipas-school-
pitagoras-group
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CIRCULATION
Fig. 186 Elevation 1
Fig. 187 Section 1
Fig. 188 Elevation 2
Fig. 189 Section 2
Fig. 185 Site Plan Fig. 190 Section 3
Fig. 191 Ground Floor Plan
Fig. 192 First Floor Plan
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Fig. 193 -1st Floor Plan
Fig. 194 -2nd Floor Plan
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FUNCTIONAL ZONING
Fig. 195 Ground Floor Plan
Fig. 197 1st Floor Plan
Fig. 196 First Floor Plan
Fig. 198 2nd Floor Plan
KEY STAIRCASE WAYS WAITING ROOM CHANGING ROOM
Fig. 199 Ceiling & staircase
Chapter 6: Case Studies
ADMINISTRATION HALLS CINEMA BATHROOM
Fig. 200 Cladding
Fig. 201 Cinema
CANTEEN CLASS CLUB
Fig. 202 Club
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6.6.3 EB 2/3 TAIPAS SCHOOL
Image
Aswan Science Centre
DESIGN ISSUES Image: The school has achieved one of its goals. Health & safety: Emergency exits are everywhere in the project, and this achieves high safety. Human comfort: Able to enter natural light well in all seasons, which gives comfort to men.
Health & Safety
Accessibility: The entrance is marked with shading devices. Circulation: Movement within the project is very simple and rooms can be easily accessed. Human Comfort
Accessibilty
CONCLUSION This school is using some strange things in the building such us: 1- Using curtains from outside. 2- Bring the club to the bottom. 3- Placing an equipped cinema in the school. This makes the building different from the rest.
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Circulation
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I N T E R N A T I O N A L
6.7.0 TONGHUA SCIENCE & CULTURAL CENTRE
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PROJECT INFO
PROJECT AIM
Architects: CCTN Design Location: TONGHUA, CHINA Year: 2016 Status: Created Type: Science & Cultural Center
‘The design shall first create the interaction between man and nature. The building is humble in the shape, and a pen-holder-like structure with the concaved in the middle and flying in both ends resembles the ridge of Tonghua mountain’.
Fig. 203 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-science-and-cultural-cen-
CONCEPT The approach of “reckon blank as inked” has made the nature become the protagonist, the mountains become the terminal of the axis, thus allowing the building to harmonize with the nature and history.
Fig. 204 h t t p s : // w w w. a r c h d a i l y. co m / 8 8 4 9 6 1 / t o n g h u a - s c i -
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ence-and-cultural-center-cctn-architectural-design
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CIRCULATION
Fig. 205 Ground Floor Plan (0.0m)
Fig. 206 Floor Plan (+4.0m)
Fig. 207 Floor Plan (+15m)
Fig. 208 Floor Plan (+15m & +20m)
Fig. 209 Roof
Fig. 210 Structure Plan
Plan
The interaction between “man and space” is also the emphasis of the design, presenting a visually enthusiastic interaction. Multi-zigzag building is complete and full of force, while the solid and virtual crystal shapes are just like the exploited jade. The metal facade featured by the cutting paper of the local Manchu in Tonghua affects every visitor with the synaesthesia and el amor shadows.
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6.7.2 TONGHUA SCIENCE & CULTURAL CENTRE
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FUNCTIONAL ZONING
Fig. 211 Ground Floor Plan (0.0m)
Fig. 212 Section
KEY STAIRCASE GALLERY HALL STAIRS MAIN ENTRANCE
HALLS CORE OFFICES THEATER
TOILETS
By the space interpretation, the design eventually focuses on the interaction between “man and culture”. In the flowing interior space, the spiral slopes are defined as the time tunnel, as the leads to the varied rooms and cultural experience, connecting the standing exhibition halls of nature, history and science. “Nature, passion and discovery” are the essay the building presents to the public concerning the cultural experience.
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6.7.3 TONGHUA SCIENCE & CULTURAL CENTRE
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FUNCTIONAL ZONING
Fig. 213 Elevation 1
Fig. 214 Elevation 2
Main entrance
KEY ENTRANCE CURTAIN WALL CLADDING SKY LIGHT
Sky light
Fig. 215 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-sci-
Cladding
Fig. 216 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tong-
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Fig. 217 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-science-and-cul-
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6.7.4 TONGHUA SCIENCE & CULTURAL CENTRE
Image
Aswan Science Centre
DESIGN ISSUES Image: The building was designed to be huge and to be distinguished among the world. Health & safety: The emergency exits are the right amount for a project that size and are placed properly well apart. The materials used and the environment of the building are healthy.
Health & Safety
Human comfort: The entry of natural light in good places and the presence of skylights in many places to enter the natural light, which makes the building comfortable. Accessibilty: The entrance is marked through the building to the right and the left as they are flying and the entrance is marked in the middle.
Human Comfort
Circulation: The movement in the building is comfortable and it can be easily reached to all rooms.
Accessibilty
CONCLUSION The centre is the special and unique form of the building, the materials used and that the building is inspired by the mountains, as it is in harmony with the place and the nature in which it is located .
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Circulation
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I A NU T T 6.8.0 AHHA SCIENCE CENTRE EO RN PROJECT INFO NO A M Architects: Kunnapu & Padrick Architects. T O Location: Tartu, Estonia. I U Year: 2011 Status: built. OS Type: Science centre. N A L
Aswan Science Centre
PROJECT AIM ‘AHHAA was established to promote science and technology using interactive exhibits’.
CONCEPT
The science centre forms a joint whole with the earlier Tigutorn(Snail Tower). The idea of Tigutorn’s design was a cosmic spiral, whereas the science centre rests on the shape of Vesica Piscis, known in sacred geometry, which has been hidden in the design’s main image.
AUTONOMOUS
What makes the science centre autonomous is the special and unique form of the building and the materials used.
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6.8.1 AHHA SCIENCE CENTRE
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MASSES Each function in the building takes its own form of mass. For example the planetarium takes the form of a globe, the exhibit areas take the form of the cupola, the vertical circulation is a mass of its own, as well as the horizontal circulation.
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6.8.2 AHHA SCIENCE CENTRE
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LAYOUT ANALYSIS
ELEVATION ANALYSIS
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6.8.3 AHHA SCIENCE CENTRE
Aswan Science Centre
ZONING ANALYSIS
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6.8.4 AHHA SCIENCE CENTRE CIRCULATION
Aswan Science Centre
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
SECTION
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6.8.5 AHHA SCIENCE CENTRE
Image
Aswan Science Centre
DESIGN ISSUES Image: The science centre achieved its aim with the objectives set out. Health & safety: The emergency exits are the right amount for a project that size and are placed properly well apart. The materials used and the environment of the building are healthy. Human comfort: Natural light is the preferred way to light galleries in museums. The natural light allowed in the building is just enough to achieve visual comfort for viewing the exhibits. The building is mostly solid but allows light in directly, which allows it to achieve thermal comfort, visual comfort and audible comfort from the noise of the outside world.
Health & Safety
Human Comfort
Accessibility: The entrance is signified with a huge plaza and a landmark of a space ship.
Circulation: Vertical and horizontal circulation are both achieved properly. The circulation of exhibits are standard, in this case the circular circulation of the exhibits were used because of the circular form of the building.
Accessibility
CONCLUSION Circulation The building properly solves the design issues mentioned above. The form and materials of the building represents a well designed science centre with interactive exhibits.
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I A NU Aswan Science Centre T T 6.9.0 HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTRE EO RN PROJECT INFO PROJECT AIM NO A M Architects: Zaha Hadid, Patrick Schumacher. ‘The center was designed to become the primary T O Location: Baku, Azerbaijan. building for the nation’s cultural program’. I U Year: 2012 O S Status: built. N Type: Cultural centre. A L
Fig. 218 Heydar aliyev cultural centre
CONCEPT The Heydar Aliyev Centre represents a fluid form which emerges by the folding of the landscape’s natural topography and by the wrapping of individual functions of the centre. All functions of the centre, together with entrances, are represented by folds in a single continuous surface. Fig. 219 Heydar aliyev cultural centre sketch
AUTONOMOUS The Heydar Aliyev Centre is autonomous with its surroundings. The building takes on a completely different form than the rests of the buildings in the neighborhood and the whole country. It stands out on its own, which is the main definition of autonomy. The building’s freedom of expression is what makes the bungling so famous.
Fig. 220 Heydar aliyev cultural centre
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6.9.1 HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTRE LAYOUT ANALYSIS
Aswan Science Centre
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
CIRCULATION Vertical circulation in section.
ELEVATION ANALYSIS
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6.9.2 HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTRE
Aswan Science Centre
ZONING ANALYSIS 1- Gift shop 2- Welcome zone 3- Cafe 4- Information desk 5- Museum lobby 6- Welcome gallery 7- conference centre lobby 8-Multi purpose Hall 9- Service kitchen 10- Service lobby 11- Main stage 12- Loading Area 13- Backstage area 14- security 15- Auditorium 16- VIP Entrance 17- Meeting room 18- Restroom 19- Rest Area 20- Storage 21- Auditorium lobby 22- Courtyard
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1
2
4
3
5
22 8
6 7
9 11
15
20
12 13
10 14 16
21
166
6.9.3 HEYDAR ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTRE DESIGN ISSUES
Aswan Science Centre
Image
Image: The building was designed to be dominant, represent Azerbaijn and become a building like no other in the world. Health & safety: The emergency exits are the right amount for a project that size and are placed properly well apart. The materials used and the environment of the building are healthy.
Health & Safety
Accessibility: The plaza space in the entrance is very visible and bigger than the building itself. All through out the entrance there are steps in the plaza to reach the building, which means the building is high and visible from zero level. The form of the entrance facade is very unique, visible and known to be the entrance of the building. Circulation: The vertical and horizontal circulation are well designed.
Accessibility
Circulation
CONCLUSION The building properly solves the design issues mentioned above. The form of the building achieves the goal of the project to become a unique building.
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I N T E R N A T I O N A L
6.10.0 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE IN BEIJING PROJECT INFO
Architects: BL/KLM Architects Location: Beijing, China. Year: 2011 Status: To be built. Type: Science centre.
Aswan Science Centre
PROJECT AIM
The project’s aim is to displays the latest scientific and technological achievements.
CONCEPT
Creating a form that merges with the surrounding park creating an artificial island and a roof plaza surrounded by the lake.
AUTONOMOUS
This science center has a unique form inside a congested city that makes it appear different than the surrounding environment.
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6.10.1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE IN BEIJING
Aswan Science Centre
LAYOUT CULTURAL PARK
LAKE
SCIENCE CENTRE
MASSES The project is divided into masses in the top level which is slightly above the lake creating bubble like forms emerging from the central circle the rest of the project lies beneath the lake creating underwater spaces.
CORE
SKYLIGHTS
AUDITORIUM Chapter 6: Case Studies
169
6.10.2 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE IN BEIJING
Aswan Science Centre
ZONING ANALYSIS Fig. 221 Level -1.00m
Fig. 223 Level -11.00m
Fig. 222 Level -7.00m
Fig. 224 Level -15.00m
STRUCTURE
Rc Slab
Shear Walls
Concrete Columns
Rc Slabs
Underground Piles
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6.10.3 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE IN BEIJING
Aswan Science Centre
CIRCULATION Fig. 225 Level -1.00m
Fig. 227 Level -11.00m
Fig. 226 Level -7.00m
Fig. 228 Level -15.00m
Section
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6.10.4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE IN BEIJING
Aswan Science Centre
DESIGN ISSUES Image Image: The science centre has a unique image inside a jammed city shinning like a crystal in the cultural park.
Human comfort: Natural light is achieved through skylights that are immersed into the top plaza to lighten up the spaces. The building is also constructed under water to take advantage of the geothermal heat from underwater and prevent the building from over cooling due to the extreme cold temperatures the site reaches in winter
Accessibility: The entrance is dominant through a bridge that makes it clear to access the science center
Circulation: Vertical and horizontal circulation are designed properly giving multiple circulation options to ensure safest and fastest ways for the desired destinations
Health & Safety
Human Comfort
Accessibility
CONCLUSION This project serves the fittest techniques and design issues to cope with the surrounding environment.
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Circulation
172
6.11.0 KOLKATA SCIENCE CITY PROJECT INFO
Project Overview Owner: National Council of Science Museum. Architect: Arch. Aftabudddin Ahmed Structural consultants Development Consultants Year of completion: 1991 Total land Area: 49.7 acres or 201136sqm Total built up area: 45000sqm Location: East Topsia, Kolkata, West Bengal
Aswan Science Centre
PROJECT AIM
‘Kolkata Science City was established to promote science and technology using interactive exhibits’.
Fig. 229 Kolkata science city, India.
PROGRAM • PUBLIC • •
Gate Complex Space Odyssey Hall and Dynamotion
Fig. 230 ConventionCentre.
Fig. 231 Park.
• SEMI PUBLIC • • • •
Convention Centre Main Auditorium Mini Auditorium Seminar Halls
• PRIVATE • •
Administrative Areas Service Areas
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Fig. 232 Exploration Hall.
Fig. 234 Kolkata science city layout.
• Fig. 233 Space
Odyssey Hall and Dynamotion.
• •
A network of landscape and sandstone paved lanes connect the buildings with each other. The Secondary entrance leads to the gate of science city through a piazza and the other leads to the convention center. Parking is available to host 500 cars and 5 buses. 173
6.11.1 KOLKATA SCIENCE CITY
Aswan Science Centre
ARCHITECTURAL FORM •
• • •
Variety of shapes was chosen for different blocks which gives each block a separate identity, which does not complement whether the site or the urban form. The domical form of the planetarium and the descending spiral shape of the dynamotion hall resembles a huge ziggurat. While the science park has a square shape. The convention center has a form of two split spheroids and a massive spherical cone where one rises behind the other.
Fig. 236 Exploration Hall
Fig. 237 Planetarium
Fig. 238 Convention Center
Fig. 235 Main Auditorium and Mini-Theatre.
Fig. 239 Seminar Hall
DYNAMOTION • •
• •
The word Dynamotion is derived from dynamic motion. The structure is a 38 meter high exhibition, called the rolling ball which displays the dynamics of a large number of rolling balls moving in different paths that are paved by mechanical, aerial and hydraulic forces to demonstrate various aspects of physics in a fascinating manner. It is a high structure with a spiral shaped ramp around a central atrium. The form is a ‘Ziggurat’. Fig. 241 Dynamotion
Section Zoning
Fig. 244 Dynamotion Section.
Children’s bition Exhibitions
Exhi-
Fig. 240 Dynamotion
side. Toilets
Services
Vertical Circulations
Entrance
from in-
Fig. 242 Dynamotion Ground plan.
Open Fire escape ramp
Fun Exhibits
various insects displayed on wall
Scientific plays
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Aquariums displayed on the walls dis-
Animals, insects and water object displays
Fig. 243 Dyna-
motion Section.
174
6.11.2 KOLKATA SCIENCE CITY
Aswan Science Centre
Circulation in Dynamotion
DESIGN ISSUES Circulation and zoning: A network of landscape and sandstone lanes connect the buildings with each other. Visual and thermal comfort: Lack of openings, most of buildings are blocks. which is good for thermal comfort but reduces daylight.
Visual and Thermal comfort
Image: Variety of shapes was chosen for different blocks, which makes no identity seen through the whole project.
Accessibility: The Secondary entrance leads to the gate of science city through a piazza and the other leads to the convention center. Flexibility: Too flexible as the buildings are scattered in an open land, connected with the landscape and is too large in scale.
Image
Health and safety: Good, as in the Dynomotion hall there is both, normal fire exits and stairs as well as fire exit ramps. Audibility: Audible solutions are not clear in plan.
CONCLUSION • • • • •
Positive points: Direct relations between functions and outdoor. Landscape plays a huge role in the project. Flexible and can have future plans. Designed with respect to hot climate
• •
Negative points: Poor integration between the functions, as well as the inside with the outside. Poor circulation Lacks of openings in the buildings. Audible solutions are not clear in plan.
• • •
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Accessibility
Flexibility
175
I A NU Aswan Science Centre T T 6.12.0 FOREST CITY EO RN PROJECT INFO NO A M Architects: LAVA Location: Forest City Country Garden, Forest City 1, Pulau Satu, Gelang Patah, 81550 Johor Bahru, Johor, MaT O laysia I U LAVA: Chris Bosse, Alexander Rieck, Tobias Wallis O S Client: Country Garden Group N Site: Total development: 20 square kilometers; site: 24 hectares A L
Fig. 245 Forest City
CONCEPT Lava’s concept stems from the needs of the future city, defined by the firm as requiring a “‘public city’, a central public space surrounded by buildings; a ‘layered city’, where people, railways and traffic are separated with vehicles underground; a ‘loop city’, a closed loop system reusing it’s resources and controlling the out-flow; and a ‘sponge city’, with recycling processes hidden underground.”
Fig. 246 Forest City Concept
AUTONOMOUS The forest city is autonomous within it’s surrounding meaning that it contrasts the urban context it’s built in. The concept of a forest city with greenery allover the buildings and surrounding it contrasts the city environment surrounding it hence making the project autonomous. Chapter 6: Case Studies
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6.12.1 FOREST CITY
Aswan Science Centre
PROJECT’S SHOTS
Fig. 247 Forest City Render
LAYOUT FORMATION
SKYLINES
Fig. 248 Forest City Layout
Fig. 249 Forest City Skyline
LAYERED CITY
Fig. 250 Forest City Layers
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6.12.2 FOREST CITY
Image
Aswan Science Centre
DESIGN ISSUES
Image: The forest city had a vision in mind and that is to increase the greenery and make a green building in which they achieved in the project. Health & safety: The materials used to make the building are all very environmental friendly. Also the project contains bridges and cores to help in successful emergency evacuations. Human comfort: Forest city’s main aim is to connect humans to nature in a way that prioritize human comfort. The project is mostly lit by natural lighting by the use of courtyards and skylights. Also the whole building is surrounded by good views and greenery.
Health & Safety
Human Comfort
Accessibility: The project is accessible by vehicles, pedestrian pathways and railway. Circulation: Vertical and horizontal circulation are both achieved properly. The circulation of From a building to the next could be using the bridges connecting the buildings to each other or through the main plaza on ground level. Accessibility
CONCLUSION The building properly solves the design issues mentioned above. The project successfully merges between nature and buildings through an autonomous approach with a well designed urban project.
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Circulation
178
I A NU Aswan Science Centre T T 6.13.0 CAHILL CENTER FOR ASTRONOMY E O AND ASTROPHYSICS RN PROJECT INFO PROJECT AIM NO A M Architects: Morphosis “The Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics T O Location: USA brings together a dozen different groups with vastly different cultures, focuses, and scopes into a single I U Area: 9290 m Year: 2009 structure designed to facilitate collaboration and OS spontaneous discourse.” N Manufacturers: Swisspearl A L
CONCEPT The building is supposed to stand alone as an astronomical instrument and show that its a research centre as well as a continuation to the public realm.
AUTONOMOUS In the tradition of ancient and modern architectural observatories found around the world, the building itself conceptually acts as an astronomical instrument.
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6.13.1 CAHILL CENTER FOR ASTRONOMY
Aswan Science Centre
AND ASTROPHYSICS
CIRCULATION
FUNCTIONAL ZONING
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6.13.2 CAHILL CENTER FOR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Aswan Science Centre
Image
DESIGN ISSUES Image: A vertical volume pierces the building, tilting its lens to admit light from the skies. The result is an occupied telescope, a public stair space that links earth and sky even as it strives to link person to person. Message: Building coveys a message for it is an astronomical artifact itself.
Message
Sustainability: Gold-level LEED for reducing water use by 30 percent, reducing energy use by 24.5 to 28 percent; and providing access to daylight to a minimum of 75 percent of its spaces. use of day lighting throughout the building--which reduces the need for electrical lighting--and the architectural paneling on the exterior for shading. Sustainability Health & Safety: Building is occupied with multiple emergency exits with innovative technological approaches. Human Comfort: use of day lighting throughout the building. Accessibility: By setting the building back on the site and by carefully sculpting the landscape around the building, the laboratories are granted as much access to natural light as is possible and practical, minimizing the basement feel and strengthening visual connection and accessibility to the ground level and to the campus.
CONCLUSION
Human Comfort
Accessibility
The building acts as a telescope itself conveying the message behind it and showing its functions and allows the ground floor to be a continuation to the public realm.
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6.14.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION
Aswan Science Centre
INITIAL PROGRAM The following points explain the initial program for the science centre concluded from the previous case studies:
1-EXHIBITION HALLS AND SPACES
5-RESEARCH CENTER
• • • • •
• •
Orientation and Information Hall Collections Exhibitions Interactive Exhibition Temporary Exhibition High Definition Theatre
Collections Departments Research Shared Facilities
6-OBSERVATION TOWER
2-CONFERENCE CENTER
• •
• •
7-ADMINISTRATION
Auditorium Lecture Halls
Facilities for Astronomy Landmark
3-PLANETARIUM
• • •
4-SCIENCE PARK
8-TECHNICAL AND SERVICE UNITS
•
• • • •
The park is a thematic recreational outdoor space, expressing Egypt’s .diverse landscape and natural life
Chapter 6: Case Studies
SC Head Department Finance and legal Department Information and Public Relations
Inventory Workshops Complementary Services Car Parking
182
Aswan Science Centre
CHAPTER 7 PROPOSED PROGRAM OF THE PROJECT
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183
Aswan Science Centre
INTRODUCTION This chapter includes the proposed zones and space program with estimated areas, according to the chosen project as well as functional relations and design standards and guidelines.
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7.0.0 INITIAL PROGRAM ZONES
Information hall: • Reception • Clerk room • Security • Services Collective Exhibition
Aswan Science Centre
USERS
10 4 2
----
AREAS
600m2 2X35m2 25m2 ----
120
2200m2
Exhibition Facilities
15
800 m2
Auditorium
200-300
1200m2
Meeting Room
10
3X60m2
M.P.U
150
2X250m2
Interactive Exhibition
DESCRIPTION
Exhibitions for scientific tools, arts, machinery and new inventions.
Temporary Exhibition
150
For Edutainment Reasons
Inventory
150
220m2
Workshops
50
4X175m2
Complementary Services
10
150m2
Laboratories
20
700m2
Lecture Halls
100
3x220m2
Research Library
75
225m2
V.R Rooms
1
4x64m2
Offices
2
200m2
20
110m2
SC Head Department: • Accountant • HR Room • Manager • Meeting Room
4 4 1 10
35m2 35m2 20m2 3X60m2
Finance & Legal Department
4
2X35m2
Information & PR: • Security • Services • Clinic • Offices
2 ---2 4
25m2 70m2 15m2 220m2
Chapter 7: Proposed Program
Halls for Scientific Announcements and Seminars.
Spaces for Practical Educations
Spaces for Research and Documentary reasons.
