澳洲购车&维护车指南

Your Handy Guide on Purchasing & Servicing Cars in Australia 澳洲购车和维护车指南

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关于作者 Adrian Chen, 澳洲矿业法定电气工程师。 熟悉汽车结构和原理，了解汽车市场行情，以及车行销售套路。 除了系统的知识，Adrian 还有丰富的实践经验： 曾多次从澳洲人的家中购车，并转手售出车辆获得盈利； 自己维护和维修多部车辆； 给很多人推荐和购买最适合他们的汽车； 帮助很多人检查二手车。 联系方式：adrian.chen10@gmail.com

Contents 目录 Part 1 – Car Market in Australia

➢ 3

1.1 Learnings from Car Market Statistics

➢ 3

1.2 Buying a new car V.S. buying a used car

➢ 5

Part 2 – Critical Specifications of a Vehicle

➢ 6

2.1 Engine

➢ 6

2.2 Drivetrain

➢ 10

2.3 Other considerations

➢ 13

Part 3 – How to Buy a Car Explained in Steps

➢ 14

Step 1: Search and Shortlist Cars

➢ 14

Step 2: Call Owner to Seek for More Information

➢ 15

Step 3: Vehicle Inspection and Running Test

➢ 15

Step 4: Make Payment and Transfer Registration

➢ 19

Step 5: Renew Registration for the Vehicle

➢ 19

Part 4 – Servicing Your Car

➢ 21

References

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Part 1 - Car Market in Australia 第一部分 – 澳洲汽车市场

Table 1.1 lists new car sales by brands in 2019 in Australia [2], while Figure 1.2 shows sold vehicles’ brands by country of origin.

1.1 Learnings from Car Market Statistics 澳洲汽车市场数据

表格 1.1 列出了 2019 年澳洲不同品牌的新车销 售的数量和占比。

In 2019, there are 19.5 million registered vehicles in Australia [1]. 在 2019 年，澳洲的挂牌注册的汽车总量大约有 1950 万辆。 Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries data counted 1,062,867 new vehicles sold in 2019 [2], while auto analysts Manheim estimates the size of Australian second-hand car market to be around three million units per annum [3]. 根据澳洲联邦汽车工业商会数据，2019 年有超 过一百万辆（1062867 辆）新车售出。 根据澳洲汽车分析公司 Manheim 数据，澳洲每年 的二手车交易量在 300 万辆左右。 The average age, or service life of a vehicle in Australia is 10.1 years [4], and the percentage of vehicles by age is shown in the Figure 1.1. 澳洲汽车的平均寿命在 10.1 年。下面的饼状图 可以看到澳洲现有注册不同年限的汽车的数量 比例。

Percentage of Vehicles by Age 21% 30.50%

21.20% 27.20%

Up to 5 Years

6-10 Years

11-15 Years

16 Years and Over

Figure 1.1 Percentage of vehicles by age in Australia

图 1.1 澳洲现有注册不同年限的汽车的数量比 例 Additionally, approximately 800,000 registered motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles), or 4.4% of the national vehicle fleet, are scrapped each year [4]. 另外，每年有大约 80 万辆注册汽车，即澳洲所 有注册汽车的 4.4% ，被报废掉。

Table 1.1 New car sales by brands in 2019 in Australia Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Brand Toyota Mazda Hyundai Mitsubishi Ford Kia Nissan Volkswagen Honda Holden Subaru Mercedes-Benz Isuzu Ute BMW Suzuki Audi Lexus Land Rover Renault MG Volvo Car Skoda LDV Jeep Porsche MINI RAM Peugeot Jaguar Fiat Haval Great Wall Ssangyong Alfa Romeo Infiniti Maserati Citroen Chrysler Ferrari Bentley Lamborghini Aston Martin Genesis McLaren Lotus Rolls-Royce Alpine

Sales 205,766 97,619 86,104 83,250 63,303 61,503 50,575 49,928 43,868 43,176 40,007 38,604 25,311 23,307 17,310 15,708 9612 8879 8634 8326 7779 7001 6480 5519 4161 3204 2868 2445 2274 2053 1706 1401 1040 891 571 482 400 292 257 191 147 129 103 88 57 55 35

Share 19.93% 9.46% 8.34% 8.06% 6.13% 5.96% 4.90% 4.84% 4.25% 4.18% 3.88% 3.74% 2.45% 2.26% 1.68% 1.52% 0.93% 0.86% 0.84% 0.81% 0.75% 0.68% 0.63% 0.53% 0.40% 0.31% 0.28% 0.24% 0.22% 0.20% 0.17% 0.14% 0.10% 0.09% 0.06% 0.05% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% < 0.01% < 0.01% < 0.01% < 0.01% 3|Page

图 1.2 列出了 2019 年澳洲新车根据原产国划分， 所占的比例。 可以看到，2019 年在澳洲出售的所有新车中， 日 本 汽 车 占 到 的 55.59% ， 然 后 是 韩 国 汽 车 14.41%，德国汽车 13.07%，美国汽车 11.15%。 其他国家品牌的汽车一共占到 5.78%。

Sold Vehicles' Brands

by Country of Origin in 2019 5.78%

It would also be worth to know which car models last for longer travel distance without major repairs on engine or transmission system. Car models such as Toyota Corolla, Toyota Camry, Honda Accord or Honda Civic are likely to reach more than 300000 miles or 500000 km, according to experienced car mechanics [6]. 另外，受欢迎的车型，通常可靠性会更高。它 们的主要部件（如发动机、变速箱、悬挂等） 寿命通常会更长，可以开很长的距离，而不需 要很多的维修。根据有经验的汽修公司统计， 丰田卡罗拉、丰田凯美瑞、本田雅阁、本田思 域等车型，甚至能开到 50 万公里，而不需要更 换主要部件。

11.15% Table 1.2 Top 100 selling models in Australia in 2019 13.07% 55.59% 14.41%

Japanese German Other

Korean American

Figure 1.2 Sold vehicles’ brands by country of origin

Top selling models in Australia list in Table 1.2 gives an insight of what models are popular [5], which helps to compare the popularity, reliability and price between each model. 表格 1.2 列出了 2019 年澳洲最受欢迎的汽车型 号。这个表格可以帮助购车者了解，哪种车型 最受欢迎。 当你筛选了几种车型之后，然后可以对比它们 的价格，然后决定自己最终购买哪种车型。 The benefit of buying a car of popular model is obvious - it will significantly reduce the cost on maintenance and parts, as parts are more likely to be readily available as well as be of cheaper price. 购买受欢迎的汽车，有很多好处： 维护成本和配件成本大大降低； 维护件和配件会更容易更快地得到。 不论从时间成本还是价格成本上，都会更加省 心。