For Astronomical purposes
This Sector is For Responsible for SC management of employees and operations. Also, it takes care of any governmental papers
185
7.1.0 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS
Aswan Science Centre
Design guidelines explains the relations between some of the important spaces and zones in the science center.
1. Exhibition Hall Spaces The following diagram explains which halls and spaces are needed in the exhibition zone for this project. The exhibition halls needed are a collection exhibition hall for 30 people average, an interactive hall for the learning experience for 30 people average and a temporary exhibition hall for 30 people average for hosting different events. An orientation and information hall is needed for the visitors to start their journey and a high definition theater for 200 people to display the advanced technology and scientific knowledge reached to the visitors.
Fig. 251 Exhibition halls and spaces diagram
2. Science Spacial Relation The following diagram explains the relation between the science park and the planetarium, collection exhibition, interactive exhibition, high definition theater and the exhibition hall main building.
Fig. 252 Science Spacial relation
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7.1.0 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS
Aswan Science Centre
3. Technical And Services Units Relation The following diagram explains the relation between the research center which contains a collection department and a research shared facilities zones, the technical service units which contains a space for the inventory, the workshop and complementary services, and the conference center which contains the auditorium and the lecture halls.
Fig. 253 Technical and services units relation diagram
5. Temporary Exhibition Relation The following diagram explains the relation between the temporary exhibition and the orientation and information hall, collection exhibition, interactive exhibition and the high definition theater.
Fig. 254 Temporary exhibition relation
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7.1.0 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS
Aswan Science Centre
4. Interactive Exhibition Relation The following diagram explains the relation between the interactive Exhibition and each of the science park, orientation and information hall, collection exhibition and research center.
Fig. 255 Interactive exhibition relation diagram
6. Conference Facilities Relation The following diagram explains the relation between the multi purpose unit, the conference center contains the auditorium and the lecture halls, and the research center which contain the collection department and the research shared facilities.
Fig. 256 Conference facilities relation
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7.1.1 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS
Aswan Science Centre
The following diagram shows the relations between different functions used in the project.
1. Main Functional Diagram
Fig. 257 Main functional bubble diagram
The visitor’s journey starts with the main entrance which then lead them to the orientation hall that ensures that every visitor will continue to the chosen route either to the administration space or the research center for the researchers and scholars or to the exhibition halls. • The first route which leads to the administration space continues to the conference center attached to it some services then it leads to the outdoor area which contains an observatory tower and the science park. • The second route which leads to the exhibition halls continues to the planetarium which leads to the research center then some services then it leads to the outdoor area. • The third route which leads to the research center continues to the planetarium which leads to some services and the exhibition halls.
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7.1.1 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS
Aswan Science Centre
The following diagram shows the relations between different functions used in the research center.s
2. Research Center Functional Diagram
Fig. 258 Research center functional bubble diagram
The previous diagrams shows a functional diagram of the science center. It was important to get in depth into the functional relations of the science center since the main function of the project is researching. The research center has its own entrance separate from the entrance to the exhibition halls and the administration space. After entering the research center the researchers will go through the reception space then either advance to the laboratories which leads to the seminar room or to the scientists’ offices or to the library which leads to the digital hall or the meeting room and some services which then leads to some offices.
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7.2.0 DESIGN STANDARDS
Aswan Science Centre
1-EXHIBITIONS Definition Exhibitions for scientific tools, arts, machinery and new inventions. •
Designing depends on factors such as, thermal discomfort, acoustic disturbance, optical distraction, etc.
Fig. 265 Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas MET museum.
a.
b.
c.
Psychology in Designing Exhibitions Psychological comfort: • It should also be known that for Achieving psychological economy, the visitor shouldn’t pass by the same way twice. Psychological illusions: • The visitor is Attracted to the center of the room (a), the visitor is attracted to the right (b), the visitor is having a difficulty in making a decision. • Narrowing respectively in point A, broadening respectively in point B.
Fig. 259 Psychological comfort,Courtesyof
Museum architecture, 1974.
Circulation •
e.
Fig. 266 Courtesy of
Museum architecture, 1974.
A-The less the ratio of visitors to exhibits the more the concentration. B-No close contact to the exhibits, visitors should arrange themselves into equal distances. C-Quality of contact decreases with each semi-circle of viewers. D-Division by making copies of the original is kept in Exhibition store. E-The exhibits go to the visitors rather than the visitors moving from exhibit to another.
Standard type, discourages and tires the visitor.
Fig. 260 Standard circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
•
d.
Desirable, breaks in rhythm and alternative directions
•
Spiral, biologically unnatural (working of a machine)
Fig. 267 Spiral circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
•
Fig. 261 Desirable circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
Biologically satisfying, breaking of rhythm, organized
Fig. 268 One-way circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
•
Irregular, but desirable. •
Fig. 262 Irregular circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
•
The dynamic nature of circulation motion makes concentration difficult and not knowing one’s position.
Fan shape, may discourage the visitor due to too many routes options
Fig. 269 Fan-shape circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
•
Fig. 263 Circular circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
Rectangle, although free circulation, the visitor has an over-all impression.
Fig. 270 Rectangle circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
•
Freeform, flexible, relaxing.
•
Rectilinear circuit
Fig. 271 Rectilinear circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
Fig. 264 Free Form circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
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7.2.0 DESIGN STANDARDS
Aswan Science Centre
Lighting Lighting is one of the strong factors in Exhibitions, whether natural or artificial. But natural is a better option, especially when is made in consideration when designing. Fig. 272 Opening in plans impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum
Next Options are different techniques To achieve that:
architecture, 1974.
Fig. 273 Courtyard impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum archi-
tecture, 1974.
Fig. 274 Plan
design impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.
Fig. 276 Exhibiting Fig. 275 Skylights impact on lighting, Courtesy of
tecture, 1974.
Museum archi-
1974.
Fig. 277 Skylight
1974.1974.
in levels, Courtesy of Museum architecture,
angles, Courtesy of Museum architecture,
Lighting techniques are faced toward the North for a daylight without glare, to illuminate the Exhibits
Fig. 278 Ideal
ture, 1974.
skylights position , Courtesy of Museum architec-
Chapter 7: Proposed Program
Fig. 279 Plan design impact on lighting, Courtesy of
chitecture, 1974.
Museum ar-
192
7.2.0 DESIGN STANDARDS
Aswan Science Centre
Plans (Based on Circulation)
Tandem type
Hall type
Entrance halfway along one side of ‘comb-type’
Curved wall
Enclosure exhibits
Nest of small cubicles
One-way type
Asymmetry
Symmetry
Star shape
Around a central hall
Radial type
Chanel type
Comb-type
Chain layout
No rigid demarcation according to function of ground-plan
Fan shape
Fig. 280 Plan types based on circulation, Courtesy of
around Spaces extending horizontally
Museum architecture, 1974.
CONCLUSION Exhibitions in our project will be showing scientific and technological exhibits, so: • The exhibition floor will need enough power supplies for the mechanical and technical exhibits. • The circle of impact of the exhibits should be larger than the normal, taking in considerations that the exhibits may be able to mechanically or electrically move. • Chemical Exhibits as well need a large circle of impact to prevent any harmful accidents from happening, and should be preserved in a safe resilient way. • Orienting the exhibition towards the north and if can not, the using solar chimneys in the middle of exhibition and other lighting techniques.
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7.2.1 DESIGN STANDARDS
Aswan Science Centre
2-THEATRE Definition A place ( indoor or outdoor) where plays and art performances are preformed in.
Fig. 281 The interior of
Types Ancient
auditorium.
Greco-Hellenistic
Primitive
Greek Archaic
Roman
Greco-Roman Odeum
Greek Classical
Classical Modern
Theater Of Shakespeare Single Vista Stage
Multiple Vista Stage
Horseshoe
Theater Of Restoration
Grande Salle
Proscenium Stage
Late Renaissance
Baroque Partially Enveloping w/ Fully Enveloping w/ In-TheRoun Stage thrust Stage
Fan-Shaped
Fan-Shaped, Apron, Caliper Stage
Contemporary
Fig. 282 Courtesy of
Theatre Design, McGraw-Hill Book company.
Design Standards SEATING • • •
• •
Auditorium Area is Calculated with Seat width x Row Spacing ( not less than 0.45m2/seat). Add min. of 0.5mX0.9m approx. 0.05m2/seat Length of Row is A)16 seat max/aisle. B)25 seat is allowed if exit door of 1m width is placed every 3-4 rows. Escape route is 0.8m-1m wide/150 person. Comfortable Seat Elevation is 15cm between two levels
Fig. 283 Seats dimension,
courtesy of Neufert.
Fig. 284 Seats
Neufert.
clustering standards, courtesy of
Fig. 285 Stage height in relation to viewers standards, courtesy of
Chapter 7: Proposed Program
Neufert.
194
7.2.1 DESIGN STANDARDS
Aswan Science Centre
VOLUME • Volume of room is obtained according to Acoustics needs, for instance: A) 4-5m3/spectator for playhouse. B) 6-8m3/spectator for opera house.
PROPORTIONS Fig. 287 Seats
Obtained from Viewer’s Psychological Perception of Viewing Angle. • Good view without head tilt, but slight eye tilt of 30 degrees. • Max. Viewing Angle without head tilt is 70 degrees vertically. • Max. Viewing Angle without head tilt is 110 degrees horizontally. However, anything which takes place between the corner of the eyes is comfortable.
Special Requirements
Neufert.
Cone of visions horizontally, courtesy of
Fig. 288 Seats Cone of visions vertically, courtesy of
Fig. 289 Auditorium width, courtesy of
Neufert.
Neufert.
Absorbing materials are added to the surface of walls and floors of the auditorium to avoid acoustic fouls, such as Echoes and sound reflection.
Fig. 286 Auditorium floor layers, courtesy of
Neufert.
CONCLUSION
Fig. 290 Auditorium wall layers, courtesy of
Neufert.
•
Theater’s best shape in plan is fan-shape for good acoustic transmission.
•
Absorption materials should be used to prevent echo, as well as prevent noise from coming outside to the research center. The theatre should be placed near planetariums and seminar room in the conference center.
• •
Hierarchy in foyers is better for noise prevention.
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195
7.2.1 DESIGN STANDARDS
Aswan Science Centre
Examples
Fig. 291 Different
Neufert. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
Auditorium plans, courtesy of 196
7.2.2 DESIGN STANDARDS
Aswan Science Centre
3-PLANETARIUM Definition A theatre designed mainly for an edutainment purpose of presenting outer space elements such as planets, stars and constellations.
Components Fig. 293 Bristol’s We the Curious 3D planetarium
6 Components • Dome • Seats • Lighting • The Planetarium Projector • Console • Audio System Fig. 294 Bristol’s We the Curious 3D planetarium
Dome •
•
A partial semi-sphere dome used to project stars or other scenes. It’s an aluminum sheet that has millions of small holes that lets sound and air to flow within it. 6-8 feet height between audience’s head and edge of dome.
2 Types of Domes
Fig. 295 A
Horizontal • Edge of Dome is parallel to the ground • Best for Astronomical Education as it resembles the skies ad constellations as seen by everyday observers. • Costs less to construct than the Tilted Dome. • Has greater seating capacity. • Safer (Trips and Falls incidents)
Fig. 292 Sapporo Science Center, courtesy of
Chapter 7: Proposed Program
Goto inc.
viewer’s cone of vision angles vertically and horizontally, courtesy of Goto inc.
Tilted • Edge of Dome inclined to an angle with the ground. • Best for Edutainment purposes (to experience floating in space and stimulates the motion of stars) • Costs more than Horizontal Dome. • Has fewer seating capacity. • Good circulation (Entrances and Exits are on different levels) • Usually used in Science Centers to Force the user to flow from one exhibit to the other.
Fig. 296 Yokkaichi
Goto inc.
Municipal Museum Planetarium, courtesy of 197
7.2.2 DESIGN STANDARDS Standard proposal for Horizontal Dome
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Standard proposal for Tilted Dome
Center Dual Mounted
Center Dual Mounted
6 Cove Mounted
6 Cove Mounted
Fig. 297 Horizontal Dome Planetarium Theater, courtesy of
Goto inc.
Fig. 298 Tilted Dome Planetarium Theater, courtesy of
Goto inc.
Seating • •
Seats must be Reclined whether in horizontal or tilted dome planetariums for a maximum view without any neck strains. Seat back ranges between 20-45 degrees depending on the angle of inclination of the dome.
The Planetarium Projector • •
•
FIG 73 Sun, moon, and planet projectors, courtesy of Goto inc.
Hybrids between subject such as: Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology, Biology, Oceanography and more. They can take the viewer anywhere in the universe if combined together.
Conclusion • • •
Goto inc.
Placed in the precise center of the dome. A control console is placed at the back of the theatre.
Hybrid System •
Fig. 299 Ideal seating layout, courtesy of
Fig. 300 Sun, moon, and planet projectors, courtesy of
Goto inc.
Planetarium will not only show astronomical objects, but biological and chemical as well. Its form is preferred to be visible when entering the project to. Tilted-dome planetariums are preferred in our project .(o Force the user to flow from one exhibit to the other.)
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4-OBSERVATION TOWER 1
Definition A tower from where you can see or watch anything. Used in Science centers for astronomical purposes. Components • • • • •
Toilets and Services Platform for observing Vertical circulation (stairs and elevators) Entrance Toilets and Services
Design Considerations • • • •
Fig. 301 Circuit
of the Americas, Austin, TX Section, Courtesy of Miro Rivera Architects.
Best if it’s panoramic 360 degree range of vision to conduct long distance observations. Observation towers are usually at least 20 meters high Can be made with stone, iron, and wood. Deep footing to carry the heavy load.
Fig. 302 Construction
in the technical documentation, courtesy of Construction design of high-rise module for low-cost observation tower
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Fig. 303 Circuit of the Americas, Austin, TX Section, Courtesy of Miro Rivera Architects.
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Examples
Fig. 307 Camp
Denmark.
Adventure by EFFEKT, Gisselfeld Klosters Skove,
Fig. 304 The Century Project for the Space Needle by Olson Kun-
dig, Seattle, WA, United States.
Fig. 305 Aura by Studio Symbiosis, Delhi, India.
Fig. 306 Tower of
Spiral by Doarchi, Shenzhen, China.
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Fig. 308 Viewing Tower Lommel by Ateliereen Architecten, Lom-
mel, Belgium.
Fig. 309 Observation Tower by RYSY Architekci, Warsaw, Poland.
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Fig. 311 Knut Hamsun Center by Steven Holl Architects, Hamaroy,
Norway.
Fig. 312 Observation Tower at Château Gruard-Larose by Lanoire
& Courrian, architectes, Saint-Julien-Beychevelle, France.
Fig. 310 Observation Tower by RYSY Architekci, Warsaw, Poland.
Fig. 313 Tower of
Bricks by Interval Architects, Hengshui, China.
Conclusion • • • •
Observation tower will be set to overlook the horizon of Aswan, the high dam, the Nile, the great monuments of Aswan and the night sky constellations if the project hosts astronomical sciences. It’s best to place it in position to overlook the project as well. It should be made the highest slope on the land in the South-East to have enough space for it’s deep footing. It shouldn’t be too high, to not block the view of the historical sites from buildings behind the site.
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5-VIRTUAL REALITY Definition A VR room is a space specially customized with embedded or portable technologies that is adequate to host or enhance a multimedia virtual reality experience.
Fig. 314 V.R Room.
Design Calculations • • • •
Minimum moving span= 0.5m2 with oculus camera 360. Moving span= 0.75m2 with oculus 3 camera Moving span= 1.0m2 with oculus 3 camera. Moving span= 1.12m2 with oculus 3 camera.
1
2 3
Conclusion • •
Fig. 315 V.R Room space design
standard.
4
V..R rooms should be placed next to the planetarium and other technological labs and facilities. Better to be round that square or rectangle to give a more free movement zone.
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6-M.P.U Definition A space used for different types of activities and events involving a lot of people. Uses • •
Meeting performances, presentations and seminars for local community. Theatre and documentary events will need a large space with a seated in rows audience.
Fig. 316 NEW
MULTI-PURPOSE ROOM [LUZZARA - REGGIO EMILIA] ITALYMETALOCUS, ANA DIOSDADO.
Design Criteria • •
• •
Area: Surface area is calculated to be approximately 0.5m2/person. Extensions: Kitchenette, preparation rooms for researchers accompanying, toilet facilities, lockers, stores and must have a foyer at the main entrance. Location: many options are acceptable but the best is at the main entrance. Form: it should be flexible enough to host many activities (Rectangle shape is preferred)
Fig. 317 M.P.U Fixed seating, courtesy of
Neufert.
Special Requirements • • •
Acoustic: must be sound proofed to avoid noise leakage. Ventilation: Adequate temperature and continuous ventilation. Lighting: Should have the option to darken for performances.
Conclusion • • •
Fig. 318
M.P.U Flexible seating, courtesy of Neufert.
Should be placed at the entrance of the project to hold local community events. Can have High-technologies and new technologies to attract people coming from the locals to go visit the rest of the project. Has to be flexible enough to host many different topic events.
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7-LIBRARIES Definition A space hosting collections of books and sometimes recorded music and films, to be borrowed by the public or private member of the library or institution.
Standards • • • • • •
Reading Hall should be the center of the library. The reading hall must be clear from the entrance. Loan area has loan counters (40-50m2). Daylight should be present with a large quantity with no glare. ( one fifth of total area) Reading hall should be oriented to the north (for daylighting). Fig. 319 Library seating arrangement dimension, courtesy of Neufert.
Zoning Integration of zones with constraining of noise.
Conclusion • • • • •
Fig. 320 Library
seating arrangement dimension, courtesy of Neufert.
Should be oriented to the north for daylighting. Skylights and natural lighting techniques and strategies should be presented.. Reading hall should be the center of the library. Its route should be seen from the entrance of the project and to have a direct relation with the entrance. Should be in the quietest zone of the project.
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8-LECTURE HALLS Definition A space for lectures and educational classes with seating tiers. Fig. 321 Nevins Lecture Hall.
Guidelines • • •
Seating: Depend of number of students or attendees. Comfort seating is 70x65cm Space of seating per student depends on type of seat, and the depth of the writing shelf.
Acoustic and Lighting •
Fig. 322 Lecture hall section dimensions, courtesy of
Neufert.
Sound should be heard by each member of the audience with equal amplitudes without the usage of any suspended ceilings that reflects or absorbs sounds.
Conclusion • •
Placed at the educational zone of the project at the north next to the labs. Should have a well calculated audible and visual comfort for the students.
Fig. 323 Lecture hall square plan impact on student’s cone of
viFig. 324 Lecture
hall plan impacted by the student’s cone of vision, courtesy of Neufert. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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9-MEETING ROOMS Definition A space for people to get together to hold meetings, for issues to be discussed, set priorities and decisions made.
Fig. 325 Meeting room standards, courtesy of
Neufert.
Fig. 326 Meeting room different types of plans standards, courte-
sy of Neufert.
Conclusion • •
Should be placed in the administrative zone of the project. The whole Administration Zone will need to have a direct entrance from the outside of the project, so the people working there will have a direct access to their offices.
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10-WORKSHOPS Definition A space where technologies and physical proposals are manufactured or repaired.
Design Criteria • • • •
Fig. 327 Workshop at ECPI university.
Opening: Natural light is needed with good air circulation Organization: Working on a module based on the function of the workshop will maximize the efficiency and flexibility of the space. Surface: Tiles on concrete floor is advised. Exits: 2.8m wide door with required safety insulation. Should be Wide enough for bringing machines into the space.
Conclusion • • • • •
Should be placed at the hazardous zone along with the laboratories. Safety and resilient techniques should be present. Non-flammable materials should be used in the construction. large doors to bring machines within the workshop. Great power supply should be available for the machinery.
Fig. 328 Workshop ideal arrangement, Courtesy of
Neufert.
Fig. 329 Workshop stands dimensions, Courtesy of
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11-LABARATORIES Definition A space equipped specifically for researching and teaching scientific experiments.
Types
Fig. 330 Lab axonometric, Boston, Massachusetts Northeast-
ern University.
Wet Labs:
Dry Labs:
• •
• •
•
• • • • •
For chemical and drugs tests and investigations. They require special plumbing for different chemical supplies . Examples: Chemical labs and Bio-medical labs.
Research labs need smaller labs with less equipments. Chemistry and Bio-medical labs use fixed benches Rooms must have required air circulation and filtration. Radiation labs need special labs safety equipments. All labs must have dust free filtering air technologies to prevent any dangerous substance from entering.
•
For Physical and Electrical materials. They require adequate temperature and humidity control, clean power and dust control examples: Physical labs and Engineering labs.
FIG 87 Lab table arrangement dimensions, courtesy of Neufert.
Fig. 331 Lab table arrangement dimensions, courtesy of Neu-
fert. Minimum passage width between workstations
Lab Workstations: • • • • •
Genetic Engineering and micro-biological labs must be isolated for the sake of its safety. A grid (module) should be used in the placement of benches whether its movable or fixed. Fume cupboards also have a module system with dimensions of 120,80,180cm. Normal bench dimensions are 120cmX80cm height. Benches are made of steel tubes and surface of stone panels with no joints
Fig. 332 Lab table arrangement dimensions, courtesy
Lab for teaching and practical Chapter 7: Proposed Program
Fig. 333 Lab table arrangement
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STORAGE • • • • • • • • •
The Chemical substances’ quantities stored within a laboratory should be minimized. Large quantities of chemicals (i.e., larger than one gallon) has to be stored in a separate storage room. Chemicals has to be stored at an appropriate temperature and humidity level. This can be a problem in hot, humid climates. S o take that as a rule, chemicals should not be stored near heat sources, such as steam pipes or lab ovens. Chemicals should never be stored in a direct sunlight position. Chemicals should not be stored on the bench tops. Because that makes them unprotected from exposure and participation in a fire accidents and is more capable to be knocked over. Lab shelves should have a raised tip along the outer edge to prevent containers and chemicals from falling. Liquid or corrosive chemicals should never be stored on shelves above eye-level. Appropriate security must be provided so that unauthorized people can’t access to hazardous materials. Flammable materials can’t be stored in a normal refrigerator. Only explosion-proof or flammable specified refrigerators should be used for storing these chemicals within laboratory environment.
Fig. 334 Scientists
at the biotechnology company Affymetrix in Santa Clara, California. Positions in the biotechnology sector are highly sought after..
Fig. 335 Lab ideal zoning, courtesy of Neufert.
Conclusion • • • •
Labs should have an easy access from the entrance of the project and have a direct entrance from the outside, as most scientists will be headed over there directly without the need to go through the exhibitions or else, Labs will need security and safety insuring men to make sure no accidents happen. Non-Flammable materials will be used all over this area. Labs will be placed within the educational zone, facing the north and not the south to prevent over exceeding heat to enter the lab.