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Make/Model Toyota Hilux Ford Ranger Toyota Corolla Hyundai i30 Mitsubishi Triton Mazda CX-5 Mazda3 Toyota RAV4 Nissan X-Trail Mitsubishi ASX Nissan X-Trail Toyota Prado Hyundai Tucson Mitsubishi Outlander Holden Colorado Isuzu D-Max Toyota Camry Subaru Forester Mazda CX-3 Volkswagen Golf Honda CR-V Toyota LandCruiser 200 Series Kia Sportage Nissan Navara Hyundai Kona Honda HR-V Nissan Qashqai Toyota Kluger Mazda BT-50 Honda Civic Subaru XV Hyundai Accent Toyota Yaris Toyota C-HR Toyota LandCruiser 70 Series

Sales 47,649 40,960 30,468 28,378 25,819 25,539 24,939 24,260 21,757 20,806 19,726 18,335 18,251 17,514 17,472 16,892 16,768 15,096 14,813 14,355 13,810 13,802 13,645 13,412 13,342 11,731 11,653 11,371 11,357 10,531 10,062 9963 9853 9378 9222 4|Page

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Isuzu MU-X Volkswagen Amarok Mazda2 Volkswagen Tiguan Subaru Outback Mazda CX-9 Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross Mercedes-Benz C-Class Suzuki Swift Kia Carnival Mitsubishi Pajero Sport Kia Rio Toyota HiAce Van Holden Commodore Hyundai Santa Fe Mercedes-Benz GLC Volkswagen Polo Ford Everest Honda Jazz Suzuki Vitara Kia Picanto Holden Trax Mercedes-Benz A-Class Volkswagen Tiguan Allspace BMW X3 Holden Equinox Subaru Impreza Holden Astra Audi Q5 MG3 Ford Mustang Hyundai iLoad Kia Sorento MG ZS Ford Focus LDV T60 BMW X5 Lexus NX Volvo XC60 Audi A3 Ford Escape BMW 3 Series Holden Acadia Toyota Fortuner Jeep Grand Cherokee Volvo XC40 BMW X1 Mitsubishi Pajero Holden Trailblazer Nissan Pathfinder Hyundai Elantra Mazda6 Ram 1500 Toyota HiAce Bus Mercedes-Benz GLA

8419 8371 8198 7747 7210 7168 6998 6798 6676 6493 6477 6270 6127 5915 5857 5770 5723 5333 5263 5253 5237 4808 4689 4665 4583 4562 4518 4188 4152 4017 3948 3919 3777 3729 3682 3529 3498 3471 3406 3362 3326 3135 3125 3033 2986 2858 2847 2847 2813 2712 2644 2612 2609 2577 2562

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Mazda CX-8 Renault Koleos Mercedes-Benz C-Class Coupe/Cabriolet Suzuki Baleno BMW 1 Series Range Rover Sport Mitsubishi Lancer Land Rover Discovery Sport Skoda Kodiaq Audi Q2

2551 2533 2496 2277 2269 2202 2197 2185 2163 2155

1.2 Buying a new car V.S. buying a used car 买新车还是买二手车？ Selecting a car should not solely based on subjective preference. Buying a car that not suitable for you can result in extra expenditure of thousands of dollars on maintenance per year, and significant depreciation after a few years. 买车，不能完全取决于主观喜欢什么车型。 如果买到了主观喜欢，而客观并不适合自己的 车，会导致高昂的维护费用和很高的贬值率。 The pros and cons of buying a new car are summarised as below: 买新车而二手车的优势和劣势，在下表中列出： Pros: 优势 Simple process to buy; Reliable and care-free in the first a few years. 买车相对容易，不需要额外仔细检查车； 在一开始的几年里，新车比较可靠，不需要 太担心维修成本。

Cons: 劣势 Expensive; Depreciation - lose significant amount of value in a few years; Higher cost of insurance (e.g. comprehensive car insurance is normally required).

Pay extra care for the car (e.g. worry about car be stolen or be scratched while parking). 价格昂贵； 在前几年，车的贬值率是最高的； 通常给新车买全险（出于防盗考虑），而全 险费用更高； 对新车需要额外小心，担心划痕等； 在停车场放较长一段时间，有担心有被损 坏、被盗的风险。

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The pros and cons of buying a used car are summarised as below: Pros: 优势 Cheaper; May get most of the value out of the car; Less depreciation – not lose much money when you re-sell the car; Not need to pay extra care for the car. 便宜； 性价比高； 较低的贬值率； 使用车不需要过度小心。

Cons: 劣势 There may be safety issues not identified if you not know much of cars; Reliability maybe not as good as that of new car; May have defects, or expensive to fix. 如果不了解车，可能在买车的时候有的问题 没有检查到； 可靠性可能不如新车； 如果后期有问题，需要维修成本。

Part 2 – Critical Specifications of a Vehicle 买车需要考量的重要部件和参数 The most important parts of the car are the engine and drivetrain. This guide will not go through the detailed design of the engine or drivetrain, but will compare the pros and cons on critical parts or specifications. 汽车最重要的部件是发动机和传动系统。 本指南不会详细介绍部件的原理，而是对比几 种类型部件的优势和劣势。

2.1 Engine 发动机 Engines are measured by displacement, usually expressed in litres (L) or cubic centi-meters (cc).

A four-cylinder engine of total volume of 1840 cc (each cylinder 460cc), will be rounder off and referred to as a 1.8L engine. Larger engines tend to produce more power, specifically more torque, and consume more fuel. 发动机容积，通常用升(L)或者毫升(cc)来计量。 比如，一个四缸发动机的总容量为 1840cc （每 缸的容积为 460cc）, 一般会四舍五入说这个发 动机的总容积为 1.8 升。容量更大的发动机，通 常提供更大的动力和扭矩，同时也会使用更多 的燃油。 The common engines are of four cylinders, six cylinders or eight cylinders, and the differences will be explained from 2.1.1 to 2.1.3. 通常，发动机有四缸发动机，六缸发动机和八 缸发动机这几种。我们接下来会介绍它们的区 别。

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2.1.1 Four-cylinder Engines 四缸发动机

Horizontally-opposed boxer engine 水平对置四缸发动机

Inline four (straight four) engine 直列四缸发动机

Figure 2.2 Horizontally-opposed boxer engine

Figure 2.1 Inline four (straight four) engine

Example car models: 例如，以下几种车型使用直列四缸发动机： Toyota Corolla 丰田卡罗拉 Mazda 3 马自达 3 Honda Civic 本田思域