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Labs & Experiment Halls Standards & Design Guidelines OVERVIEW: Research Laboratories and Experiments Labs are workplaces for the conduct of scientific research. This pages will summarize the key architectural, engineering, operational, safety, and sustainability considerations for the design of Research Laboratories. The authors recognize that in the 21st century clients are pushing project design teams to create research laboratories that are responsive to current and future needs, that encourage interaction among scientists from various disciplines, that help recruit and retain qualified scientists, and that facilitates partnerships and development.
BUILDING ATTRIBUTES: A. Architectural Considerations: Over the past 20 years, architects, engineers, facility managers, and researchers have refined the design of typical wet and dry labs to a very high level. The following identifies the best solutions in designing a typical lab.
A.1) Labs Planning Module: The laboratory module is the key unit in any lab facility. When designed correctly, a lab module will fully coordinate all the architectural and engineering systems. A well-designed modular plan will provide the following benefits: 1- Flexibility — The lab module should “encourage change” within the building. Research is changing all the time, and buildings must allow for reasonable change. Many private research companies make physical changes to an average of 25% of their labs each year. Most academic institutions annually change the layout of 5 to 10% of their labs. 2- Expansion — The use of lab planning modules allows the building to adapt easily to needed expansions or contractions without sacrificing facility functionality. A common laboratory module has a width of approximately 3,2 m but will vary in depth from 6 - 8 m. The depth is based on the size necessary for the lab and the cost-effectiveness of the structural system. The 3,2 m. Dimension is based on two rows of casework and equipment (each row 0,75 m deep) on each wall, a 1.5 m aisle, and 0.15 m for the wall thickness that separates one lab from another. The 1,5 m . aisle width should be considered a minimum because of the requirements of the world with Disabilities Act (WDA).
Fig. 337 The
Fig. 336 Plan
and section of a typical lab module
Chapter 7: Proposed Program
typical lab module is shown here three dimensionally with casework and circulation in the an actual lab
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Two-Directional Lab Module—Another level of flexibility can be achieved by designing a lab module that works in both directions. This allows the casework to be organized in either direction. This concept is more flexible than the basic lab module concept but may require more space. The use of a two-directional grid is beneficial to accommodate different lengths of run for casework. The casework may have to be moved to create a different type or size of workstation.
Fig. 338 When the lab
module is organized to work for both orientations, the laboratories are much more flexible than with a one-directional module.
Flexibility increases if a lab module works in two directions. Employing the common width of 10’6” and a depth of either 21’ (2 modules at 10’6”) or 31’6” (3 modules at 10’6”) allows casework to be organized in either direction. This concept is more user-friendly than the basic lab module concept, but it may require more space. A two-directional grid allows varied lengths of run for casework, which, if movable, can be rearranged to create various workstation types and sizes based on research needs. Utility drops, if necessary, should occur at the intersection of the 10’6” modules.
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Three-Dimensional Lab Module— three-dimensional lab module combines the basic lab module or a two-directional lab module with any lab corridor arrangement for each floor of a building. This means that a three-dimensional lab module can have a single-corridor arrangement on one floor, a two-corridor layout on another, and so on. A three-dimensional lab module involves the following requirements: - A basic or two-directional lab module must be defined. - All vertical risers must be fully coordinated. (Vertical risers include fire stairs, elevators, restrooms, and shafts for utilities.) - The mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems must be coordinated in the ceiling to work with the multiple corridor arrangements. Focusing on a building three-dimensionally allows the designer to be more responsive to the program needs of the researchers on each floor. A 3D design allows the corridor arrangement on any floor to be easily changed, facilitating renovations. This approach is highly recommended for most facilities, but it requires much more thought and coordination in the initial design.
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A.2) LABS PLANNING CONCEPTS: The relationship of the labs, offices, and corridor will have a significant impact on the image and operations of the building: - Do the end users want a view from their labs to the exterior, or will the labs be located on the interior, with wall space used for casework and equipment? - Some researchers do not want or cannot have natural light in their research spaces. Special instruments and equipment, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) apparatus, electron microscopes, and lasers cannot function properly in natural light. Natural daylight is not desired in vivarium facilities or in some support spaces, so these are located in the interior of the building.
Fig. 339 Adjacency matrix diagram.
- Zoning the building between lab and non-lab spaces will reduce costs. Labs require 100% outside air while non-lab spaces can be designed with re-circulated air, like an office building. - Adjacencies with corridors can be organized with a single, two corridor (racetrack), or a three corridor scheme. There are number of variations to organize each type.
Fig. 340 Adjacency bubble diagram.
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Illustrated below are three ways to organize a single corridor scheme:
ZONING:
Fig. 341 Single corridor lab design with labs and office adjacent to each other.
Fig. 342 Single corridor lab design with offices clustered together at the end and in the middle.
Fig. 343 Single corridor lab design with office clusters accessing main labs directly.
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LABS PLAN TYPES:
Fig. 344
Fig. 346
Fig. 348
Single centre corridor, building layout.
Fig. 345 Single offset corridor, building layout.
No-corridor building layout.
Internal and perimeter loop corridors, building layout.
Fig. 347
Internal loop corridor with core, building Layout.
Fig. 349
Combination loop corridors, building layout.
Fig. 351
Combination loop corridors, building layout.
Combination loop corridors with open office zone, building layout. Fig. 350
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Corridors are restricted access pathways, used by scientists, technicians, transport, and maintenance personnel. Service corridors are normally designed for building plans that use perimeter and grid corridors. Laboratory exhaust air ducts are supported from the structure above and enter laboratories through walls enclosing service corridors. Figures shows a layout that permits servicing of pipes and ducts inside vertical shafts or mounted directly upon service corridor walls outside laboratories, greatly reducing the frequency of and risks to maintenance personnel having to enter laboratories. Fig. 352
Combination loop with centre service corridors,
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Fig. 353
Grid corridor system, building layout.
Fig. 354
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Open labs vs. closed labs. An increasing number of research institutions are creating “open” labs to support team-based work. The open lab concept is significantly different from that of the “closed” lab of the past, which was based on accommodating the individual principle investigator. In open labs, researchers share not only the space itself but also equipment, bench space, and support staff. The open lab format facilitates communication between scientists and makes the lab more easily adaptable for future needs. A wide variety of labs—from wet biology and chemistry labs, to engineering labs, to dry computer science facilities—are now being designed as open labs.
A.3) FLEXIBILITY: In today’s lab, the ability to expand, reconfigure, and permit multiple uses has become a key concern. The following should be considered to achieve this:
FLEXIBLE LAB INTERIORS - Equipment zones—These should be created in the initial design to accommodate equipment, fixed, or movable casework at a later date. - Generic labs - Mobile casework—This can be comprised of mobile tables and mobile base cabinets. It allows researchers to configure and fit out the lab based on their needs as opposed to adjusting to pre-determined fixed casework. - Flexible partitions—These can be taken down and put back up in another location, allowing lab spaces to be configured in a variety of sizes. - Overhead service carriers—These are hung from the ceiling. They can have utilities like piping, electric, data, light fixtures, and snorkel exhausts. They afford maximum flexibility as services are lifted off the floor, allowing free floor space to be configured as needed.
Fig. 355 Mobile casework
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Fig. 356 Mobile base cabinet
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FLEXIBLE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS - Labs should have easy connects/disconnects at walls and ceilings to allow for fast and affordable hook up of equipment. - The Engineering systems should be designed such that fume hoods can be added or removed. - Space should be allowed in the utility corridors, ceilings, and vertical chases for future HVAC, plumbing, and electric needs
BUILDING SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION CONCEPTS: INTERSTITIAL SPACE An interstitial space is a separate floor located above each lab floor. All services and utilities are located here where they drop down to service the lab below. This system has a high initial cost but it allows the building to accommodate change very easily without interrupting the labs.
Fig. 357 Conventional design vs. interstitial design
SERVICE CORRIDOR
Fig. 358 Lab
designed with overhead connects and disconnects allow for flexibility and fast hook up of equipment
Lab spaces adjoin a centrally located corridor where all utility services are located. Maintenance personnel are afforded constant access to main ducts, shutoff valves, and electric panel boxes without having to enter the lab. This service corridor can be doubled up as an equipment/utility corridor where common lab equipment like autoclaves, freezer rooms, etc. can be located.
B. ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS Typically, more than 50% of the construction cost of a laboratory building is attributed to engineering systems. Hence, the close coordination of these ensures a flexible and successfully operating lab facility. The following engineering issues are discussed here: structural systems, mechanical systems, electrical systems, and piping systems Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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B) 1-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS The location of main vertical supply/exhaust shafts as well as horizontal ductwork is very crucial in designing a flexible lab. Key issues to consider include: efficiency and flexibility, modular design, initial costs, long-term operational costs, building height and massing, and design image.
THE VARIOUS DESIGN OPTIONS FOR THE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ARE ILLUSTRATED BELOW: Fig. 359 Mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing shafts located inFig. 360 Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts located in central core zone, building layout centre, building layout
Fig. 361 Mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing shafts located inFig. 362 Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts located at centre with access corridor, building layout ends, building layout
View of interstitial floor at Fredrick Hutchinson Fig. 364 View of interstitial floor at Fredrick Hutchinson Cancer Centre Research Laboratory. Cancer Centre Research Laboratory. Fig. 363
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7.2.11 DESIGN STANDARDS Fig. 365
floors
Aswan Science Centre
Section diagram of laboratory building with InterstitialFig. 366 Section diagram of a lab building with interstitial spaces between floors
Fig. 367 Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts
Loczated on personnel corridor, building layout
Fig. 368 Mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing shafts located on exterior walls of lab modules, building layout
B) 2- STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: Once the basic lab module is determined, the structural grid should be evaluated. In most cases, the structural grid equals 2 basic lab modules. If the typical module is 3.2 m x 9.15 ft., the structural grid would be 6.4 ft. x 9.15 ft. A good rule of thumb is to add the two dimensions of the structural grid; if the sum equals a number in the low 50’s, then the structural grid would be efficient and cost-effective. Fig. 369 Typical lab structural grid.
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The organization and dimensions of laboratory modules on a typical floor guide structural engineers on spacing of columns and sheer walls. Module grid-lines may predict where dead loads from walls, benches, and equipment occur. Some structural engineers prefer to offset structural grids from module grids to avoid conflicts of major floor beams with drainpipes that can cause structural complications. There are several advantages to shifting the module grid off the structural grid by a short distance, in the range of 8 in. to 16 in. (20–41 cm), according to the structural system selected. Because sink drainpipes drop down through the floor directly beneath sinks, if the sinks are located directly above beams or a column cap, sleeves may have to be installed through these structural members. Vertical shafts for distribution of utilities and mechanical services show where major penetrations in the floor slabs will likely occur. Frequent consultations between the design structural and plumbing engineers for coordination are highly recommended so typical conflicts such as these can be resolved early in the design process. Architects must be advised of these considerations so they locate sinks and equipment drains away from structural members, where possible
Key design issues to consider in evaluating a structural system include: 1- Framing depth and effect on floor-to-floor height; 2- Ability to coordinate framing with lab modules; 3- Ability to create penetrations for lab services in the initial design as well as over the life of the building; 4- Potential for vertical or horizontal expansion; 5- Vibration criteria; and 6- Cost.
B) 3- PIPING SYSTEMS: There are several key design goals to strive for in designing laboratory piping systems: 1- Provide a flexible design that allows for easy renovation and modifications. 2- Provide appropriate plumbing systems for each laboratory based on the lab programming. 3- Provide systems that minimize energy usage. 4- Provide equipment arrangements that minimize downtime in the event of a failure. 5- Locate shutoff valves where they are accessible and easily understood. 6- Accomplish all of the preceding goals within the construction budget. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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B) 4- ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS: Three types of power are generally used for most laboratory projects: 1- Normal power circuits are connected to the utility supply only, without any backup system. Loads that are typically on normal power include some HVAC equipment, general lighting, and most lab equipment. 2- Emergency power is created with generators that will back up equipment such as refrigerators, freezers, fume hoods, biological safety cabinets, emergency lighting, exhaust fans, animal facilities, and environmental rooms. Examples of safe and efficient emergency power equipment include distributed energy resources (DER), microturbines, and fuel cells. 3- An interruptible power supply (UPS) is used for data recording, certain computers, microprocessor-controlled equipment, and possibly the vivarium area. The UPS can be either a central unit or a portable system, such as distributed energy resources (DER), micro-turbines, fuel cells, and Building integrated photo-voltaic (BIPV).
The following should be considered: 1- Load estimation 2- Site distribution 3- Power quality 4- Management of electrical cable trays/panel boxes: - Lighting design - User expectations - Illumination levels - Uniformity - Lighting distribution-indirect, direct, combination - Luminaire location and orientation-lighting parallel to casework and lighting perpendicular to casework 5- Telephone and data systems
C) SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS The typical laboratory uses far more energy and water per square foot than the typical office building due to intensive ventilation requirements and other health and safety concerns. Therefore, designers should strive to create sustainable, high performance, and low-energy laboratories that will: - Minimize overall environmental impacts; - Protect occupant safety; and - Optimize whole building efficiency on a life-cycle basis.
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Different lab types: GENERAL OR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY: General and analytical chemistry laboratories are designed, constructed, and operated to provide a safe and healthy work area for the analysis, experimentation, and quality control of a wide variety of chemicals ranging from nanograms to kilograms, although not in the same laboratory. Usually this type of laboratory will be located in a building containing other laboratory units; they should not be housed in office buildings because of toxic martial.
Fig. 370 General or Analytical Chemistry Laboratory:
Because it is likely that many pieces of analytical equipment of substantial size will be present in an analytical chemistry laboratory at all times, special care should be given to their location relative to egress routes, ventilation patterns, and the interactions of laboratory personnel with chemical handling operations. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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HIGH-TOXICITY LABORATORY A high-toxicity laboratory is designed and operated to provide safe use of highly toxic chemicals, including carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogenic and chemicals of unknown toxicity. Many types of laboratory layouts are possible, depending on the specific nature of the work to be performed and the space available. A layout similar to that of a general or analytical chemistry laboratory is often adequate. A simple anteroom can be added, if additional security and/or Differential airflows are required upon entry into a high toxicity laboratory.
Fig. 371 High-Toxicity
Laboratory
Floor coverings should be of monolithic (seamless) construction and utilize materials such as solid vinyl or troweled epoxy, both of which are impervious to most chemicals and easily formed into seamless sheets that can be extended up the wall to form an integral cove base. All cracks and construction seams in floors, walls, and ceilings should be sealed with epoxy or another chemically resistant, longlived sealant. Utility conduits should be epoxy sealed wherever they penetrate floors, ceilings, and walls. All laboratory lighting should be sealed with similar materials to be vapor- and water-proof. Ceiling surfaces should be solid and imperious, not suspended tiles or panels. Walls should be extended and sealed to the underside of the structure. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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ENGINEERING LABORATORIES An engineering laboratory may refer to a part of an educational institution where engineering principles are taught, demonstrated, and researched, or to industrial facilities focused on a wide range of engineering activities—from research or design—to implementation or construction. Engineering disciplines and their corresponding laboratory types are: 1) Aeronautical Engineering: A. Wind Tunnel Laboratory / B. Jet and Rocket Propulsion Laboratory 2) Civil Engineering : C. Hydraulics Laboratory / D. Material Analysis and Testing Laboratory 3) Electrical Engineering : E. Electrical Circuits, Motors, and Generator Laboratory 4) Mechanical Engineering: F. Foundry Laboratory / G. Internal Combustion and Gas Turbine Engine Laboratory
Fig. 372
Materials ’ testing and engineering laboratory Plan
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Foundries, large and small, deal with very high-temperature materials, proportionally large amounts of electrical current, toxic materials and by products, and noisy operations. Foundry laboratory activities involve making mold patterns, making molds and mold cores, melting casting materials, pouring molten cast material into molds, and removing molded parts from molds. Fig. 373
Fig. 374
Foundry laboratory activity zoning diagram.
Foundry laboratory Plan
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View of large internal combustion laboratory and central equipment area. Fig. 375
Fig. 377
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Fig. 376 View
of small internal combustion esting laboratory.
Internal combustion engineering laboratory Plan
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PHYSICS LABORATORY The basic procedures carried out in physics laboratories include experimental development of mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems, and examinations of the properties of matter. Operations involve equipment setups and physical measurements for experiments that involve observation, data collection, and analysis.
Fig. 378
Physics laboratory layout with laser table array
Physics laboratories are often larger than two modules. Physics laboratories may require higher than normal ceiling height or high bay space. In the typical physics laboratory plan, two required separate egress routes are shown. Doors should be wide enough and the route width sufficient to accommodate medical stretchers and other emergency equipment. Door height and width and aisles should also be adequate for materials handling equipment, such as fork-lift trucks, used for trans-porting heavy and bulky items. Therefore, laboratory aisles may need to be wider than the minimum. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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RADIATION LABORATORY A radiation laboratory is designed and constructed to provide a safe and efficient workplace for a wide variety of activities associated with materials that emit ionizing radiation that can be harmful either by direct radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (such as neutron, gamma, or x-ray energy), by ingestion, or by inhalation of particulate materials that emit ionizing radiation (e.g., alpha, beta).
Fig. 379
Example of a two-module radiation laboratory layout with shower
Fig. 380
Example of small irradiation laboratory layout
In areas using liquid or particulate radioactive or radio-labeled chemicals, floor coverings should be of monolithic materials, such as seamless vinyl or epoxy. Cracks in floors, walls, and ceilings may need to be sealed with epoxy or a similar material. All penetrations of walls, floors, and ceilings by utility conduits may need to be similarly sealed with an appropriate sealant such as silicone or similar material recommended by the radiation safety professional. Lighting may need to be provided by sealed vapor- and waterproof units, and lighting fixtures should be flush with the ceiling to eliminate dust collection. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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BIO-SAFETY LABORATORY One of the most dangerous type of laboratories handling oncogene viruses, infectious agents, and similar harmful biological substances. This laboratory is not necessarily separated from the general traffic patterns in the building. Work is generally conducted on open bench tops using standard microbiological practices. Special containment equipment and facility design are neither required nor generally used. Floor 1 & 2 Bio-safety laboratories may be a single room amid other laboratories of divergent uses or occupy entire floors of laboratory buildings. Floor 3 of laboratories are more likely to be suites of rooms interconnected through pressurized and secure internal corridors with entrances from building corridors.
Fig. 381
Example of a bio-safety laboratory with multiple cell culture rooms.
The minimum dimensions for a bio-safety laboratory containing BSC worker is 8 × 12 ft. In addition to a 4- or 6-ft-wide BSC, it should include washing facilities, hand- washing facilities, auto-clave, and equipment. There should be a space for donning and discarding personal protective garments at the entry. A separate, but adjacent gowning room and individual lockers should be provided for personal articles that should not be brought into containment laboratories. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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MEDICAL LABORATORIES Medical laboratories provide all of the routine medical testing required for patient care. Inpatient and outpatient specimens are collected; tests are conducted; and residual specimens and completed test materials of a chemical, biological, and radiological nature are dis-posed of in a safe manner; and reports are generated.
Fig. 382 ‘’ I ‘’ Type Connection
Fig. 383 ‘’ L ‘’ Type Connection
Fig. 384 ‘’ U ‘’ Type Connection
Clinical laboratory activities include common procedures associated with hematology, bacteriology, virology, and pharmacology. They involve making aliquots, mixing, blending, centrifuging, heating, cooling, distilling, evaporating, diluting, plating-out pathogens, examining specimens under the microscope The layout of a medical laboratory will be determined by its size and by the nature and number of medical tests that will be performed, as well as by the number of staff, shifts, and automated instruments. It usually resembles a combination of analytical chemistry and bio-safety laboratories. Large medical laboratories resemble team laboratories in that many diverse activities take place in the same space. In addition, special process workstations, laboratory benches, and seating should be carefully designed to promote the ergonomic safety of workers because clinical laboratory activities are highly repetitive and many have the potential to cause repetitive stress injuries. Medical laboratories also include offices pace, lockers, and other personnel support spaces, and significant area for storage facilities. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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TEACHING LABORATORY Teaching laboratories, wet or dry, usually require a maximum number of workstations in a minimum area. Despite the pressure to maximize use of all available space, benches should be so located that easy, multi-directional movement and egress are maintained. Ease of movement is needed for students getting to and from supply points or rooms, shared instruments, and fume hoods. In addition, instructors must be able to move about freely, to see all areas and students, and to provide quick response to emergency situations.
Fig. 385 Teaching Laboratory
Smaller classes do well working at benches arrayed around walls and at short peninsula benches 8–10 ft (2.4 m–3.0 m). Island benches function better for safe access when lengths are 12 ft (3.7 m) or less. Aisles around 3 ft (1 m) wide need to divide long rows of island benches to provide access for instructors to move quickly and safely between aisles and attend to students’ questions and accidents—and potential problems. These short aisles reduce congestion for students. Continuous island or peninsula benches 15 ft and longer are not recommended for teaching laboratories. The distances , Egress Safety Considerations, are the minimum recommended between benches and between benches and walls. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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ANATOMY LABORATORY The anatomy laboratory is a group of spaces for the preparation, storage, and dissection of human cadavers and large animal carcasses (or portions thereof) for the purpose of teaching gross anatomy or for research. The space described in this section is the dissection room. Gross anatomy is generally taught by lectures in conjunction with laboratory sessions. In the laboratory, students inspect and identify all tissues revealed by dissection. Dissections are usually done by students, During laboratory sessions, instructors may give demonstrations with physical models, computer generated images, videos, and other visual aids.
Fig. 386
Small gross anatomy laboratory Plan.
- Private passageway between morgue and dissection laboratories is desirable to reduce the risk of accidental contact with uninvolved students and staff - Windows are desirable, but other buildings should not overlook dissection laboratories - Windows may be glazed with fretted or translucent glass, allowing no views inside dissection laboratories. One-way glass does not work because if laboratories are used after dark, interior lights expose the interior. Fig. 387 Anatomy laboratory and support function suite Plan
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Fig. 388
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Large gross anatomy laboratory layout.
Standard dissection tables are 78 in.–86 in. (198–218 cm) long and 27–32 in. (69–81 cm) wide for average height and weight human cadavers, with maximum weight capacity from 250–300 lbs (113–136 kgs). Because of ergonomic considerations for students and instructors, who are different heights, dissection tables or gurneys should be provided in a variety of heights or have height-adjustment capabilities. Tables are usually arranged with minimum clearances of 50–60 in. (127–52 cm) head to toe and 40–60 in. (101–1.52 cm) side to side to accommodate four students with their books and instruments working on cadavers of average size and weight. Students in wheelchairs require minimum 60 in. (1.5 m) clearances all around the table and a table with height adjustable to 30 in. (76 cm). Provision of excellent lighting levels and fixtures with lamps of 5500 K and close to 100 colour rendering index can achieve nearly natural daylight spectrum hat improves visual acuity and accurate colour perception. Procedure lights with articulating arms and sus-pended from the ceiling are intense light sources that users can move to direct the beam to the area under examination. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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PATHOLOGY LABORATORY Pathology laboratory suites may be comprised of clinical, forensic, or research laboratories, as well as support areas that often include a clinical or forensic morgue and autopsy laboratory; organ storage and specimen and slide preparation laboratories; a microscopy laboratory for specimen and slide reading; possibly a photography laboratory; and a small conference room for review of autopsy materials by pathologists, physicians. Pathology Laboratory. Activities conducted in research, clinical, and forensic pathology laboratories involve the use of diseased and damaged tissues plus contaminated or infectious materials of living organisms. Operations include tissue cutting, dissection, chemical mixing, mechanical manipulation of organs and tissues, biochemical procedures of widely varying nature, microscopy, microbiological culturing, sample preparation, and staining.