Pros: 优势 This is the most popular type of engine; Small, compact and lightweight; With only one cylinder head, less probability of malfunctions; Easier to work on (e.g. spark plugs, valvetrain); Much cheaper to maintain. 直列四缸发动机是最常见、应用最广泛的发 动机； 体积小，重量轻； 只有一个汽缸盖，出问题的概率更低、可靠 性更强 容易维护，工作空间大，维护成本低 Cons: 劣势 Size of the engine is limited, rarely exceed 2.5 litres to 3.0 litres. 直列四缸 发动机的体积是有限制的，最高不 会超过 2.5 升或 3 升，所以可能不适合需要大 功率汽车的买家。

Example car models: 例如，以下几种车型使用水平对置四缸发动机： Subaru series 斯巴鲁所有的车型 Porsche series 保时捷大部分的车型 Pros: 优势 Primary and secondary forces are well balanced, making the engine smoother; Less weight on the crankshaft, resulting in less power lost to rotational inertia; Lower centre of gravity, keep vehicle more balanced and more stable. 发动机的一级和二级驱动力完全平衡，让发 动机驱动更加顺滑流畅。 曲柄轴重量更轻，减少旋转惯性的能量损 耗； 水平对置发动机使得汽车的重心更低，让车 在行驶和转弯时更加稳定。

Cons: 劣势 Engine is wider and occupy more space; More complex – two cylinder heads, two valve trains; Maintenance can be challenging due to limited space. 发动机更宽，占用更多的空间 发动机结构更加复杂，两个汽缸盖，两个汽 门机构； 维护起来相对更复杂，因为工作的空间比较 小（比如，如换火花塞，空间比较小）

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2.1.2 Six-cylinder Engines 六缸发动机

V6 engine V6 六缸发动机

Inline six (straight six) engine 直列六缸发动机

Figure 2.4 V6 engine

Figure 2.3 Inline six (straight six) engine

Example car models: 例如，以下几种车型使用直列六缸发动机： BMW E46 M3 CSL S54 Toyota 2JZ Jaguar XK120 Pros: 优势 More powerful than straight-4 engine; With only one cylinder head, less probability of malfunctions; Primary forces are balanced; Easier to work on (e.g. spark plugs, valvetrain); Much cheaper to maintain. 相对直列四缸，直列六缸提供更大的动力； 只有一个汽缸盖，出问题的概率更低、可靠 性更强； 容易维护，工作空间大，维护成本低。

Cons: 劣势 Packaging can be difficult due to the length. 发动机更宽，占用更多体积

Example car models: 例如，以下几种车型使用 V6 六缸发动机： Nissan Maxima Volkswagen Passat BMW M3 Pros: 优势 Compact and can easily be used for both FWD and RWD vehicles.

More powerful than 4-cylinder engine; 发动机比较紧凑，能够适用于前驱或者后驱 的汽车； 比四缸发动机功率更大。

Cons: 劣势 Two cylinder heads means added cost, complexity, and weight.

Tends to be less reliable than inline four or inline six engines.

Higher maintenance cost (changing spark plugs requires large mount of work). 两个汽缸盖，制作更复杂，成本更高，增加 了发动机的重量 相对直列发动机，V6 发动机可靠性更低，寿 命更短 维护成本更高（比如，更换火花塞成为了非 常繁重的工作，需要好几倍的工时）。

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2.1.3 Eight-cylinder Engines 八缸发动机 V8 engine V8 八缸发动机

2.1.4 Engine with Turbocharger 发动机是否需要涡轮增压 A turbocharger, or turbo, is a turbine-driven, forced induction device that increases an internal combustion engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra compressed air into the combustion chamber.

Illustration of a turbocharger: 发动机吸气有两种：自然吸气，和涡轮增压吸 气。 涡轮增压器，通过压缩空气，从而增加发动机 的输出动力。涡轮增压器的形状结构如下图所 示：

Figure 2.5 V8 engine

Example car models: 例如，以下几种车型使用 V8 八缸发动机： Toyota LandCruiser Mustang 307 CID Coyote BMW M5

Pros: 优势 Good balance, depending on the crankshaft type and firing order (flatplane vs crossplane).

Rigid design.

Allows for high displacement. 发动机有很好的平衡； 高强度设计； 应用于更大容积、更大功率的发动机。

Cons: 劣势 Like a V6, the V8 engine’s weight can be high.

Additional rotational inertia and friction (more moving parts).

Cost and complexity will be higher.

Packaging is large, typically restricted to RWD/AWD vehicles. 发动机更重； 更多的旋转部件，更多的旋转惯性能量损耗 和摩擦损耗； 制作更复杂，成本更高； 占用更大空间，一般不适用于前驱，更适用 于后驱或者 AWD 四驱

Figure 2.6 Turbocharger 涡轮增压器

Pros and cons for engine with turbocharger are summarised below: 涡轮增压器的优势和劣势：

Pros: 优势 More powerful. 增加车的输出动力

Cons: 劣势 Expensive to buy; Higher maintenance cost; Loss in fuel economy. 增加购买成本 更高的维护成本 增加油耗量 除非有对汽车特殊的性能需要，本指南并不推 荐涡轮增压的车型，推荐自然吸气的车型。

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2.1.5 Car with Electric / Hybrid Power 纯电动车/混合动力汽车 Pros and cons for car with hybrid power are summarised below: 纯电动车/混合动力汽车的优势和劣势： Pros: 优势 Environmental friendly; Economical in fuel cost; Promoting new technology. 对环境更好； 降低油耗成本； 对新能源车开发有促进作用。

Cons: 劣势 Can be difficult if not have access to charging station; Higher maintenance cost on hybrid power system and battery; Tend to be less reliable than traditional cars.