Fig. 389
Pathology Laboratory
Glazed ceramic tile or epoxy paint on plaster, concrete block, or water-resistant sheetrock are preferred wall finishes. All surfaces should be impermeable, nonporous, and washable. Extending and sealing wall assemblies to the underside of the structure of floors above helps to controllers and improve directional airflow into pathology laboratories. Flooring should be seamless consisting of a nonslip material with an integral cove base extending at least 4 in. (10 cm) up all walls. Chapter 7: Proposed Program
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ANIMAL LABORATORY Good animal laboratory design includes an efficient layout of facilities for ease of operations plus selection of materials of construction that make it possible to maintain excellent sanitary conditions. Whatever else may have to be omitted from animal research laboratories for reasons of inadequate space and insufficient budgets, no compromise should be made in provisions for maintaining excellent sanitation throughout the facility. Animal facilities can potentially be in any part of a laboratory building. However, under all circumstances, security for research animals is of utmost importance in selecting location of animal laboratories. For this reason and for light cycle control, animal holding rooms do not have windows. The minimum facilities required for small research and teaching laboratories that use modest numbers of small animals use the following room types Individual Rooms. 1 . New animal reception and quarantine area. These are usually closed rooms isolated from the main animal quarters 2 . Animal holding rooms. These are rooms in which cleared animals undergoing or awaiting experimentation are housed, fed, and cleaned 3 . Procedure rooms. These are rooms in which animals receive routine husbandry treatment, and undergo simple procedures 4 . Personnel facilities. These facilities include lockers, showers, toilets, and break rooms to serve animal husbandry and veterinary care workers. 5 . Storage rooms (internal). These contain vermin-proof bins for animal feed, clean bedding, veterinary and other animal care supplies and equipment as required for behavioral, pharmaco-kinetic, and metabolic studies 6 . Storage room (external). This facility holds animal waste for disposal or composting.
Fig. 390 Animal Laboratory
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MICROELECTRONICS LABORATORY
Fig. 391 Plan of
a microelectronics laboratory with multiple work bays.
Fig. 392 Sections through two clean-rooms, showing laminar air flow: Vertical and horizontal
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CHAPTER 8 SUSTAINABILITY
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INTRODUCTION This chapter explains the three general pillars of sustainability. From these 3 pillars, it is then explained how sustainability is applied to the selected project itself.
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1. ECONOMY The City’s economy can be improves by using the same amount of resources. A sustainable economy must be reached; however, that is impossible when the the amount of inputs is in constant increase. Therefore, the community’s efficiency must be increased. Increasing the efficiency of a society or an economy includes efficient land use, developed infrastructure and more advanced technology. . Increase efficiency of society. . Better infrastructure and land-use. . Secure sources of livelihood. . Giving people what they want without compromising quality of life. . Economic growth through tourism.
FACTORS AFFECTING ECONOMY A. TOURISM swan is rich with touristic attractions such as the Nubian Museum, the Unfinished Obelisk, the Aswan A Botanical Gardens and Elephantine Island with its Nubian Village. Its west bank is well known for the Tomb of Nobles and the Mausoleum of Mohammed Shah Aga Khan. Around Aswan there is the infamous Philae Temple, which was built to honor the Goddess Isis, Abu Simbel Temple, Kalabsha Temple and the Aswan High Dam. In addition, the Old Cataract Hotel exists on its riverbank, which is a historic palace that once belonged to King Farouk and is now a five-star hotel.
B. TRANSPORTATION The areas that are highly efficient and productive are the ones that are easily accessible through an easy and available means of transportation. This will allow the productivity of project and increase the job availability. The project should meet the above in ways such as: o Spreading awareness on the importance of preserving touristic destinations. o Spreading awareness about accessibility of these destinations.
Fig. 393 Showing carriages in Aswan.
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Fig. 394 Showing taxis in Aswan.
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2. ENVIRONMENT People should take environmental sustainability seriously because we are surrounded by natural resources. Aswan has a huge variety of natural resources. Sustaining those resources will help us in the long run and help Aswan people to use new technologies and preserve their identity. . Reducing energy consumption. . Recycling. . Eco-friendly building materials. . Managing Natural Resources that they are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish themselves.
Energy The sustainable records in Aswan, are divided into energy, wind, building materials & the river. Pointing out energy, Aswan is rich with solar energy due to it’s obviously high temperature s. Therefore, Aswan people can benefit from the high temperatures and strong sun rays in producing electricity through solar panels.
Wind The wind velocity lies between 9.6 miles/hr to 10.9 miles/hr which is going to enhance electricity production techniques, as there are many ways to benefit from the wind motion such as planting wind roses to produce electricity. Moreover, wind speed and its flow in general helps in natural ventilation as it cools down the temperatures.
Building Material The building material used in Aswan is Mud-brick and Adobe bricks as they are Environmentally friendly local materials with high abundance.
Nile River - Aids in Agricultural activities. - Used through the High Dam to generate electricity.
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3. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Social interaction:
Architecture social interaction is considered as one of the problems that should face by architects to improve the social sustainability quality .the architectural spaces must be designed to enhance the human interactions. The level of the social interaction in different spaces can be controlled by socialization quality, and this can make a difference in the development of the social sustainability
Architectural identity:
Architecture has the power to create an identity for the spaces. This identity changed from place to another, and therefore it is the distinctive element of the place. We can improve social sustainability by creates architecture identity for spaces and preserve historic sites. Architecture buildings in the country should be respect the history of the city and its own culture to preserve its identity
Social participation:
Social activities and interactions among people are necessary to promote social sustainability. Activities have an ability to give persons a value in the community and will feel belonging. The diversity of activities affects the success of the architectural spaces. The improvement of social sustainability can be delivered from lights, materials, heights, proportions and its shape.
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SOCIAL ASPECT The social aspect is an important pillar in pursuing sustainability in our project as it is the aspect that affects the people’s wellbeing and health directly. o Segregation problems should be solved. o Locals comfort and health should be improved. o Environment creation should be pleased for interaction. o Workers’ productivity should be enhanced.
Fig. 395 Showing social sustainability factors.
ECONOMICAL ASPECT
Economic aspects are of great value in projects such as the science center. The project needs to work on the economic aspect through two dimensions. The first is the project and how it uses efficient systems to to stay economically efficient through all its phases from the beginning of the design phase till the implementation and functional phases. The second is the project will be an income generating facility for the locals themselves. The economical aspect works on: o Enhancing the productivity of the workers. o Reduction of operating costs. o Building a life cycle. o Increasing the value of the project.
Fig. 396 Showing economical sustainability factors.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT The project’s goal should already serve the environmental aspect and research into it. So the environmental aspect will have a great impact on the project. The project will aim at: o Reserving and restoring the natural resources. o Protecting the ecosystem o Reducing the emissions. o Conserving water. o Reducing waste. o Controlling the temperature.
Fig. 397 Showing environmental sustainability factors.
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Business sustainability mainly mean how to maintain the profitability of the project and how the project economical part will be sustains it consists of: Commercial part of the project and how it the project will cover the maintenance of multiple parts of the project. Holistic approach meaning how will the different parts of the project will interact to produce a successful planed, organized outcomes of the project, this includes the outcomes of research and the required atmosphere and materials for consistent outcome.
Micro circular economy of the project, and it varies through the type Project selected weather it’s plant, medicine, biology, astronomy etc. The micro circular economy affects how the project is affected and affect the economy of Aswan by the outcomes of these research and it’s implementation in the project and the city. Steps to Attain business sustainability: The produced researches will be used to create the latest technological crafts and products to be soled withing the project’s campus, and to the local and national stores making the project unique through it’s products and research. A consistent articulating of spaces through dynamic design to make the spaces fit the occurring line of research and production, for example, if a certain research requires certain types of laps, and these laps require certain workshops, changing the articulation will increase the research and production rate which as result will increase the business successes rate.
The produced researches will be used to create the latest technological crafts and products to be soled withing the project’s campus, and to the local and national stores.. Chapter 8: Sustainability
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WHY AUTONOMY RELATES TO SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
-Multiple Energy sources -Multiple Water Sources -Disaster Fortitude Design -Emphasis on passive systems -Reduced Environmental Effects -Flood Plain evaluation of building location
SUSTAINABILITY AUTONOMY -Energy Reduction Energy Independence -Renewable Energy ProducWater Independence tion Renewable Resources -Recycled Water Resource storage -Local Materials Environmental Effects -Community responsibility Community Support -Access to Transportation -Indoor environmental quality
From the researchers’ point of view Autonomy includes the common points between Resilience and Sustainability. -Energy Independence -Water Independence -Renewable Resources -Resource storage -Environmental Effects -Community Support In conclusion, economy, environment and social sustainability are all 3 main important pillars in sustainability. If tourism and transportation developed in an ecological path that consumes less energy and uses resources that are already existing within the society of a rich culture, identity and adequate social interaction, it will result an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable society that will attract more tourism as well as preserve the nature and identity of the community we live in.
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CHAPTER 9 ADAPTION WITH PANDEMICS
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INTRODUCTION This chapter will be discussing how architecture is adapting in order to prevent pandemics.
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The Discourse impact of architectural medicine to prevent from current and future pandemic
The creation of the radiant city started the movement of the architecture articulation to respond as a medical environment for patients. Le Corbuseir start this movement , instating the concepts for how to translate medicine into architecture spaces. Fig.1
Fig. 398 The Radiant City, LeCorbisue.
Patinas environments where reshaped to cope with the need of the treatment of Tuberculoses spaces changed form the traditional patient environment from one space gathering the patients with mechanical ventilations. Fig.2.
Fig. 399 Walter
Wropios. Commun Gym for Apartment.
The nature of Tuberculoses requires , open spaces, green vegetation, almost to none noise , visual comfort of spaces , color etc. This is where the designs guidelines for designing these spaces. Fig.3
Fig. 400 Le
Corbusier, Architecture et urborisume usbended garden, Immenuble Wanner, Geneve. 1928-129
Info graphic where used for both the visual comfort of the patients and as a guidance for the circulation of the patinas in the environment. Fig.4
Fig. 401 Colorin architecture, Hospital
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Rooms designs and enclosed spaces changed to accumulate a new concept for personal hygiene. Fig.5
Fig. 402 Patient
Alato 1928
room design, Alvar
The terraces of the hospitals became the main space of circulation of the hole project back then. Fig.6
Fig. 403 Open
spaces design during Tuberculoses.
Details of the project where affected by the nature of the disease. Sinks where redesigned to prevent the flow of the water from making noises. Fig.7
Fig. 404 The
sinks
new Curved design of
Connection of window to the ground and base where redesigned to a curve inside of a straight connection to the ground to prevent the accumulation of dust. Fig.8
Fig. 405 Thecurvedconnectionground
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STRATEGIES LEARNED FROM TUBERCULOSES Designing architecture according the prevention and curing of Covid 19 pandemic.
Designing the Project as a small scaled radiant city With Spaces, and environmental landscape design to prevent covid from spreading. Fig.9
Fig. 406 Open space design.
Spacing , circulation of air flow , and the circulation of Project users to prevent the direct interaction in enclosed spaces.
Fig. 407 Radiation sterilization
It’s all about the details. The details of the project will be designed to accumulate as minimum bacteria as possible, with some space can be exposed that accumulate huge crowed to be sterilize with medical radiation. Fig.10 and Fig.11.
Fig. 408 Alver Alato
space design.
sketch showing
Using colors as info graphic in architecture to guide crown and to separate space without physical separations. Fig.12.
Fig. 409 Spaces division using colors
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CHAPTER 10 INDIVIDUAL WORK
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AHMED HUSSEIN FARGHAL
ABSTRACT From the stand point Aswan is rich with history and culture , Most of its people suffer from low quality lifestyle , High rates of unemployment , and unused nature resources , that’s all can be used to make the revive of the new Modern technological Nubian life style.
Fig. 410 Aswan natural sources
(2010 by Per Storemyr)
Fig. 411 Aswan
culture (2012 by The Vibrant Nubian Lifestyle)
Fig. 412 AswanHistory(2016by
viator)
MISSION Our mission to make an icon of new generation of science center that can effect on the community to develop and grow their city with new technology and science by using autonomy approach.
OBJECTIVE 1- Using technology like parameters , engineering and geology to improve field productivity 2- Bringing back the Nubian culture by reviving the history of its Archaeology 3- Creating a science icon in Aswan to build a community with new generation mentality 4-Autonomy approach A-Technological Research center B-Social culture educational spaces and training spaces C-Artistic , Attraction spot for scientific tourism
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AHMED HUSSEIN FARGHAL CONCEPT 1: ICONIC
The site is located Aswan between the two dams on Awaad Island, a very important and deeply rooted place, where the two most dominant participants are the nature and Philae temple. The project’s biggest challenge is to prove that dealing with traditional contexts doesn’t require historical mimicry. In addition such ancient contexts are not compatible with imported foreign design approaches that completely ignore the roots of the place and are mostly imported for their Factor. In this context, I connected every aspect designed with what has already been there.
INSPIRATION
REVIVE
Fig. 413 Building Layers
One of the most feasible was the construction of a protective dam on the western side of the island. This would effectively cut off the island from the main flow of the river and, theoretically, let it rest in a lower-level lake of its own. Finally it was decided to dismantle the monuments and re-erect them on another, higher island, Agilkai, slightly to the northwest of Philae. After all this year we decided to revive the culture in another shape of technology and autosomes by deconstruction the design and feeding the project with the design elements.
STRUCTURE SYSTEM Using double-layer stainless steel rod net structure covering it by façade giving big high and spans. Chapter 10: Individual Work
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AHMED HUSSEIN FARGHAL CONCEPT 2: PHILOSOPHY
Budling concept is coming from forest and how it diffuse the sunlight and at the same time using it to grow up , By getting high from ground temperature and using it to make a social attraction and a spot on the science center.
INSPIRATION
Floating Budling In the south and east the building opens onto a spacious public plaza, Shielding the adjoining residential quarters in the north from the busy roads. At the same time the museum forecourt is not only the place where visitors arrive but also somewhere the inhabitants of the neighboring districts can spend time. Trees and expanses of greenery create a natural transition and a visual dividing line between the exhibition building and the road.
Building Round Ramp Attraction Point
STRUCTURE SYSTEM The new building’s key element is a floating structure measuring 133.5m x 133.5m, which rises above the pedestal building at a height of around 20m. This roof is supported by numerous, extremely slender columns, which, based on the image of a bamboo grove, form a concentrated forest of columns. They create a spatial transition from the public road to the scientific exhibition area. Chapter 10: Individual Work
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The Nubian Power moment refers to the common human experience of suddenly understanding a previously incomprehensible problem or concept. It is a psychological term that attempts to describe the process in problem solving when a previously unsalvable puzzle becomes suddenly clear and obvious. Often the lifetime of Nubian through the history has been creating a different types of architecture saving their self from desert and creating a special design.
INSPIRATION
THE NUBIAN POWER
Building Layers Main Spot Terrain Levels
STRUCTURE SYSTEM Structure used retain walls and in the middle frame structure to create wide spans.
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TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES The project is mainly is dealing with bringing back to importance of Aswan historical place to the culture again wearing the new clothes of technology and sustainability using autonomy approach.
SHADING SYSTEM At night, the building comes alive as “the city’s cultural lighthouse” as a changing colored light show illuminates the white fabric façade.
Fig. 414 EachTeflon-coated fiberglass membrane cloth is
attached to a grid of pre-stressed stainless steel cables and arranged in a traditional Arabian pattern.
Fig. 415 Budling is covered by a striking geometric façade
that doubles as a sunshade providing visual interest and protection against the sun, while maintaining maximum light penetration.
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AHMED HUSSEIN FARGHAL TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES
The project is mainly is dealing with bringing back to importance of Aswan historical place to the culture again wearing the new clothes of technology and sustainability using autonomy approach.
SHADING SYSTEM The remodeling of the existing parking lot in the small seaport town of Youghal quickly became an iconic visual symbol for the town. The 12 umbrellas that measure 6 x 6 m cover the former parking lot and convert it into a meeting place capable of withstanding a wide range of weather conditions.
Fig. 416 Tulip umbrella
SOLAR CELLS California academy science center example using, A solar canopy around the perimeter of the Living Roof contains 60,000 photovoltaic cells that supply almost 213,000 kWh of clean energy per year (at least 5 percent of the Academy’s standard energy needs)—and prevents the release of more than 405,000 pounds of greenhouse gas emissions annually.
We also harness energy in several smaller ways throughout the building. Sensor faucets in the bathrooms charge themselves with each use, for example (flowing water causes an internal turbine to generate power and charge the battery pack), while heat recovery systems capture and utilize heat produced by HVAC equipment, reducing heating energy. Chapter 10: Individual Work
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S
AILING TOWARDS
AUTONOMY
Aswan’s craft of Boat craft dates back to the pharos making the city an autonomus crafts Studing the Maquettes created by boat engineers, and studing it’s concepts of design and creation. It was clear That applying these concepts on a large scale architecture can be applied to revivle the autonomus craft in aswan and to find solutions that can be redesigned for a more technelogicaly advanced structure and design.
Fig. 417 shows the cross section of boats deck , and the grid used to
attached the wood parts of the boats to withstand the loads, and the pressure of the nile and sea. These concepts will be applied to the structure of the Project in diffrenet materials to adapt the nature of the project, and using kinetic systems to adabt the functions of the project.
Fig. 418 shows the unique structure system of the Sailing boat, con-
sists of main Strud as shown in the figure, attchaced to a support Robes with below hinges. The concept of Robes attached to a main Strud will inspire the deisgn of the Observatory tower and it’s connection to the rest of the project making structural expressionistic design to the tower and it’s connection to the rest of the project.
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Experminig with Physical Maqutte allowed the concept of the formation of space using the phormology of the sails in the boat, to give different unique designs
The forces of sculbting this form with sails was the forces of meaning of each space, and how it communicate to the use, for example in fig, 4,5, and 6, the design followed the idea of exploration of surrounding enviroment , that usually the obesrvatory tower gives to the uses.
Structural expressionasim where the main driving style to this maqutte design, as this ideology where the other force that shaped and made the materials sway’s to make this endless enteraction of sharp and smooth, strong and elegant desplay of structral expressionasim.
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Creating a
Digital model
The curvature of the Double roofing will be deigned to control the flow of air withing the project and within the urban landscape of the project mimic the idea of the sailing boat controling the flow of water withing it’s body.
Kinetic paneling will be used to control the micro climet of each building using smart sensores to detect the amount of air needed to be inserted and deflected to and from the building.
An ealry preview of the formation of spaces, structure system, and the formation of the Shells enclousing the Project’s spaces.
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Creating a
Digital model
Mimicing the ideology of the Sailing boat structure system. The Beams the transfers the loads from the shells to the base The shells of the project. Base of the project.
Structure system
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L
EARNING
FROM NATURE
Taking Inspiratoin from Fenestraria Plant and it’s adaptation in a harsh desert weather like Aswan.
Roots and Dynamic Shape helps to structurealy maintain and prevent it from collabes this startidy will be used in the structure system of parts of the project
The Crysals like interior of the Plants helps dynamicly moves the light into the body of the Plants, this stratigy will be used to tranfere light into the project into interesting way’s to guid and tell stories through the light.
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Experminig with Physical Maqutte allowed the concept of the formation of space using the phormology of the sails in the boat, to give different unique designs
Physical maqutte was built in the same morpholgy of the plants structure, that consits of a grid of leave like coloumns.
Mimicing this concept the Maqutte shows the formation of spaces with same ideology of the formation of the Plant.
The Shells will allow intereisting light, unique shapes, a dynamic spacial
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EAVING
THE FUTURE
Craft as weaving is a tradition in Aswan the weaving skill is enhareted from father to son to be bassed along for generation and generation to come.
The ideology of the weaving process inpired the concept of the design , to take this concept and merger it with the technologies that came to the fasion industry.
Technologies as, mergeing sensors, lights, and artificial intelegance to the fasion to perfectly meets the need of the user. The idea will be to mimic the process of making a woven structure and analys it’s functions.
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Mimicing the details.
Each type of knitting, and shape allows for different air flow with different speed, for example in the upove sketch shows the trianular nitting that let less air flow but can with stand strong tenstion.
this type of nitting the ordenary knitt allows for maximum air with intermediat tension ,
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This type of knitting will be used in areas that requre minimum air flow but requre heavy shell that needs strong structure
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Digital model was made to test out different configurations of the knitting concepts.
This type of form where created by merging the typology of the land in Aswan’s site and the maximum amount of tension this structure can withhold.
The model showed positive air flow throgh out it space with maximum lighting and maximum tension
The formation of the hole project will be a seirs of knitting insired strucutres each fullfilling the function that each of spaces needs
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Emadeldeen Hamdy Abdalmaged ‘’ Lets make the future bring back and revive our past civilization ‘’ ‘’ The discovery of agriculture was the first big step toward a civilized life ‘’ Keith, A.
1- Abstract: The inhabitants of Aswan Governorate, especially the Nubians, face many continuing problems from the last century until now, and although civilization there is considered one of the most important civilizations in history; However, most of the governorate’s villages are going through a phase of marginalization and neglect, and most of the governorate’s residents suffer from a low-quality standard of living and a high increase in unemployment rates, in addition to their constant complaints of government neglect. Especially since Agricultural life and its resources are the most important and common element throughout the history of Aswan civilization; Agriculture is the strongest auxiliary element in the process of restoring lost civilizational progress in the governorate. Therefore, A.S.C. Came to be the hope to revive this agricultural civilization and to take advantage of these neglected resources by using and harnessing the science and technology necessary to create new technologies that work to improve the agriculture process in Aswan Governorate and provide and Teach those scientific tools to the local population.
2- Mission: The main missions of A.S.C. Are: 1- establish a scientific institution to help the people of Aswan learn new agricultural techniques . 2-Creating specialized mechanisms to address the problem of water shortage. 3- Making Aswan a new scientific beacon in the south that works to attract investors from all over the world.