2.2 Drivetrain 驱动系统 The drivetrain includes the transmission, the driveshaft, the axles and the wheels. It works in conjunction with the engine to move the wheels. The drivetrain system is an essential component of a vehicle and the transmission is an integral part of the drivetrain. 驱动系统包括变速箱，传动轴，车轴和车轮。 驱动系统是汽车的重要部件，变速箱是驱动系 统的一部分。 Main types of drivetrains: 驱动系统主要有这样几种： Front-wheel drive (FWD) 前轮驱动 Rear-wheel drive (RWD) 后轮驱动 Four-wheel drive (4WD) 四轮驱动 All-wheel drive (AWD) 全时四轮驱动

如果没有充电站，汽车难以续航； 电机系统和电池系统更加复杂，有资格的工 人较少，导致更高的维护成本； 由于更加复杂，所以可靠性低于传统燃油汽 车。

2.7 Front-wheel drive (FWD) 前轮驱动

FWD means that the power from the engine is delivered to the front wheels of your vehicle. The pros of a FWD vehicle are that they typically get better fuel economy. Since the weight of the engine is located over the driving wheels, a FWD vehicle can maintain better traction when turning or driving in the snow or rain. 前轮驱动的优点： 有助于降低油耗； 在雨雪天气中行进，前轮驱动更有助于牵引汽 车。

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All-wheel-drive systems power both the front and rear wheels all the time. 全时四轮驱动的前轮和后轮，会一直为汽车提 供驱动力。

2.8 Rear-wheel drive (RWD) 后轮驱动

Some cars use part-time AWD or automatic AWD, operates most of the time in two-wheel-drive mode, with power delivered to all four corners only when additional traction control is needed.

RWD means that the power from the engine is delivered to the rear wheels and the rear wheels push the car forward. The front wheels do not receive any power and are free to manoeuvre the vehicle. The weight of a RWD vehicle is more evenly spread than a FWD vehicle, so it has a better balance of weight.

需要注意的是，有的车型使用“部分时间 AWD 四 轮驱动”，大部分时间仍然使用两轮驱动，只 是有需要的时候可以使用四轮驱动。买车时， 请和卖车商家确认。

后轮驱动的优点主要是车的重量分布到后面， 车辆前后的重量更加均衡。

For car transmission, there has always been debate on manual and automatic transmission. You can select the transmission type based on the usage of the vehicle, as well as the driving skills of the driver.

The disadvantage of a RWD vehicle are that they do not perform well in poor weather conditions such as rain or snow because they are more prone to loss of traction during slippery road condition.

对于汽车变速箱，有手动变速箱和自动变速箱 两种。可以根据自己的驾车技能和偏好来选择。

后轮驱动的缺点主要是，在雨雪天气中行进， 汽车容易打滑。 4WD means the power from the engine is delivered to all 4 wheels all of the time when 4x4 is engaged and has an option to operate in a RWD to conserve fuel. The advantage is that it provides the versatility and power to take on any terrain or weather condition.

The cons is that it operates in RWD format most of the time and has less traction than a AWD vehicle.

4WD 四轮驱动，可以选择四轮驱动，也可以选 择后轮驱动。 优点是四轮驱动可以在雨雪天气和不平坦的山 路、土路有更好的抓地能力。 缺点是，大部分时间在平坦道路上，4WD 四轮 驱动其实是不用的，主要用后轮驱动。

Figure 2.10 Transmission shift knobs

手动变速箱和自动变速箱换挡手柄

2.9 All-wheel drive (AWD) 全时四轮驱动 11 | P a g e

Manual transmission is shown in Figure 2.11: 手动变速箱的结构如下图所示：

Automatic transmission is shown in Figure 2.12: 自动变速箱的结构如下图所示：

Figure 2.11 Overview of manual transmission

手动变速箱的结构

Pros: 优势 Cheaper to buy and maintain; Suitable for carrying or towing heavy load; More reliable; Tends to be more fuel efficient. 手动挡汽车更加便宜，通常比自动挡便宜 3000 澳币左右，维护成本低； 适合运输重物或拖挂重物； 结构更加简单和可靠； 在高速或乡村道路，可能更加省油。 Cons: 劣势 Can be challenging for in-experienced drivers, especially during urban driving 需要更高的操作技能，对于繁忙的市区和坡 路，操作起来通常更加麻烦。

Figure 2.12 Overview of automatic transmission

自动变速箱的结构

Pros: 优势 More convenient for urban driving; Easier to drive and comfort of driving. 开自动挡车更加简单和舒适（尤其在繁忙市 区或者坡路） Cons: 劣势 More expensive to buy and maintain; Not suitable for carrying or towing heavy load; Might not as reliable as manual transmission. 购买自动挡车更加昂贵，维护成本相对高一 些； 并不推荐使用自动挡车运输重物或拖挂重 物，容易造成自动变速箱磨损； 自动变速箱结构更加复杂，可能不如手动变 速箱可靠。

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2.3 Other Considerations 其他需要考虑的参数 2.3.1 Ground Clearance 汽车底盘高度

2.3.2 Hand Brake Type 手刹类型 There are two types of hand brakes: manual hand brake and electronic hand brake. 有两类手刹：传统手动手刹，和电子手刹。 Although electronic hand brake is of advanced technology, it is likely to be less reliable than manual hand brake, and maintenance cost can be high. We will recommend manual hand brake in this guide. 电子手刹的优点是，不占用车内空间。

Figure 2.13 Ground clearance of a car 汽车底盘高度

The pros and cons of car of higher ground clearance are listed below: Pros: 优势 Car undercoating is less likely to be damaged when: There are objects/animals on road; Driving on uneven terrain; Driving close to road curbs; Driving over speed hump; Driving on steep ramp. 底盘较高的车，在以下情况下不容易被刮蹭 到底盘： 当路上有物件或者动物； 在不平坦的国家公园道路； 离路沿或人行道很近； 过减速杠或减速带； 地下车库的陡坡。

Cons: 劣势 Higher centre of gravity, not as stable as car of lower centre of gravity when turning at high speed. 因为底盘较高，所以车的中心也会相对较 高，转弯需要适当减速才能保持车辆稳定。

虽然现在使用电子手刹的汽车比例增加，但是 电子手刹的可靠性依然是不如手动手刹的，而 且维护成本更高。主要原因是电子手刹的电子 元件位于车轮处，经过较长时间后，可能会因 为路过积水而产生故障，导致手刹无法松开， 汽车无法移动。 所以在本指南中，我们依然推荐传统的手动手 刹。

Figure 2.14 Manual hand brake 传统手动手刹

In most cases, car of higher ground clearance is recommended, especially when driving in rural area and national parks. 在大多数情况下，推荐底盘较高的车，更加适 合在不平坦的道路、陡坡等路段行驶。 Figure 2.15 Electronic hand brake 电子手刹

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Part 3 – How to Buy a Car Explained in Steps 第三部分 - 买车的基本步骤和检查清单

Search from website. Pay special attention on: 当你在筛选车的时候，留意以下关键点：

Buying a new car is relatively simple. Buying a used car from a dealer can also be simple, as the cars have been inspected and are likely to be road-worthy, but meanwhile the dealer’s price is more expensive than that of private sale.

Car model; 车型 Which year it was built; 车的年限 Odometer; 车的里程 Registration status; 车什么时候注册牌照到期 Defects and roadworthy certificate; 车的结构、部 件的缺陷 Weight of vehicle; 车的重量（重量影响注册年费） Why the owner want to sell the vehicle 车主为什么 要卖车，有没有充分理由

从车行买新车是相对简单的。 从车行买一辆二手车也相对简单，因为车行的 二手车通常是被检查过而且能够安全上路的。 但是从车行买二手车，会比从个人家中买二手 车更加昂贵。 Here we will introduce how to buy a used car from a private owner. Once you have learned how to buy a used car from a private owner, you will find it much easier to buy cars from dealer. 在这里，我们来介绍怎样从别人的家中买一辆 可靠而性价比高的二手车。如果学会了这个技 能，那么从车行里买车就非常简单了。

Warning: Do NOT buy an unregistered vehicle, or the vehicle that registration has expired. Normally these cars have critical defects that will not pass inspection, or expensive to fix. 注意：千万不要买没有牌照，或注册过期的汽 车。如果这类车没法通过 Blue Slip Inspection 检 查，那么维修费可能非常贵，甚至直接报废。

Now you are equipped with knowledge of car fundamentals, and it is time to apply your knowledge into practice to select a used car that suitable for you.

If you found a few cars that appears to be good deal, search for its market price (Figure 3.1), and history trade records for the same model.

之前的章节，我们介绍了车的结构的基本知识， 现在是我们开始实战的时候了。

如果你发现有几辆车，性价比看起来比较好， 接下来可以使用 Gumtree 或 Carsales 等估价工具， 得到车的预期市场价，来确认卖家卖车价格确 实低于市场价格。

Step 1: Search and Shortlist Cars 第 1 步：怎样从网站上选车 For private sales, it is easy to get sales information from popular website such as Facebook Marketplace, Gumtree, Car Sales etc. 在澳洲，我们主要从以下三家网站来寻找二手 车： Facebook Marketplace Gumtree Cars https://www.gumtree.com.au/cars Car Sales https://www.carsales.com.au/ 这里我会偏好于 Facebook Marketplace , 因为你通 常可以看到车主的个人信息，来帮助判断车主 这个人是否可靠。

Figure 3.1 Vehicle valuation tool from Gumtree

Keep in mind, cars of the same model can still be different, as cars are used for different purposes, driver’s habits are different, and defects are different. 虽然有的车型是一样的，但是车况可能会差别 比较大，这也是价格有差别的重要因素。 14 | P a g e

车主的年龄、驾驶技能、对车的爱护程度都不 同，从而影响车况。

10. What car are you looking to get now? Why? 现在车主卖了这辆车，还想买别的车吗？

After shortlist your cars, it is time to give the owner a call to ask some questions, so that you can work out the car value with more information.

If you are satisfied with the answers, then the next step is to arrange time for car inspection. 如果车主的回答让您满意，您可以前往车主 家，对车进行仔细检查。

当你筛选好几个性价比还不错的汽车，接下来 可以打电话询问一下车主，问几个关键的问题， 根据车主的回答来考察车主是否诚实。

Step 2: Call Owner to Seek for More Information 第 2 步：给车主打电话，需要询问的问题 Questions to ask over the phone: 1. Why are you selling it? 您为什么要卖车？ 2. How long have you owned the car? How many kilometres you put on it since you own the car? 您已经拥有这辆车多久了，自您拥有这辆车， 开了多少公里？ 3. Are you the first owner? If not, how many owners are you aware of? 您是第一任车主吗？如果不是，之前还有几任 车主？ 4. What do you use the car for? 您平时是开这辆车上班，运货，还是主要走长 途？ 5. Do you have service records? 您的车是否有维护记录？ 6. Any defects you are aware of? 车的内外，有哪些磨损、损坏？ 7. Did you do any major changes on the car, such as engine / transmission / suspension change? 您的车在过去有大修么，比如发动机、变速 箱、悬挂等重要部件的大修？ 8. Have you done any work on engines? E.g. replacing head gasket. 车的发动机在过去有什么故障、改装或大修么？ 9. What other work you have done for the car? When did you change transmission oil, brake pads, brake fluids, radiators, coolant, drive belts etc.? 您的车在近来有没有做一些主要的维护，比如 更换变速箱油、刹车片、散热器、冷却液、皮 带等。

Step 3: Vehicle Inspection and Running Test 第 3 步：车辆检查清单，和运行测试 On the day of vehicle inspection, it would be handy to bring the following items: 在检查车的当天，你可以带上这些工具： OBDII scanner OBDII 扫描诊断器 Torch 手电筒 Pen and paper 纸和笔 A few tools (if available) 螺丝刀、扳手等小工具 Jack and Jack stands (if available) 千斤顶（如有需要） 接下来，可以根据这个检查表格，对每一条项 目进行详细的检查。

Exterior Check 车外部检查 No. 1

2 3 4 5 6

7

Item Scratches, rust and dents 检查车是否有刮蹭、生锈、凹 痕 Condition of paint 检查车漆是否褪色 Any cracks or holes on windows 检查车窗是否有裂纹、小洞 Inspect tire tread for wear 检查轮胎是否磨损严重 Are all 4 tires/wheels the same? 检查四个车轮、轮毂是否相同 Are brake rotors rusty? Rusty brake rotors indicate car not run for long time. 检查刹车盘是否有生锈。 如果刹车盘生锈， 说明车长期没有人开 Inspect under the car for leaks – engine oil, transmission oil, coolant etc.

Wipe under the car to check any dripping fluids. 检查车的下方是否漏机油、漏 变速箱油、漏冷却水的情况 用抹布，擦拭车的下方，看是 否有油滴

Result

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8

9

10

Inspect under the car for cracks and rust 如果条件允许，检查车的下方 是否有结构上的裂纹 Inspect suspension (tie rods, ball joints, shock absorbers, axle, steering rack boots not torn) 如果条件允许，检查车的转向 系统没有损坏 Inspect fuel tank is securely mounted and no sign of crack. 如果条件允许，检查车后方的 油箱是否有裂纹

8

Check operation of hand brake.

Reconsider if it is electronic hand brake. 检查手刹正常工作。

9

Check clutch pedal, accelerator pedal and brake pedal.