3- Objectives: 1- Revive the old civilization in modern technology methods 2- Reduce the rate of the unemployment 3- Preserving water resources 4- Introduction of modern agriculture technologies like genetics and nanotechnology 5- Work to attract investors from all over the world 6- The attempt to solve the problem of the AL NAHDA Dam
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Revive The Old Urban Fabric CONCEPT (1)
One of the worst events on the minds of the people of Aswan and the Nubians is that period when the government resettled people in a new location far from their original home next to the dam. After the displacement, the people discovered that the new site and these new buildings did not fit with their daily life and culture, and that these new villages were far from the Nile river, which represented the secret of life in their old land, especially since most of the residents, if not all, were working in the field of agriculture.
Fig. 419 Old
Nubian Villages Urban Fabric, That close to Nile and agriculture lands, 1962
Fig. 420 The
Nubians and the implementation of the government's decision to leave their villages 1963
The main idea: is to revive the old Nubian urban fabric which was randomly distributed clusters around the Nile, this inspiration will transform the project masses into cluster such as their old villages design that will work to connect people more with the project and feel the return of their past, civilization and old culture again. The residents will be the first to help maintain and support the project, also helping them to learn new scientific methods that A.S.C will provided it like clean energy, agriculture nano technology and water efficiency system. This will make the population more interactive in the project, which will lead to helping them increase their culture and keep pace with the advanced sciences in the field of agriculture.
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Fig. 421 Urban
plan of the new resettlements in komombo 1964
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EMAD ELDEEN HAMDY Fig. 422 Layer 2
Fig. 423 Layer 1
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Private Semi Private Private Private Semi Public
Semi Public
Public
Conceptual Sketch Of The Forum Hub and Observatory Tower Layer 1: By integrate the Old Nubian urban fabric with the simplified cells of the plant according to the theme (Agricultural Science Centre). Layer 2: Since the court is the most important and common element in Nubian house, and all members spend most time and meet together in that court, so I want the central piazza not only to be a cross road but to become place where scientists and researchers cant met and share ideas together which called Forum Hub. Concept 1 Inspiration
Fig. 424 Al Awali Science City is 2016 World Architecture Festival Winner, which project masses arranged as a clusters and create
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Effect of the Surroundings CONCEPT (2)
Layer1: By Looking at the most important surrounding buildings and structure, we find that those landmarks are considered to have an agricultural function, such as the Philae park, which is one of the most important botanical parks in Aswan. The Nile Museum, which specializes in displaying some phenomenal and distinctive plants, and of course the museum’s large park that It is considered one of the most important attraction place in the region; And finally, Aswan Dam and Aswan tank. Phila Park
Philea Park Phila Park Axis Axis Nile Nile Axis Axis
Nile Nile Museum Museum & & Park Axis Park Axis Aswan lowdam dam Aswan low & Tank tank Axis & Axis
Fig. 427 Phase1:
Fig. 428 Phase2:
Nile Museum Aswan Tank
Aswan Low Dam
Layer2: By looking and analyzing the old Nubian houses; We find that they are arranged in a tiered and irregular manner over an evenly high surface, in contrast to the new homes that the government provided for them, which are arranged regularly and planned on a clear grid & module.
Fig. 425 The old Aswanites hoses which created by in-
formal generation way
So ; By taking the simplified modular unit from the new arrangement and integrating it with the method of planning and distribution of buildings on the old system; We will find the following:
The axes divided the land to 8 zones; each zone has its own module that created by boundaries
Research Centre
Node
Green Houses
Science Park Node
DIGITAL LIBRARY
Exhibitions Centre Node
Conference Centre Fig. 426 New
Labs & Scientists Offices
Fig. 429 Phase3:
Administration Building
Nubian houses design on regular Grid
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Layer 2 analysis ( Focus on articulation and generation of masses ):
Fig. 430 By
taking the simplified modular unit from the new Nubian arrangement, The project program and the building type determine the number of the simple units and the function between them
Fig. 431 Volumes
are grouped according to the function between each space. Separation of volumes accommodates circulation while defining each box as a separate entity within the structure. Internally, this provides gathering spaces for the visitors groups, forming an urban plan at the scale
Fig. 432 Masses
Fig. 433 This system of separation and set-
Fig. 434 Confirmation of the idea; the rest of
Fig. 435 After completing the distribution
backs is repeated on the upper floors. The setbacks push the volumes inwards to create space for windows that are removed from the ground floor to increase privacy and security.
Fig. 436 The
the masses are articulated and distributed in vertical and graduated way, And the main idea is completed: Solid and Void
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are organized vertically to retain all required adjacencies and visual connections in a compact volume . Each mass is rep-resented by an individual volume , which is then stacked around a central atrium as an organizing principal
of masses; Some platforms are created on the roofs of the blocks to be gathering places or to be used to demonstrate some green architecture technology
Each roof will have a unique greenery covering, visible at each level from the interior spaces Fig. 437
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The Secret of the Nubian Triangle CONCEPT (3)
If the main objective is to revive the lost Aswanic heritage through the Agricultural Sciences Centre; The Nubian Triangle will be the core of the idea. Where this triangle can be found everywhere in Aswan. Layer1: The main Keywords ( Science – Agriculture – Aswan ) will be expressed in three triangles, Each triangle will express some sub-keywords that support their main keyword, then the three triangles will be integrated to create an architectural triangle. Fig. 438
Workshops
Resources
Water Recycle
Civilization
Final Agriculture Architectural Facilities: Triangle Science park and Green Houses Agriculture Science Centre
Research Centre
Social Culture Sustainabilit y
Technology
Fig. 439 Layer 2: Create a theme that inspired from Nubian trian-
gle and apply it in all architecture ways such as building forms, land and hard-scape
Conferenc e Centre and Exhibition
Researc h Centre And labs
Green House
Labs
Science park
Research Centre
Digital Library
Exhibition And Innovation Centre
Conference Centre Administration
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The Interlace is a large residential complex in Singapore consisting of a series of apartment blocks stacked diagonally across one another. And this roughly similar idea to the method of houses arrangement in the old Nubian culture.
Concept 3 Inspiration
Fig. 440 Phaeno is a science Centre in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony,
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Fig. 441 Royal Ontario Museum designed by studio Daniel Libes-
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Technical Studies: Green Facades A training system for green plants that allows the creation of green facades , it could be applied for external facades and interior designs or virtual divisions between different function zones .
Fig. 442 MFO Park, Oerllikton Architect, Zurich
Fig. 443 IKEA Gallery, QAR Architect, Vienna
Fig. 444 The Green Solutions system consists
of fasteners , cables , rods and fittings that are applied according to the need of the project , most of these materials are manufactured in stainless steel.
Adaptive Solar Skin
Fig. 446 The
Solar panels is a self-supporting frontal which surrounds existing buildings by forming a double layer of panels. These solar panels can be connected to work mechanically or electronically. This solar shell helps to be more efficient 40% than the stationary panel. As opened, they shade building interiors during summer months and ventilate the double envelope passively. When the panels close, they shut to allow an external watertight Fig. 445 UNStudio Remodels Hanwha Headquarters In Seoul With
Energy-Generating Facade
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Technical Studies: Self-compacting Nano-Technology concrete Nanotechnology can upgrade the productive capacities in the field of building materials. It has The potential to make it stronger, lighter, cheaper, safer, durable, easy to maintain and more sustainable There are two ways to improve structural materials: By Reinforcing of existing materials, such as concrete and steel, with the addition of nanoparticles in order to improve the properties of bulk material; or by providing all of the structure constructed mainly by new materials, like carbon nanotubes (CNT), when technically and economically feasible
Fig. 447 Jubilee
nano concrete
Church, Rome, Italy that completely built from
Grey-water Treatment System Two major benefits of Grey water use are: 1- Reducing the need for fresh water. Saving on fresh water use can significantly reduce household water bills, but also has a broader community benefit in reducing demands on public water supply. 2- Reducing the amount of wastewater entering sewers or on-site treatment systems. Again, this can benefit the individual household, but also the broader community.
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MISSION “To make Aswan, and hopefully all of Egypt, run on solar power from the solar Energy of Aswan’s sun. To make Egypt dependent on itself for power rather than use foreign power. Egypt has the resources, the science centre is how we can use these resources to our advantage”. OBJECTIVES 1- A research space dedicated to studying the sun, to harness its energy. 2- A research space to keep up with technological advances and develop new ones. 2- Public area with interactive exhibits to teach the outsiders the purpose of research. 3- Raise awareness to solar power use with interactive experiments with the visitors, whether students or tourists and with holding conferences. 4- Desgining a Science park to promote science in a fun way. 5- Conference halls to motivate the students about learning. 6- Achieve the three autonomous approaches through the architectural design and concepts of the project.
PROJECT TYPE: The chosen project type is a SOLAR ENERGY, science centre. what about solar energy and its uses? SOLAR ENERGY BENEFITS: Solar energy is obtained from the sun’s radiation and it can be converted to electricity or heat. Technology has become advanced, we can now harness even more of the solar energy. 1- positive impact on the environment. Solar energy has the most positive impact on the environment unlike other energy sources. It doesn’t produce greenhouse gases, doesn’t contaminate the water, and the production doesn’t create any noise. 2- Reduction in Energy bills/ saves money/ low energy bills. Generating power from the sun saves money because you won’t need to use the city’s electricity. 3- Solar energy is available everywhere. Since solar energy is from the sun, and the sun is available everywhere on Earth so solar energy can be harnessed anywhere, especially regions that are hot. This is beneficial for the places that don’t have access to regular power. 4- No energy loss during transport. Energy is lost with the transportation and distribution to the supply areas. 5- Improves grid securtiy. Solar panel grids are spread out which can help with security from humans and natural disasters. 6- Economy boost. Jobs are created for people to put together the solar panels. 7- low maintenance cost. Very little water for its maintenance is needed. 8- Energy independence. 9- Solar energy is abundant.
Fig. 448 Solar energy panels.
Fig. 449 Solar science centre interior.
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CONCEPT 1
STATEMENT: ‘A REVIVAL OF THE SOLAR KNOWLEDGE’
SOLAR RENAISSANCE: BURNING INTO THE ENLIGHTENMENT What are the sun’s main components and function? What does the sun provide us with? What is the reason for the sun? How do we take advantage of the sun? Why solar science centre in Aswan specifically? The ideas is to harness the power of the sun both physically & metaphorically. This will be achieved by using the sun factors visibility, warmth, linearity of rays, energy, light, movement and a play of shade & shadow. The ancient Egyptian monuments prove that the sun was a major factor for the pharoahs when designing. They studied the sun and its movements and timing. These studies have later been forgotten with the future buildings. This building is a chance to bring back the knowledge of the sun.
Fig. 451 Sketch of
indirect lighting.
HOW THE SUN WAS USED IN PHARAONIC ARCHITECTURE The Ancient Egyptian temples, such as temple of khons, temple of horus and temple of Amon are designed with light in mind. The plan is axial with gradient change of space according to function and the amount of light needed to enter the space. The concept is to use the idea of the gradient change of space from big to smaller, like temple of Horus. KEYWORDS: HIERARCHY OF SPACES GRADIENCE MOVEMENT SEQUENCE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION LIGHT SHADE & SHADOW
Fig. 450 Temples
Temple of khons
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-The sequence of of the project’s functional buildings is from RESEARCHING to DEVELOPING to TEACHING. -The clustering creates a play of shade and shadow. -Orientation and placing of the clusters are according to the studies of the light from the sun. -Pharaonic temples’ hierarchy of spaces. -From space to space.
Fig. 452 Plan conceptual sketch of
concept 1 showing the hierarchy of spaces and clustering.
Fig. 453 3D
conceptual sketch of concept 1 showing the hierarchy of spaces and clustering with the tower.
Fig. 454 Relationship of the sci-
ence centre with the Aswan traditional architecture.
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AUTONOMY APPROACHES IN CONCEPT 1 ARTISTIC AUTONOMY Artistic autonomy is achieved by the aesthetic design of the building with relation to the idea of the sun’s functions. The play of shade and shadow and the redesigning of the ancient Egyptians’ temples. TECHNOLOGICAL AUTONOMY This approach will be achieved with the unique structure system and materials that will allow artistic ways for shade and shadows. The Tensile structure that will be used for shade and as a design element. There will also be new technological advances and equipment for the sun research purposes. SOCIOCULTURAL AUTONOMY The sun is a major part of the Aswan culture. The education spaces will help teach about the benefits of Aswan’s sun.
INSPIRATIONS ABU SIMBEL TEMPLE The ancient Egyptians built the temple with coordination with the sunlight as to shine on ramses ii two days in the year.
BAIT UR ROUF MOSQUE This mosque in Bangladesh was designed to have natural lighting and a play with shade & shadow in new direct and indirect ways.
TEMPLE OF SOBEK-RE as the sun rises, the light shines on what would have been the statue of the god. This pharaonic idea is similar to that of abu simbel temple.
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CONCEPT 2 SITE AND CONTEXTUAL DRIVEN CONCEPT The concept is driven primarily from the site and the contextual factors. The site has beautiful contours that could be used to the advantage of the design. The context of the site has many factors mentioned bellow. Aswan is rich with culture, beauty and amazing views that will be the main focus for the design process of the building. The contours of the site are beneficial because they are high enough to help make the far away view such as the Nile, low dam and temple of philae more visible from the site. There are countless ways to design with contours.
The idea is to use the 6 factors on the right with the design process and the contours. The site’s context is plenty. Aswan is mainly known for its two major architectural styles, the pharaonic and the Nubian. In this concept the focus will be on the Nubian architectural features. such as the color, the domed vaults, and the building materials.
Fig. 455 Conceptual sketch on site.
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Fig. 456 Conceptual sketch of
a complex with the site’s contours. Fig. 457 Conceptual sketch of how the site’s contours can be
used for a vista point.
INSPIRATIONS
FUSHENGYU HOT-SPRING RESORT The inspiration is how the contour on the site was used to shape the building.
Fig. 458 Inspiration 1: Fushengyu hotspring resort.
BEIJING JINHAI LAKE INTERNATIONAL RESORT The inspiration is how the contour was used to make every level open and view the river panoramically.
Fig. 459 Inspiration 1: Beijing jinhai lake international resort.
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AUTONOMY APPROACHES IN CONCEPT 2 ARTISTIC AUTONOMY Artistic autonomy is achieved by the aesthetic design of the building with relation to the contours of the site. Using the site’s contours to form an artistic building. TECHNOLOGICAL AUTONOMY This approach will be achieved with the unique structure system and materials that will allow designs with the contours. There will also be new technological advances and equipment for the sun research purposes. SOCIOCULTURAL AUTONOMY This concept is primarily driven from the context and contours. The culture of Aswan is what drives the idea of the building, its design, form and orientation.
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CONCEPT 3 NEW ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE The concept is a response to Aswan architecture. It expresses architectural and aesthetic autonomy. A project that puts Aswan on the Egypt map. An exploration of new forms and shapes with the application of a variety of materials and an imaginative interplay of solids and voids. PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE An architecture inspired by the key attributes of the old Aswan Architecture. NUBIAN ARCHITECTURE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE NATURE OF ASWAN SUCH AS NILE -Transforming the Nubian Aswan architecture into a new contemporary architecture. Key Nubian Features: Environmentally, socially and culturally passive. 1- Closeness, compactness of clusters. Different levels 2-Colors 3- Materials (mud) 4- Domes and vaults 5- Thick walls 6- Natural ventilation. 7- Courtyard connection. 8- Narrow and few openings- either rectangular or triangular. 9- Organic urban form. 10- A responsive architecture. 11- Encourages socialism. 12- Narrow pathways for shade.
AUTONOMOUS: Concept 3 will introduce a new form of architecture in Aswan. Fig. 460 Sketch transformation of
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Fig. 461 Contemporary conceptual sketch.
nubian houses to modern.
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Fig. 462 Nubian houses.
Fig. 463 Parametric architecture.
AUTONOMY APPROACHES IN CONCEPT ARTISTIC AUTONOMY Artistic autonomy is achieved by introducing a new form of architecture to Aswan by trnasforming the Aswan architecture to a new parametric form. TECHNOLOGICAL AUTONOMY This approach will be achieved with the unique structure system and materials that will be used to achieve this form of design, the parametric. Parametric architecture has unique structure systems, like the shell structure system that will be used to achieve the form. There will also be new technological advances and equipment for the sun research purposes. SOCIOCULTURAL AUTONOMY The Aswan Nubian architecture is a definition of Aswan’s architecture. This definition will transformed in a new way for this concept.
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TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES 1- Tensile Structure A tensile structure covers a large span without use of numerous columns. It is a thin-shell structure that carries only tension. It is a membrane roof that is held together with steel cables. This structural system calls for a small amount of material thanks to the use of thin canvases, which when stretched using steel cables, create surfaces capable of overcoming the forces imposed upon them. Fig. 464 Tensile Positive features: structure joint 1- They work under stress tensile. detail. 2- their ease of pre-fabrication. 3- Their ability to cover large spans. 4- malleability. There are three different main classifications in the field of tensile construction systems: membrane tensioned structures, mesh tensioned, and pneumatic structures. The first relates to structures in which a membrane is held by cables, allowing the distribution of the tensile stresses through its own form. The second case corresponds to structures in which a mesh of cables carries the intrinsic forces, transmitting them to separate elements, for example, sheets of glass or wood. In the third case, a protective membrane is supported by means of air pressure. structure: This system is made up of membranes, rigid structures such as pole and masts, and cables.
-In the project: It could be used as a shading device for outdoor exhibits, events, or as a design element in a building.
Fig. 465 Tensile structure joint details.
Fig. 466 Examples of Tensile structures.
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2- Kinetic Perforated Panels They are a Perforated bronze facade with hinged panels that can open and close like shutters kinetically. Perforated kinetic facade is a kind of perforated metal plate used as shading device and decorating facade, whose decorative effect is different from decorative effect of common metal facade. It is kinetic and opens and shuts automatically. Perforated kinetic facade is made of sheet metal processed. The shape of its holes can be any shape. Perforated kinetic facade is usually made of aluminum (or aluminum alloy), stainless steel, copper, carbon steel and so on. Surface by spraying, anodizing and other special treatment to make it strong, corrosion-resistance and durability. The buildings decorated with it can not only make you have a visual enjoyment, but also provide you with a comfortable environment. -In the project: They could be used as decorations, for shading and could play a part with the play of shade and shadows.
Fig. 467 Examples of
kinetic architecture.
Fig. 468 Al bahar tower kinetic facade.
Fig. 470 Al bahar tower kinetic facade detail.
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Fig. 469 kinetic facade louvres.
Fig. 471 Kinetic facade louvres section.
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3- Shell Structure A reinforced concrete compressive structure that can be shaped in any way. They are thin shells. Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh (see shotcrete). More complex forms of concrete shells have been made, including hyperbolic paraboloids, or saddle shapes, and intersecting parabolic vaults less than 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) thick. Positive Features: 1- Strong structures. 2- Shell allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal supports, giving an open, unobstructed interior. 3- the use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and the construction cost. 4- Concrete is inexpensive and easily cast into compound curves. In the project: It is for curved forms.
Fig. 472 Hyperboloid paraboloid example.
Fig. 473 Sydney opera house.
Fig. 475 Shell structure form types.
Fig. 477 Sydney opera house shell detail and section. Chapter 10: Individual Work
Fig. 474 Shell
tion.
structure construc-
Fig. 476 Hyperboloid paraboloid example.
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CONCEPT #1: RESURRECTION “When the soul is resurrected it recognizes the body through drawings, and the best way to show identity is through the side profile and visible skin.”
The building’s side profile should show its identity and represent it; thus, proving itself to be autonomous and transparent for it shows what it represents.
Fig. 478 Mennatullah Elghazawy by Authors (2021)
URBAN SECTION OF PROJECT
SECTION OF OBSERVATION CUBICLES
PLAN OF OBSERVATION CUBICLES
Fig. 479 Mennatullah Elghazawy by Authors (2021)
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Fig. 480 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
SIDE PROFILE In ancient Egyptian Drawings, people are drawn in side profile; because the side profile is the easiest way to recognize a person and their identity. The side profile of each person is unique and so should the side profile of the building be in order to be autonomous and unique.
Fig. 481 Pharaonic paintings showing side profile
Fig. 482 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
INSPIRATIONS Concept is also inspired by the mountains of Aswan. Creating a new experience for the users linked by innovative ways for vertical circulation. The building will creep onto the slopes of the site blending in with the mountain and having a unique side elevations emphasized with help of the contours.
Fig. 483 Aswan High Dam
Physical Models showing contoured lands with projects creeping and blemding in.
Fig. 484 By Milos Jovanovic (2013)Fig. 485 huaca / espacio y territorio Fig. 486 By Milos Jovanovic (2013)Fig. 487 By Milos Jovanovic (2013)
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CONCEPT #1: RESURRECTION TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES Kinetic Facades A façade that changes dynamically rather than being fixed. Thus, there would be motion on a building’s surface. This will help the building’s side profile to be forever changing always creating a more iconic view than the one before. They respond to the change in the UV index. There are sensors installed all around the building’s facade in otder to detect the change in solar radiation. So it could shade when needed and allow natural light in when needed.
Fig. 488 Jin Young Song (2018)
Fig. 489 Henning Larsen’s moving
facade
Fig. 490 Marta
cia (2015)
Gar-
Aswan’s Patterns on Buildings A pattern is created from the original Aswan building patterns.
Snapping Kinetic Facades A snapping kinetic facade is chosen for the building.
Fig. 491 Building patterns in Aswan
Fig. 492 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
Fig. 493 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
Fig. 494 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
Fig. 495 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
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CONCEPT #2: IMMORTALITY “Linking between Aswan’s nature, local architecture and modern architecture is immortality and autonomy.”
by using local architecture and old local materials and integrating it with modern technological methods and details, an autonomous building will be achieved.
Fig. 496 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
Fig. 497 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
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CONCEPT #2: IMMORTALITY This is an illustration showing the round building and the way it overlooks Aswan’s nature. The glass provides the visitors with natural lighting and allows them to see the beauty of Aswan yet the building is portrayed in a totally autonomous manner.
Fig. 498 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
INSPIRATIONS The building should emerge from Aswan’s local architecture and introduce modern architecture to it and it should also blend in with Aswan’s nature.
Fig. 499 https://static. Fig. 500 http://diyarchitecture.selber-
Fig. 501 Royal Ontario Museum, Canada. By Daniel Libeskind.
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Fig. 502 Negev Monument
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MENNATULLAH AHMED MOSTAFA CONCEPT #2: IMMORTALITY TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES
ETFE - Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene Usage of ETFE Skins in the atrium area as an isolation from the desert surrounding climate. While ETFE is viable replacement for glass and plastic, its flexibility enable the design to take more complex shape creating all the more interesting facade and atrium experience. The ETFE will isolate the interior from the surrounding climate however it will not hinder the users experience and immersion with the environment.
Fig. 503 EVolo competition
ETFE is a light material which be supported easily by a steel truss or frame with different formations enabling the creating of large structures that could connect the building with the mountain side and creating a transitional zone between the outside and the inside of the research facility. An ETFE (Ethylene Tetrafloroethylene) polymer membrane. This panel is divided into 6 triangular surfaces of ETFE that react to pressure and compression according to the wind direction and strength. Properties: -Weight 1% Glass -Completely Transparent -Self-cleaning due to non-stick surface -Covers the entire building -Waterproof -Airtight envelope -Acts as a second skin -Reduces Thermal Loss -Warms up the building during winter
Fig. 505 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
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Fig. 504 EVolo competition
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CONCEPT #3: MISFIT/LONE PROBLEM Lack of greenery.
Lack of pedestrian pathways.
One of the main problems in Aswan is that it is starting to lack vegetation as well as pedestrian pathways. The project’s mission is to solve those problems and add pedestrian pathways as well as greenery making it a continuation to the public realm. Features: - Abandonment of Aswan -Divergence -Simplicity -Use of different materials
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Fig. 506 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
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CONCEPT #3: MISFIT/LONE RECREATIONAL SPACES The project will contain recreational public places for visitors. They will contain greenery, pedestrian pathways, as well spaces for activities.
Fig. 507 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
EXHIBITIONS & INTERACTIVE SPACES Laser Light Panels Interactive Panels in parts of the building that give the users a new experience. The screen reacts according to the visitor’s will and displays certain scenes. The openings in the building allow in natural lighting which gives a warm and comforting ambiance to the visitors.
Fig. 508 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
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CONCEPT #3: MISFIT/LONE INSPIRATIONS The openings and grooves allow in natural lighting as well as created a welcoming, cozy, and relaxing atmosphere on the insides of the building.
Fig. 509 Tetis
Coffee Table by Christine Kröncke.
Fig. 510 Opening
lighting.
in building for
Fig. 511 Lighting in hallways.
Fig. 512 Physical
models with similar impression as the project.
COLLAGE This illustrative collage shows the things this project is inspired by. It uses the light and allows it into the project in an innovative way and acts as a misfit in between the context of Aswan.
Fig. 513 Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
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MENNATULLAH AHMED MOSTAFA CONCEPT #3: MISFIT/LONE TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES LLP - Laser Light Plane Multiple surfaces of the simulation area will have LLP Technology with short range sensors that activate the screens when a visitor approaches the surface. It consist of an infra-red camera that detects cuts in the infrared light beam caused by touches. The screen will then react to display different items based on the visitor’s will.
Inspiration
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Fig. 515 Interactive spaces in museums.
Fig. 516 Interactive spaces in museums.
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).
Copper Sheets Copper sheets have been used to design and construct buildings for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptian designers used copper claddings for the towering temple doors of Amen-Re at Karnak. INSPIRATIONS
Fig. 517 Perforated Copper Sheets.
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Fig. 518 Zahner Factory Expansion / Crawford Architects
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MISSION The mission is to make Aswan one of the biggest scientific cities in the south . Ancient Egypt’s culture was immersed in science. They were great in astronomy as all of their travels were based on the astronomy.
OBJECTIVES Egypt needs to be more connected to it’s science hungry ancestors. This project targets re-searchers, scientists.
AUTONOMY APPROACH ARTISTIC APPROACH
The project should have a specific artistic image to attract visitor to the exhibition part of the project. The aim is to attract a huge amount of people.
TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH
The project should make use of every technological advancement available to deliver the concept of an autonomous science center that specializes in researching and creating new technology.
CONCLUSION The proposed concepts aim to attract scientists researchers and science student to invest their time and knowledge in making Egypt, Aswan specifically to be a scientific landmark.
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MUHAMMAD AHMED KENAWY ASTRONOMY SCIENCE CENTER Global aims are to increase astronomy and related science knowledge to all areas of the population by offering subject-specific classes, exercises, and intelligent media. As one of the fundamental sciences, astronomy provides a broad variety of fields of interest, such as physical chemistry, science, science, topography, antiquarianism, but also history. Clinical and metropolitan divisions of public life, literature, and craftsmanship. It is an amazing device to give the life of individuals as an interest or a career another perspective. We trust a strong way of life and social ties with advancement by acquaintance with stargazing. The goals associated with the actual field of the Astronomy and Science Center are to generate public expectations and emphasis on science in the type of smart and educational parks, where the general population can cooperate with galactic hardware conducting cosmic perceptions on their own just as different visitors are interested in the matter.
Fig. 519 MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021).
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MUHAMMAD AHMED KENAWY Concept one Ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to analyze and study the science of astronomy. They used this knowledge in their everyday life including their architecture. Andromeda Galaxy is the closest galaxy to our galaxy Milky Way, and it was captured more than once. So, I take the structure of this galaxy ‘‘elliptical shape’’ to be reflected on my masses. And using the observatory tower to be at the center of the masses, in order to simulate the structure of the galaxy .. the center of the galaxy and the spiral stars arranged around it in an elliptical way.
Fig. 521 Andromeda Galaxy
Fig. 522 MUHAMMED
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Fig. 523 Observatory tower
Fig. 520 Conceptual mass
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using the observatory tower to be at the centre of the masses, in order to capture the Galaxies and celestial bodies from there.
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MUHAMMAD AHMED KENAWY Concept two Aswan and the stunning scenery The use of sand-tones lines to form the building mass in order to achieve the harmony between project masses and the land contour lines
Fig. 524 MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021).
Fig. 525 MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021).
Fig. 526 MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021).
Environmental technique The use of spaces that are used in gatherings to be underground to avoid high temperature in the morning figure 1
Fig. 527 Section
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MUHAMMAD AHMED KENAWY Concept three: aswan story telling
Telling the reason why Aswan become one of the prime cities in south of Egypt, the story of it & its creation through astronomy architecture The constellation Cassiopeia the Queen is one of the easiest constellations to find the Andromeda galaxy *The Andromeda galaxy is the closest galaxy to our planet earth
+ Aswan existing grid
Fig. 528 c
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= Constellation Cassiopeia structure
Fig. 529 Andromeda galaxy
Generated grid
Mixing between existing grid of Aswan city and the Constellation Cassiopeia structure to generate axes connecting between all the masses * Respecting Aswan heritage by applying exiting prototype grid and constellation Cassiopeia structure for achieving the meaning of astronomy of my project
Fig. 530 Conceptual mass
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1.Artificial intelligence AI has begun removing much of the manual work and improving optimization by taking all things from weather and site conditions to virtual walkways efficiently into account. Robots, robotics, and the Internet of Things have begun to help construct and design buildings that are more functional and can work wonders in the future. Fig. 531 Artificial intelligence
2.Generative Design It uses artificial intelligence to use a series of algorithms to create design choices. Based on basic design specifications such as materials, budget, and construction techniques, it offers several design choices. This can offer a thorough beginning to a certain notion with greater possibilities. ‘‘Guangzhou Opera House _ Zaha Hadid Architects’’
Fig. 532 Generative Design
3.Virtual Reality In a real-life-like experience, VR helps me to better illustrate my ideas and concepts to my guests. Thanks to the interactions it provides, VR can help to build more effective and user-specific designs.
Fig. 533 Virtual Reality
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4.Additive Design in the form of 3D and 4D printing
In the construction and design process, the additive design requires both human and artificial intelligence. More robots and humans will work together to create a project of greater productivity as soon as possible. There have been trials of houses being designed by a few countries by this technology by now and in the coming years, this will truly ignite a new trend in architecture.
Fig. 534 Additive Design in the form of 3D and 4D printing
5.Augmented reality
By overlaying 2D over 3D, AR adds to the real-life experience. It functions like providing the 2D plan with 3D sound and touch effects so that the user can also feel the materials or the message put into the template.
Fig. 535 Augmented reality
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MERNA AMR AZMY MISSION AND OBJECTIVES MISSION As we all know that ancient Egypt has one of the biggest cultures it included great things and one of the significant things is science. Ancient Egypt’s culture was immersed in science as one of the most known thing about Egypt which is mummification also they were great in astronomy as all of their travels were based on the astronomy also the location of some of their buildings specially temples were very specific according to how the sun and moon will shine over the building for example how the sun shines over the statue of the Pharaoh’s in Abu simple temple . to conclude the mission is to make Aswan one of the biggest scientific city in the south.
OBJECTIVES Egypt needs to be more connected to it’s science hungry ancestors and therefore this project targets researchers, scientists and scientific students as well as anyone who’s interested in educating themselves. Autonomy Approaches Artistic Approach The project should have a specific artistic image to attract visitor to the exhibition part of the project and that is to attract a huge amount of people to discover scientific advances and to make science more approachable to common people not only the scientific community, in addition it’s important for the building to have an artistic approach to make Aswan a scientific landmark. Technological Approach The project should make use of every technological advancement available to deliver the concept of an autonomous science center that specializes in researching and creating new technology, not only should the building look technologically advanced from the outside but it should use the same technological methods to make the researchers’ work easier. Sociocultural Approach The project also focuses on making education more approachable to the common people by using the science park and the exhibition part of the building to attract common people to explore science and find out if they have interests in educating themselves about different branches of science.
AIM The proposed concepts aim to attract scientists, researchers and science student to invest their time and knowledge in making Egypt specifically Aswan to be a scientific landmark, and also attract common people to know more about scientific advances that barely anyone knows about in a light hearted and easy way.
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MERNA AMR AZMY CELESTIAL BODIES CONCEPT #1 CONCEPT STATEMENT
Ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to analyze and study the science of astronomy, therefore they used this knowledge in their everyday life including there architecture. Specially in the spiritual buildings that have great importance to them like temples and pyramids. Following in their steps this concept is based on analyzing the orbital motions of the celestial bodies.
Fig. 536 Celestial Bodies Concept Sketch
Fig. 537 Celestial Bodies Concept Interior Sketch
TYPES OF SCIENCE Physical science (Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, etc......)
INSPIRATIONS
Fig. 538 Celestial Bodies Concept Inspiration
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MERNA AMR AZMY TECHNICAL STUDIES CONCEPT #1 Smart Exhibition: Types of Technology used:
Symbol Decoder: Visitors can learn how abstract concepts embody concrete objects and how those objects can drive a meaning, theme, or purpose in an artwork. Gaze Tracking: A visitor is given fifteen seconds to look at an artwork or sculpture. While they do this, the Art Lens eye-tracker records their gaze pattern over the item. Visitors can then watch the path their eye took, see how others saw the work, and understand how artists use different techniques to draw gazes to certain aspects of a work of art. Expression and Gesture: Visitors use the Mash-up game to alter facial expressions in artworks and learn how subtle expressions and gestures can alter an entire piece.
Fig. 539 Gaze Tracking Technology
Fig. 540 Smart Wall Technology
Since one of the project’s aims is to connect people to education and help them learn in a fun way this smart exhibition approach should be the best approach. This approach is easy to interact with, very fun and new to people and it is an innovative way to trick people into learning new scientific knowledge by having fun and exploring the new technology. In this approach it’s advised to use interactive screens, gaze tracking technology and game like programs to help people have an unforgeable experience and also learn new things. Fig. 541 Interactive Screens
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MERNA AMR AZMY ZERO CARBON ZERO WASTE CONCEPT #2 Concept Statement:
Inspired by the fact that Aswan has the biggest solar power plant (benban) in Egypt and it produces most of it’s power using sun or hydro power from the high dam. The building should also follow this approach by emitting close to zero carbon and by recycling the wastes produced in the building. Also it should make it’s own energy by using solar power. This could be achieved by using a lot of courtyards , skylights to illuminate the building and plants throughout the building to eliminate carbon waste.
SKETCHES
ZERO CARBON
Fig. 542 Zero Carbon Zero Waste Concept Sketch
Fig. 543 Zero Carbon Building Diagrams
Inspirations
Fig. 544 Zero Carbon Zero Waste Concept Inspiration
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MERNA AMR AZMY TECHNICAL STUDIES CONCEPT #2 Transparent Solar Panels:
The MSU team emphasized on the see-through factor. They developed a transparent luminescent solar concentrator, or TLSC, that can be placed over a window or any other clear surface. The concentrator can harvest solar energy without affecting light transmittance. The technology uses organic molecules which absorb wavelengths of light that are invisible to the human eye, like infrared and ultraviolet light.
Fig. 545 Transparent Solar Panels
Fig. 546 Transparent Solar Panels as Windows
Photo-Voltaic Integrated Shading Devices: Photo-voltaic integrated shading devices (PVSD) refer to the components of building shading devices substituted by or coated with PV elements, which embraces panels, louvers, blinds, overhangs, awnings, and others. The benefits of PVSD include not only the advantages of ordinary shading devices, such as promoting indoor daylight environment, reducing glare, improving visual comfort, minimizing heat gain and cooling loads in the summer, architectural expression potential but also the production of electrical power. Therefore, signifies that at least 24 types of PVSD are theoretically available with almost the same forms. The following table shows the 24 types of photo-voltaic shading devices.
Fig. 547 Photo-voltaic Shading Devices Types
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Fig. 548 Photo-voltaic Shading Device
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Concept Statement: The building should mimic the surrounding environment by blending in with the environment. Since Aswan’s environment is mostly sedimentary the building could be cave like and blend into the surrounding rocks to form an underground building with outdoor facilities on top. - The building should have multiple courtyards and skylights to illuminate it’s underground part. - Inspired by Matmata’s cave vernacular architecture.
Fig. 549 Camouflage Concept Sketch
Inspirations
Fig. 550 Camouflage Concept Inspiration
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Courtyard: Courtyards are not only aesthetically beautiful but offer many benefits to the project such as better ventilation. The open space allows for air movement within the project and natural breezes can substitute for the air conditioning units which could be very expensive and not Eco-friendly. So especially for an underground building it’s very important to have multiple courtyards to emit natural lighting and ventilate the building. The following diagram shows an underground building (camouflage architecture) using courtyards to ventilate and illuminate the project.
Fig. 551 Underground Building With A Courtyard
Underground Building Insulation: The following diagram shows the Layers of insulation required for an underground building.
Fig. 552 Underground building Insulation Layers
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MISSION
Simplicity Egypt has a long history and culture since ancient times, where there are monuments and temples that man has been unable to explain and explain how they were built since that time. Aswan is very rich in the ancient Pharaonic civilization, and it is also rich in other things such as the Nile and rare plants from around the world. Aswan is also distinguished by astronomy, such as the one in the Abu Simbel temple where the sun perpendicularly to the temple. So I want to use these things in my project.
OBJECTIVES
Egypt should be interested in people who are interested in education, as the project is targeting students, researchers and scholars who are interested in educating themselves.
Sociocultural Autonomy
The project makes education more suitable for all people, where information can be given to people in a distinctive way and easily accessible to all groups in terms of the science park and the exhibition to attract people and also make Aswan special in this respect.
Technological Approach
The project must be available with all the technology that facilitates researchers and scientists to research and create new technology. It is not a requirement that the outside shape of the building be only that is used in technology, but the methods of its occurrence and all the technology must be used inside to facilitate the research.
Artistic Autonomy
The project must have artistic images to attract a large number of people to the project and explore information and all various information, and this is not limited to a specific category of people only, but also to all groups of people. The project must be distinguished to make Aswan a scientific and distinguished place of science.
CONCLUSION
The project aims to attract all scientists, researchers and students to know all different sciences and to make Aswan flourish with science and to be a scientific landmark. It is not required that the project be for a group of people with it, but rather that it be for all people and give them information and knowledge in a simple and easy way for everyone.
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MOAMEN MOHAMED EL SAKKA CONCEPT #1 : URBAN FABRIC Concept Info:
Aswan is characterized by a clear and beautiful sky, and through it it is possible to observe astronomy, so the building will be on a contour so that it is the highest point in which astronomy is monitored and also it is placed in a distinctive way and everything can be viewed next to the project.
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Fig. 554 Sky at ASWAN
Fig. 555 Sky at ASWAN
Fig. 556 Plateaus in Aswan
Fig. 557 Plateaus in Aswan
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MOAMEN MOHAMED EL SAKKA CONCEPT #1 : URBAN FABRIC
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CONCEPT #1 : URBAN FABRIC TECHNICAL STUDIES SHADING SYSTEM Because Aswan is very hot, I will use the Shading System in some parts of the building that are permanently exposed to the sun. It is possible to control the opening and closing of this Shading System.
Fig. 558 SHADING SYSTEM
GENERATIVE DESIGN Generative Design mimics how organisms function in nature. It is based on algorithms that produce a number of design variations. You input some parameters and receive in return an outcome that can be adapted into a fully functioning architectural form.
Fig. 559 GENERATIVE DESIGN
VIRTUAL REALITY VR is not just a game anymore. All you need is the headset and a software program. An industry-standard headset, like the Oculus Rift, will ship with all the accessories you need. As for the software program, you can import existing 3-D models from Rhino, Revit, SketchUp into a virtual reality–compatible format.
Fig. 560 VIRTUAL REALITY
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CONCEPT #2 : LOTUS FLOWER Concept Info: As Aswan is famous for its very rare plants and also there are many nature reserves for plants and there is famous for the lotus flower that appears on the Nile and the site is close to the Nile and the lotus flower will be analyzed and placed at the site and heading towards the Nile.
Fig. 561 Lotus Flower
INSPIRATIONS
Fig. 562 Lotus Flower
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CONCEPT #2 : LOTUS FLOWER TECHNICAL STUDIES TOUCHABLE HOLOGRAMS Here is another tool that gives us the option to leave the real world and experience a virtual reality. In fact, Dr. Yoichi Ochiai of Tsukuba University believes this technology could be used for entertainment, medicine, and architecture. So, how does it work? When a person’s hand comes into contact with the 3D image in the second box, the hologram emits ultrasonic radiation pressure.
Fig. 563 TOUCHABLE HOLOGRAMS
ARCHITECTURE ROBOTS This is not a new technology, as robots have been used for years in construction plants. However, robots have been developed to increase their efficiency. Consequently, the robots become lighter, smarter, and able to multitask. As the robots become lighter and smarter, they can go on the construction site itself and progressively make what humans once did.
Fig. 564 Architecture Robots
SMART EVERYTHING “Smart technology” and “Smart Roofs”. Usually, these refer to things that have a responsive technology within. For example, technologies which have sensors that detect temperature changes and are backed up with software are considered smart.
Fig. 565 SMART EVERYTHING
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CONCEPT #3 : ENVIRONMENTAL & ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Concept Info: The building will be environmentally and will be linked to the history of old buildings in Aswan in terms of architectural style. Also, studies will be done on the sun so that it illuminates the spaces according to the time of the sun, such as what happens in the Abu Simbel temple where the sun is perpendicular to the temple
INSPIRATIONS
Fig. 566 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF ASWAN
Fig. 567 Green architecture OF BUILDING
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CONCEPT #3 : ENVIRONMENTAL & ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
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MOAMEN MOHAMED EL SAKKA CONCEPT #3 : ENVIRONMENTAL & ARCHITECTURAL STYLES TECHNICAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICAL
All the elements that make the building environmentally friendly in terms of everything will be used and relied on itself in issuing energy and also recycling anything.
Wind turbines and wind to thermal energy
Geothermal Heat
Photovoltaic
Wind turbines and wind to thermal energy
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Wind turbines and wind to thermal energy
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Smart Grids
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Fig. 568 Ancient Egypt and Technology
Mission Egypt once dominated the world in the fields of science, architecture and construction. So, the mission is to bring back the Egyptian identity that always moves towards being the top any every field. The project will achieve this in the field of Architecture putting Egypt on the top of the international map. Objectives -Creating a place to gather talented and creative scientists and researchers. -Equipping the science center with all the tools needed to achieve the mission -Using the most out of Aswan resources -Discovering new technologies for workspace designing. -Discovering new sustainability techniques to cope with the environment. -Implementing new design features to transform the architectural style. -Creating touristic facilities that help raise money to fund the research part. Artistic Autonomy Artistic autonomy is linked with the aesthetics of the building and the looks of it. The science center will exceed expectations in terms of aesthetics, introducing a new futuristic architectural style to Aswan to shine bright in the old city making it a wonder that has been brought from the future. Technological Autonomy The project will be equipped with the finest, new, most effecient and fittest technological features that is not only new to Aswan but new to Egypt and rare to experience all over the world. Sociocultural Autonomy The project will be able to get the native citizen of Aswan outside their bubble and allow them to experience new technologies to make their lives easier and more effecient. Also, trying to integrate their native inventions to become more up to date. Chapter 10: Individual Work
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OMAR SALAMA SCIENCE OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND FABRICATION The world is entering a new era of building technologies therefore, Egypt that taught the world how to master building technologies from the dawn of history should return to glow again. The science center will focus on experimenting new materials, exploring new building technologies, finding solutions for sustainability and resilience, exploring new fabrication techniques and the role of artificial intelligence and robotics in the field of architecture, to sum up, the center will be a place where the future of architecture is explored.
Fig. 569 Designing Buildings Wiki
Fig. 570 The ‘Programmed Wall’ at ETH Zurich
Fig. 571 ITKE Research Pavilion 2011
Fig. 572 Rob/Arch Rotterdam Workshop
Fig. 573 Pavilion by Andy Payne, Quarra Stone Company,
Fig. 574 Concrete
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Choreography. Image © Axel Cret333
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OMAR SALAMA ISOLATION
ADAPTATION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY The Idea is to create a project that is isolated from the burning hot climate of Aswan -Isolated in terms of architectural style The project will offer a new futuristic style that will transform the looks of Aswan and become a shining star on the old lands, showing the evolution of Architecture and reaching out for the latest techniques and features to display a unique structure. -Seeks sustainability and environment adaptation The project will be equipped with the fittest sustainability features to adapt to Aswan’s harsh climate. The project will be an isolation from the burning sun and the dry climate. -A self sustaining environment The project will be able to create its own energy without relying on other sources, it will also reuse grey water and rely on xeryscape -A large umbrella The project will act as a large umbrella or a bubble to keep isolated from the sun and harsh weather and will create a peaceful secluded environment but with getting the benefits of the views of Aswan -A human beehive Creating a better workplace for workers and scientists to come up with new innovative ideas that could change the world
Fig. 575 Al Fayah park
Fig. 576 Al Fayah park
Fig. 577 Dubai heat islands by MASK architects
Fig. 578 Dubai heat islands by MASK architects
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The figure down below shows how the building form could affect the climate in and outside the site.
Fig. 579 Site radiation effect.
Aswan is the city with the most radiation in the world, so the idea of the project is going to solve a major problem
Fig. 580 Climate analysis
Sketches
Fig. 581 Ancient Egypt and Technology
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TECHNICAL STUDIES
SHADING OPTIMIZATION Shading optimization will help in getting the most of the sun and maintain a cool, shaded area beneath the project’s roof. Optimization will record the amounts of radiation throughout the year and the temperatures in winter and summer and come up with a solution to avoid the sun at its harmful periods. It will also come up with solutions to get the most out of Aswan’s Majestic Views and having suitable amount of daylight. Shading in outdoor spaces will decrease the temperature by almost 10 to 15 degrees Celsius so will transform the climate making it bearable at summer and easy to live in.