If car odometer is low, excessive wear may indicate odometer has been adjusted back. 检查油门踏板、刹车踏板、离 合踏板没有损坏。

10

Check under carpet for rust, stains, or holes 检查车的地毯，掀开地毯，确 保地毯下方的结构没有开裂、 有洞或者生锈。

11

Check all power windows are working 检查所有的车窗都能正常升 降。

12

Check both power mirrors are working 检查外部两个后视镜都正常工 作

13

Check rear view mirror in good condition 检查车内中间的后视镜没有损 坏

14

Check air conditioners working in different modes. 检查空调制冷正常工作

15

Check wipers and washer fluid works.

Check rear wiper (if applicable) 检查雨刷、喷水泵正常工作 Check all door handles working (inside and outside) 检查所有车门内外的把手，正 常工作

Interior Check 车内部检查 No. 1

Item Turn on car battery and inspect car dash.

Confirm all gauges are working.

If the below two lights stay on, this indicates problem: Check Engine Light Check Airbag Light 给车通电后，检查车的仪表工 作正常。 确保发动机故障灯没有亮起 确保安全气囊灯没有亮起

2

All seat belts are functioning. 检查所有座位的安全带，确保 都正常工作。

3

Seats are in good condition, seats are adjustable. 检查车的座位，都能够调整前 后、椅子背等。

4

Is the headliner sagging? 检查车的顶棚，有没有松弛下 垂的情况

5

Check internal lights working. 检查车内部的小照明灯正常工 作

6

Check steeling wheel for wear and damage. 检查方向盘没有磨损

7

Check gear stick and shift knob for wear and damage. 检查挂挡挡位没有损坏

Result

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17

Check central power locks function for all doors 检查锁车遥控，能锁所有的车 门

18

Check horn is working. 检查鸣笛工作

19

Check radio is working.

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20

检查收音机正常工作

Engine Bay Check 发动机舱检查

Check car boot/trunk, Check if spare tyre and tools are available. 检查后备箱。确保有备胎，有 换胎工具。

Scan engine with OBDII scanner, check for any fault codes. Note that P1000 means codes were cleared recently. 可以使用 OBDII 扫描诊断器来扫描汽车故障码。

Before Start Up 启动车之前的检查 No. 1

Item Check car VIN number and Engine number.

Confirm they are the same as that on registration paperwork. 打开引擎盖， 检查车的车架号（VIN 号） 检查车的发动机号 确保和车的注册信息完全一致

2

Does hood open easily? 引擎盖是否有损坏？ Inspect for leaks – engine oil, transmission oil, coolant Leaks can be seen at engine valve cover, hoses etc. 检查车是否漏机油、漏变速箱 油、漏冷却水的情况 看发动机附近、下方、管道上 是否有油滴 Check engine oil level, confirm engine oil is not frothy 检查机油标尺，机油液位正常

Lights Check 车灯检查 No. 1 2

3

4 5 6

7

8

9 10 11

Item Dash light 检查车仪表灯 Parking lights (front and rear) 车灯旋钮转一下，确保日间行 车小灯正常工作 Number plate lights 检查后面车牌号的小灯正常工 作 Low beams 检查夜间行车灯正常工作 High beams 检查远光灯正常工作 Right Indication lights (front, rear and side) 检查所有左转向灯正常工作 Left Indication lights (front, rear and side) 检查所有右转向灯正常工作 Hazard lights (same as indication light) 检查危险警示灯按钮正常工作 （和左、右转向灯相同） Brake lights 检查刹车灯正常工作 Reverse lights 检查倒车灯正常工作 Fog lights (if applicable) 检查前面下方的雾灯正常工作 （如果有）

Result

3

4

5

Open engine oil cap, check there is no froth under cap 打开发动机机油盖子，检查内 部是否干净，没有泡沫

6

Check coolant.

Note: Do NOT check if the car is not cooled down, coolant can be very hot) 检查冷却水液位正常

7

Check brake fluid level and colour 检查刹车油液位正常

8

Check steeling fluid level and colour 检查转向油液位正常（如果车 为电力转向，则不用检查）

9

Check all hoses for sign of loose or crack.

Pay special attention if hoses are made of plastic.

Result

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10

11

12

检查车的管道，没有裂纹、松 动等现象 如果塑料管道比较多，长期以 来会增加裂纹的风险 Check drive belts for tear / crack. 检查车的发电机、水泵皮带， 没有磨损 Check battery, check for any material build up, check insulation cover in good condition. 检查车的电瓶，询问电瓶用了 几年 Check all electrical wirings and plugs/socket in good condition. 检查所有电线、线束、插头良 好

Running Test 汽车运行检查 No. 1

2

3

4

5

6

Item Result Check for any noise (ticking, grinding, drive belt slippage). 启动车之后，听是否有噪音、 杂音 Does it take long to start? 打火是否容易？ 难以打火说明电瓶可能需要更 换 Check exhaust for smoke, and colour of smoke 观察尾气的颜色，确保没有黑 烟、蓝烟 Put into neutral gear, rev up the engine and check if the engine moves a lot.

Moving engine indicates bad engine mounts. 把车放到空挡 踩油门， 打开引擎盖，观察发动机是否 有移动。如果有移动，说明固 定发动机固定不牢，机脚垫有 损坏松动。 Does the idle drop and smooth out – this might due to dirt build-up at throttle. 检查发动机空转转速正常

Result

2

Conduct turning test.

Confirm no shifting / slipping. 转向平稳正常，不打滑

3

Conduct brake test, including: Regular braking Hard braking Check for noise and stop distance 做刹车测试，踩刹车是否有杂 音？

4

Check for any noise and vibrations, confirm comfort driving experience 检查车是否有异常的振动、噪 音 Confirm all gears can be shifted smoothly.

When driving on high way, check RPM at top gear 检查所有的挡位正常工作，包 括倒车挡位 After running test, open the hood again. Check for any smoke coming out from outlet manifold. 开车测试完之后，再次打开引 擎盖。检查引擎盖内是否有尾 气，如有，说明发动机尾气密 封不好 Inspect for leaks again – engine oil, transmission oil, coolant.

Leaks can be seen at engine valve cover, hoses etc. 再次检查车是否漏机油、漏变 速箱油、漏冷却水的情况 看发动机附近、下方、管道上 是否有油滴

Cold Start Up 启动车的检查 No. 1

Item Conduct acceleration test, including: Regular acceleration Hard acceleration Confirm smooth acceleration with no knocks or hesitation. 确保加速正常，顺滑而没有延 迟

5

6

7

Can you hear bubbling in radiator reservoir – this might indicate blown head gasket. 散热器是否有煮沸的泡泡声， 说明发动机散热有问题，发动 机缸盖也可能有严重问题。 18 | P a g e

After the thorough inspection, you are likely to find more defects than the owner is aware of, and work out the cost to fix these defects.