Fig. 582 Ancient Egypt and Technology
Fig. 583 Ancient Egypt and Technology
SMART SHADING AND SOLAR PANELS Smart shading will be a major advantage in Aswan as it will enhance the climate. Smart shading includes the choice of correct means of shading, new shading technologies and correct orientation of shading devices. Integrating solar panels with shading device will be a double benefit as it will block harmful radiations coming from the sun and use the through solar panels to generate electricity. Shading devices could be standalone structures that act as landscaping elements which enhances the quality of urban life and gives an aesthetic look to the outdoors. Solar panels are no longer have to be rectangular blocks distributed on the ground they can now be integrated in shading devices and with building roofs.
Fig. 584 Ancient Egypt and Technology
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Fig. 585 Ancient Egypt and Technology
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THE MYTH TURNS REALITY
FUTURISTIC ECOLOGIES
Transforming the theme in Aswan creating an autonomous structure that goes beyond imagination, equipped with futuristic features and exploring the latest technological updates -Futuristic Style Expressing a new futuristic architectural style to be autonomous and unique across Aswan by applying the most recent architectural features, newly experimented materials -The Power Of AI AI has been a rising tool to be used and helps in every field of the human life. So, the project will be using the power of AI to monitor the building completely, detect any clashes and optimize use. -Transformable Structures The project will offer a first time feature in Egypt which is transformation. The building will transform according to two main factors space or use and climate control. The building will kinetically transform by growing out slabs, partitions, shading structures. -Kinetic Facades Kinetic facades has become more common but still not common in Egypt. It will offer climate control will maintaining the beautiful views and scenery when needed. -Optimized Structure and Pathways The project will also rely on optimizing its structure and pathways. Optimizing structure will allow for reducing the materials used in construction while maintaining perfect structure stiffness. Pathways optimization will ensure that pathways offer the least distance traveled to reach desired destination -Latest Lighting technologies New lighting technologies offer better energy usage and better lighting throughout the space. Correct Lighting also helps recognizing each interior and exterior space -Flexible Work Environments The project will offer various work environment options. By the use of flexible partitioning and smart furnishing. Sketches
Fig. 586 Ancient Egypt and Technology
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Fig. 587 Ancient Egypt and Technology
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Fig. 588 Ancient Egypt and Technology
Fig. 589 Ancient Egypt and Technology
KINETIC FACADES Shading optimization will help in getting the most of the sun and maintain a cool, shaded area beneath the project’s roof. Optimization will record the amounts of radiation throughout the year and the temperatures in winter and summer and come up with a solution to avoid the sun at its harmful periods. It will also come up with solutions to get the most out of Aswan’s Majestic Views and having suitable amount of daylight. Shading in outdoor spaces will decrease the temperature by almost 10 to 15 degrees Celsius so will transform the climate making it bearable at summer and easy to live in.
Fig. 590 Zaha Hadid Science City
Fig. 591 Antarctic Port by Sergui Radu Pop
Fig. 592 MVRDV Chengdu Sky Valley
Fig. 593 Zaha Hadid Al Jada center
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TECHNICAL STUDIES
TRANSFORMABLE STRUCTURES A new technology is rising in architecture which structure transformation. The building now can change its state, shape, area and volume. The building will change when more area is needed or climate control is needed. The building will be equipped with motors and transformable floors and walls which change automatically or when needed through computers. Transformation could be in every direction whether vertically or horizontally. This will also change state from season to correspond to climate and allow self shading for example or expand an M.P.U for an event that needs more area.
Fig. 594 Mercedes stadium HOK
Fig. 595 The Shed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro
KINETIC FACADES Kinetic facades is a new technology that allows the building to dynamically change in response to climate, sun direction, views and ventilation. Kinetic facades can be programmed to automatically respond to climate to neutralize the temperature to the comfortable range. Kinetic facades also gives the building an aesthetic look and a wide range of states. Kinetic facades can be installed and fabricated with desired design. The two figures below elaborate the idea of kinetic facades explaining to states. State A is the state where motors have worked to open the panels to allow sunlight and views. State B is the state where motors return to close panels and block sunlight.
Fig. 596 One Ocean Thematic Pavilion by SOMA
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Fig. 597 One Ocean Thematic Pavilion by SOMA
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OMAR SALAMA CENTRAL EMERGENCE
Standing freely the science center will emerge from the lands of the old city towards futurism. This autonomous Entity wil lact as a focus point and an attraction just as the natural unique stone formations in the Nile that occur naturally, stand firm and has a majestic look. The project will also embrace linearity of the nile flowing from north to south and will mimic this behavior by creating a central axis that travels from south to north of the project giving the project a central plaza and balance throughout the project. Keywords: Attraction, Central, Emergence, Autonomy, Focus Point, Linearity, Balance. The project will start as a series of geometrical shapes that will distort towards a specific point
Fig. 598 Geometrical Shapes grid
Fig. 599 Distortion of
grid towards focus point
The figure below shows that the science center could also have a future expansion SCIENCE CENTER
POSSIBLE FUTURE EXPANSION
Fig. 600 Proposed project form
Fig. 601 Future project expansion
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OMAR SALAMA INSPIRATIONS
Fig. 602 Aswan stone formations
Fig. 604 Egypt Nile river
Fig. 603 Zaha Hadid Al Jada central Hub
Fig. 605 Zaha Hadid KAPSARC
Sketches
Fig. 606 Focus point sketches
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Fig. 607 Top view sketches
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FORM GENERATION
Fig. 608 Form generation.
ITERATIONS
Fig. 609 Iterations
TECHNICAL STUDIES The section below shows technical studies linked with the concept. STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION
Structural optimization is a recent technological tool which helps minimize the use of material and increase the stiffness of the structure by calculating the areas with the great loads and focusing materials on these spots whether making it thicker or adding voids in stronger spots and filling the weaker spots so it is using the material with the best way to ensure nothing is designed without use and no material will be wasted.
Fig. 610 Topology optimization
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Fig. 611 Structural Optimization diagram
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Mission The project’s mission is to give scientists the place where they feel pushed to achieve further, where they can research with enough resources and with enough credibility, also another mission is to introduce science in a new Autonomous way, whether by using an artistic, technological or even sociocultural approach to it. Making a new destination where scientists come to research and visitors come to “edutain” is a mission that can be achieved in our chosen site professionally and ecologically, if the resources are used right. Vision The project’s vision is make an impact internationally, to make Aswan’s Science Centre a landmark in Egypt and in the science world, and to visualize Aswan as a southern capital for all people not just tourists. Objectives •
Exploit the location that the Ancient Egyptians used as an adequate place for the astronomical phenomenon “Abu-Simbel temple”. To make a science center with an astronomical research zone within.
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Making a self-sufficient sustainable project by using the resources in the site.
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Forming a futuristic, yet contextual project to attract all visitors using the artistic and sociocultural approaches of autonomy.
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Highlight the project by its futurism and enliven it with the site’s history.
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Attract students and non-scientists toward science, using the edutainment features in the project’. Fig. 612 Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021)
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Concept I
Fig. 613 Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021)
Enlightenment of Knowledge As research center is the main function of the project, as well as represents the main source of knowledge in the project. Therefore: 1) It will be the heart of the project, branching from it the other functions. 2) It will enlighten the whole project. Architecture translation: 1) Centralizing the research center by placing other functions around it. 2) It will enlighten the project in both, Day: using lighting techniques such as a main wide courtyard. Night: using light strong light appliances that are energy sourced from the solar panels placed on top of the research center. As the Research center will be the source of light in the project. Chapter 10: Individual Work
Fig. 614 Conceptual
sketch, presenting the circulation in the project as the research center is in the middle surrounding it the other functions, (Author, 2021)
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Enlightenment of Knowledge Autonomy Approach Technological and Socio-Cultural by using the Technology to lighten the project, whether it’s passive or Electro-mechanical. Research center vertically protruding higher than the other functions around it, like the following figures: • •
Fig. 615 Canadian museum of nature
Fig. 616 Perforated facade
Fig. 617 Courtyard inspiration, Archdaily
Fig. 618 Light Appliance inspiration, Archdaily
To be distinguished easily from far To be capture most of the solar exposure as the solar panels will be placed above it.
Central function will make the visitors meet in the middle which will attract them more towards the research center, which will serve the goal of the project.
Fig. 619
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Fig. 620 Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021)
Steps to a non-flooded future Before the Highdam, Egypt suffered from floods, but thanks to science it was managed to prevent them. These steps to a non-flooded land was the steps to glory. Architecture translation: 1) Idea of floods will be presented in water-based landscape which will decrease as we step up(with contours in our site) till the end of the road which is the Science Center. 2) Will take the fluid motion of the nile and translate it into the circulation of the project, as well as the form of the project. Autonomy Approach Technological Approach towards autonomy as the technology used will be unique and used for the first time in the area. as well as will be self-operated inspired by the high-dam. Therefore, the picture of of science saving the land from floods will be presented using the technologies in the landscape.
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Inspirations
Fig. 621 Conceptual sketch, showing section of project(Author, 2021)
FIG 9 Conceptual model, Pinterest
Fig. 622 Conceptual sketch, showing the circulation of the project (Author, 2021)
FIG 10 Conceptual model, Pinterest
Fig. 623 Landscape technology, PinterestFig. 624 Landscape technology, Pinterest
Fig. 625 Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021)
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Concept III
Fig. 626 Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021)
Horizon Blurring In Egyptian mythology, god of sky (Nut) and god of earth (Geb) have mated to give birth then to Isis, which temple is located right in front of the site on Philae island. Architecture translation: 1) Horizontality in the form of the whole project to blur the line between the sky and earth. 2) Enclosure towards the Isis temple’s cone of vision.
Autonomy Approach Artistic and Socio-cultural approach, as the form respects both, the land topography, the surrounding by making the project completely horizontal.
Fig. 627 Conceptual sketch, showing the circulation of
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Inspirations Horizon Blurring Contours in site is slight, however, the project will not be completely embedded in the contours but will be using them to make the project more horizontal. It will be using local materials in construction, this will merge the future with the past. The building will be ecological in a visual way as it’s going to reflect the contours of the land. Tensile structure will be used in the park in south to shade it.
Fig. 628 Conceptual
thor, 2021)
sketch, (Au-
Fig. 629 Ring House, Pinterest
Fig. 630 Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021)
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Sustainability Environmental and Economical Sustainability: a) Energy Autonomy •
Solar power: As sun exposure is very high in Aswan and in the site due to lack of high buildings around it. so it’s best to exploit this renewable energy.
•
Hydro-power: The fact that the site is so close to the Nile and the high-dam, is itself an inspiring thing to exploit this other renewable energy.
b) Waste Management •
Biological and chemical wastewater treatment
•
Metal waste recycling
c) Using of local materials. d) less using of Air conditioning by design a project with passive cooling techniques.
Social Sustainability: -Forming a project that will serve all visitors from all ages and all classes. The zoning of the project as well as the integration between the educational and research zone will integrate the visitors more. -Using of local workers in both, constructions and within the project, as locals will know the history of the land more, which will reflect the knowledge in the project.
Fig. 631 Zoning, (Author, 2021)
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Technologies Technologies used in the project to achieve sustainability a) Solar panels: The solar panels will be placed in the south of the project as the sun exposure is highest there. The energy produced from that panels will be used in the project. b) Solar glass: Since the Nile is in the south of the site, therefore the view is needed. However solar glass is transparent photovoltaic cells: it can be used to make use of the glass that will be put in the south for the Nile view. c) Rhizofiltration: Filtering Contaminated water, the soil itself absorbs the contamination in the water. This could be helpful in the waste water coming from the chemical labs. d) Oxidation ponds: shallow ponds or lakes designed for wastewater treatment using sunlight as well as bacteria. This technology will be used in the water-based landscape. e) Solar wings: Mashrabiya-like mesh that is used for shading outdoor spaces, it is placed according to the sun orientation and how intense the sun radiation is within these certain areas. f) Pavegen tiles: since the program of the project includes outdoor activities, the flooring system of the science park can be pavegen which is a flooring system that generates energy when it is stepped on, this energy can be used to power minor techs like LED lights. It happens through a wireless system that transfers this energy.
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Technologies Steel Frame Structure It is composed of steel beams as well as columns which are connected together using adequate connections. Steel beams around perimeter of the structure is known as spandrel-beams which masonry walls are placed on them. Will be used in the project to manipulate the contours in the site. The geometry of it will be formed based on a grid with calculated proportions. This structure will easily help in the putting skylights in the project for the functions that need them for lighting, such as the exhibitions as well as the research centre.
Shell Structure
Fig. 632 Kapsarc Zaha Hadid, Saudi Arabia.
Hyperbolic paraboloid based structure made of bended plate structure formed to send applied forces by compression , tension, as well as shear stresses on the surface. Based on the previous urban analysis, the site should be strong enough for such structure to be put upon it. In the second concept, the shell structure is most likely to be used within it, due to the fluid movement that it is inspired from.
Fig. 633 As
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RANA MOHAMED HASSAN Technologies Tensile Structure Tensile structure is a term that refers to the construction of roofs utilizing a layer held set up on steel links. Their most positive characteristics are their pre-fabrication being easy, their ability to cover large spans, and their ductility. This structure will be used in the outdoor spaces, that will be flexible enough to integrate the spaces together as well to shade. This structure will be reflect the image of the futuristic characteristic in the science centre.
Fig. 634 Munich Olympic Stadium / Behnisch and Partners & Frei
Otto, Archdaily.
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LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 1
Autonomy and sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 2
Elements we can apply to autonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 3
Royal Ontario Museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 4
The urban village project by EFFEKT Architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 5
freedom of art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 6
An autonomous house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 7
freedom of art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 8
Kolkata science city, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 9
Outdoor Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 10
Meeting rooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 11
Target Group Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 12
Holographic screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 13
Research center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 14
Galleries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 15
Science labs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 16
Planetarium science centre, Alexandria, Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 17
Urania in Berlin 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 18
le conservatoire national des arts et metiers in paris 1794. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 19
London Science Museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 20
Exploratorium in San Francisco, 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 21
The Child Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 22
Teknikens Hus interactive exhibits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Figure 23
Liberty Science Centre, hand print exhibit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Figure 24
KAPSARC (King Abdullah petroleum studies and research centre), Saudi Arabia.. . . . . . . 32
Figure 25
Location Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 26
locations and their pros.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 27
Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 28
Manchineel tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 29
Giant Redwood tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
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Figure 30
Nepenthes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 31
Welwitschia Mirabilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 32
Coral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 33
Southern Toadlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 34
Eltham Copper butterfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 35 Credit to the researchers: https://issuu.com/nairyabdelshafy/docs/faces_of_nuba_____________________. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Figure 36
Credit to researcher: https://issuu.com/yaraewida/docs/grad_i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 37
Credit to researcher: https://issuu.com/yaraewida/docs/grad_igrad_i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 38 59
credit to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Figure 39 59
credit to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Figure 40 59
credit to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Figure 41 credit to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1110016816000065#f0020ticle/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 42 59
credit to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Figure 43 60
credit to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Figure 44 60
credit to researcher https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#f0020
Figure 45
examples of Nubian Houses and Buildings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 46
examples of Nubian Houses and Buildings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 47
examples of Nubian Houses and Buildings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 48
examples of Nubian Houses and Buildings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 49
examples of Nubian Houses and Buildings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 50
examples of Nubian Houses and Buildings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 51
Nubia Houses Before Resettlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 52
Nubian Houses After The Resettlement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 53
Rectangular mastaba (new). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 356
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Figure 54
Before the Introduction of Mastaba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 55
Traditional Mastaba (old). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 56
After the Introduction of Mastaba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 57
Integration of Mastabas into Nubian Houses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Figure 58
Windows above Mastabas to create a relationship between inside and outside.. . . . . . . . . 64
Figure 59 Hathor among many characteristics, was in charge of helping deceased souls transitioning to the Afterlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Figure 60
Cat, Egyptian, Late Period–Ptolemaic Period, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.. 65
Figure 61
Ancient Egyptian deities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 62
Egyptian ancient papyrus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 63
Abu Simbel Temple in Aswan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 64
Ramses II statue with the sun illumination on his face. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 65
Interior of a Nubian house.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 66
Interior of a Nubian house.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 67
Autonomy in Aswan Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Figure 68
Map of Aswan with 3 proposed sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Figure 69
Aswan Landmarks Map.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Figure 70
Aswan Nile River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figure 71
View of the salouga and ghazal natural reserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figure 72
Typical Nubian Houses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figure 73
Aswan low dam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figure 74
Unfinished Obelisk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figure 75
Fatimid Cemetery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figure 76
Nile Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 77
Philae temple.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 78
Philae island on google Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 79
Aswan International Airport.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 80
Aswan High Dam.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 81
Kalabsha Temple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
357
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 82
The Arab Academy for science, technology & Maritime transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 83
Aswan University Gate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 84
Mahogany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 85
Miswak Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 86
Coconut palms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 87
Jack-fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 88
Tulip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 89
Garonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 90
Gulls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Figure 91
Queen Elizabeth II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Figure 92
Blanch Eons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Figure 93
Nehru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Figure 94
The Bowl Hen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Figure 95
Joseph Bruce Tito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Figure 96
The Water Hen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Figure 97
Building Use Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Figure 98
Building Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Figure 99
Building Heights Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Figure 100
Building Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Figure 101
Building Condition Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Figure 102
Building Condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Figure 103
Urban Fabric Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Figure 104
Sensory features Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Figure 105
Surroundings Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Figure 106
2D site topography map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Figure 107
3D site topography map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Figure 108
3D site topography map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Figure 109
Nubian Museum shot.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Figure 110
Casa Batllo, Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
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LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 111
Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Figure 112
Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Figure 113
Flexibility types and their explanations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Figure 114
FLEXIBILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Figure 115
Facade of Sharifi-Ha House Flexibility 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Figure 116
Facade of Sharifi-Ha House Flexibility 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Figure 117
Facade of Sharifi-Ha House Flexibility 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Figure 118
Mega floor office Terrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Figure 119
Facade of mega floor office Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Figure 120
Mega floor office interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Figure 121
Foundations of a Healthy Building diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Figure 122
‘Hope’ Lavan’s Studio Apartment / MMGS ARCHITECTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Figure 123
Foster and Partners, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Figure 124
Coex Auditorium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Figure 125
Colorful Nubian House.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Figure 126
Nubian Museum in Aswan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Figure 127
Foster and Partners, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Figure 128 Ventilation systems through cross ventilation, stack effect. Source: Hassan Fathy, Architecture for the poor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Figure 129
Atelier Wilda, Architecture Office.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Figure 130
‘Hope’ Lavan’s Studio Apartment / MMGS ARCHITECTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Figure 131
‘Hope’ Lavan’s Studio Apartment / MMGS ARCHITECTS section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Figure 132
Coex Auditorium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Figure 133
View from Minor road showing the gentle slope.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Figure 134
Coex Auditorium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Figure 135
Eastern Midditerranean University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Figure 136
1st Floor Plan of Central Lecture Hall at Eastern Medıterranean Universıty . . . . . . . . . 125
Figure 137
View from CL square recreational area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Figure 138
Electron Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 359
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 139
Science City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Figure 140
Galaxy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Figure 141
Solar Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Figure 142
Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Figure 143
Form Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Figure 144
Accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Figure 145
Project Accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Figure 146
Zoning Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Figure 147
Zoning Analysis 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Figure 148
Zoning Analysis 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Figure 149
Zoning Analysis 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Figure 150
Emergency Stairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Figure 151
Zoning Analysis 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Figure 152
Vertical Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Figure 153
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Figure 154
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Figure 155
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ +0.00 Floor plan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Figure 156
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Cross Section A-A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 157
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ +5.00 Floor plan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Figure 158
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ +10.00 Floor plan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
Figure 159
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Cross Section B-B.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
Figure 160
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Cross Section C-C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
Figure 161
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ 3D shots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
137
Figure 162 THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Wind catcher windows and porous cladding, Technical studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Figure 163
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Internal shots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Figure 164
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Elevation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Figure 165
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Elevation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Figure 166
THE SCIENCE CITY ‘The Loop(Edged Circle)’ Internal shots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 360
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 167
bibliotheca Alexandria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Figure 168
Planetarium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Figure 169
monuments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Figure 170
Accessibility of science city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Figure 171
Zoning Analysis for science city by architects of urbanity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 172
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 173
Science City Section A-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 174
Science city South Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 175
Science City Section A-A’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 176
Science City Soft-scape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 177
Science city Hard-scape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 178 Zoning of spaces serve the premise and goals of the project by integrating the spaces and the landscape to create a full merged experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Figure 179 Roofing of the spaces to provide spaces for activities, and the basic tensile frame of the tent like shell.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Figure 180
Extruding the structure grid to the second floor defining the spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Figure 181
The commercial paces over look the stratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Figure 182
Maquette Presentation Of Tensile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Figure 183
https://www.archdaily.com/948042/eb-2-3-taipas-school-pitagoras-group . . . . . . . . . . 156
Figure 184
https://www.archdaily.com/948042/eb-2-3-taipas-school-pitagoras-group . . . . . . . . . . 156
Figure 185
Site Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 186
Ground Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 187
First Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 188
Elevation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 189
Section 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 190
Elevation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 191
Section 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 192
Section 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 193
-1st Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 194
-2nd Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
361
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 195
Ground Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 196
First Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 197
Ceiling & staircase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 198
Cladding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 199
1st Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 200
2nd Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 201
Cinema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 202
Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 203 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-science-and-cultural-center-cctn-architectural-design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Figure 204 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-science-and-cultural-center-cctn-architectural-design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Figure 205
Ground Floor Plan (0.0m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 206
Floor Plan (+15m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 207
Roof Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 208
Floor Plan (+4.0m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 209
Floor Plan (+15m & +20m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 210
Structure Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 211
Ground Floor Plan (0.0m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Figure 212
Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Figure 213
Elevation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Figure 214
Elevation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Figure 215 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-science-and-cultural-center-cctn-architectural-design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 216 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-science-and-cultural-center-cctn-architectural-design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 217 https://www.archdaily.com/884961/tonghua-science-and-cultural-center-cctn-architectural-design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 218
Heydar aliyev cultural centre sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Figure 219
Heydar aliyev cultural centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Figure 220
Heydar aliyev cultural centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 362
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 221
Level -1.00m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Figure 222
Level -7.00m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Figure 223
Level -11.00m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Figure 224
Level -15.00m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Figure 225
Level -1.00m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Figure 226
Level -7.00m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Figure 227
Level -11.00m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Figure 228
Level -15.00m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Figure 229
Kolkata science city, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Figure 230
Convention Centre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Figure 231
Park.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Figure 232
Exploration Hall.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Figure 233
Space Odyssey Hall and Dynamotion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Figure 234
Kolkata science city layout.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Figure 235
Main Auditorium and Mini-Theatre.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 236
Dynamotion Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 237
Exploration Hall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 238
Convention Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 239
Seminar Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 240
Dynamotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 241
Dynamotion Ground plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 242
Planetarium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 243
Dynamotion from inside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 244
Dynamotion Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 245
Forest City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Figure 246
Forest City Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Figure 247
Forest City Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Figure 248
Forest City Skyline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 363
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 249
Forest City Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Figure 250
Forest City Render. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Figure 251
Exhibition halls and spaces diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Figure 252
Science Spacial relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Figure 253
Technical and services units relation diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Figure 254
Temporary exhibition relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Figure 255
Interactive exhibition relation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Figure 256
Conference facilities relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Figure 257
Main functional bubble diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Figure 258
Research center functional bubble diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Figure 259
Psychological comfort,Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 260
Standard circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 261
Desirable circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 262
Irregular circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 263
Circular circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 264
Free Form circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 265
Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas MET museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 266
Spiral circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 267
One-way circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 268
Fan-shape circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 269
Rectangle circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 270
Rectilinear circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 271
Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Figure 272
Courtyard impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Figure 273
Skylights impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Figure 274
Ideal skylights position , Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Figure 275
Opening in plans impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . 199
Figure 276
Plan design impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . 199 364
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 277
Exhibiting in levels, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Figure 278
Skylight angles, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Figure 279
Plan design impact on lighting, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . 199
Figure 280
Plan types based on circulation, Courtesy of Museum architecture, 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . 200
Figure 281
The interior of auditorium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 282
Courtesy of Theatre Design, McGraw-Hill Book company.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 283
Stage height in relation to viewers standards, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 284
Seats clustering standards, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 285
Seats dimension, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 286
Auditorium floor layers, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Figure 287
Seats Cone of visions horizontally, courtesy of
Figure 288
Seats Cone of visions vertically, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Figure 289
Auditorium width, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Figure 290
Auditorium wall layers, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Figure 291
Different Auditorium plans, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Figure 292
Sapporo Science Center, courtesy of Goto inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Figure 293
Yokkaichi Municipal Museum Planetarium, courtesy of Goto inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Figure 294
A viewer’s cone of vision angles vertically and horizontally, courtesy of Goto inc. . . . . . . 204
Figure 295
Bristol’s We the Curious 3D planetarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Figure 296
Bristol’s We the Curious 3D planetarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Figure 297
Horizontal Dome Planetarium Theater, courtesy of Goto inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Figure 298
Tilted Dome Planetarium Theater, courtesy of Goto inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Figure 299
Sun, moon, and planet projectors, courtesy of Goto inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Figure 300
Ideal seating layout, courtesy of Goto inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Figure 301 Construction in the technical documentation, courtesy of Construction design of high-rise module for low-cost observation tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Figure 302
Circuit of the Americas, Austin, TX Section, Courtesy of Miro Rivera Architects.. . . . . . 206
Figure 303
Circuit of the Americas, Austin, TX Section, Courtesy of Miro Rivera Architects.. . . . . . 206
Figure 304
The Century Project for the Space Needle by Olson Kundig, Seattle, WA, United States. . . 207 365
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 305
Aura by Studio Symbiosis, Delhi, India.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Figure 306
Tower of Spiral by Doarchi, Shenzhen, China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Figure 307
Camp Adventure by EFFEKT, Gisselfeld Klosters Skove, Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Figure 308
Viewing Tower Lommel by Ateliereen Architecten, Lommel, Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Figure 309
Observation Tower by RYSY Architekci, Warsaw, Poland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Figure 310
Observation Tower by RYSY Architekci, Warsaw, Poland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Figure 311
Knut Hamsun Center by Steven Holl Architects, Hamaroy, Norway.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Figure 312 Observation Tower at Château Gruard-Larose by Lanoire & Courrian, architectes, Saint-Julien-Beychevelle, France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Figure 313
Tower of Bricks by Interval Architects, Hengshui, China.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Figure 314
V.R Room.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Figure 315
V.R Room space design standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Figure 316 NEW MULTI-PURPOSE ROOM [LUZZARA - REGGIO EMILIA] ITALYMETALOCUS, ANA DIOSDADO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Figure 317
M.P.U Fixed seating, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Figure 318
M.P.U Flexible seating, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Figure 319
Library seating arrangement dimension, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Figure 320
Library seating arrangement dimension, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Figure 321
Lecture hall square plan impact on student’s cone of vision, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . 212
Figure 322
Nevins Lecture Hall.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Figure 323
Lecture hall section dimensions, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Figure 324
Lecture hall plan impacted by the student’s cone of vision, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . 212
Figure 325
Meeting room standards, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Figure 326
Meeting room different types of plans standards, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Figure 327
Workshop ideal arrangement, Courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Figure 328
Workshop stands dimensions, Courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Figure 329
Workshop at ECPI university.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Figure 330
Lab axonometric, Boston, Massachusetts Northeastern University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Figure 331
Lab table arrangement dimensions, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Figure 332
Lab table arrangement dimensions, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
366
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 333
Aswan Science Centre
Lab table arrangement dimensions, courtesy of Neufert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Figure 334 Scientists at the biotechnology company Affymetrix in Santa Clara, California. Positions in the biotechnology sector are highly sought after.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Figure 335
Lab ideal zoning, courtesy of Neufert.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Figure 336
Plan and section of a typical lab module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Figure 337 The typical lab module is shown here three dimensionally with casework and circulation in the an actual lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Figure 338 When the lab module is organized to work for both orientations, the laboratories are much more flexible than with a one-directional module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Figure 339
Adjacency bubble diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Figure 340
Adjacency matrix diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Figure 341
Single corridor lab design with offices clustered together at the end and in the middle.. . . 221
Figure 342
Single corridor lab design with labs and office adjacent to each other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Figure 343
Single corridor lab design with office clusters accessing main labs directly.. . . . . . . . . . 221
Figure 344
Single centre corridor, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 345
No-corridor building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 346
Internal and perimeter loop corridors, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 347
Combination loop corridors with open office zone, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 348
Single offset corridor, building layout.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 349
Internal loop corridor with core, building Layout.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 350
Combination loop corridors, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 351
Combination loop corridors, building layout.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Figure 352
Combination loop with centre service corridors, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Figure 353
Grid corridor system, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Figure 354
Grid corridor system, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Figure 355
Mobile casework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Figure 356
Mobile base cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Figure 357
Conventional design vs. interstitial design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Figure 358 Lab designed with overhead connects and disconnects allow for flexibility and fast hook up of equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Figure 359
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts located in central core zone, building layout 367
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
226 Figure 360 Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts located in centre with access corridor, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Figure 361 226
View of interstitial floor at Fredrick Hutchinson Cancer Centre Research Laboratory.