Now you have a more accurate estimation of the car’s value, which will help to decide whether to buy this car or not.

If you think it will be a good deal, work out how much you wish to pay for the car, and then bargain with the car owner. 经过你仔细的检查，你可能检查出来了汽车的 一些小毛病，甚至比车主还要了解这辆车了。 然后你就可以估计修理所需要的费用。 如果维修费用很高，你就可以选择不买这辆车； 如果维修费用很低，不影响你购买的决心，你 就可以用这些车的小毛病来和车主砍价。 For more information of car inspection, refer to YouTube channel ChrisFix - How to inspect and buy a used car: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvKbarVt whUv6bjLhJSyaEOxaYy03j7QS 这里给大家推荐一个 ChrisFix 的视频，点击这个 视频可以看到在实际生活中，怎样检查车，怎 样和车主砍价。

Step 4: Make Payment Registration 给车主付款，和过户

and

Transfer

After the deal is made, you can make payment by transfer from bank account or cash. A copy of receipt shall be kept by both buyer and owner. 和车主讲价确定好价格，你就可以完成支付， 确保双方都一个清晰的交易记录或发票。 Transfer registration is simple.

The owner can submit the Notice of Disposal online (e.g. from Service NSW’s website).

After the owner submits the Notice of Disposal, then you will be able to transfer registration online (e.g. from Service NSW’s website).

Note that registration needs to be transferred within 14 days from the day of purchase, otherwise a higher fee will be charged.

括车牌号，卖家的驾照号和姓氏，买家的驾照 号和姓氏，交易金额，交易日期等。 https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/transaction/submitnotice-disposal-vehicle 卖家网上提交 Notice of Disposal 之后，买家就可 以过户 transfer registration, 把和车有关的信息再 填写一遍，支付过户费（30 澳元左右）和印花 税（车交易价值的 3%）。 然后，车就在买家的 名下了。 https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/transaction/transfer -vehicle-registration

Step 5: Renew Registration for the Vehicle 车辆续注册牌照 Vehicle Safety Check (Pink Slip Inspection) 年度安全检查（又称作粉色纸条检查） To renew car registration in New South Wales, if your car is older than 5 years, you need to send your car for a Vehicle Safety Check, or Pink Slip Inspection. 如果汽车年限超过 5 年，每年都需要做年度安全 检查（又称作粉色纸条检查）。 The inspection normally includes: 这个检查通常包 括： Running test; 基本运行测试 Brake test; 刹车测试 Checking damage of structures; 检查车结构是否有损坏 Checking function of all lights, seat belts, wipers, doors; 检查所有车灯、安全带、雨刷、车门是否正常 工作 Checking condition of tyres; 检查所有轮胎磨损情况 General inspection of engine bay and oil leaks. 检查发动机舱和漏机油、漏液的情况 It is recommended you send your car for Pink Slip Inspection at least one month before registration expiry date, so that you have enough time to conduct repairs if not passing the inspection. 推荐在车注册到期一个月之前，对车做年度安 全检查。万一车没有通过年检，你可以有足够 的时间来修理，然后再通过年检。

过户手续步骤是非常简单的。 在澳洲新南威尔士州，卖家车主需要在网上提 交 Notice of Disposal（车辆卖出通知）。主要包 19 | P a g e

Note: You should never let your car run out of rego, as driving a car with expired registration, or unregistered will result in heavy penalty.

You will be ONLY legible to drive an unregistered car to the nearest inspection station. 注意：千万不能开一辆注册过期的车，或者无 牌照的车上路，否则会有重罚。如果你的车注 册已经过期，唯一上路的理由是，到最近的安 全检查站来做年度安全检查。否则必须用拖车 来移动注册过期的车。

Your greenslip does NOT cover: Damage to your vehicle or property; Damage to other people’s vehicles or property; Theft of your vehicle. 这个 CTP 保险不包括：对于自己车辆、其他车 辆或财产的损失。

Pay for Registration and Motor Vehicle Tax 续注册牌照费用 Registration fee and Motor Vehicle Tax need to be paid when renewing registration.

Safety and Identity Check (Blue Slip Inspection) 安全和车辆编号检查（又称作蓝色纸条检查） Safety and Identity Check, or Blue Slip Inspection is for unregistered vehicles, or the car’s registration expired for more than 3 months. It will be more though and normally more defects can be found for an older car. As a result, the cost for repairs can be high, sometimes even higher than the value of the car.

This is the reason that you should never buy an unregistered vehicle. 安全和车辆编号检查（又称作蓝色纸条检查） 所面向的车辆，是无牌照车辆，或者注册过期 3 个月以上的车辆。

Note that the higher weight of a vehicle, the higher Motor Vehicle Tax to be paid. This is the reason that you may avoid buying a vehicle with higher tare weight. 您可以登录政府账户，交注册牌照的费用。 通常，车辆越重，注册费用越高。 Cost of registration can be found from Service NSW’s website: 新南威尔士州的注册费列表： https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/registration/fees/ registration-costs.html#Safetychecksandinspections

这个检查更加细致，对于年限较久的汽车，很 可能会检查出更多的问题。如果有很多问题， 维修的成本也会很高，甚至可能会高于车本身 的价值。这就是为什么，千万不要买任何注册 过期的车辆。

Car Insurance 澳洲汽车保险 Compulsory Third Party Insurance (CTP), or Greenslip, needs to be paid before renewing registration. 第三方强制人身保险 CTP，是在续注册车的时候 必须买的保险。 The CTP does: Provide for compensation for people killed or injured in a motor vehicle accident. This includes pedestrians, passengers, cyclists, motorcyclists, driver or other vehicles. 这个 CTP 保险包括对于司机自己、车上乘客、 行人、骑手和其他车辆驾驶员的人身保险。对 于司机自己，保险承担不高于 6 个月的医疗费和 误工费。 20 | P a g e

Part 4 - Servicing Your Car 第四部分 – 车辆维护 Servicing your car will significantly improve your car’s reliability and performance. A well-maintained car will have longer service life.