Figure 362
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts located in centre, building layout. . . . . 226
Figure 363
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts located at ends, building layout. . . . . . . . . 226
Figure 364 226
View of interstitial floor at Fredrick Hutchinson Cancer Centre Research Laboratory.
Figure 365
Section diagram of laboratory building with Interstitial floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Figure 366
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Figure 367
Typical lab structural grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Figure 368
Section diagram of a lab building with interstitial spaces between floors . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Figure 369 Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing shafts located on exterior walls of lab modules, building layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Figure 370
General or Analytical Chemistry Laboratory:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Figure 371
High-Toxicity Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Figure 372
Materials ’ testing and engineering laboratory Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Figure 373
Foundry laboratory Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Figure 374
Foundry laboratory activity zoning diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Figure 375
View of large internal combustion laboratory and central equipment area. . . . . . . . . 234
Figure 376
Internal combustion engineering laboratory Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Figure 377
View of small internal combustion esting laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Figure 378
Physics laboratory layout with laser table array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Figure 379
Example of a two-module radiation laboratory layout with shower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Figure 380
Example of small irradiation laboratory layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Figure 381
Example of a bio-safety laboratory with multiple cell culture rooms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Figure 382
‘’ L ‘’ Type Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Figure 383
‘’ U ‘’ Type Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Figure 384
‘’ I ‘’ Type Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Figure 385
Teaching Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 368
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 386
Small gross anatomy laboratory Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Figure 387
Anatomy laboratory and support function suite Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Figure 388
Large gross anatomy laboratory layout.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Figure 389
Pathology Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Figure 390
Animal Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Figure 391
Plan of a microelectronics laboratory with multiple work bays.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Figure 392 244
Sections through two clean-rooms, showing laminar air flow: Vertical and horizontal
Figure 393
Showing carriages in Aswan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Figure 394
Showing taxis in Aswan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Figure 395
Showing social sustainability factors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Figure 396
Showing economical sustainability factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Figure 397
Showing environmental sustainability factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Figure 398
The Radiant City, LeCorbisue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Figure 399
Walter Wropios. Commun Gym for Apartment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Figure 400 Le Corbusier, Architecture et urborisume usbended garden, Immenuble Wanner, Geneve. 1928129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Figure 401
Color in architecture, Hospital design 1928. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Figure 402
Patient room design, Alvar Alato 1928. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Figure 403
Open spaces design during Tuberculoses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Figure 404
The new Curved design of sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Figure 405
The curved connection ground to window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Figure 406
Open space design.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Figure 407
Radiation sterilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Figure 408
Alver Alato sketch showing space design.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Figure 409
Spaces division using colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Figure 410
Aswan natural sources (2010 by Per Storemyr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Figure 411
Aswan culture (2012 by The Vibrant Nubian Lifestyle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Figure 412
Aswan History (2016 by viator). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Figure 413
Building Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
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Figure 414 Each Teflon-coated fiberglass membrane cloth is attached to a grid of pre-stressed stainless steel cables and arranged in a traditional Arabian pattern.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Figure 415 Budling is covered by a striking geometric façade that doubles as a sunshade providing visual interest and protection against the sun, while maintaining maximum light penetration.. . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Figure 416
Tulip umbrella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Figure 417 shows the cross section of boats deck , and the grid used to attached the wood parts of the boats to withstand the loads, and the pressure of the nile and sea. These concepts will be applied to the structure of the Project in diffrenet materials to adapt the nature of the project, and using kinetic systems to adabt the functions of the project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Figure 418 shows the unique structure system of the Sailing boat, consists of main Strud as shown in the figure, attchaced to a support Robes with below hinges. The concept of Robes attached to a main Strud will inspire the deisgn of the Observatory tower and it’s connection to the rest of the project making structural expressionistic design to the tower and it’s connection to the rest of the project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Figure 419
Old Nubian Villages Urban Fabric, That close to Nile and agriculture lands, 1962. . . . . . 278
Figure 420 278
The Nubians and the implementation of the government's decision to leave their villages 1963
Figure 421
Urban plan of the new resettlements in komombo 1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Figure 422 Al Awali Science City is 2016 World Architecture Festival Winner, which project masses arranged as a clusters and create an innovative observatory tower as landmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Figure 423
Layer 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Figure 424
Layer 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Figure 425
The old Aswanites hoses which created by informal generation way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Figure 426
New Nubian houses design on regular Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Figure 427
Phase 3:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Figure 428
Phase 1:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Figure 429
Phase 2:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Figure 430 By taking the simplified modular unit from the new Nubian arrangement, The project program and the building type determine the number of the simple units and the function between them. . . . . . . 281 Figure 431 This system of separation and setbacks is repeated on the upper floors. The setbacks push the volumes inwards to create space for windows that are removed from the ground floor to increase privacy and security.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Figure 432 The court is the most important and common element in Nubian house, and all members spend most time and meet together in that court, So all spaces, entrances and circulation routes are oriented towards the central court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Figure 433 Volumes are grouped according to the function between each space. Separation of volumes accommodates circulation while defining each box as a separate entity within the structure. Internally, this pro-
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Aswan Science Centre
vides gathering spaces for the visitors groups, forming an urban plan at the scale of a building. . . . . . . . 281 Figure 434 Confirmation of the idea; the rest of the masses are articulated and distributed in vertical and graduated way, And the main idea is completed: Solid and Void. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Figure 435 281
Each roof will have a unique greenery covering, visible at each level from the interior spaces
Figure 436 Masses are organized vertically to retain all required adjacencies and visual connections in a compact volume . Each mass is rep-resented by an individual volume , which is then stacked around a central atrium as an organizing principal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Figure 437 After completing the distribution of masses; Some platforms are created on the roofs of the blocks to be gathering places or to be used to demonstrate some green architecture technology . . . . . . . 281 Figure 438 Layer1: The main Keywords ( Science – Agriculture – Aswan ) will be expressed in three triangles, Each triangle will express some sub-keywords that support their main keyword, then the three triangles will be integrated to create an architectural triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Figure 439 Layer 2: Create a theme that inspired from Nubian triangle and apply it in all architecture ways such as building forms, land and hard-scape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Figure 440 Phaeno is a science Centre in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, dedicated to physical phenomena and housed in a futuristic building designed by Zaha Hadid Architects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Figure 441 Royal Ontario Museum designed by studio Daniel Libeskind, Bregman + Hamann Architects and it consider the most famous Deconstructivism building in the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Figure 442
MFO Park, Oerllikton Architect, Zurich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Figure 443
UNStudio Remodels Hanwha Headquarters In Seoul With Energy-Generating Facade. . . 284
Figure 444 The Green Solutions system consists of fasteners , cables , rods and fittings that are applied according to the need of the project , most of these materials are manufactured in stainless steel.. . . . . . . . 284 Figure 445
IKEA Gallery, QAR Architect, Vienna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Figure 446 The Solar panels is a self-supporting frontal which surrounds existing buildings by forming a double layer of panels. These solar panels can be connected to work mechanically or electronically. This solar shell helps to be more efficient 40% than the stationary panel. As opened, they shade building interiors during summer months and ventilate the double envelope passively. When the panels close, they shut to allow an external watertight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Figure 447
Jubilee Church, Rome, Italy that completely built from nano concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Figure 448
Solar energy panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Figure 449
Solar science centre interior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Figure 450
Temples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Figure 451
Sketch of indirect lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Figure 452
Plan conceptual sketch of concept 1 showing the hierarchy of spaces and clustering. . . . . 289 371
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Aswan Science Centre
Figure 453 3D conceptual sketch of concept 1 showing the hierarchy of spaces and clustering with the tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Figure 454
Relationship of the science centre with the Aswan traditional architecture.. . . . . . . . . . 289
Figure 455
Conceptual sketch on site.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Figure 456
Conceptual sketch of a complex with the site’s contours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Figure 457
Inspiration 1: Fushengyu hotspring resort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Figure 458
Inspiration 1: Beijing jinhai lake international resort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Figure 459
Conceptual sketch of how the site’s contours can be used for a vista point.. . . . . . . . . . 292
Figure 460
Contemporary conceptual sketch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Figure 461
Sketch transformation of nubian houses to modern.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Figure 462
Nubian houses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Figure 463
Parametric architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Figure 464
Examples of Tensile structures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Figure 465
Tensile structure joint detail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Figure 466
Tensile structure joint details.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Figure 467
Examples of kinetic architecture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Figure 468
Al bahar tower kinetic facade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Figure 469
Al bahar tower kinetic facade detail.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Figure 470
kinetic facade louvres.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Figure 471
Kinetic facade louvres section.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Figure 472
Hyperboloid paraboloid example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Figure 473
Shell structure form types.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Figure 474
Sydney opera house shell detail and section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Figure 475
Sydney opera house.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Figure 476
Hyperboloid paraboloid example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Figure 477
Shell structure construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Figure 478
Mennatullah Elghazawy by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Figure 479
Mennatullah Elghazawy by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Figure 480
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 372
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Aswan Science Centre
Figure 481
Pharaonic paintings showing side profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Figure 482
By Milos Jovanovic (2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Figure 483
huaca / espacio y territorio (2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Figure 484
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Figure 485
Aswan High Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Figure 486
By Milos Jovanovic (2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Figure 487
By Milos Jovanovic (2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Figure 488
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 489
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 490
Jin Young Song (2018). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 491
Henning Larsen’s moving facade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 492
Building patterns in Aswan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 493
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 494
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 495
Marta Garcia (2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Figure 496
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Figure 497
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Figure 498
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Figure 499
Royal Ontario Museum, Canada. By Daniel Libeskind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Figure 500 https://static.wixstatic.com/media/cce1f9_6079b73dc54f44ae82e1a8f65aeff899~mv2.jpg/v1/ fill/w_564,h_701,al_c,q_90/cce1f9_6079b73dc54f44ae82e1a8f65aeff899~mv2.webp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Figure 501
Negev Monument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Figure 502 http://diyarchitecture.selbermachendeko.com/you-only-have-to-cast-your-eyes-on-buildingsto-buildings-cast-concre/. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Figure 503
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Figure 504
EVolo competition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Figure 505
EVolo competition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Figure 506
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Figure 507
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Figure 508
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
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Figure 509
Tetis Coffee Table by Christine Kröncke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Figure 510
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Figure 511
Opening in building for lighting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Figure 512
Lighting in hallways.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Figure 513
Physical models with similar impression as the project.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Figure 514
Interactive spaces in museums.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Figure 515
Perforated Copper Sheets.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Figure 516
Mennatullah Elghazawy, by Authors (2021).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Figure 517
Interactive spaces in museums.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Figure 518
Zahner Factory Expansion / Crawford Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Figure 519
MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Figure 520
Conceptual mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Figure 521
Andromeda Galaxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Figure 522
MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Figure 523
Observatory tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Figure 524
MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Figure 525
MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Figure 526
MUHAMMED AHMED KENAWY, by Authors (2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Figure 527
Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Figure 528
Conceptual mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Figure 529
constellation
Figure 530
Andromeda galaxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Figure 531
Artificial intelligence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Figure 532
Generative Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Figure 533
Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Figure 534
Additive Design in the form of 3D and 4D printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Figure 535
Augmented reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Figure 536
Celestial Bodies Concept Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Figure 537
Celestial Bodies Concept Inspiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Cassiopeia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
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Figure 538
Celestial Bodies Concept Interior Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Figure 539
Gaze Tracking Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Figure 540
Smart Wall Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Figure 541
Interactive Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Figure 542
Zero Carbon Zero Waste Concept Sketch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Figure 543
Zero Carbon Zero Waste Concept Inspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Figure 544
Zero Carbon Building Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Figure 545
Transparent Solar Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Figure 546
Photo-voltaic Shading Devices Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Figure 547
Transparent Solar Panels as Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Figure 548
Photo-voltaic Shading Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Figure 549
Camouflage Concept Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Figure 550
Camouflage Concept Inspiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Figure 551
Underground Building With A Courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Figure 552
Underground building Insulation Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Figure 553
Contour line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Figure 554
Sky at ASWAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Figure 555
Plateaus in Aswan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Figure 556
Sky at ASWAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Figure 557
Plateaus in Aswan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Figure 558
SHADING SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Figure 559
GENERATIVE DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Figure 560
VIRTUAL REALITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Figure 561
Lotus Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Figure 562
Lotus Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Figure 563
TOuchable Holograms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Figure 564
Architecture Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Figure 565
Smart Everything. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Figure 566
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF ASWAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
375
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 567
Green architecture OF BUILDING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Figure 568
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Figure 569
Designing Buildings Wiki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Figure 570
ITKE Research Pavilion 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Figure 571
Pavilion by Andy Payne, Quarra Stone Company,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Figure 572
The ‘Programmed Wall’ at ETH Zurich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Figure 573
Rob/Arch Rotterdam Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Figure 574
Concrete Choreography. Image © Axel Crettenand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Figure 575
Al Fayah park. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Figure 576
Dubai heat islands by MASK architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Figure 577
Al Fayah park. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Figure 578
Dubai heat islands by MASK architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Figure 579
Site radiation effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Figure 580
Climate analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Figure 581
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Figure 582
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Figure 583
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Figure 584
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Figure 585
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Figure 586
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Figure 587
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Figure 588
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Figure 589
Zaha Hadid Science City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Figure 590
MVRDV Chengdu Sky Valley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Figure 591
Ancient Egypt and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Figure 592
Antarctic Port by Sergui Radu Pop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Figure 593
Zaha Hadid Al Jada center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Figure 594
Mercedes stadium HOK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Figure 595
One Ocean Thematic Pavilion by SOMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
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Figure 596
The Shed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Figure 597
One Ocean Thematic Pavilion by SOMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Figure 598
Geometrical Shapes grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Figure 599
Proposed project form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Figure 600
Distortion of grid towards focus point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Figure 601
Future project expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Figure 602
Aswan stone formations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Figure 603
Zaha Hadid Al Jada central Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Figure 604
Focus point sketches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Figure 605
Egypt Nile river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Figure 606
Zaha Hadid KAPSARC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Figure 607
Top view sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Figure 608
Form generation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Figure 609
Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Figure 610
Topology optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Figure 611
Structural Optimization diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Figure 612
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Figure 613 Conceptual sketch, presenting the circulation in the project as the research center is in the middle surrounding it the other functions, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Figure 614
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Figure 615
Canadian museum of nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Figure 616
Courtyard inspiration, Archdaily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Figure 617
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Figure 618
Perforated facade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Figure 619
Light Appliance inspiration,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Figure 620
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Figure 621
Conceptual sketch, showing section of project(Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Figure 622
Conceptual sketch, showing the circulation of the project (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . 355
Figure 623
Landscape technology, Pinterest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 377
LIST OF FIGURES
Aswan Science Centre
Figure 624
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Figure 625
Landscape technology, Pinterest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Figure 626
Conceptual sketch, showing the circulation of the project (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . 356
Figure 627
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Figure 628
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Figure 629
Conceptual sketch, (Author, 2021). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Figure 630
Ring House, Pinterest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Figure 631
Zoning, (Author, 2021) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Figure 632
Kapsarc Zaha Hadid, Saudi Arabia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Figure 633
As conchas de concreto de Félix Candela através de fotografias, Archdaily . . . . . . . . . . 360
Figure 634
Munich Olympic Stadium / Behnisch and Partners & Frei Otto, Archdaily.. . . . . . . . . . 361
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Paul Crowther (1981) Art And Autonomy. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/bjaesthetics/article-abstract/21/1/12/120374?redirectedFrom=PDFW Emil Kaufmann: Inaugurator of a Disciplinary Discourse. Retrieved from http://hct.aaschool.ac.uk/ emil-kaufmann-inagurator-of-a-disciplinary-discourse/ Katsushi Goto. Autonomy of Architecture, Architecture of Autonomy. Retrieved from http://www. uia2017seoul.org/P/papers/Full_paper/Paper/Poster/P-0725.pdf William Thompson (2013) What does “Autonomy” mean in Architectural Theory?. Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net/post/What_does_Autonomy_mean_in_Architectural_Theory Government of India, Ministry of Culture. Guidelines for setting up of Science Cities from https://www. indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Schemes/ScienceEnglish.pdf Trips in Egypt, https://www.tripsinegypt.com/aswan-the-nubian-city/ Designing Buildings Wiki (2020) Kinetic facade. Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/Kinetic_facade#:~:text=A%20kinetic%20fa%C3%A7ade%20is%20one,occur%20on%20a%20building Nairy Abdelshafy (2015) Faces of Nuba. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/nairyabdelshafy/docs/faces_ of_nuba_-____________________ On the International Day of Nubia, discover the beauty of the Nubian costume and its most im
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Chapter 10: Individual Work
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