You will be able to get service parts from retail shops, car dealers and auto wreckers. 适时维护车辆，会显著提高车辆的可靠性和性 能。维护良好的车，也会有更长的使用寿命。 Retail Stores 汽车维护件和配件商店 In Australia, Repco, Supercheap and Autobarn are the most popular car parts retailers, and they also sell a wide range of tools and car accessories. 在澳洲，主要有以下三家大型连锁店销售汽车 维护件、配件以及工具：

Figure 4.1 popular car parts retailers in Australia

Now we will use Supercheap’s website as an example, to find out the parts that suitable for your car. 我们可以用 Supercheap 的网站作为案例。

Figure 4.2 Search by rego to find parts that suitable for your car

Figure 4.3 List of parts that suitable for your car

Common service parts such as engine oil, oil filters, air filters to be replaced every 6 months. 最常用的维护件如机油、机油滤芯、空气滤芯， 可以半年更换一次。

Click on “My Garage”, you will be able to search your car by rego. Then all the parts that suitable for your car will come up.

Parts such as coolant, brake fluids, drive belts, brake pads, wipers, etc. are replaced less often depending your car condition.

点击“My Garage”, 输入你的汽车的车牌号， 然后适合你的车的维护件和配件就会显示出来。

其他的维护件，如冷却水、刹车油、刹车片、 发电机皮带、雨刷等，可间隔几年，根据情况 来更换。 Other parts such as engine mount, transmission oil, water pump, radiator, can be replaced as required. 对于发动机机脚垫、变速箱油、水泵、散热器 等，需要间隔更长的时间才可能需要更换。

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Before buying any parts for your vehicle, always compare the price and availability between Repco, Supercheap and Autobarn.

Figure 4.5 shows auto wrecker JapParts Newcastle’s website https://bbtjapparts.com.au/ as an example, you will be able to fill in the information to check availability of the parts.

对于同样的商品，三家连锁店的价格经常不同， 可以对比之后，选择最便宜的一家来购买。 You will be able to search videos online (such as ChrisFix’s YouTube channel, Scotty Kilmer’s YouTube channel etc.) for servicing or replacing parts for your car. 对于动手维护车的视频，可以参考 Youtube 频 道，比如 Chrisfix, 撸车师兄等。

Car Dealers 汽车 4S 店 Figure 4.5 Search parts from JapParts Newcastle

Car dealers also will be able to source parts for you.

However, the price can be more expensive or not readily available.

Before you going to auto wreckers, always give them a call to confirm the parts are available to pick up.

汽车 4S 店也可以为你提供维护件和配件。当然， 他们的价格也通常更贵。

End Life of Car 汽车的报废

Auto Wreckers 汽车报废场 Auto wreckers dismantle decommissioned or wrecked vehicles, their usable parts are sold for use in operating vehicles, while the unusable metal parts, are sold to metal-recycling companies. 汽车配件、车灯、外壳等，还可以从汽车报废 场找到。汽车报废场其实经常有很多合适的配 件，状态也良好。尤其对于年限长的汽车，有 的配件只能从报废场找到。

No matter how expensive your car is, you probably only get $100 cash back when the car is disposed at an auto wrecker. 不管你的爱车有多么名贵，如果是因为事故或 者故障报废，你的爱车通常仅仅能换来 100 澳元！ There are two main reasons that a car is disposed at an auto wrecker: The car had an accident and not economical to fix; Car not be able to pass inspection and not economical to fix.

This is why you need to take good care of your car and service your car regularly. 汽车报废通常有两种原因： 汽车出过严重事故，维修成本过高； 汽车无法通过年度安全检查，维修成本过高。

Figure 4.4 Auto wreckers

The parts that sold at auto wreckers can be in good condition with much cheaper price. If your car is an old model, it might be easier to get parts from auto wreckers, such as front bumper, side mirrors, lights, door handles, etc.

这就是为什么，你需要打理和维护好你的爱车， 让你的爱车能够安全、可靠和长久地为你工作。

Sometimes you may be allowed use tools to take the parts from the car by yourself.

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References: 参考链接 Cover photo: http://asiaperspective.net/2018/10/09/futureperspective-chinas-auto-market/ [1] 9309.0 - Motor Vehicle Census, Australia, 31 Jan 2019 https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestprodu cts/9309.0Main%20Features131%20Jan%202019?ope ndocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=9309.0&iss ue=31%20Jan%202019&num=&view=

https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/wheelsuspension-engine-3ds/576324 Figure 2.8 Rear wheel drive (RWD) https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/rwd-gearbox3d-model/1086310 Figure 2.9 All wheel drive (AWD) https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-modelawd-automobile-chassis-1252905 Figure 2.11 Overview of manual transmission https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3ds-maxtransmission-manual-hd6-dohc/581781

[2] VFACTS: 2019 new car sales results https://www.caradvice.com.au/817278/vfacts-2019new-car-sales-results/

Figure 2.12 Overview of automatic transmission https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3ds-maxcayman-981-boxster-transmission/736946

[3] 2015 Manheim Used Car Report https://press.manheim.com/2015-01-23-Manheims20th-Annual-Used-Car-Market-Report-Sees-GrowthStability-As-Key-Drivers-Of-Robust-Used-VehicleMarket-In-2014#assets_20295_122768-118

Figure 2.14 Manual hand brake https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F %2Fwww.torque.com.sg%2Fadvice%2Fare-manualhandbrakes-safer-electronicones%2F&psig=AOvVaw035KwwnRJzaUqtL0Wzplz J&ust=1589684377276000&source=images&cd=vfe& ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCICZ8LaytkCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

[4] Australia average vehicle age is 10.1 years https://www.caradvice.com.au/574207/australiaaverage-vehicle-age-is-10-1-years/ [5] Top 100 new cars sold in Australia in 2019 https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-news/top-100-newcars-sold-in-australia-in-2019-77618 [6] Scotty Kilmer’s YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkdV1IPcJ44

Figure 2.1 Inline four (straight four) engine Source: https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/4cylinder-engine-max/1121026 Figure 2.2 Horizontally-opposed boxer engine https://www.subaru.com/engineering/design/boxeroptions.html

Figure 2.15 Electronic hand brake https://www.carthrottle.com/post/less-than-a-third-ofnew-cars-have-a-manual-handbrake/ Figure 4.4 Auto wreckers https://sawreckers.com.au/4-things-to-do-before-sellyour-car-to-wrecker/ Figure 4.5 Parts that taken from the wrecked car https://cceurodismantlers.com.au/ Back cover photo: Shutterstock.com 468042385

Figure 2.3 Inline six (straight six) engine https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-inline-6cylinder-car-engine-model-1268963 Figure 2.4 V6 engine https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-sectionedv6-engine-animation-1345306 Figure 2.5 V8 engine https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-2014chevrolet-silverado-v8-engine-model/737698 Figure 2.6 Turbocharger https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/6877turbocharger-compressor-3d-1319435 Figure 2.7 Front wheel drive (FWD) 23 | P a g e

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